• 沒有找到結果。

本研究同時考量股票、選擇權以及期貨市場以比較市場之相對效率性,對象為台灣 加權股價指數,利用 PCP 等價理論和 PCFP 等價理論來進行效率性探討。台灣之大盤指 數現貨為不可交易性商品,因此當市場違反 PCP 等價理論,投資者因大盤指數之不可交 易性,或者欲依市值比重買下市場全部個股來複製大盤有相當之困難程度,導致無法進 行套利操作;相對的,一般認為期貨市場具備低交易成本、高流動性及資訊完全揭露等 優點,較能迅速反應市場訊息,價格上領先現貨市場,具有價格發現機能。因此依據 Tucker (1991)的 PCFP 等價理論以台指期貨模擬指數現貨做為選擇權套利的交易標的。

本研究目的即在探討 PCP 等價理論和 PCFP 等價理論二理論之間的價格效率性有何 關連與差異性原因探討,利用不可交易性商品-大盤指數現貨和可交易性商品-台指期 貨,計算出個別之定價誤差,探討兩者關連性與動態調整關係。結果顯示放空限制條件 為構成 PCP 定價誤差之重要關鍵因素,選擇權流動性(由買賣權平均有效價差所衡量)則 為 PCFP 定價誤差之重要構成因素,另外股利發放月份(台灣權值大之公司集中於 7、8、

9 月發放股利)對 PCP 定價誤差造成顯著影響,且是構成放空限制條件符合之原因,而 其他控制變數,如波動度、到期效果則如同過去學者所發現與定價誤差成正向關係,指 數報酬率、交易量和未平倉量之係數則在 PCP 與 PCFP 有不同方向。

Shleifer (2000)指出價格偏離真實價格,原因可能有二,一是市場上必有些投資者是 非理性者,忽略基本面資訊或逕依其認知進行投資策略;第二是市場有交易限制的存 在。本研究迴歸結果驗證了這些可能性,並且顯示市場處在多頭或空頭市場時,雜訊交 易者(noise trader)的存在會更加深定價誤差。如短期指數報酬率(5 個交易日之指數報酬 率)與 PCP 定價誤差呈正向顯著關係,推論當短期市場價格小幅偏離真實價格時,以散 戶為主之現貨市場其雜訊交易者多,會有過度反應而追高現象,期貨選擇權市場則相對 會吸引套利投資者進入市場,促使價格回復真實價格,定價誤差縮小。

未平倉量影響到定價關係,此亦支持市場氛圍會使套利行為受到限制。如同 VIX 指

數,選擇權未平倉比率亦可視為恐懼指標,PCP 定價誤差與選擇權未平倉比率呈負向顯 著關係,即當選擇權未平倉比率越大,可能預測未來市場為空頭市場,投資者會進入選 擇權市場買進賣權以放空,彌補現貨市場不能放空之限制,表示選擇權市場上的交易活 動會受到現貨市場的影響。而且結果亦顯示組合保險概念在本樣本選取為價平選擇權下 並不被支持。

此外依放空限制條件將樣本作區分,結果顯示在符合放空限制條件下 PCP 定價誤差 受到股利發放月份影響大;而未符合放空限制條件下 PCP 定價誤差受到期貨市場資訊影 響則較大,可由衡量期貨流動性指標和期貨未平倉量看出,顯示在未符合放空限制條件 下時,投資者之間的分歧較大,也就是現貨跟選擇權市場對期貨資訊反應的速度差距較 大。另外亦顯示出樣本在符合放空限制條件下時,選擇權平均隱含波動率可能是放空困 難度的代理變數(Ofek et. al., 2004),指出當波動率劇烈變化,價格起伏大,則投資者將 面臨更大的放空困難程度,因此反而縮小 PCP 之定價誤差。

上述研究結果一再顯示出違反無套利理論的可能原因,然而定價誤差的存在並不等 同於存在套利空間。將市場之交易限制,如放空限制和流動性因素納入考量,發現其和 定價誤差之間的顯著關聯性,表示市場摩擦性因子對套利者的套利能力有很大的影響。

除此之外發現價平選擇權存在雜訊交易者風險亦會影響到定價誤差大小,所以定價上考 量雜訊交易者風險似乎是有其必要。而本研究樣本僅考量近月價平之資料組合,後續之 研究可同時考量近、遠月和不同價內外之資料組合差異,以更穩健的來檢驗投資者組成 的不同對定價誤差之影響。

參考文獻

Abhyankar, A. H., 1995, Return and volatility dynamics in the FTSE100 stock index and stock index futures markets, Journal of Futures Markets, 15(4), pp.457-488.

