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第三章 鹿特丹規則中海運履行輔助人之責任規範

第三節 運送人與海運履行輔助人之義務

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第三節 運送人與海運履行輔助人之義務

第一項 運送人之義務

鹿特丹規則中之運送人必須達成三項基本義務以完成運送:

一、首先,運送人有義務依照鹿特丹規則及運送契約之約定,將貨物從一地 運至另一地,並且交付與受貨人128

二、其次,運送人必需在鹿特丹規則第12 條規定的責任期間內,負擔妥善 而謹慎地收受、裝載、搬移、堆存、運送、保管、看守、卸載並交付貨物之義務

129,然而,這不代表運送人對於前揭義務均須親力親為,實則,運送人與託運人 可以在運送契約中載明約定由託運人、單證託運人或受貨人裝載、搬運、堆存或 卸載貨物130

三、最後,運送人必須在開航前、開航當時及海上航程中謹慎處理而使船舶 處於且保持適航狀態;妥善配備海員、裝備船舶及補給供應品,且在整個航程中

       

128 鹿特丹規則第 1 條第 1 項規定:「運送人收取運費,承諾將貨物從一地運至另一地之契約。

此種契約係就海上運送作出約定,且得對海上運送以外之其他運送方式作出約定。(“Contract of

carriage” means a contract in which a carrier, against the payment of freight, undertakes to carry goods from one place to another. The contract shall provide for carriage by sea and may provide for carriage by other modes of transport in addition to the sea carriage.)」、第 11 條規定:「運送人應當根據本公 約並依照運送契約的條款,將貨物運至目的地並且交給受貨人。(The carrier shall, subject to this Convention and in accordance with the terms of the contract of carriage, carry the goods to the place of destination and deliver them to the consignee.)」

129 鹿特丹規則第 13 條第 1 項規定:「在第12 條規定的責任期間內,除第 26 條另有規定外,

運送人應當妥善而謹慎地接收、裝載、操作、積載、運送、保管、保管、卸載並交付貨物。(The

carrier shall during the period of its responsibility as defined in article 12, and subject to article 26, properly and carefully receive, load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, unload and deliver the goods.)」

130 鹿特丹規則第 13 條第 2 項規定:「運送人與託運人可以約定由託運人、單證託運人或受

貨人裝載、操作、積載或卸載貨物。此種約定應當在契約事項中載明。(Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this article, and without prejudice to the other provisions in chapter 4 and to chapters 5 to 7, the carrier and the shipper may agree that the loading, handling, stowing or unloading of the goods is to be performed by the shipper, the documentary shipper or the consignee. Such an agreement shall be referred to in the contract particulars.)」

能安全接收、運送及保管貨物,且保持此種狀態。(The carrier is bound before, at the beginning of, and during the voyage by sea to exercise due diligence to: (a) Make and keep the ship seaworthy; (b) Properly crew, equip and supply the ship and keep the ship so crewed, equipped and supplied

throughout the voyage; and (c) Make and keep the holds and all other parts of the ship in which the goods are carried, and any containers supplied by the carrier in or upon which the goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.)」

132 鹿特丹規則第 79 條規定:「除非本公約另有規定,運送契約中的條款,凡有下列情形之 責任(第2 項)(1. Unless otherwise provided in this Convention, any term in a contract of carriage is void to the extent that it: (a) Directly or indirectly excludes or limits the obligations of the carrier or a maritime performing party under this Convention; (b) Directly or indirectly excludes or limits the liability of the carrier or a maritime performing party for breach of an obligation under this Convention;

or (c) Assigns a benefit of insurance of the goods in favour of the carrier or a person referred to in article 18. 2. Unless otherwise provided in this Convention, any term in a contract of carriage is void to the extent that it: (a) Directly or indirectly excludes, limits or increases the obligations under this Convention of the shipper, consignee, controlling party, holder or documentary shipper; or (b) Directly or indirectly excludes, limits or increases the liability of the shipper, consignee, controlling party, holder or documentary shipper for breach of any of its obligations under this Convention.)」

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鹿特丹規則特別就有關運送人之最基本運送義務規範於第11 條,亦即運送 人必須將貨物運送至目的地後交付與受貨人。運送人對於該義務的履行必須遵守 鹿特丹規則以及當事人締結之運送契約之約定。本條所提及之「運送契約之條款」

應係指就鹿特丹規則並未規定之事項而言133

運送人必須運送及交付貨物,乃運送人所應負擔之最基本義務,類似於此種 就運送之最基本運送義務之規範從未見於先前之國際公約,例如海牙規則及漢堡 規則中並無明文就此作出規範,海牙規則之原始性質即如標準式載貨證券條款之 條文,運送人基本義務中不含交貨予受貨人,而漢堡規則則僅在第5 條第 1 項間 接提到交貨之義務134,實務上係藉由該等公約以外之相關法規加以補充135,迄鹿 特丹規則之第11 條始將該等義務正式明文訂定。儘管鹿特丹規則第 11 條已明定 運送人所應負擔運送及交付貨物之義務,然而,若運送人拒絕運送、運送失敗或 將貨物交付予錯誤之對象,鹿特丹規則就此仍未規定運送人因此所應負擔之責 任,而僅能從相關法規中尋求解釋,本條規定有數項疑問可以從國際法獲得解 決,以下分述之。

在運送人根本未為運送行為之情況下,亦即運送人並未裝載貨物,除了依據 契約或鹿特丹規則運送人得主張免責之情況外,運送人應視為當然違反了運送契 約。因此,設若運送人於裝載貨物前,方發現或經告知該貨物本質上具有危險性,

