ᔮຜ1995-2003ԑѮᢊऋᏰఀىंـϛ
ޟܒտដᚠ
ݓᓗ
ѮѕѿҳఀىσᏰ ՌณऋᏰف [email protected] ȞገРȈ2008ԑ11Т17РȇওғРȈ2008ԑ11Т25 РȂ2009ԑ1Т6РȇڧРȈ2009 ԑ3Т4Рȟᄢ ौ
ਲ਼ᐃऋᏰఀىޟܒտដᚠंـȂτܒ՝ܻऋᏰᏰಬጢᄂฒஷညᅸȂ୲ ΙڎތដޟഋϷΝӵܻԃդၛភڍܒϞޟ৯ȄҏंـᜰݧѮᢊऋᏰఀىं ــതᄇᏰਮفಛϛτܒޟऋᏰᏰಬԤࡩኺޟᄆឈȂӰԪԝϛҕѐ ፣МષЕኇفಛ้ၥਟ৲ϛ1995-2003ԑᇄऋᏰᏰಬЅܒտࣺᜰޟंـᇄМണ ӓ21ጕȂᙤҥ፴ܒϷݙޟПԒȂϷݙٲМണϛհޱޟܒտЅڏܚࡻޟܒտᢎ ᘈȃհޱंـܖእቸѐМണޟҬޟȃհޱᄇ౪ࢲτܒܻऋᏰϛᅋُՓޟ ၛភЅհޱᄇߴ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ޟ࡚ដ้୰ᚠ໌፴ܒϷݙȂंـ๖ݎี ౪ٲМണϛτܒհޱиࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޱլശӻኵȂՄظܒհޱ։ٺᜰݧ ऋᏰᏰಬޟܒտដᚠȂծٮؠԤΡࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈȄՄӵंـПݲΰȂࡻԤ τܒкဎᢎᘈޟհޱȂၶӻоМᝦଆޟПԒҡڎᡝ፣क़ܖ࡚ដПਰȂՄڎ ϛܒᢎᘈЅظܒᢎᘈޱȂࠌӻ௴Ңၶσኺҏޟ໔ϽϷݙȄՍܻंـޱӵଆ፣ऋ Ᏸఀىᇄܒտដᚠޟ࡚ដΰȂࠌσ྅џϷ࣏ϤᆍȂٮоȶցҢఀৱ᠌ࡄȷޟ࡚ ដശ࣏லَȄശࡣȂҏМਲ਼ᐃंـ๖ݎᄇܻࡣ៉భٱܒտंـϞऋᏰఀىं ـޱඪю࡚ដȄ ᜰᗤຠȈܒտȃऋᏰఀىंـȃ፣क़൦ȃᆱ፣
ᢎнऋᏰࣨȂτܒऋᏰড়ШٽሉճܻظܒȂ੫տӵސ౩ȃώแڷऋ้ ሴȂӵ೨ӻၮМϽޟंـϛࣱுڗᔖᜌȞe.g. Fadigan & Hammrich, 2004; Scantlebury & Baker, 2007; Swinbanks, 1993ȟȄԤ೨ӻᏰޱϷ൷ڍܒӑЈ੫፴ ޟӰશȃҡސҡ౩ޟᢎᘈȃޥོϽޟႆแоЅᕗცӰશёоଆٮၛភԪᆍ౪ ຫȂՄڏϛԤ೨ӻฐᘈܹӵᏰਮҏ٘Ȃᇯ࣏Ᏸਮо࢚ᆍПԒҡᇄӔҡܒ տȞBurr, 1998ȟȄӵऋᏰఀىޟܒտដᚠंـΰȂԤᜰτܒ՝ऋᏰᏰಬጢ ޟंـ๖ݎᇄΰक़ंـϞᢎᄆࣺಒȂฒஷညᅸȂӰԪҬࠉ୲ΙԤܚތដޟഋϷ ΝӵܻԃդၛភڍܒϞޟ৯ȄंـޱϚሆܾᄇڍܒऋᏰᏰಬंـܚᡗҰ ޟ৯ےӾ௰፣নӰȂծӵऋᏰএᛁσᛒޟሴϛȂτܒޟᇄШሉճ ܻظܒȂ֏ആ៩ࡩኺޟଉܖཎొȉ࣏٘ऋᏰఀىޟώհޱȂंـޱ੫տ ԁۉȶᏰਮᡝفȷӵڏϛـതᅋࡩኺޟُՓȉंـޱᄇܻᜰЖԪΙដᚠޟ ंـޱٲ७өԝΟٲᜌᐃȃԃդങᜌᐃЅങक़Οࡩኺޟ࢈ٱྃԤᑹ ፸ȄծᐌᡝՄِȂԤᜰऋᏰ፞แޟܒտϷݙȂ༈ಛоپȂϛѴᏰޥတીм ፣क़ȂϱंـࣺၶܻѴᡗใЍȞ݂॑Ȃ1998ȟȄоήၐӑ൷ҬࠉᏰਮ ऋᏰᏰಬޟܒտដᚠശலೝᔮຜޟඁএө࡙ёо໌Ι؏ങक़Ȃоڞօרঈᄇࣺ ᜰដᚠޟंـԤΙ྅ᕣ၌Ȅ
ΙȃᔮຜτܒܻᏰਮޟऋᏰᏰಬ
ӵఀΰȂ፞ҏජቸظܒலӻܻτܒȂՄٲජቸζоړݖޟӟຫПԒ໌ ȂϚᘞፒᇧτܒȶҁஷϽȷޟΙ७ȞKelly, 1985; Mahoney, 1985ȟȄMahoney Ȟ1985ȟ߯ජक़ΙҏՌณऋᏰޟఀऋਪȂਪϛᛲۨᙄЉΡᇄڏӑҡޟყȂ หϛۨᙄЉΡтޟЙܹӵӑҡޟᆼΰȂՄۨᙄӑҡғӵࣼᡗཌᜢȄSpender Ȟ1982ȟ߯ࡾюȂఀऋਪඪڗȶΡȷਢȂڏᄂཎࡾظΡȂՄиװฐᘈׇӒܹ ӵظܒޟငᡛڷࣀଢ଼ΰՄ܇ຜτܒޟԆӵȄ Մӵఀࡉϣଢ଼ϛȂಀӻᏰޱࡾюظᏰҡᇄՂৱޟϣଢ଼ᓜଽܻτᏰҡȂ ఀৱၶல୰ظҡၶӻଽࡦՃቹԩޟ୰ᚠȂи࿋ڏߒ౪ϚٹȂఀৱࠓᗙᇯ࣏т ঈޟҏ፴ᖑ݂ޟȂՄཎϠӻޟৠעᇄȄࣺၶܻτҡȂఀৱၶல୰ τᏰҡᏹܒЅճࡦՃቹԩޟ୰ᚠȂᄇڏுڗၶӻᆎᢚࡻճఖȂՄषڏӵ ኵ౩ऋҬΰߒ౪يԁȂఀৱһ༊өܻτࡆঈޟԙᕼᘪӰܻֆΨՄߨසΨȞe.g. Good, Sikes & Brophy,1973; Bean, 1976; Parson, 1979; Walkerdine, 1993; She and Barrow, 1997ȟȄ