Ackert, L. F., and Y. S. Tian, 1998, The introduction of Toronto index participation units and arbitrage opportunities in the Toronto 35 Index option market, Journal of Derivatives, 5(4), pp.44-53.

Ackert, L. F., and Y. S. Tian, 2001, Efficiency in index options markets and trading in stock baskets, Journal of Banking & Finance, 25, pp.1607-1634.

Anthony, J., 1988, The interrelation of stock and options market trading volume data, Journal

of Finance, 43, pp.949-964.

Bae, K. H., K. Chan, and Y. L. Cheung, 1998, The profitability of index futures arbitrage:

Evidence from bid-ask quotes, Journal of Futures Markets, 18(7), pp.743-763

Bali, T. G.., and D. Weinbaum, 2005, A comparative study of alternative extreme -value volatility estimators, Journal of Futures Markets, 25(9), pp.873-892

Barberis, N., and R. Thaler, 2003, A survey of behavioral finance. In: Constantinides, G.,

Harris, M., Stulz, R.(Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance, North-Holland,

Amsterdam.

Black, F., 1975, Fact and fantasy in the use of options, Financial Analysts Journal, 31, 36-41, pp.61-72.

Chan, C. K., Y. C. Chang, and P. P. Lung, 2006, Informed trading under different market conditions and moneyness: evidence from TXO options, Working paper, Department of Finance, Western Kentucky University.

Chan, K., Y. P. Chung, and W. Fong, 2002, The informational role of stock and option volume,

Review of Financial Studies, 15, pp.1049-1075.

Chance, D. M., 1987, Parity tests of index options, In Advances in Futures and Options

Research, 2, Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Cherian, J. A., and W. Y. Weng, 1999, An empirical analysis of directional and volatility trading in options markets, Journal of Derivative, 7 , pp.53-65.

Chiang, R., and W. M. Fong, 2001, Relative informational efficiency of cash, futures, and options markets: The case of an emerging market, Journal of Banking and Finance, 25, pp.355-375.

Chuang, W. I., and B. S. Lee, 2006(a), An empirical evaluation of the overconfidence hypothesis, (Forthcoming) Journal of Banking and Finance.

Chuang, W. I., and B. S. Lee, 2006(b), An empirical evaluation of the overconfidence hypothesis, Working paper, Tunghai University.

Chung, Y. P.,1991, A transaction data test of stock index futures market efficiency and index arbitrage profitability, Journal of Finance, 46, pp.1791-1809.

Cornell, B., and K. R. French, 1983, The pricing of stock index futures, Journal of Futures

Markets, 3(1), pp.1-14.

Derman, E., 1999, Regimes of Volatility-Some Observatuons on Variation of S&P500 Implied Volatilities, Quantitative Strategies Research Note, January, Goldman Sachs.

Draper, P., and J. K. W. Fung, 2002, A study of arbitrage efficiency between the FTSE-100 Index futures and options contracts, Journal of Futures Markets, 22(1), pp.31-58.

Evnine, J., and A. Rudd, 1985, Index options: The early evidence, Journal of Finance, 40, pp.743-756.

Fama, E., and K. French, 1993, Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds,

Journal of Financial Economis, 33, pp.3-56.

Figlewski, S., 1989, Option arbitrage in imperfect markets, Journal of Finance, 44, pp.1289-1311.

Fung, J. K. W., and A. K. W. Fung, 1997, Mispricing of futures contracts: A study of index futures versus index options contract, Journal of Derivatives, 5(2), pp.37-44.

Fung, J. K. W., and H. M. K. Mok, 2001, Index options-futures arbitrage: A comparative study with bid-ask and transaction data, Financial Review, 36(1), pp.71-94.

Fung, J. K. W., and K. C. Chan, 1994, On the arbitrage-free pricing relationship between index futures and index options: A note, Journal of Futures Markets, 14, pp.957-962.

Fung, J. K. W., L. T. W. Cheng, and K. C. Chan, 1997, The intraday pricing efficiency of Hong Kong Hang Seng Index options and futures markets, Journal of Futures Markets, 17(7), pp.797-815.

Girma, P. B., and M. Mougoue, 2002, An empirical examination of the relation between futures spreads volatility, volume, and open interest, Journal of Futures Markets, 22 (11), pp.1083-1102.