從而運送人拒絕裝載該危險貨物,縱使該危險貨物可能影響其他貨物或船舶之安 全性,運送人原則上仍已違反鹿特丹規則第11 條之規定。為處理前開問題,鹿 特丹規則第15 條即規定於前述情況下,於若該危險貨物對於生命、財產或環境 有威脅時,賦予運送人或履行輔助人得拒絕裝載該危險貨物之權利,運送人或履 行輔助人此使縱使未履行第11 條之運送義務亦得免除違約責任。

運送人應依據運送契約,將貨物運送至契約約定之目的地。因此若貨物卸載 於「非契約合意」之港口,即使該港口位於目的地,運送人亦無解於違約之責,

同時亦必須負擔因此可能額外支出之運送、倉儲費用。運送人如何於目的地交付        

133 Yvonne Baatz & Charles Debattista & Filippo Lorenzon & Andrew Serdy & Hilton Staniland

& Michael Tsimplis, supra note 100, at 29.

134 王肖卿,同前揭註 3。

135 D. Rhidian Thomas, supra note 62, at 58.

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第三章 鹿特丹規則中海運履行輔助人之責任規範

貨物應完全視契約之約定而定,因此,若在當事人於運送契約中有約定可以替代 之目的港或「盡可能安全地運送(as safely as she can go)」之條款下,當運送人 有無法運送至目的港之情形時,其得將貨物運送至約定之其他可替代目的港,而 不得認為違反鹿特丹規則第11 條之規定。於海牙規則及海牙威士比規則下,英 國法院基於「對契約作成者不利解釋原則(contra proferentem)」向來對偏航自 由條款採取限縮之解釋,然而,在運送契約約定之卸載港確實無法航行到達或發 生罷工之情事時,英國法院此時即認為運送人得依據偏航自由條款而採取不同之 行動。

第二款 運送人之貨物照管義務

就上述運送人第二種運送義務,即運送人必需在責任期間內負擔妥善而謹慎 地收受、裝載、搬移、堆存、運送、保管、卸載或交付貨物之義務,係承繼自海 牙威士比規則之相關規定,但與海牙威士比規則136不同者為,鹿特丹規則將運送 人義務擴及於一般係由多式運送人所負責之事項,亦即貨物之收受與交付137

第三款 運送人之船舶適航性、貨物及貨櫃適載性義務

運送人上述第三種運送義務,即係保持船舶適航性、貨物適載性及貨櫃適載 性義務,該義務僅限於海上貨物運送階段方有適用。海牙威士比規則有關運送人 之義務為使船舶具適航性及保管貨物,這點在漢堡規則中未提及,但漢堡規則於 第5 條第 1 項有除非運送人舉證其本人、其受僱人及代理人已採合理要求之措 施,避免貨物損害之發生及損害後果之發生,否則即須負責貨物之毀損、滅失及

       

136 海牙威士比規則第 2 條規定:依第VI 條及海運運送契約之規定,運送人有關裝貨、操作、

堆裝、運送、保管、保管及卸貨,均具以下之義務、責任、權利及免責(Subject to the provisions of Article VI, under every contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, handling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth)。」

137 D. Rhidian Thomas, supra note 62, at 58.

果之發生者,不在此限。(The carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss of or damage to the goods, as well as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place while the goods were in his charge as defined in article 4, unless the carrier proves that he, his servants or agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the occurrence and its

consequences.)」

139 王肖卿,同前揭註 3。

140 海牙威士比規則第 3 條規定:「運送人於開航前及開航時,應盡應盡義務,使(a)船舶具

適航能力。(b)適當配置人員、設備及船舶之供應。(c)貨艙、冷凍及冷藏室及其他船上供貨物運

送空間,適宜收受、運送及保存貨物(第1 項)。依第IV 條規定,運送人應適當地、小心地裝貨、

操作、堆裝、運送、保管、保管及卸下運送之貨物(第2 項)(1. The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to:(a) Make the ship seaworthy;(b)

Properly man, equip and supply the ship;(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation.2. Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.)。」

141 D. Rhidian Thomas, supra note 62, at 59.

142 鹿特丹規則第 18 條規定:「The carrier is liable for the breach of its obligations under this Convention caused by the acts or omissions of: (a) Any performing party; (b) The master or crew of the ship; (c) Employees of the carrier or a performing party; or (d) Any other person that performs or undertakes to perform any of the carrier’s obligations under the contract of carriage, to the extent that the person acts, either directly or indirectly, at the carrier’s request or under the carrier’s

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第三章 鹿特丹規則中海運履行輔助人之責任規範

從鹿特丹規則第18 條第 1 款強調「任何」履行輔助人之文字來看,鹿特丹 規則此處顯然有意將「海運履行輔助人」涵攝於該款之中。而同條第2 款之所以 另外將「船長或海員」納入,係因該等人不必然為運送人之受僱人或符合海運履 行輔助人之定義。至於同條第4 款規定則係無疑係指與運送人訂有契約之代理人 或獨立性履行輔助人143

第二項 海運履行輔助人之義務

海運履行輔助人所應承擔之義務,在符合以下要件之前提下,與運送人完全 相同144

1. 海運履行輔助人在一締約國為運送而收受貨物或在一締約國交付貨物,

或在一締約國某一港口履行與貨物有關的各種活動;並且

或在一締約國某一港口履行與貨物有關的各種活動;並且