ѪΙП७ȂBoylan, Hill, Wallace & WheelerȞ1992ȟ้Ᏸޱᇯ࣏Ᏸҡޟऋ Ᏸᄘ࡙ᇄڏᄇऋᏰЅऋᏰড়ཎຫࣺᜰȂ࢈ՄӵऋᏰऋҬϛȂԤᜰऋᏰড়ཎ ຫޟंـᇄڏтऋҬࣺၶȂᅋ१ौޟُՓȄKelly (1987) ࡾюτᏰҡ லᇯ࣏ऋᏰᝯތȃϚڎΡܒȃܪຫȃظܒȃฒݲདȃᐠడړݖȃϚڎኆ ܒиΙϸࡸన౩໌ޟȄՄKjærnsliȞ1989ȟࠌඪЅӵყᛲऋᏰড়กᡛȞdraw-a-scientist testȟϛȂྃЍᏰҡོоτܒऋᏰড়࿋հڏᛲหޟᄇຫȄSjoberg Ȟ1993ȟࡾюτᏰҡᄇܻҐپҡిώհޟᒵᐅөоΡ࣏ᏲөȂՄظҡࠌଽ ᖠȃଽޣӪ࡙ȃଽඡ᠌Ӗ࣏ശ१ौޟՃ໔ӰશȂՄऋᏰড়ޟҡిӻᡱΡឈு өސ፴ᏲөՄߨΡᏲөȂܚоτҡᄇܻऋᏰࣺᜰҡిᡗுᑹ፸ીીȄ྆Мߜ Ȟ1998ȟᇄឃీȞ2003ȟࠌоޥོᇯӣ౩፣پᇳ݂Ȃڏᇯ࣏࿋ࠉఀىܚඪټ ޟऋᏰড়ཎຫႆܻ፡ࡊᢎȃ౩ܒᇄȶғөȷȂኺџོᡱτܒӵऋᏰሴ ϛԙ࣏ȶऋᏰಢѴޱȷՄଠᚔऋᏰᏰಬȄ ԪѴȂᏰҡӣᏔޟϣଢ଼һኇᏰҡঈޟऋᏰᏰಬȄSheȞ1998ȟ ߯ี౪ϛҡސᄂᡛ፞Ᏸҡޟϣଢ଼ΪϷཌּȄ࿋τҡܻӒτҡಢਢȂڏᐇ հᄂᡛȃकᓃȃᢎᄆЅᎧၥਟ้࣏ШӒظҡಢଽȄՄӒظҡಢࠌӵୈڏ тٱȃωಢϱଆ፣ڷ୰Ղৱ୰ᚠ้ᓜΰၶτҡಢ࣏ଽȄծӵظτӫಢϛȂ ࠌี౪ظҡкᏲᄂᡛޟ໌ȃଆ፣ڷᏢᐇհȂՄτҡࠌӻᓃᄂᡛ๖ݎڷ ᢎࣼӣੲӣᏰ໌ᄂᡛȄSheȞ1995ȟޟंـӣਢࡾю೨ӻΠτᏰҡϞܚо ϚཎଡؑऋᏰࣺᜰҡిȂкौӰ࣏ܐೝظҡຮΰՌϏЊᖑ݂ȃᇄಀϚӣ ޟᡆȄ ΰक़ޟٲө࡙άོᇄᏰҡޟऋᏰᄘ࡙ЅऋᏰᏰಬޟՌר྅܈໌Һϣ հҢȄHawkins (1985) ࡾюԤᜰظࡆᄇኵ౩ЅࣺᜰᏰऋሴޟᑹ፸ᇄԙ൷ሉଽ ܻτҡȇEcclesڷBlumenfeld (1985) ޟंـһี౪ϛظҡШτҡᇯ࣏ኵᏰৠ ܾȂиظҡᄇՌרᏰಬኵᏰޟ೨ᇄ߬Жၶτҡ࣏ଽȂтঈζӣਢี౪ωظ ᏰҡᇄτᏰҡԝڗఀৱޟ॒७ӱ㔳ਢᄘ࡙ϚΙȄ࿋ఀৱϠ॒७ӱ㔳ਢȂτ ҡၶܾӰԪՄ֏ۡՌרȄ
Πȃቨ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ޟ࡚ដ
ବᄇቨ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ޟ࡚ដȂBrotmanڷMooreȞ2008ȟငႆМᝦӱࡣȂᐌ౩юՍЍԤڍᆍ๊ȄڏΙ࣏ቨёఀৱޟឈᄆȂѪΙ࣏ഺഅѴ፞Ѵ ޟᐠོоߴ໌τᏰҡቨёऋᏰޟᇄȄѪѴȂڏᄂζԤٲড়௰ଢ଼ఀى८о ߴ໌τᏰҡޟᇄȄᖞٽՄِȂӵ៌ȂࢇۺЙჂᓾτυᒵՌณऋᏰڷኵ ᏰȂՄߨᐣѬڷᇭِȂณԙਝϚᄔȞBurr, 1998ȟȄ़ӵΜɒԑфϛӪ ޟGISTȞGirls into Science and TechnologyȟПਰၐட࣏τࡆቸऋᏰఀȂ הఖτࡆޟҡࣀငᡛڥȂٺுтঈᄇऋᏰϚӔཐڗ५ҡڷᚔȂѫശࡣ ѶఁԝൟȞЕՌጾᝋ࣡Ȃ2003ȟȄԪѴȂζԤٲড়ցҢҳݲޟПԒȂоጂ߳ τ็ڷظ็ڧڗࣺӣޟఀىȂٽԃ़ܻ1975ԑਲ਼ᐃȶܒտ৯տႄؚដȷݲ ۡᏰਮඪټ࢚ٲᏰऋΙܒտႂݲޟȞٽԃȈτҡΰȶড়ࢇȷȂՄظҡΰ ȶώȷȟȂծԤᏰޱࠓᇯ࣏ᆍ፞แȞMilesڷMiddleton, 1990; Mac an Ghaill, 1994ȟོӰԪѶўᡐܒȂٺுఀৱӰՄ६ճ६፞แ༈௲੫ᑹ፸ȃτ็Ѕ ЍኵҕఊޟᐠོȄ ـതԃդඪЀτܒᇄऋᏰޟᐠོȉޥོᄺԙ፣Ᏸޱᖂ๖೨ӻԤᜰَڷ ݢຜޟंـࡣᇯ࣏ȈএᡝདौഅএᡝࣥܖޥོȂΙ؏߯ᇯџҬࠉғӵל ༭רঈкᡝܒޟȶ፣क़ȷȄרঈᡝᇯٲϚϴҁـതԃդആႆఀىڷݲࡡ ٲޥོಢᙑپёоᆰࡻȄȂרঈࣨۡ༖ȂഺഅٗоࢅᏽনԤᓺ༖፣क़ ޟཱི፣क़Ȃо߯ӵΡሬȃ᠌Ψࢺଢ଼ޟ՝ϛ໌Ι؏њ՝ȞpositioningȟȄᆍ ڥөЕีඁএڷ༈ಛЖ౩ᏰϚΙኺޟ୰ᚠȈΡঈޟၗᇭᄇڏՄِԤϧቄђȉ тঈདौႀڗޟҬޟϧቄȉтঈҢϧቄᇭِᐠڙپႀڗདौޟਝݎȞBurr, 1995ȟȉ ᐃԪȂҏМޥོᄺԙ፣ޟُ࡙ȂᜰݧҬࠉܻѮᢊ໌ऋᏰఀىܒտដᚠ ޟٲंـޱـതᄇᏰਮفಛϛτܒޟऋᏰᏰಬԤࡩኺޟឈᄆȉтঈޟंـ ֏༈ႀΟϧቄ੫ޟܒտၥଉȂάԤࡩኺޟҬޟᇄђȉڎᡝޟंـ୰ᚠ ԃήȈ ȞΙȟـതհޱ።ȉάᜰݧԪΙដᚠϞհޱȂڏܚِܚਪܛၷΟդᆍଢ଼ᐠᇄ Ҭޟȉ ȞΠȟհޱᄇܻτܒӵ౪ࢲऋᏰሴϛޟӴ՝Ԥࡩኺޟᡝᄆȉڏԃդၛភ τܒӵ౪ࢲऋᏰሴϛޟߒ౪ЅڏᅋޟُՓȉ Ȟέȟհޱ֏ᄇቨ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ඪю࡚ដȉάषඪю࡚ដޱȂڏ࡚ដ ࣏դȉ