Han, B., 2004, Limits of arbitrage, sentiment and pricing kernel: Evidence from index options,

Working Paper, Ohio State University.

Harris, M., and A. Raviv, 1993, Differences of opinion make a horse race, Review of

Financial Studies, 6, pp.473-506.

Hatch, B. C., 2003, The intraday relation between NYSE and CBOE prices, Journal of

Financial Research, 26, pp.97-113.

Haugen, R. A., and N. L. Baker, 1996, Commonality in the determinants of expected stock returns, Journal of Financial Economics, 41, pp.401-439.

Hirshleifer, D., 2001, Investor psychology and asset pricing, Journal of Finance, 56(4),

pp.1533-1598.

Kahneman, D., and A. Tversky, 1979, Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk,

Econometrica, 47, pp.263-291.

Kamara, A., and T. W. Miller Jr., 1995, Daily and intradaily tests of european Put-call parity,

Journal of Finance and Quantitative Analysis, 30, pp.519-539.

Klemkosky, R. C., and B. Resnick, 1979, Put-call parity and market efficiency, Journal of

Finance, 34, pp.1141-1155.

Klemkosky, R. C., and J. H. Lee, 1991, The intraday ex post and ex ante profitability of index arbitrage, Journal of Futures Markets, 11, pp.291-311.

Lamont, O., R. Thaler, 2003, Can the market add and subtract? Mispricing in tech stock carve-outs, Journal of Political Economy, 111, pp.227-268.

Lee, J. H., and N. Nayar, 1993, A transactions data analysis of arbitrage between index options and index futures, Journal of Futures Markets, 13(8), pp.889-902.

McMillan, D. G., and A. E. H. Speight, 2006, Nonlinear dynamics and competing behavioral interpretations: evidence from intra-day FTSE-100 index and futures data, Journal of Futures

Markets, 26(4), pp.343-368.

O’hno, S., 2001, Contagion effect among equity and foreign exchange markets, 8th Asian

Pacific Financial Association Conference proceeding, Bangkok.

Odean, T., 1998, Volume, volatility, price, and profit when all traders are above average,

Jouranl of Finance, 53, pp.1887-1934.

Ofek, E., M. Richardson, and R. F. Whitelaw, 2004, Limited arbitrage and short sales restrictions: Evidence from the options markets, Journal of Financial Economics, 74, pp.305-342.

Pan, J., and A. Poteshman, 2006, The information in option volume for future stock prices, (Forthcoming) Review of Financial Studies.

Roll, R., E. Schwartz, and A. Subrahmanyam, 2005, Liquidity and the law of one price: the case of the futures/cash basis, Working Paper, UCLA.

Shalen, C., 1993, Volume, volatility, and the dispersion of beliefs, Review of Financial Studies, 6, pp.405-434.

Shefrin, H., 2000, On kernels and sentiment, Working paper, Santa-Clara University.

Shleifer, A., 2000, Inefficient markets: An introduction to behavioural finance, Clarendon Lectures in Economics: Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stoll, H., 1969, The relationship between put and call option prices, Journal of Finance, 24, pp.801-822.

Tavakkol, A., 2000, Positive Feedback Trading in the Options Market, Quarterly Journal of

Business and Economics, 39, pp.69-80.

Tse, Y. K., 1995, Lead-Lag Relationship between spot index and futures price of the Nikkei Stock Average, Journal of Forecasting, 14(7), pp.553-564.

Tucker, A. L., 1991, Financial futures, options, and swaps, Minneapolis, MN: West Publishing.

Wang K. P., 2004, Liquidity constraints and the hedging role of futures spreads, Journal of

Futures Markets, 24(10), pp.909-921.

Wiggins, J., 1987, Option values under stochastic volatility:theory and empirical estimates,

Journal of Financial Economics, 19, pp.351-372.

Yadav, P. K., and P. F. Pope, 1994, Stock index futures mispricing: Profit opportunities or risk premia?, Journal of Banking and Finance, 18, pp.921-953.

Zhang, X. F., 2006, Information uncertainty and stock returns, Journal of Finance, 61(1), pp.105-136.

