• 沒有找到結果。

第三章 世紀初的華麗褻瀆與畸形肉身

第三節 迷宮與妖怪-畢卡索

102 Dominique Jarrassé, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa:entre le mythe et la modernité

(Marseille: AGEP, 1991), 16.

“ Ainsi le peintre, dernier rejeton d’une race épuisée … sombrerait sans descendance, achevé par alcool, la syphilis et la folie!Car la mort à trente-six ans, dans laquelle on a vu un suicide sciemment opéré-《Je creuse, disait-il, ma tombe avec ma queue》-, vient donner la touché finale d’éternité au maudit.”

103 John Richardson avec la collaboration de Marilyn McCully, trans. by William O. Desmond.

Vie de Picasso(Paris : Chêne, 1992), 253

“ La faim semble également avoir foueté son ardeur. De nombreux autres dessins, exécutés au cours de ce qui fut la période la plus misérable de ses débuts, débordent d’une sexualité

désespérée;mais le sexe, comme il le déclara, était alors le seul de ses désirs qu’il pouvait se permettre de combler.”

104 牛頭怪米諾特的起源是來自於希臘神話。克里特島的國王米諾斯(Minos)可說是擁有

參考Kenneth. J. Procter , “Beast, Bird, and Animal Nature,” Drawing (Interweave Press) v. 3 no. 9 (Spring 2006):91.

“ In Greek mythology, the Minotaur, with a bull's head and tail on a human body, was the monstrous outcome of Cretan queen Pasiphaé’s lust for a glorious white bull. Imprisoned in a labyrinth, the Minotaur was fed an annual tribute of seven youths and seven maidens, until it was slain by the guiltful Athenian hero Theseus, aided in his quest by the Cretan princess Ariadne.”

105 Guillaume Durand, “Portrait de l'artiste faisant l'amour,” Beaux Arts Magazine, no. 278 (Août 2007):46-47.

“ Ce salopard de Pablo n’est pas totalement à l’abandon; il regarde la dame faire. Ses mains soutiennent sa nuque. La chevelure noire de la fille tire un rideau sur son braquemark …À l’époque, Picasso travaillait comme un fou avec ses amis et se détendait au bordel.”

106 Gauillaume Durand, “Portrait de l'artiste faisant l'amour,” Beaux Arts Magazine , no. 278 (Août 2007) :46.

“ Le regard est l’erection de l’œil.”

107 John Richardson avec la collaboration de Marilyn McCully, trans. by William O. Desmond.

Vie de Picasso(Paris : Chêne, 1992), 10.

“ En Andalousie, l’oeil est semblable à un organe sexuel…regarder trop intensément une femme relève d’un viol oculaire.”

108 Ibid, 10.

“ Pourquoi ne pas mettre les organes sexuels à la place des yeux et les yeux entre les jambes?”

109 Françoise Gilot and Carlton Lake, Life with Picasso(New York:Anchor Books , 1989), 49.

“ First he works from nature, then he tries abstraction. Finally, he ends up lying around caressing his models.”

110 John Richardson avec la collaboration de Marilyn McCully, trans. by William O. Desmond.

Vie de Picasso(Paris : Chêne, 1992), 281.

“ Une partie d’entre elles constitute un microcosme des fantasmes sexuels de Picasso:certaines ont une rudesse de graffiti, d’autres une lascivité adolescente et les plus révélatrices trahissent une perversité et une misogynie qui préfigurent les chimères réalistes de l’artiste des années 30.”

111 Timothy Hillton, Picasso(London: Thames and Hudson, 1987), 177-178.

《佛拉系列》系列是花了好幾年的時間才完成的──畢卡索從 1930 年一直畫到 1937 年,

“ The Vollard Suite, one hundred etchings for a luxury collectors’ edition planned by the dealer Ambroise Vollard, was some years in the making, and work on the project was not at all continuous. It was begun in 1930 and completed in 1937…The Suite is not illustrational in a direct sense. Half the plates represent the sculptor in the studio. A quarter are miscellaneous, showing nude women posing or reclining, bullfights, circuses, a winged bull. Smaller groups are concerned with Rembrandt, and a rape; and two larger groups have the Minotaur as their subject.”