ຯȃंـПݲ
ҏंـкौԝᇄऋᏰᏰಬЅܒտࣺᜰޟंـᇄМണȂᙤҥ፴ܒϷݙޟ ПԒȂϷݙٲࣺᜰޟѐМണϛޟϱৠȃᢎᘈЅܚ֕౪ޟ፣क़оӱ๎ंـ୰ ᚠȂڏϛٮሄоԻϷШޟ໔Ͻಛॎоڞօޱᆠጂᕣ၌ٲ୰ᚠޟ྅ौ לȄ ܚᒝ፣क़ཎࡾཎဎȃུൕȃߒȃלຫȃ࢈ٱоЅఄक़้џᄺԙ੫ۡٱӇ ޟПԒȂڏٮߨᒳԈޟೣጒȂծڎᇳ݈ܒޟђȂٮඪټרঈΙٲ྅܈ၛភܒ ঘᓽоఄक़Ρȃٱȃސ (Parker, 1992)ȄՄ፣क़ϷݙΙᆍंـڥөȂڏႆแڎ кᢎܒЅၛភܒȂӰՄؠԤΙᆍ੫ۡޟϷݙלԒȄंـޱ१о၌ᄺޟᆠડᔮ ຜМҏȂϛᕕڥনМҏհޱ࡚ᄺٲМԅޟПԒȂо֕౪ԤᜰΡЅڏଢ଼ޟ ੫տཎຫȄ൷ওޟϷݙࣼپȂ၌ᄺ੫տ१དݲ֕౪ਢޟცȂٮиு ӣਢݧཎհޱ֕౪དݲਢޟߒႀЅҐߒႀϞȞᖃٺܚᒝޟҐߒႀᗴఒᜲ݂ ޟȟȂ໌Մϛ࡚ᄺюΙٲ੫տޟᢎᘈȞBurr, 1995ȟȄ ՍܻϷݙМҏᕕுޟПԒȂॶӑȂंـޱցҢড়ყਪᓢϞȶϛҕ ѐ፣МષЕኇفಛȷȂӑϻᒵоጕӪܖᜰᗤຠޟПԒࢥၚȂоȶऋᏰȷ ࣺᜰᔮષຠȞѓࢂȶऋᏰȷȃȶՌณȷЅȶኵ౩ȷȟསȶܒտȷࣺᜰᔮષຠ ȞѓࢂȶܒտȷȃȶτܒȷЅȶظܒȷȟ໌ᔮષȂ໌Մϛࢅᒵᇄఀىࣺᜰ ޟкᚠȂӓॎ൶ு15ጕѐ፣МȄԪѴȂᠦܻ1980ԑфଔऋᏰఀىᏰޱച៉ବ ᄇϚӣԑЅϚӣܒտޟᏰҡ໌ऋᏰড়ཎຫޟ፡ࢥȂоᕣ၌ᏰҡঈᄇऋᏰড় ޟᇯᜋȂоඪЀᏰҡᄇऋᏰড়ޟཎຫȂٮቨ໌ٱऋᏰޟᑹ፸Ѕଡؑҡిޟ ཎȂ࢈ՄंـޱһȶऋᏰড়ཎຫȞӟຫܖלຫȟȷຜ࣏ཪ൶ޟᜰᗤԅȂ ϛᑢᒵᇄܒտЅఀىࣺᜰޟंـёоϷݙȂॎுࣺᜰѐ፣М2ጕȄԪѴȂं ـޱάоڏтᆓၾȞ፝ԃȈཪ൶МണࡣޟՃМᝦЅᒑ॓ҳѮᢊৱጒσᏰ ყਪᓢཪ൶ȶϛҕѐ፣МષЕኇفಛȷϛҐѓ֤ޟѐ፣Мȟάு 4ጕࣺᜰѐ፣МȂӓॎ21ጕȂंـޱٷᐃڏѐิԑТёо௶וȂശԞѐิޱ Ȟ1995ԑȟጡ࣏Ɍ01ȃɌ02ȌȌȂоԪ௰ȂΙޢڗ2003ԑ࣏ХȞߣᓃΙȟȄ ၥਟԝПԒ૭ಛॎܻήߒȄߒ 1 భϷݙϞМҏԝޟПԒЅጕኵಛॎߒ о ᜰ ᗤ ԅ ཪ ൶ ϛ ҕ ѐ ፣ М ષ Е ኇفಛ ᜰᗤຠΙ ᜰᗤຠΠ ಒӫᜰᗤຠϞጕኵ ᇄఀىࣺᜰϞጕኵ ऋᏰ ܒտ 15 9 τܒ 15 0 ظܒ 2 0 Ռณ ܒտ 5 4 τܒ 5 0 ظܒ 0 0 ኵ౩ ܒտ 2 2 τܒ 0 0 ظܒ 0 0 ऋᏰড়ཎຫ -- 6 2 ωॎጕኵ 17 оڏтПԒԝၥਟ 4 ӓॎጕኵ 21 ுݧཎޟȂᜰܻܒտंـԤਢȃਢфȃޥོМϽधශϞሎⷐȂՄҏ Мཪ൶ЅϷݙϞጒ൜Νϭܻ1995~2003ԑϞȂޱᔖݧཎԪਢުधශϞᙽ ಋȂӰԪᄇܻϷݙ๖ݎϚۣႆ࡙௰፣Ȅ
ȃंـี౪
Ιȃհޱ።ȉڏܚِܚਪଢ଼ᐠᇄҬޟ࣏դȉ
ȞΙȟհޱޟܒտЅڏܚࡻޟܒտᢎᘈ ҏंـӓԝ21ጕМണȂӓ24՝հޱ 1 Ȃڏϛτܒլ15՝ȂՄظܒࠌլ9 ՝Ȅ21ጕМണϛԤ2ጕ࣏ӓӣհޱѴȞհޱࣱѓ֤ظܒᇄτܒȟȂڏᎷࣱ࣏ ΙհޱȂՄ19ጕΙհޱޟМണϛȂτܒԤ13ӪȂظܒࠌԤ6ӪȄंـޱ໌ Ι؏൷հޱޟ݈՝ёоϷݙȂ๖ݎี౪እቸޟհޱσഋϷ࣏σᏰఀৱȂӓ Ԥ15ΡȂڏϛڎऋᏰȞѓ֤ऋᏰఀىȟधශޱ8ΡȂڏᎷ9ΡϷտ࣏ωᏰՂৱ 1!ӕՏբޣऩว߄ٿጇЎകаǴӧҁࣴزύ௦ख़ፄीኧǶȞ5ΡȟȃଽϛՂৱȞ1ΡȟЅᆈȃിρੲंـҡȞ3Ρȟ 2 ȄषӔ൷ڏ݈՝ ЅܒտёоಛॎȂџுყ1ޟ๖ݎȄ ყ 1 հޱ݈՝Ѕܒտಛॎყ ҥყ1џَȂᄇԪដᚠᜰݧശӻޱ࣏τܒޟσᏰఀ௲Ȟ11ΡȟȂծܒտ Ȟsexȟ࣏τܒȂٮϚཎڨڏܚਪϱৠོ߯ۡоτܒкဎᢎᘈีᖐȇІϞȂ٘ ࣏ظܒޱȂһϚᅾณ։оظܒᢎᘈή๋࣏МȄԪᆍᄇܻܒտޟᢎᘈΝஅܻτܒ кဎޱᄇҡސܒտȞsexȟᇄޥོܒտ ȞgenderȟޟୢϷȄ τܒкဎ౩፣кȶܒտȷȞgenderȟޟ྅܈ޥོ࡚ᄺޟȂڏԤտܻҡ ސܒտ ȞsexȟȄɆgenderɇ ፭Ϡ Ɇsexɇ ޥོཎဎȂՄԪཎဎᓍϚӣޟМ ϽȃਢԤܚᡐȄτܒкဎޱٮߨ༉ंـτܒȂՄоτܒޟᢎᘈࣼжࣨȂ १τܒငᡛȄAcker (1994) ငМᝦᐌ౩ࡣȂᄇܚᒝޟτܒкဎᢎᘈඪюήӖ ϲᘈਯЖႱ೩Ȉ 1 . ᄇܻτܒӰܒտՄڧवޟϚҁ้౪ຫڎఃᎠޟឈᄆȇ 2 . ंـϞҬޟӵτܒޟҡࣀȇ 2!բޣޑ୍ܺൂՏаว߄Ўകਔޑ୍ܺൂՏीኧǶ dz
3 . τΡȃܒտညܻΡԆԤӨ७өޟϛЖ՝ညȇ
4 . ڏоΙ߬܈࣏ٷᐃȂᇯ࣏౪ԤޟޣᜋȃԤڏીᏺȂёওғܖȇ 5 . ӵЮ᠌ᡝڙήޟτܒငᡛंـޟଔۖᘈȇ