表 1 台灣股價指數選擇權與期貨之成交量

單位:口

臺指選擇權(TXO) 臺指選擇權(TXO)

年度 年度成交量 日平均成交量 年度成交量 日平均成交量 九十一年度 1,566,446 6,316 4,132,040 16,661 九十二年度 21,720,083 87,229 6,514,691 26,163 九十三年度 43,824,511 175,298 8,861,278 35,445 九十四年度 80,096,506 324,277 6,917,375 28,006

表 2 敘述性統計與單根檢定

Volume _ 26721 5.64624 0.78231 5.63835 1179.8

(<.0001)

Put 26721 -0.36327 1.16061 -0.38148 -51.17 (<.0001)

*** -28.16979 ***

fut

OI _ 26721 10.05292 0.48845 10.22045 3364.3 (<.0001)

Put 26721 -0.10819 1.28447 -0.00579 -13.77 (<.0001)

*** -17.30659 ***

basis 26721 5.33661 25.64544 4.97 34.02 (<.0001)

以公式所計算出之理論台指期貨價格,乘上 100; , PCFP

εt i 則將 , PCFP

ε

t i 再取絕對值; 分別

為 選 擇 權 和 期 貨 市 場 之 流 動 性 指 標 , 以 有 效 買 賣 價 差 (Effective Spread) 來 衡 量 , 公 式 為

,其中選擇權流動性為買權賣權有效價差平均值;

opt

Liq _ Liq _ fut

(

, , ,

2 t i t i t i

Effective Spread= ×price ask +bid

)

/ 2⎤⎦ σopt為價平的

買權和賣權隱含波動率(ISD, implied standard deviation)平均值,以代表選擇權市場之波動程度; 為持有

契約到到期日之長短; 為期貨成交量; 為選擇權賣權成交量除以買

權成交量; 為期貨未平倉合約數; 為選擇權賣權未平倉合約數除以買權未平

倉合約數; 為基差。其中量的變數(如成交量和未平倉合約數)皆有取 log。

t fut

Volume _ Put Callratioof Volume

fut

OI _ Put Callratioof OI

Basis

括號內為顯著水準 P 值。***表示 1%顯著水準,**表示 5%顯著水準,*表示 10%顯著水準。

ADF Test(單根檢定)之臨界值:1%= -3.434,5%= -2.862,10%= -2.567。

表 3 放空限制條件、股利發放月份、流動性與定價誤差之關係

Sample (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Variable PCP PCFP PCP-PCFP PCP PCFP PCP-PCFP Intercept 0.28683

(<.0001)

Variable PCP PCFP PCP-PCFP PCP PCFP PCP-PCFP Intercept 0.42931

(<.0001)

表 4 放空限制條件、股利發放月份、流動性和其他控制變數與定價誤差之關係

Variable PCP PCFP PCP-PCFP PCP PCFP PCP-PCFP Intercept 0.22956

(<.0001)

(接續上一頁) OI

of ratio Call

Put -0.01312

(<.0001)

*** 0.00245 (<.0001)

*** -0.01466 (<.0001)

***

Adj. R2 0.5439 0.4159 0.5287 0.5600 0.3383 0.5546 Obs. 26721 26721 26721 25865 25865 25865 註 1: 為放空限制之虛擬變數, 為發放現金股利月份之虛擬變數,Liq 為以買權和賣權

平均有效報價價差平均值所衡量之流動性, 為以期貨報價價差所衡量之流動性,其他控制變數

( )包含有;t 為持有契約到到期日之長短,

ShortSale

D DDiv _opt

fut Liq _

= 8

τ 1 τ

δ Xτ σopt為價平買權賣權隱含波動率平均,Basis為基差,

為過去 30 個交易日之指數報酬率乘上 100, 為期貨成交量,Put

為選擇權賣權成交量除以買權成交量, 為期貨未平倉合約數, 為選擇權賣權

未平倉合約數除以買權未平倉合約數。

Return30 Volume _fut Callratioof Volume

fut

OI _ Put Callratioof OI

括號內為顯著水準 P 值。***表示 1%顯著水準,**表示 5%顯著水準,*表示 10%顯著水準。

註 2:當加入控制變數 時,使樣本數少了 804 筆,且使資料由 2002 年 2 月 21 日開始,即約前 兩個月資料會被忽略,於是為配合後續資料的使用,本研究依此將表(3)與表(4)左半部重新做整理,發現 在 PCFP 定價誤差為應變數之迴歸模型下,表(3)變數 (買權和賣權平均有效報價價差所衡量之流 動性)之係數為 0.01061,且調整後 R2 變成 0.2999,表(4)左半部 R2 則變成 0.3179。

Return30

opt Liq _

表 5 比較有無放入放空限制條件、股利發放月份、流動性與定價誤差之關係

表 5 比較有無放入放空限制條件、股利發放月份、流動性與定價誤差之關係

相關文件