112 1.Timothy Hillton, Picasso(London: Thames and Hudson, 1987), 177.

畢卡索的第一任妻子歐卡總是誘拐畢卡索去參加高級舞會、海灘派對、虛榮的社交場 合,使得畢卡索的藝術受到干擾,而且使他越來越無法忍受。

“ Picasso had been enticed by Olga into a high life of balls, beach parties, la vie snobe; that this interfered with his art; and that it became intolerable.”

2.瑪莉‧洛爾‧貝爾纳達克、寶拉‧迪布歇(Maire-Laure Bernadac、Paule du Bouchet)

原著,葉小芍、古瑛芝譯,《畢卡索──新畫派的宗師》(Picasso : Le sage et le fou)(台 北:時報,1998),70。

「老友們說:『畢卡所在高級地區裡活動。』確實,過著上流社會般的生活,講究排場,

大擺盛宴,邀約紛飛至畢府。當他們宴客時,初識的友人無不驚訝招待方式的考究殷

113 1.John Berger, The success and failure of Picasso(New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 102.

“ In the late twenties Picasso became disillusioned with the beau monde. He retreated into himself. During the thirties his work was mostly introspective…The imagery of this period is Spanish, mythological, and ritualistic. Its symbols are the bull, the horse, the woman, and the Minotaur. At this time Picasso was involved in a passionate love-affairs, and many of his best works were sexual in inspiration.”

2.1931~1932 年畢卡索的婚姻關係漸趨惡化的期間,畢卡索在街頭上搭上一個不可思議的

“ An increasing estrangement within the marriage became total in 1931 or 1932, when Picasso approached a striking seventeen-year-old in the street, This was Marie-Thérèse Walter, who became his mistress and bore him a daughter. She inspired, or at any rate is the subject of, very many of the paintings and sculptures of the 1930s.”

114 André Fermigier, Picasso(Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1992), 233.

“ Le Minotaure, c’était Picasso lui-même.”

115 Ministère de la culture, de la communication, des grands travaux et du bicentenaire.

Picasso:Une Nouvelle Dation(Paris : Réunion des musées nationaux, 1990), 154.

“ Le Minotaure ….est un thème central dans l’univers de Picasso qui se reconnaissait dans la figure triomphante et tragique incarnant des pulsions sexuelles.”

116 John Berger, The success and failure of Picasso(New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 102.

“ The Minotaur represents the animal in the captivity of an almost human form; it also represents the suffering which is caused by aspiration and sensibility being rejected because they exist in an unattractive, that is to say untamed, uncivilized body. Either way, the Minotaur suggests a criticism of civilization, which inhabits him in the first case, and dismisses him in the second. Yet, unlike the Beast, the Minotaur is not a pathetic creature. He is a king. He has his own power-which is the result of his physical strength and the fact that he is familiar with his instincts and has no fear of them. His triumph is in sexual love, to which even-he civilized ‘Beauty’ eagerly responds.”

想到魯本斯(Peter Paul Rubens,1577~1640)118的《掠奪魯奇帕斯的女兒們》

(L'enlèvement des filles de Leucippus)119【圖44】,兩者似乎都鼓吹著「性 暴力的愉悅」,此外,畢卡索熱愛鬥牛,也愛看摔角,暴露的身體及人與人 曾對她施暴過【圖48-49】,藝術家凱特.史坦尼茨(Kate T. Steinitz,

1889~1975)認為:「繁衍下一代對於畢卡索而言,人類比其他動物更為從

117 Kenneth. J. Procter , “Beast, Bird, and Animal Nature,” Drawing (Interweave Press) v. 3 no. 9 (Spring 2006):91.

“ Pablo Picasso frequently drew the Minotaur as a flexible metaphor for elements in human nature that link us to the beasts.”

