蓋斯柏格，第一位專業的唱片製作人，在他逝世之後，仍有許多人認為他是 最好的一位。在聲音記錄史中，愛迪生為人類第一次錄製了聲音，貝里納發明了 唱片，而蓋斯柏格則開創了音樂工業。252 他為貝里納尋找解決留聲機動力問題的 人才，至英國為貝里納開闢疆土，到俄國、印度、日本、中國等地錄製唱片，他 奉獻了半世紀的精力在錄音工業，一生未婚，留聲機，在蓋斯柏格的生命裡便是 他的摯愛。
1909 年，雖然管弦樂團演奏的唱片已經出現，但錄音品質仍然不佳，在新的 錄音技術尚未產生之前，使得蓋斯柏格認為留聲機的熱潮已快結束，遂寫信規勸 弟弟威廉離開錄音工業，然而，蓋斯柏格卻仍堅持停駐在工作崗位上；253 當威廉 應留聲機公司的要求至戰地錄音，不幸於前線吸收到毒氣，而後返回倫敦再度雪 上加霜，感染流行病而逝世，這項重大的打擊，甚至令蓋斯伯格想離開他一輩子 最愛職業，但他依舊停駐在自己的崗位上，這都是源自對於唱片產業的熱愛。此 外，他總是一再地告誡同仁，唱片產業隨時可能走到末路，唯有維持良好的唱片 品質，保持最好的音樂藝術產品才是最好的維持辦法，帶著矜矜業業的態度，並 且保持著將錄製唱片流傳給後世的責任感，令他時常在錄音場地安撫著演奏者的 情緒，並且設想著如何編列錄音曲目，使其與演奏者能夠擁有著最完美的搭配。
雖然部分演奏家提出許納貝爾、帕德瑞夫斯基等人的錄音已不再是顛峰時期的演
252 Lebrecht, 11.
253 Moore, Sound Revolutions, 159.
110
奏，但是重新思考當時演奏者的心境，這都是源自於演奏者們質疑留聲機是否能 將他們的音樂如實地呈現，然而，正是因為蓋斯柏格的睿智，他屢次力勸許納貝 爾等人進錄音室，為後人留住當代名演奏家們的音符，此外，蓋斯柏格更在 1930 年代企畫了眾多經典的製作，如：阿圖‧魯賓斯坦之於蕭邦鋼琴作品、卡薩爾斯 之於巴赫無伴奏組曲，布魯諾‧華爾特之於古斯塔夫‧馬勒《第九號交響曲》，幾 乎皆是極品，怎能不喟嘆他的遠見？
在蓋斯柏格的回憶錄《流傳的音樂》英國發行的版本中，放置了一張卡路索 的照片於書內，並在照片之下寫著「卡路索─他的唱片成就留聲機公司」254 ，但 是，當筆者瀏覽了蓋斯柏格的事蹟之後，卻認為，成就了唱片產業的，實則蓋斯 伯格本人，他對於錄製卡路索唱片的堅持，開展了唱片產業，也因為唱片業發展 所帶來的利益，使得演奏者終於願意進入錄音室，不再排拒錄製唱片，留聲機對 於演奏家而言，如同畫家手中的畫布與筆，他們的演唱或演奏終於可以被永遠地 留存，也終於令他們擁有與作曲家們匹敵的「作品」。並且，不再如同帕格尼尼 (Nicolo Paganini, 1782-1840)與李斯特，令後人僅能藉由他們的樂譜以及音樂史上 的敘述，透過想像，將其超凡技巧的形象留存在我們的腦海裡，也因此，當現代 的音樂人提出：「鋼琴家布梭尼(Ferruccio Busoni, 1866-1924)的技巧有多麼厲害？」
時，經由唱片的播放，已訴說了一切。255
此外，錄音產業的蓬勃發展，亦為人類開拓了新的歷史記錄方式，藉由唱片，
錄製了許多屬於當代的聲音，舉凡音樂、演說，在各國極具規模的聲音檔案中心 (Sound Archive)，皆擁有著屬於本國的聲音記錄，更甚者，極具保存概念的國家，
254 ―Enrico Caruso─His records made the gramophone‖. Gaisberg, Music on Record (London: R.
Hale, 1947), 10.
255 Gaisberg, The Music Goes Round, 262.
111
如美國、英國的檔案中心，亦包含著他國的數位檔案，以大英圖書館所收藏的音 樂類別為例，在聲音檔案中心的網頁上(http://sounds.bl.uk/Default.aspx)，即羅列了 古典音樂、爵士樂、流行樂、世界音樂、傳統音樂…等的數位化音樂資料。然而，
正因為蓋斯柏格的堅持與責任感，使得錄音工業在萌芽期能夠持續地發展，令這 些歷史記憶，能刻畫在唱片的波紋之中，永遠地留存著，當筆者於 2011 年參觀大 英圖書館聲音檔案中心時，便發現中心內，為感念蓋斯柏格的貢獻，而有著命名 為「蓋斯柏格」的工作室【圖 5-1】，檔案中心對於蓋斯柏格的事蹟註記如下【圖 5-2】：
史上最早且影響最為深遠的錄音師之一，為第一位 A&R，卡路索的唱片即是 由蓋斯柏格錄製。256
是的，卡路索於 1902 年的錄音已成為蓋斯柏格的代表作之一，這並非是絕響，僅 是個起始，而蓋斯柏格，這位令唱片工業與音樂發展擁有著革新開端，集錄音師、
製作人、經紀人、A&R 職位於一身的先聲者，257 開拓了屬於全新歷史紀錄方式的 時代開端，一個使音樂人擁有著不同於以往音樂經驗的發軔。
【圖 5-1】蓋斯伯格工作室。
256 ―One of the earliest and most influential sound recording engineers; the first Artist and repertoire(A&R) man, who recorded Caruso.‖ 取自【圖 5-2】。
257 關於此四個名詞，在此依照蓋斯柏格之經歷為之定義。錄音師，即錄音活動進行時，進行
錄音行為的專業技術人員，如麥克風位置之架設、錄音器材之操作以及錄音人員的位置安排…等。
製作人，主要工作內容為規畫唱片內容，如預算、錄製曲目、參與錄製的演奏者、掌控錄音時間，
並且監督錄音的過程、後製挑選錄音內容。經紀人，網羅有潛力的音樂人，為音樂人接洽演出、發 片，並且可能規劃音樂生涯，如：適合曲目類型。A&R，開發、訓練音樂人，代表唱片公司與音 樂人簽約，並且為音樂人尋找適合錄製的曲目和唱片製作人、安排錄音時程計劃。
112
【圖 5-2】大英圖書館對於音響工程先驅者的表列與註記。蓋斯柏格的註記列於第 四位。
113
參考書目
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貳、中文
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Philip, Robert. 《如何從唱片聽門道：錄音時代的演奏藝術》(Performing Music in the Age of Recording). 陳效真 譯。臺北市：音樂時代，2007。
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