等,可以幫助求職者展現個人知識、技巧與能力(KSA)與個人-工作適合度(P-J Fit)等與職缺相關的能力或經驗(Kristof-Brown et al., 2002; Rosenfeld, 1997);
而他人導向戰術,則是指求職者與面試官的談話內容會專注在面試官或是企業,
如:贊同他人觀點等。Kacmar 與 Carlson(1999)發現當求職者使用自我導向印 象管理戰術時,通常能獲得面試官的較佳評價,使求職者有較大機會得到理想的
Kacmar et al., 1992; Wayne & Ferris, 1990)。雖然 Wayne 與 Ferris(1990)並非針 對面談情境中,求職者所使用的印象管理戰術進行研究,然而Tsai 等人(2005)
(try to convince the interviewer his/her behavior is good enough as a model)
Kacmar, Delery
&Ferris (1992)
居功 負擔成功事件主要功勞 Kacmar, Delery
‧
Entitlement (take major responsibility for positive events in one's background)
&Ferris (1992)
表達成就歸屬,即便實際上功勞歸屬 不在本人(individuals claim
responsibility for positive events or outcomes, even if personal credit for such outcomes is unmerited)
Ellis, West, Ryan, &
Deshon (2002)
自我加強 Self-enhancement
試圖增加其成就價值
(attempt to increase the value of event to make outcome more positive)
Kacmar, Delery
&Ferris (1992)
增加成就價值,使其成就價值大於其 他人原本想像
(the value for a positive event, for which the applicant was responsible, was greater than most people might think)
Ellis, West, Ryan, &
Deshon (2002)
自我推銷 Self-promotion
展現自己的資格
(demonstrating one’s own qualifications)
Kacmar, Delery
&Ferris (1992)
描述過去經驗試圖說服目標
(the tactic refers to statements that are intended to persuade a target that the applicant possesses positive qualities or traits)
Ellis, West, Ryan, &
Deshon (2002)
企圖吸引面試官的注意力
(I try to draw the interviewer's attention to my records of accomplishments)
Wayne & Ferris
(1990)
強調個人擁有的特質
(I emphasized the qualities that I possessed)
Wayne & Ferris
(1990)
克服困難 Overcome obstacle
描述如何解決問題以達到目標
(the tactic deals with how the applicant circumvented problems or barriers impeding progress toward a goal)
Ellis, West, Ryan, &
Deshon (2002)
除了對自我導向印象管理戰術類別的簡單區分之外,例證(模範)與自我推 銷這兩類,在其定義下,學者將其內容延伸更為廣闊。例證(模範)之原始定義 雖然只包含求職者向面試官展現其行為表現優良如同一位模範,然而求職者可能
‧
會展現自己是不同模範類型(Drory & Zaidman, 2007; Erdogan, 2011; Wayne &
Ferris, 1990),例如創造出好人印象、有自信的印象等,這些皆屬於例證(模範)
戰術的項目。此外,自我推銷戰術下更是可以區分多種項目(Bolino & Turnely, 1999; Drory & Zaidman, 2007; Erdogan, 2011; Kristof-Brown et al., 2002; Stevens &
Kristof, 1995),因自我推銷定義最一開始主要說明求職者會表達過去經驗,但每
(create the impression that you are a
“good” person)
Wayne & Ferris
(1990)
創造有自信的印象
(create the impression that you are self-confident)
Drory & Zaidman
(2007)
表現出個人具勤勉審慎性特質
(present yourself as a hard-working and conscientious person)
Erdogan (2011)
表現出自己是個友善且有禮貌的人
(present yourself as a friendly and polite person)
Wayne & Ferris
(1990)
自我推銷 Self-promotion
讓面試官可以了解其天分與資格
(make interviewer aware of your talents or qualifications)
Bolino & Turnely
(1999)
讓面試官了解其過去成就
(make the interviewer aware of your accomplishment)
Bolino & Turnely
(1999)
Wayne & Ferris
(1990)
展示過去經驗
(demonstrate your experience)
Drory & Zaidman
(2007)
我描述我的技術與經驗
(I describe my skills and experience)
Kristof-Brown, Barrick,
& Franke(2002)
‧
(demonstrate your knowledge and expertise)
Kristof-Brown, Barrick,
& Franke(2002)
Stevens & Kristof
(1995)
我以吸引人的方式描述我的技術與能 力
(I describe my skills and abilities in an attractive way)
Kristof-Brown, Barrick,
& Franke(2002)
展現自己對工作的熱情
(show your enthusiasm for the job)
Stevens & Kristof
(1995)
展現自己與此工作的適合度
(demonstrate your fit with the job) Erdogan(2011)
在面試前完善準備,以更清晰行銷自 己
(prepare before the interview to express yourself more clearly)
Erdogan(2011)
向面試官描述自己未來在工作上會有 良好表現
(convince the interviewer that you will be successful at the job)
Erdogan(2011) 之處。Chuang, Hsu, Wang & Judge(2015)描述文化將會影響三個面向,包含人 的概念、對環境的解釋、人和環境間,不同文化背景對人是有明顯的影響存在,
這也促成人力資源領域常使用文化、環境作為分析架構(Lee & Ramaswami, 2013),學者們希望能瞭解在不同文化背景下,人的行為舉止與人際互動會有著 哪些相似性與相異性。Budhwar、Varma 與 Patel (2016)曾引用 Guo(2015)