118 魯本斯(Peter Paul Rubens,1577 ~1640)是法蘭德斯派畫家、版畫家。他擅長神話、歷 史、宗教及風俗畫,同時,也精於肖像畫及風景畫。

119 參考 Norma Broude、Garrard Mary D.編,謝鴻鈞等譯,《女性主義與藝術歷史Ⅰ》(The Expandingdiscourse feminism and art history)(台北:遠流,1998),279-280。

魯本斯的《強暴魯奇帕斯的女兒》是根據希臘神話Leucippus 的兩個女兒已經許配給一

對孿生兄弟,不過由於這對姊妹招來了眾神之王Zeus 與斯巴達王妃 Leda 所生的孿生

兄弟雙子神Caster 與 Pollux 的色慾,兩人一個善騎,一個善戰,英勇無敵,Caster 與 Pollux 兩個黝黑的壯漢把 Leucippus 的兩個女兒從睡夢中劫走,正準備強行拉上馬背的 情景。圖中有兩姊妹、攣生的雙子神、兩匹馬、兩個長著翅膀的小孩,這四對人馬在完 全動態與眾多方向中互相彌補,形成對比。在驚跳起來的兩匹馬之間,兩個威尼斯風的

豐滿裸女被左邊騎著馬的Caster 和右邊的 Pollux 捉住,少女扭曲的身體有如一幅神祕的

色情圖畫,這裏既是暴力,又是一種充滿喜悅的遊戲,畫面左側一角,畫家又添畫上一 個長著翅膀的小愛神,它給整個畫面作了一點暗示:這是一種愛情的暴力。

120 John Richardson avec la collaboration de Marilyn McCully, trans. by William O. Desmond.

Vie de Picasso(Paris : Chêne, 1992), 10.

“ Dans l’Andalousie phallocentrique, affirme Gillmore, le sexe reste encore ‘un monopole masculine, L’homme est la charrue qui creuse le sillon, la femme le sol fertile’.”

121 Kate T. Steinitz, “Picasso for Vollard, Hans Bolliger, intro. (Book Review) ,” Art Bulletin,48:3/4 (Sept./Dec. 1966):454.

“ For Picasso, man unleashed and uninhibited, is more of an animal than animals are, begetting another generation in painful compulsion.”

122 John Berger, The success and failure of Picasso(New York:Pantheon Books, 1989), 102.

“ It is as though-and here Picasso is like most of us-he can only fully see himself when he is reflected in a woman. And it is as though-and here he is rarer-it is almost only through the marvelous shared subjectivity of sex that he can allow himself to be known.”

123 這本《法式風情》螺旋活頁速寫本有著卡通的綠色封面,內含 11 頁及 19 張畫,於 1962

年一月二十三日至四月五日間完成。

Ministère de la culture, de la communication, des grands travaux et du bicentenaire.

Picasso:Une Nouvelle Dation(Paris : Réunion des musees nationaux, 1990), 242-247.

“ Carnet de croquis à la française à spirales avec une couverture cartonnée verte comportant 11 feuillets et 19 dessins.”

124 Linda Nochlin, Representing Women(London: Thames and Hudson,1999), 136.

困擾」125。1953 年秋天,畢卡索過去十年的女伴法蘭西瓦絲(Françoise Gilot)

126離開他,帶走了他們的兩個孩子,讓他不知所措。為了驅走他的焦慮,藝

125 John Berger , The success and failure of Picasso(New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 186.

“ Toward the end of 1953 Picasso began a series of drawings. At the end of two months there were 180 of them. Drawn with great intensity, they are autobiographical; they are about Picasso’s own fate. When they were first exhibited and published, their general character was recognized. Besides praising the ‘exquisite use of line’, people talked of an ‘emotional disturbance’.”

126 法蘭西瓦絲.紀婁(Francoise Gilot,1921~)是個才華洋溢的畫家,出身富有的家庭,

認識畢卡索時正在主修文學和法律,還學繪畫。1943 年與畢卡索相遇。隔年成為情侶。

1946 年懷孕。隔年生子克勞德(Claude),1948 年再度懷孕,隔年生女帕洛瑪(Paloma)。

女兒繼承雙親的藝術才華,成為活躍的設計師。1952 年他們關係轉冷。隔年關係惡化,

她帶子離開,大師的妻子和情人中惟法蘭西瓦絲仍然健在。1964 年她出版《與畢卡索 在一起的日子》,這本書既大膽又詳細,幾乎無所不寫,甚至連同畫家的性歷險,當時

127 參考 John Richardson avec la collaboration de Marilyn McCully, trans. by William O.