6 . ंـޱᔖᇄڏـᄇຫ՝ࣺӣޟӴ՝ȂՄߨ௴ԤΨܖϷᚔޟ՝ညȄ ᐃԪϲᘈȂτܒкဎޱுоҢΙᆍȶѴΡȷޟᢎᘈ׳րনоظܒᢎᘈ࣏ ϛЖޟкࢺ፣क़ȄՄڏкौᐁӃޟȶظܒᢎᘈȷ੫ԃήȞAbbott & Wallace, 1997ȂЕՌዞኋ࣡ȃగМ⩧ڷങۣࡇȂ2000ȟȈ
1 . оظΡ࣏१ཱིȂڏ౩፣ᗴ֤ΟظΡีᖐȇ 2 . ବᄇظܒኺҏޟंـี౪ᘗ፣ՍӒᡝȇ
3 . ငல܇ຜܖᇯ࣏τܒϸ٘ޟሴᇄដᚠϚ१ौȇ
4 . ࿋ंـѓࢂτܒӵϱਢȂоΙᆍܒտݢຜޟׯԢПԒߒτܒȇ 5 . ࡞ЍܒտȞsex and genderȟຜ࣏१ौޟ၌ភᡐȇ
6 . Մष࿋ܒտԙ࣏ᡐਢȂڏ༉ܻߣёӴ՝ȂՄ܇ΟܚҢپ၌ភޟ౩፣џ ғғ࿋Ͻஏτߣ឴Ӵ՝ޟ౩፣Ȅ ҥܻᏰޱᄇܻȶτܒкဎȷЅȶτܒкဎऋᏰȞfeminist scienceȟȷޟۡ ဎΪϷϷݢȂᖞٽՄِȈKellerȞ1989ȟၶІᄇȶτܒкဎऋᏰȷΙຠȂᇯ࣏ ԪӪຠӵຎᄺᇄ౪ޑϷᚔޟ౪ᄂȂٮѩτܒܹణڏӵऋᏰϛџլԤޟӴ՝Ȅ ࣺІӴȂHardingȞ1997ȟࠌࡻԤၶዅᢎޟࣼݲȂԂᇯ࣏τܒкဎऋᏰ൷ࡦ ՃԃդτܒРலҡࣀޟငᡛี୰ȂоีၶڎܒտࡊᢎޟऋᏰȞЕՌጾᝋ ࣡Ȃ2004ȟȄ࣏ᗗջᏰޱᄇܻȶτܒкဎȷЅȶτܒкဎऋᏰȷۡဎϞϷݢȂ ҏंـܚᆎϞτܒᢎᘈܖτܒкဎᢎᘈȞЅظܒᢎᘈȟΝਲ਼ᐃΰक़ᄇτܒкဎ ᢎᘈȞЅᄇظܒᢎᘈȟޟࣨۡȞAcker, 1994; Abbott & Wallace, 1997ȂЕՌዞኋ ࣡ȃగМ⩧ڷങۣࡇȂ2000ȟȂԪѴȂंـޱѪёΰȶϛܒᢎᘈȷȂӔବᄇ21 ጕԝМᝦ໌ϷݙȄܚᒝޟϛܒᢎᘈȂӵҏंـϛཎڨհޱᕣ၌τܒ٘ ऋᏰᏰಬࣺᄇ৵༖ޟӴ՝ȂӰՄڏีМဣ๋ܖ໌ंـਢоᜰᛄτܒޟُ࡙ юีȂծ१ܻӒᡝᏰҡஊ໌ΣऋᏰޟྒྷஆȂᡝᡛऋᏰᏰಬޟዅ፸Ȅо Ɍ07ጕМണ࣏ٽȈ ߖԑپȂᜰܻܒտ৯Ȟsex differenceȟ୰ᚠܚॊҡޟܒտដᚠȂӵӨᏰऋሴϛȂ ЕଔΟࣺ࿋ޟݧҬȄڍܒΡኵܚլШٽϞ৯ܒശσޟ࿋឴ऋᏰࣨȇᄇܻᅋऋᏰޣᜋලЅ ϽЅีᏰҡዖُՓޟऋᏰఀىՄِȂंـܒտ৯୰ᚠϞ҆ौܒȂӵܻᕣ၌ڍܒᏰҡᏰ
ಬ౪ݷоᔓօᏰҡᏰಬऋᏰȄ …… ᄇܻΙޢೝຜ࣏ظܒޟȃҩΡޟऋᏰሴȂϐԤࣺ࿋ӻᏰޱғຜτܒӵڏϛܚᅋޟӴ ՝ȂٮоᇯޣΨȃޥོϽႆแȃҡސᢎᘈȃᕗცӰશ้Ϛӣُ࡙Ȃၐყ၌ភ࣏դ༉Ԥࣺᄇ ܻᖂΡኵྃЍޟτܒࣀ៚ܻऋᏰሴȄ …… Ҭࠉܒտ৯ӵఀىП७ޟࣺᜰМᝦጒ൜ኄݿȂ๋ޱ௶ଶΟଆޥོϽႆแȃڍܒҡ౩ ӰશЅܒտړݖӟຫП७ޟ፣МȂฐᘈՍܻऋᏰᏰಬࣺᜰޟᇯޣΨЅᇯޣॳਿϞܒտ৯ ౪ຫȄ ΰ७ඁࢲМԅԤඁএுݧཎޟӴПȈॶӑȂרঈџоี౪հޱٺҢ ޟᜰᗤԅ࣏sex differenceՄߨgender differenceȄӔޱȂרঈџَনМհޱωЖ ᖎᖎӴࣨۡџኇܒտޟӨᆍӰશȂڏϚ௶ଶޥོϽޟӰશȂծฐᘈညܻ ᇯޣΨᇄᇯޣॳਿၶএΡҏ፴ޟၛភپଆ፣ڍܒដᚠȄԪѴȂڏဣ๋ਢȂ ӻӣਢଆ፣ڗظᏰҡЅτᏰҡȂٮོωЖӴٺҢȶڍܒȷኺϛܒޟԅಁоᗗ ջܒտޟሳȄ൷τܒкဎᢎᘈڍܒ৯ᘪӰܻޥོМϽޟړݖӟຫՄِȂ Ɍ07ٮϚׇӒಒӫȄԪѴȂרঈџоَࣼհޱΪϷᜰݧτܒᇄऋᏰޟϴҁȂ ծӵнӒᡝᏰҡ֏ԤӫᎌޟऋᏰᏰಬᕗცȂ࢈Մंـޱᇯ࣏নհޱᄇܻ τܒऋᏰᏰಬڎԤఃᎠޟឈᄆᇄᜰᛄȂծζ೨Ӱ࣏ఀىώհޱϞٺڼһܖޱ ڏऋᏰଋጛޟᙥഝٺณȂٺڏӵᜰݧτܒᏰಬޟӣਢȂ१ܚԤᏰҡޟऋᏰ ᏰಬȂڏԅ၇ӌყоၶ࣏ȶࡊᢎȷޟُ࡙پ֕౪ڍܒޟᏰಬដᚠȂՄၶؠ ԤࢅᏽনԤЮ᠌кဎޟཎڨȂ࢈ՄंـޱڏᘪܻϛܒᢎᘈȄ Ϸݙ๖ݎี౪ӵ21ጕМണϛȂࡻτܒкဎᢎᘈޱӓ9ጕȂՄࡻظܒᢎᘈ ЅϛܒᢎᘈޱࠌϷտ࣏7ጕᇄ5ጕȄՄ24՝հޱϛȂࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޱ࣏9 ΡȂՄࡻԤظܒᢎᘈЅϛܒᢎᘈޱࠌϷտ࣏8ΡЅ7ΡȄषӔ൷հޱޟܒտЅ ՝ёо໌Ι؏ϷݙȞყ2ȟȂࠌџَτܒհޱࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޱΡኵശӻȂ ڏϛάоσᏰτఀ௲࣏ಀȞ7ΡȟȇԩϞޱ࣏ظܒհޱࡻԤظܒᢎᘈޱȂڏϛ άоظܒωᏰఀৱ࣏ശȄӵԪȂܚᒝޟȶظܒᢎᘈȷάџоӔ໌Ι؏ಠϷȂ ڏΙ࣏ΰक़Abbott ڷ WallaceȞ1997ȟоظΡ࣏१Ȃٮȶᗴ֤ȷظΡᇳၗޟ ᢎᘈȂѪΙࠌᑖྃӴ࣏ظܒีᖐȂᇯ࣏༈ಛȶ१ظሆτȷޟᢎ܈ϛȂܚᒝ ޟȶ१ظȷٮϚ༉Хܻȶ१ຜȷޟཎొȂཎڨёܻ፝ظܒ٘ΰȶؕ१ȷޟ ӈᇄऴȄ࢈ԪȂԪᆍϚџܛڧϞȶ१ȷᄇظҡᏰಬՄِོٺڏીмЖ౩Л
