5. Parody, Translation, and Chinese Diglossia
5.4 Text Excerpt: Analysis and Discussion
5.4.5 Text Excerpt (Lovell)
‘went so far’; ‘looked down his nose at’; ‘keep an eye on them’; ‘so all‐fired respected’; and ‘rich to boot’. It is difficult to judge whether or not these
colloquialisms are actually appreciably different in register to the two utterances,
‘can darn well get to be’ and ‘daddies’ — presumably, meant to represent the L‐
variety aspect of the villagers’ voice.
Finally, although the voice of Lyell’s narrator is presented in the vernacular, his representation of Ah Q’s voice is such that the reader is, at least, still able to
recognize the difference between the two. The use of ‘gonna’ in the representation of Ah Q’s mental discourse (underlined above) is, in fact, a level of colloquialism that Lyell’s narrator does not ‘lower’ himself to at any point in the novella. In this sense, Lyell’s translation strategy can be said to work on a level of relative difference — although it is overly complicated — that is consistent with Pym’s syntagmatic alteration of distance and Catford’s “equivalence across varieties”. However, my own feeling is that Lyell’s translation choice also may be complicated by a desire to represent Lu Xun’s vernacular style through easily recognizable, stereotypical markers associated with popular “American” vernacular of the early part of the 20th century — close to the time in which the novel was set.
5.4.5 Text Excerpt (Lovell 2009)
In clear contrast to the previous paragraph’s discussion of Lyell’s slangy, American style, the present section will now focus upon the lofty, British style of Julia Lovell’s narrator. In 2009, Penguin Books published Lovell’s The Real Story of Ah-Q and Other Tales of China. It is the most recent translation of Ah Q Zhengzhuan. Lovell’s translation is as follows:
阿Q又很自尊,所有未莊的居民,全不在他眼睛裡,甚而至於對於兩位
“文童”也有以為不值一笑的神情。夫文童者,將來恐怕要變秀才者也;
趙太爺錢太爺大受居民的尊敬,除有錢之外,就因為都是文童的爹爹,
而阿Q在精神上獨不表格外的崇奉,他想:我的兒子會闊得多啦!
(Lu Xun 2002:3)
Ah‐Q had a robust sense of his own self‐worth, placing the rest of Weizhuang far beneath him in the social scale. Even the village’s two aspiring young scholars – the Zhao and the Qian sons – he considered with haughty contempt. In time, they could both reasonably be expected to get through at least the lowest rung of the official examinations – the path to power and riches. Their fathers, the venerable Mr Zhao and Mr Qian, therefore received the village’s craven respect not just for their personal wealth, but also for their son’s academic prospects. Only Ah‐Q remained invulnerable to the glamour of their future promise: My son will be much richer than them! He thought to himself.
(Lovell 2009: 84)
As with Lyell’s translation, Lovell’s version is clearly working to represent the linguistic variation found in the original. Unlike Lyell, however, Lovell’s problem is not an overly vernacularly styled narrator but an overly literary vernacular. Lovell’s narrator expresses himself in a similarly pompous and lofty style to that of Lu Xun’s narrator. This can be seen in the following phrases underlined in the passage above:
‘robust sense of his own self‐worth’; ‘considered with haughty contempt’; ‘the village’s craven respect’; ‘academic prospects’; and ‘remained invulnerable to’. The highly literary register of Lovell’s narrator helps to represent the parodic
juxtaposition of, as Huang (1990) calls it, a biographer using the ‘elegant’ discourse and a story of an entirely ‘insignificant person’. However, Lovell has also coupled this with a vernacular voice that is, perhaps, overly high in register. As a result, the unique diglossic relationship that exists between H and L varieties of Chinese does not clearly emerge. In the case of the villagers’ voice, for example, Lovell seems to have chosen to present the first part of the statement – ‘they could both reasonably be expected to get through at least the lowest rung of the official examinations’ – in the narrator’s voice. She then offsets what is presumably the villagers’ view – ‘the path to power and riches’ – from the rest of the sentence by way of hyphen.
Unfortunately, because the utterance is not entirely different in register from that of the narrator, the reader is, again, unsure of whether this is the view of the narrator
or of someone else. Moreover, the hybridity of the villagers’ voice present in the original is in no way re‐created here in Lovell’s translation. Perhaps, if Lovell were to present the entire sentence in more of a declarative form, similar to what we saw in Wang’s version, she could then lower slightly the register of ‘power and riches’ to make it more clear that not only does the entire utterance belong to the voice of the villagers, but, also, this voice is, as in the original, a hybridization of H and L variants.
Although the passage does not clearly demonstrate how Lovell treats the voice of Ah Q, throughout the rest of the novella, she does give the character a distinct register and style that is fairly obviously different from that of the narrator. Again, however, I would suggest that the difference in register could be made greater still and, thus, more obvious.
6.
Conclusion
Through presentation and discussion of major Translation Studies research trends — namely, an unrealistic, disproportionately mono‐lingual/mono‐variant treatment of dialect — relating to (un‐) translatability of linguistic variation, the present paper has tried to set a context within which alternative perspectives of variation — namely, diglossia and heteroglossia — may be afforded some attention.
In particular, analysis of four English‐language translations — Wang Chi‐chen’s Ah Q and others: Selected stories of Lusin (1941); Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang’s The true story of Ah Q (1956); William A. Lyell’s Diary of a madman and other stories (1990);
and Julia Lovell’s The real story of AhQ and other tales of China (2009) — has provided an example of translation from a diglossic language — Chinese — into a non‐diglossic one — English. Moreover, the diglossic scenario presented in the original has been shown to be an important feature of the parody of traditional Chinese historiography functioning within the source text, in particular, and the historicized Chinese referential frame, in general.
Discussion of the four translations also has helped to highlight differences between a variety‐for‐variety, equivalence‐fidelity‐based view of dialect quite common within the (un‐) translatability of linguistic variation literature and an ‘alteration of relative distance’ view that the present paper claims is unique to the work of J C Catfords (1965) and Anthony Pym (2000). It is my hope that the present paper may be one of many research projects to come that will extend the scope of the (un‐) translatability of linguistic variation discussion to include investigation of translation into, out of, and within diglossic, heteroglossic, and multilingual language communities and language contact situations.
This paper has tried to paint a clear picture of the condition of the narrator of Lu Xun’s novella The True Story of Ah Q as he is recreated in the English‐speaking world.
This has been carried out through a detailed analysis of four separate English‐