Desmond. Vie de Picasso(Paris : Chêne, 1992), 4.

“ La vie de Picasso, à cet automne 1953, venait d’être bouleversée. Le départ de Françoise Gillot; sa maîtresse des dix dernières années qui avait emmené leurs deux enfants avec elle le laissait déboussolé. Pour exorciser son angoisse, l’artiste entreprit de faire une série de dessins(décembre 1953-janvier 1954)…analysant avec un détachement et une ironie extrême les problèmes qui assaillent un vieux peintre doté d’une jeune maîtresse.”

128 André Fermigier, Picasso(Paris: Le Livre de Poche, 1992), 343.

“ I’idée générale serait:elle est jeune; je suis vieux: Elle est là; enivrée d’elle même;

indifférente; intangible; l’amour la courtise:Je sais tout et que faire sinon loucher vers sa beauté?Elle me quitte; elle ne me voit pas…”

背上的小男孩及女人》(Vieil homme pensant à sa jeunesse: garçon sur un cheval de cirque et femmes)的作品中透露些許信息:相較於畫面中間自在展 現年輕肉體的女人及小孩,左下角的老男人不僅身體顯的弱小無力,且目光 卑微的朝向他處,不敢與人交會,直接表露了畢卡索對似水年華無情流逝的 感慨【圖59】,恥感的刺刃最終指向了畫家自己。

畢卡索於1968 年《347 系列》(Séries 347)中俏皮且情色的模仿安格 爾(Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres)1814 年的《拉斐爾與弗爾納麗娜》

(Raphael et la Fornarina)畫了一系列的版畫【圖 60-64】,畫中的拉斐爾手 持畫筆和模特兒交歡,旁邊有個上了年紀的窺淫狂在觀看,這個偷窺狂的有

129 John Berger, The success and failure of Picasso(New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 186.

“ Thus far one might consider this series of drawings as a very poignant and bitter lament for lost youth, and a protest against the savage sexual de privation of old age.”

130 Georges Braissai, Conversation avec Picasso(Paris:Gallimard, 1964), 71.

“ Chaque fois que je dessine un homme, involontairement, c’est à mon père que je pense…Pour moi, l’homme, c’est ‘Don José’.”

1947年是馬格利特(René François Ghislain Magritte,1898~1967)在繪 畫上的 「雌牛時期 」(La Période Vache),馬格利特以「Vache」這個字眼

131 Esther Schlicht and Max Hollein, “René Magritte 1948. La Période Vache,” Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt Press Release(24 October 2008):2.

這個馬格利特用來稱呼他新的一批作品的詞彙「vache」,大多被理解為具有對野獸派 歷史性運動的諷刺意味,在馬格利特的作品中模仿其誇張的色彩以及他們裝飾性愉快的 特色。再者,在法國,“vache”並不僅僅意味著「牛」,也同樣意指著「卑劣的」或「骯 髒的」,“vacherie”意味著「惡毒的」。其他相關的詞“femme vache”是一個極為肥胖的 女人,“peau de vache”是一個可怕的、惡意的人,或“amour vache”是野蠻且肉慾的愛。

因此,這個詞彙暗示著這些畫侵略性和蓄意粗糙化的特徵。

“ The term ‘vache’ used by Magritte for his new group of works is mostly understood as a n ironical allusion to the historical movement of the Fauves, whose exaggerated coloring Magritte’s works parodied as much as their decoratively pleasing character. Yet in French,

‘vache’ does not only mean ‘cow’, but also as much as ‘mean’ or ‘nasty’; ‘vacherie’ signifies a mean trick. Other related words are ‘femme vache’ for an extremely corpulent woman,

‘peau de vache’ for a horrible, malicious person, or ‘amour vache’ for brutal carnal love. Thus, the term hints at the aggressive and deliberately crude quality characteristic of the pictures.”

132 Suzi Gablik, Magritte(London: Thames and Hudson, 1987), 149.

“ He hoped the paintings would annoy the Parisians, who seemed to him at the time overly complacent and self-satisfied in their artistic tastes and habits. Magritte was attacking their facility by making a painting a day, crudely and uncensored by his usual deliberation. In a truculent technique of instant gestures and angry brushwork, he tried to caricature the Fauvist style.”