ࡻȂՄԤႆଽޟЖ౩ᔆΨȂӰՄាܐᏰಬኵᏰȄоɌ13࣏ٽȂڏඪЅੑᏰҡ ኵᏰᏰಬϞܒտ৯ਢȂඪюඁᘈڎᡝհݲȂڏᇯ࣏Ȉ ӵЮҔኇᐣแϛȂ……ၭτҡШଔپȂظҡཐڧၶճޟЖ౩ЛࡻЅၶଽޟЮҔᔆΨȄ ᎌ࡙ޟᔆΨԤօܻғөޟᏰಬȂծԃఖႆଽȂौؑႆӻȂࠌོߢᛤᏰҡғலޟΡਿีȄ ӵᏰಬႆแϛȂظᏰҡζሯौ१ौтΡޟЖ౩ЛࡻȂӵত࣏ޟѪΙ७һሯौԤདྷޟฅ ዜȄ ---ظᏰҡӵᐌᡝఀৱ࣏ޟғөޣឈΰᡗޟ[Ӵ]ճܻτᏰҡȄ……Ղৱᖂᇯ࣏ظᏰҡၶ ࣏ԁଢ଼ȂԤၶӻޟ৯ܖϚي࣏ȂӰՄӻኵՂৱᄇظҡၶ࣏ᝒȂӻо᠌ࡄଢ଼фᜰ ᛄȂσӻኵՂৱܛᇯтঈЖϛԆԤԙَȂငலװτᏰҡၭҢђȃԈપוȃԤᙄᇼȃ१ቈৠȃ དྷᐌዓ้يԁޟ࣏ӵΙଔȂՄᇯ࣏ظҡԤၶӻޟ৯࣏Ȃ೨ӻՂৱζԤȶ१ظሆ τȷޟَȂՄᄇظҡԤϚӣޟ೨Ԥၶ१ޟരȄ ுΙඪޟȂτܒհޱϛԤ2ΡࡻԤظܒᢎᘈȂծظܒհޱϛٮؠԤΡ ࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈȄ ߣຝȈጡጆॶԅཎڨհޱܒտȂԩԅࠌཎڨܚࡻܒտᢎᘈȄ ࢈Ȉȶظ-τȷཎڨظܒհޱࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޱȄ ყ 2 հޱܒտȃܚࡻܒտᢎᘈЅڏ݈՝ಛॎყ
ȞΠȟհޱޟଢ଼ᐠᇄҬޟ оήंـޱϷհޱܚࡻޟܒտᢎᘈȂ໌Ι؏Ϸݙڏ໌ܒտंـܖМണ ቸհޟଢ଼ᐠᇄҬޟȄ ൷9ጕࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޟМണᢎϞȂԪ9ጕМണϛԤ4ጕ࣏Мᝦଆȃ2ጕ ࣏ఀऋਪ/፞แޟᔮຜȂѪѴ3ጕࠌ࣏१፴ܒޟᄂंـȄ 4ጕМᝦଆޟМണ݂ጂᘈюτܒܻऋᏰᏰಬਢܚ७ᖝޟ֨ცȂٮڎԤ ݂ጂЅ੨ޟτܒкဎՓிȄтঈԤޟהఖᚄ఼ऋᏰϛܒտ᠌Ψޟᜰ߽ȂᙤԪ ඪᒺרঈऋᏰ፣क़ᇄܒտ፣क़ޟࣺϣ࣏ҢΝഅ൷ٮᆰࡻऋᏰϛܒտϚҁ้ޟк ӰȞɌ21ȟȇԤޟᙤᕣ၌ܒտ৯ޟ੫፴ٮӣਢᔮຜޥོ๖ᄺᇄఀىငᡛȂ оᔮຜ֏ӰԪՄഅԙτܒऋᏰᏰಬޟߢᅗȂٮהᏕᙤԪଆ፣оӓᒗҐپޟޥ ོᇄఀىᔖ࿋ԃդ໌оᗚөڍܒҁ้ȞɌ02ȃɌ19ȟȂᗙԤΙ՝ࠌᙤҥऋ Ᏸড়ཎຫंـޟМᝦᐌ౩ȂהఖϱऋఀᏰޱȃ፞แีޱȃϛωᏰఀৱঈ ᕣ၌ϛωᏰҡᄇऋᏰড়ӟຫޟᇯᜋȂоᙤҥඪЀᏰҡޟऋᏰড়ӟຫՄቨ໌ ᏰҡᄇऋᏰޟᑹ፸ȂЅଡؑऋᏰҡిޟཎȄՄӵڍጕఀऋਪ/፞แޟᔮຜϛȂ հޱϐۡఀऋਪ࣏༈ሎкࢺᓺ༖፣क़ޟώڎȂٮង֤Ο೨ӻᜰܻڍܒቋޟ ࣏ᇄೣጒȂ࢈ՄהఖଆՌณऋఀऋҢਪޟጡᒮᇄቷۡڙ࡙֏ಒӫڍܒҁ ้ޟఀى౩܈Ȃоհ࣏ࡣՌณऋ፞แംԑีޟওॏٷᐃȞɌ10ȃɌ17ȟȄՍ ܻ3ጕ፴ܒंـޟᄂंـڏᄂ࣏ӣΙӪհޱ ȞɌ01ȃɌ09ȃɌ11ȟȂߑȂ Ԫհޱ१ܻȶᕣ၌ܒȷޟ፡ࢥȂהఖᙤᄂंـᕣ၌ϚӣܒտޟᏰҡᄇऋᏰ ড়ޟࣼݲЅఀࡉϣଢ଼ޟלȄࡣࠌ१ຜ໌Ι؏ଆԃդငҥऋᏰఀᏰޟႆ แஉᎴܚԤޟᏰҡᏰಬऋᏰȃᔖҢऋᏰܻРலҡࣀ໌Մ၌ؚ୰ᚠȃӣਢ൵ १ऋᏰᄇΡޟଓᝦᄂ࣏ऋᏰఀىֆΨޟҬȄ Մӵ7ጕࡻԤظܒᢎᘈޟМണϛȂԤ6ጕᄂܒޟंـȄ6ጕंـӻ௴Ң ྥᄂᡛंـݲоଆႫသӫհᏰಬᄇܻظȃτᏰҡᏰಬޟ৯Ȟ3ጕȂɌ05ȃ Ɍ16ȃɌ18ȟȄϞܚоԤኺӻޟкᚠᜰݧܻႫသӫհᏰಬȂџоɌ05ܚඪЅ ϞনӰొᇐȄɌ05ޟհޱᇯ࣏Ȉ ႫသӫհᏰಬӵႫသளሴήඪټᏰҡӓӣଆ፣ڷϣࣺྜޟᐠོȂٮၶӵϣօӫհ ޟݥή໌ᏰಬȄԤޟंـࡾюᏰҡӵႫသӫհᏰಬϛպ݈ΟᐿᇄႫသᏰಬޟ۞ཐȃ Ᏸಬޟ໔ڷ፴֯ቨёȃᄇӣᏰޟᄘ࡙һԤᡗޟᡐȄԤޟࡾюӵႫသӫհᏰಬϛᏰҡᄇ ಢষޟᇯӣၶиၶཎ߆ਢᇄӣᏰୈྜȄ
ѪِϞȂंـᇯ࣏ႫသሄօఀᏰᄇܻᏰҡᏰಬԤࣺ࿋օઉȂծႫသ ऋዖӵڎԤᡱΡཐڗ۞ᐿޟ੫ᘈȂиרঈϫܻΡᇄႫသϣଢ଼ޟԒޟᄥષ ࢲȂ࢈ՄԪंـӻܒտ࿋հᡐоᕣ၌ڍܒᏰҡޟᏰಬԙ൷ЅऋᏰᄘ࡙ ֏ڧઉܻԪᆍ೩ॎԒޟ፞แȄխޟȂӵԪᢎᘈήȂܚԤܒտຜ࣏ᡐ ޱӓԤ5ጕȞɌ03ȃɌ05ȃɌ06ȃɌ16ȃɌ18ȟȄኺޟंـھԤڏ१ौܒȂ ζԤօܻרঈᕣ၌ӵҬࠉఀىᡝڙήȂڍܒᄇܻऋᏰޣᜋϚӣޟІᔖᄘȄณ ՄȂኺޟंـȶܒտȷᇄȶऋᏰȷ࿋հࢋۡޟ྅܈ȂᄇܻڍܒϞऋᏰᏰ ಬޟҁ้օઉϚσȄ ՍܻࡻԤϛܒᢎᘈޟ5ጕंـȂࠌԤ3ጕМᝦଆȂ2ጕᄂܒޟंـȄԃ ࠉܚक़ȂٲڎϛܒᢎᘈޟМണȂҳൟၶ࣏ϛҳȂڏᗶཐڧڗτᏰҡܻऋᏰᏰ ಬޟ৵༖ȂծᜰݧӒᡝᏰҡ֏ࣱԤӻᇄऋᏰȃᒑߖऋᏰޟᐠོȄ ࢈3ጕМണϛһԤΙጕᔮຜऋᏰఀऋਪޟМണȞɌ12ȟȂծڏҬޟ߯Ϛฐ ݧܻϷݙఀऋਪϱৠϛܒտޟړݖӟຫЅڍܒю౪ШٽȂՄהఖఀऋਪ ҡଢ଼Ԥ፸ڎΡܒϽȂоߴ໌ڍܒᄇኵ౩ޟΣȄՄѪ2ጕМᝦଆȂڏΙ१ ܻႫသၥଉఀىᄇܒտ৯ޟंـȞɌ08ȟȂѪΙࠌ१ܻڍܒᇯޣॳਿޟ ଆȞɌ07ȟȂڏҬޟࣱӵܻആႆհޱᜰݧкᚠᇄܒտដᚠޟـȂᙤоඪټר ఀىᏰޱȃఀৱȃடড়ᄇࣺᜰкᚠᇄܒտដᚠԤӒ७ޟᇯᜋᇄᕣ၌ȄՍܻڍ ጕᄂܒंـȂڏΙ࣏ڎ2208՝ΠᏰҡ࣏ڧၐޱޟᄂᡛंـȂкौବᄇᏰҡ ޟȶऋᏰΨՌר྅܈ȷЅȶᄇऋᏰޟᄘ࡙ȷ໌፡ࢥȂ໌ՄהఖऋᏰఀىޱ ᡝᇯܒտӰશޟኇȂٮӻჂᓾτᏰҡওऋᏰȞɌ04ȟȇѪΙࠌоϲএ ੲ࣏ڧၐޱޟྥᄂᡛंـȂڏкौҬޟܹӵंـޱՌ೩ॎޟ፞แಢȂה ఖଆԪಢᄇܻڍܒᏰҡᄇఀࡉޣឈ֏Ԥܚ৯ȞɌ20ȟȄ ᆣΰܚक़ȂࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޟհޱȂڏή๋࣏МϞࠉȂӻϐᄇτܒܻऋ ᏰϛޟӴ՝ԤܚឈᄆȂ࢈ٲМണӻоМᝦଆޟПԒ໌ȂٮиڎԤᘀ݂ޟ ᢎᘈȂՄӌყҡΙٲڎᡝ፣क़ܖ࡚ដПਰоߴ໌τᏰҡޟऋᏰᏰಬȄՍܻτ ܒкဎᢎᘈޱषభ໌ᄂܒޟंـࠌӻ௴፴ܒंـޟПԒ໌ȂӰڏϚѫה ఖᕕுڍܒϞڎԤ৯ޟ๖፣Ȃהఖࣼڗ৯پྛޟಠጝনӰȄࣺᄇޟȂ ڎϛܒᢎᘈЅظܒᢎᘈޱڏंـПݲӻ࣏ၶσኺҏޟ໔ϽϷݙȂհޱޟंـҬ ӻהఖ໌Ι؏ᕣ၌ڍܒ৯ȂٮԪᆍ৯ޟंـ๖ݎඪټϱ፞แ ೩ॎޱȃఀጡᒮޱЅఀৱୈ࣏ՃȄ
Πȃհޱԃդၛភτܒӵ౪ࢲऋᏰሴϛޟߒ౪Ѕڏᅋޟُ
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оήंـޱڍП७ቷຜ21ጕМണȈॶӑӑϷݙٲհޱԃդᘪӰڍ ܒऋᏰᏰಬޟ৯Ȃᘪઽհޱԃդၛភ౪ࢲτܒӵऋᏰሴϛܻ৵ ༖ޟלȂоᕣ၌հޱᄇܻτܒऋᏰᏰಬცԤࡩኺޟឈᄆȄ ȞΙȟڍܒޟ৯Ȉҏ፴ᢎvs. ޥོМϽᢎ ـതհޱԃդၛភڍܒޟ৯ȉרঈџоσमᘪઽ࣏ȶҏ፴ᢎȷЅȶޥོ МϽᢎȷȄܚᒝޟҏ፴ᢎཎڨհޱᇯ࣏അԙڍܒ৯ޟনӰӑЈԆԤޟȃ ڎԤҡސҡ౩ޟӰશȇࣺᄇޟȂޥོМϽᢎࠌڍܒ৯ᘪڽ࣏ڧڗᕗცӰશ ޟհҢܚमȄ ငಛॎȞყ3ȟȂ21ጕМണϛԤ3ጕМണȞ17%ȟસณоҏ፴ޟᢎᘈၛភ ڍܒᏰಬޟ৯Ȅтঈᇯ࣏ڍܒҥܻԁޖၽᔛޟПԒϚӣȂ໌ՄԁޟᏰऋ ζϚӣȂиτࡆӵऋᏰᏰಬޟᄘ࡙ΰШၶϚᑖྃȇІϞȂظࡆࠌၶ࣏ᑖྃᐿ ҳȂՄኺޟ৯տᇄҡԤޟҏ፴ȄԪѴȂԤ9ጕМണȞ50%ȟࠌҥޥོМ ϽޟᢎᘈپၛភڍܒᏰಬ৯ޟ౪ຫȂӣਢඪЅҏ፴ᢎЅޥོМϽᢎᘈޟМണ ࠌԤ6ጕȂլӒഋМണޟ33%Ȅ BurrȞ1998ȟࡾю౪ϬרঈΙૡڧޟᢎᘈΝҡސӰશڷޥོМϽӰશڍޱ ོо࣏ྃፒᚕޟПԒ໌ҺϣհҢȂ໌ՄלԙרঈܚငᡛڗޟЖ౩Ѕޥོ౪ຫȄ σӻኵΡᗶڧԪᆍҺϣհҢޟᢎᘈȂծϫԆӵΙᆍலᜋܒޟ೩Ȉ։ҡސӰ શӵ࢚ٲ੫ޟПөΰᅋՄԤΨޟُՓȄծҥٲᜰݧڍܒऋᏰᏰಬޟМ ണᢎϞȂӣਢඪЅҏ፴ᇄޥོМϽҺϣհҢޱ༉33%ȂσഋϷհޱкौኺޟ ৯ᘪӰ࣏ޥོМϽޟኇȂኺޟ๖ݎџӰ࣏षڍܒ৯ᘪӰ࣏ࢋۡޟ ҏ፴ࠌᡐҬࠉޟ౪ݷ߯ϚџுȂ୲ԤȶϽȷޥོМϽޟኇቹ७Ȃϗߴ໌ ȶᡐȷޟีҡȄყ 3 հޱоȶҏ፴ᢎȷܖȶޥོМϽᢎȷၛភڍܒऋᏰᏰಬ৯Ϟ༫ሸყ ȞΠȟ࣏դτܒӵऋᏰϛฒݲีᖐȉ հޱԃդၛភτᏰҡӵऋᏰᏰಬϛܚޟӴ՝ڹȉҥंـޱܚԝޟ21 ጕѐМണᢎϞȂܚԤհޱᇯ࣏τᏰҡܻऋᏰᏰಬޟ৵༖Ȃծ༉18ጕМണ ፣ЅџኇޟӰશȄ ThieleȞ1987ȟࡾюӵޥོᇄࢇݽ౩፣ϛȂԆӵέᆍमٺτܒฒݲ౪٘ ޟלԒȂڏϷտ࣏Ȉ௶ଶȞexclusionȟȃϽȞalienationȟᇄညΣȞpseudo-inclusionȟȄȶ௶ଶȷཎڨτܒႤ๘ܻ౩፣࡚ᄺϞѴȂՄظܒငᡛ྅ ϽȂҢо၌ភΡ౪ຫޟלȄᙤҥԪᆍלԒȂτܒฒีᖐȂԪΝጢϽτ ܒငᡛശ࣏݂ᡗޟΙᆍհݲȄՄȶϽȷࠌᙤҥୢϷظτ౪ޟ੫፴Մमٺ τܒԙ࣏৵༖ޟПԒȄѪΙᆍၶ࣏ཌּޟհݲࠌоȶညΣȷޟПԒτܒ ጢϽȄߒ७ΰȂ౩፣ޟ࡚ҳᗶ֤ࢂΟτܒޟငᡛȂծظܒޟᢎᘈϫೣጒܖ லȄܻԪȂτܒငᡛ༉Ιᆍ੫ޟএਰȂՄڎԤߣёቋȄณՄ࿋τܒӵ ंـϛԙ࣏१ौޟـᄇຫਢȂԃݎϫоظܒϛЖޟቋᢎȃПݲ፣ᇄϷ࢜ ᄺўϷݙԂঈޟҡࣀȂࠌһҡȶϽȷτܒငᡛޟ๖ݎȄ ӵऋᏰᏰಬϛȂτᏰҡ֏ζᎏڧڗԃΰܚक़ޟȶ௶ଶȷȃȶϽȷᇄ ȶညΣȷ้לԒȂӰՄٺτܒӵऋᏰሴϛൊѶีᖐޟᆓၾڹȉष൷Thiele Ȟ1987ȟޟϷ࢜ᄺବᄇ21ጕМണϛհޱԃդၛភഅԙϬРτᏰҡᏰಬც ޟনӰёоϷݙȂרঈџுڗყ4ޟಛॎȄ ҥყ4ᢎϞȂרঈี౪18ጕȞԚଶ3ጕҐඪЅনӰޟМണȟМണޟհޱ
ឈᄆϬРτᏰҡϞऋᏰᏰಬӴ՝Ϟܚоܻ৵༖ޟনӰкौΝӰȶϽȷϞ࢈ Ȟ72ʦȟȂڏԩࠌԤ22ʦޟМണӣਢඪڗȶϽᇄ௶ଶȷڍᆍ๊ޟٮȂծ ؠԤհޱඪڗԤᜰȶညΣȷЙࢲȄ ყ 4 հޱᄇܻτᏰҡऋᏰᏰಬܻ৵༖ϞឈᄆޟᘪӰ༫ሸყ σഋϷհޱࣱԤᓺ༖፣क़ғоȶϽȷЙࢲमٺτܒႤ๘ܻऋᏰσߞϞѴ ޟឈᄆȄڏϽкौᙤҥ፡ظܒޟ੫፴Ȟԃ౩ܒȃࡊᢎȃ໌ڥȃԙ൷Ᏺөȃ ᝯތȃᐿҳ้ȟᇄऋᏰޟ੫፴ࣺಒȂІϞȂτܒޟ੫፴Ȟԃ१ᆱȃޢឈȃڧ ک៖้ȟࠌϚᎌӫऋᏰএٱཾоႀڗҬޟȄᖞٽՄِȂհޱඪڗȈ Ɍ10 ΜɒԑфϐԤ೨ӻఀऋਪޟंـޱȂࡾюఀऋਪޟϱৠጂԤܒտݢຜԆӵȄ……ᙛཾ ජक़ਢظܒШၶኄݿՄτܒ੭બȂऋᏰড়ࠌоظܒ७ᇼю౪ȇظτࡆࣀଢ଼ю౪ޟ੫ظ ࡆкଢ଼ȃτࡆԊᓗՄиԩኵࣺ৯ྃσȇظτࡆΡਿ੫፴ޟජक़ظࡆሴᏲȃᐿҳȃкଢ଼ȃԁ ۉȃۡȃࠍමȃᡒᒮࡦՃЅᔞȂІϞτࡆ༊өೝଢ଼ԒޟԊᓗȃྣڷȃٷᒦȄ ---Ɍ11 ٲޥོᄇऋᏰޟࣼݲωࡆ2ྑѾѡȂᐌএޥོМϽϐۡ՝ю٥ٲޖڎࣀଢ଼ᎌӫظ ҡȃ٥ٲᎌӫτҡȄԙΡঈᄇظҡȃτҡޟఖԤ݂ᡗϚӣȂఖظҡڎԤᐿҳՌкȃࠃᓎ ᆠડȂτҡၶ࣏ٷᒦԙΡȃᇄԙΡԤၶԁྜȄٲࣼݲӵฒלϛלԙΟ೨ӻτᏰҡᏰ ಬऋᏰޟᑹ፸ȃ߬ЖڷཎڧڗΟᔆȂӰԪȂᆍ౪ຫӵᏰҡ໌ΣϛЅߧࢌё݂ ᡗȂτᏰҡкଢ଼ᇄऋᏰ፞แޟᓜ६ճȂՄиᒵᐅऋᏰࣺᜰҡిޟཎЍȄ
---Ɍ19 ശԞޟΡޥོ࡞џоҔᒑ࣏ϛЖޟޥོȂζ൷܄ਢޥོᆍᆍᇄՌณᖒᛮȃϷٴ ЅڷᒙᇄӵՌณϛޟȶоؑҡ࣏Ҭޟȷޟࣀଢ଼Ȅ……Ռณ݉ЄȂՄհ࣏ՌณᆰᛮޱЅҡ ڼҡޱޟτܒȂζ݉ЄȄณՄȂᓍΡοቨёȂџټ௴ᘸϞސࢋᗘณЍȂՌณ߯ϚӔ ೝຜ࣏Ιᄙσ࡙ޟ݉ЄȂՄೝຜ࣏Ι༟ωޟኳΡȄѺཕ೩३ȂΡ൷ཕौ ᄇϞᢪȃࡷ௨ȃᙚᏪϚХȄ……ظܒདौڙτܒ0ՌณԪΙ๖ӫᡝޟናఖϛȂҡΟЮ᠌ ᡝڙȈΙᆍ፡᠌ΨঞᎽޟቹᡝڙȄ Սܻӵ௶ଶП७ȂٲհޱкौඪڗӵऋᏰఀࡉϣଢ଼ϛȂτᏰҡலೝຜ࣏ ᗴלԙষޟცܖఀऋਪϛړཎ܇τܒЅڏऋᏰԙ൷ޟלȄٽԃȈ Ɍ09
Boys interacted more frequently and aggressively with teachers than did girls; teachers were more likely to ask boys process questions and to ask girls product and choice questions. Boys received more attention than girls when they interacted with teachers. ……Girls are often viewed as invisible members of the class.
---Ɍ21 ፏҡෝޟี݂ሉဣӵิചТ౨ϞࡣȇτܒငฮޟনӰڗ౪ӵᗙೃ૿Ιȇ……࡞ӻऋᏰ ޣᜋӵέжࣨޟᔖҢȂІՄഅԙஏτπӴȃၥྛȃ᠌ΨޟൊѶᇄጏϽȂӵӵฒݲଠႆ ȶऋᏰ࣏Ο።ȉȷޟᝒਿ፴୰Ȅ ---Ɍ19 ᐣѬΰϚؠԤτܒऋᏰড়ȂՄτܒޟऋี౪ڷԙ൷Ϛڧ१ຜȄٽԃȈኈτऋᏰ ড়Agnes PockelsȂ……ȄԪѴȂӵᚂᏰΰζшᅖΟխޟٽυȄ॑ኈี౪ႆўо༈ಛϛ ીмτᚂҡޟӟຫȂڏᄂҥܻᐣԑپӻоᎧᚂਪȃ!ήବҢ้ظܒᚂޱ࣏ኺҏࣨۡȶᚂ ҡȷȄ ਲ਼ᐃΰक़ٲհޱޟឈᄆȂंـޱᇯ࣏मٺϬРτᏰҡӵऋᏰᏰಬӴ՝՝ ܻጢޟкӰᇄጾᝋ࣡Ȟ2003ȟϞᢎᘈႪӣȂһ։ΝҥܻȶऋᏰ፣क़ȷᇄȶܒ տ፣क़ȷޟࣺϣЕҢЛኤΟظܒܻऋᏰϛޟᓺູӴ՝ȄԪॳ۽ժՍఀࡉϣଢ଼Ȃ
ࠌ໌Ι؏ॊҡюܚᒝȶ౩དωࡆȷޟ፣क़ȄӵԪ፣क़ήȂظᏰҡޟלຫܾೝ ຜ࣏Ιᆍкଢ଼ޟጒȂՄτᏰҡࠌೝຜ࣏ೝଢ଼ޟȃȶҐߝσޟτܒȷȄኇܚ ЅȂࠌԃӣٲᄂंـܚ֕౪ޟȂՂৱܾߒ౪ԁޟτᏰҡᘪӰܻԂঈޟҢ ђ᠙ၗȂՄᄇߒ౪৯ȃ፡ҪޟظᏰҡȂՂৱߨծᘀЍരȂІՄོϠቶৠᇄ ೨Ȃᇯ࣏тঈ࡞ࣀዑȃڎԤഺཎȄ
έȃቨ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ޟ࡚ដ
൷21ጕМണᢎϞȂհޱ֏ᄇቨ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ඪю࡚ដȉάषඪ ю࡚ដޱȂڏ࡚ដ࣏դڹȉ Hare-MustinڷMarecekȞ1988ȟࡾюҬࠉᇄऋᏰఀىࣺᜰϞܒտ৯ޟं ـПөȂσमџϷ࣏ڍనкጣȈڏΙ࣏ੑଶܒտޟ৯ܒȂԃӣݲМᏰড়ՙ ᇌȆݰӵӪޟτܒкဎငڐȶΠܒȷϛܚඪюޟȈτܒלԙޟȂՄߨ ЈҡޟȄڏᇯ࣏ܒտ৯ӻҥޥོЅМϽΰޟړݖӟຫ้ӰશഅԙȂџҥҁ ้ޟᄇЅఀᎴႆแੑԪ৯ȂԃHyde Ȟ1981ȟϞᢎᘈȄѪΙٲᏰޱᇯ࣏ ڍܒޟ৯ȂஅҏӴȃලႇӴጂᄂԆӵȂᔖӵϴҁޟᄇήȂғຜτܒ੫ ፴ȂҢτܒкဎᢎᘈپࣼ୰ᚠȂоញีཱིޟంҰȂԃȈGilliganȞ1982ȟڷ KellerȞ1985ȟޟंـܚࡻޟᄘ࡙Ȅ Մ൷21ጕМണᢎϞȞყ5ȟȂԤ15ጕМണȞ70ʦȟкौΙనкጣඪ ю࡚ដȄһ։ᇯ࣏ܒտ৯ΝҥޥོЅМϽΰޟړݖӟຫ้ӰશഅԙȂӰԪт ঈ࡚ដఀৱȃЮҔȃޥོ๖ᄺᔖϴҁᄇڍܒȂоੑԪᆍ৯ȄՍܻࡻΠ నкጣȂᇯ࣏ᔖҢτܒкဎᢎᘈޱ༉Ԥ2ጕ (10ʦȂɌ07ڷɌ20ȟȂঙڎڍన кጣᢎᘈȞɌ10ȟЅᄇԪដᚠҐԤ໌Ι؏࡚ដޱȞɌ16ȟӨԤ1ጕȄுΙඪ ޟȂ21ጕМണϛԤ2Ӫհޱඪюޟ࡚ដᢎᘈၶ࣏Ѫȃᐭ໌ՄڎԤࢅᏽ ܒȞ10ʦȂɌ19ȃɌ21ȟȂӵԪंـޱϞᘪ࣏ȶڏтȷޟտȄყ 5 հޱᄇቨ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ඪю࡚ដϞ༫ሸყ ҥܻΙጕМണܖџоΙএкौ፣क़ΙՄತȂһԤџঙҢӻᆍ፣क़о ႀमҬޟȂ࢈оήޟഋϷंـޱٮϚ൷ٲ፣क़ю౪ޟᓜ၏ಠಛॎॎᆗȂծ ൷ٲкጣޟϷȂ໌Ι؏ϷݙٲМണϛܚඪ࡚ដޟ፣क़Ȅ ȞΙȟΙనкጣȈੑڍܒޟ৯ ӵΙనкጣήкौԤȶցҢఀৱ᠌ࡄȷЅȶ୰ᚠτࡆȷڍᆍ፣क़Ȅ૭ល क़ԃήȈ 1 . ցҢఀৱ᠌ࡄ Ԫᆍ፣क़࣏ऋᏰᏰಬܒտដᚠϛശலю౪ޟ࡚ដȄԪ፣क़ᗴ֤ఀৱ࣏ऋ ᏰᏰಬϛᄂሬණԤඡ᠌ޟΡȂ࢈ՄΙП७ᇯ࣏ڏ߬܈Ѕଢ଼ོޢܖ Ӵኇఀࡉϣଢ଼ȃഅԙڍܒᏰҡޟܒտ৯ȂӰԪהఖఀৱԙ࣏ ᏰҡᏰಬҽޟڐጒȂਢਢឈᄆՌϏޟِᖞХ֏༈ሎюȶ१ظሆ τȷޟړݖӟຫȇΙП७ࠌהఖఀৱ॒ȶװᜰȷޟӈȂᓍਢݧཎ ᑢᒵӫᎌޟڍܒҁ้ఀȃᔖҢంีԒఀᏰȃӫհᏰಬݲЅӣᏔωՂৱ ڙ࡙ڷઍᄂຟ໔оᗗջَޟҡȄᖂϞȂӵȶఀৱ᠌ࡄȷޟ፣क़ήȂ ܚԤ୰ᚠޟ၌ؚӒᛮܻఀৱԃդҡଢ଼ȂӰՄԃդஉىடཾޟఀৱȂ ඪټఀৱڍܒҁ้ఀىޟடཾᇄᔖԤޟᄘ࡙Ν࣏࿋ϞࡨȄٽԃή७ڍ এٽυ߯ඪڗఀৱҡଢ଼ޟ१ौܒȈ
Ɍ17 ఀऋਪޟׇڷࡊᢎھณ१ौȂఀىࣺᜰΡষޟᄘ࡙ڷၼҢζ१ौᜰᗤȂԃݎՂৱѫ ࢺܻ፡ܒտُՓޟ৯տႄՄ܇ڍܒޟྜڷᜰ߽Ϟߴ໌ȂࠌζฒݲඪټࡆυΙএي ԁޟҰጒڷᏰಬݥȄ ---Ɍ11 ॶӑ҆ᡱఀৱঈᕣ၌ՌϏޟ߬܈ོኇᏰҡȂଶߨఀৱઍᕣ၌ՌϏޟ߬܈ȃࣼݲȂ ֏ࠌ࡞ᜲፙԃդᡐȄᄇܻᙛࠉఀৱȂџငҥՌרІࣸࡦՃȂၐᔣఀᏰȂፙоڞօ࡚ҳܖ ওఀৱ߬܈ȄՄӵᙛఀৱџငҥӵᙛ໌ওޟᆓၾ໌ՌרІࣸࡦՃఀᏰȃፙ้ПԒپও Ȅ ԪᆍԒषᏰਮᘗσڗড়৳ޟൟȂЮҔ߯ԙΟড়ϛޟ᠌ࡄȂԪᆍ࡚ដ ོ߯ौؑЮҔᔖݧཎՌϏޟΙِΙ֏ৢю༈ಛܒտޟړݖӟຫȄ໌ޱȂ ོჂᓾড়ߝีථ᠌ࡄȃڐጒޟُՓђȂՌ٘ᒑߖऋᏰȂԙ࣏ࡆυޟ ጒȄӵᆍ፣क़ԒήȂ੫տჂᓾτఀৱܖҔᒑȶΨތΰ෬ȷएકޥོМϽ࣏ ऋᏰܚ೩ޟᢋȄ ுݧཎޟȂـത࣏դఀৱᇄড়ߝᙤҥ᠌ࡄޟُՓߴ໌τᏰҡߖऋ ᏰޟᐠོȂԪ፣क़ٮؠԤ፭ϠшϷޟ౩ҥȄ࢈Ȃ໌ՄौؑτఀৱܖҔᒑᅋ ᒑߖऋᏰޟڐጒُՓਢȂԪ፣क़܇ΟڏӣኺᡱτఀৱܖҔᒑޢ७ᄇޥོМ Ͻܒտړݖӟຫޟ᷒ᚇȄ 2 . ୰ᚠτࡆ ܚᒝȶ୰ᚠτࡆȷޟ፣क़ΝհޱᄆឈڗτᏰҡᇄऋᏰޟᓜၶظᏰҡ ࣏ȶճȷȃᄇऋᏰޟᄘ࡙ȃऋᏰᏰཾԙ൷ȶϚЅȷظᏰҡȄӵԪ፣क़ ήȂԃդஉᎴτᏰҡڎԤȶғጂȷޟऋᏰᄘ࡙ȃԃդٺτᏰҡޟᏰཾԙ ൷ȶظᏰҡΙኺȷȃԃդٺτᏰҡڷȶظᏰҡΙኺȷڎԤዥףЅଽ ᇄ߯ԙΟ१ौޟ፞ᚠȄٷԪ፣क़ԒȂظᏰҡᙤоྱޟȶғலȷ ܖȶ౩དȷᄇຫȂࣺၶϞήȂτᏰҡ߯ԙΟܚᒝޟȶ୰ᚠτࡆȷȄᖞٽ ՄِȂɌ08ޟ࡚ដ߯ᗵ឴ܻȶ୰ᚠτࡆȷޟ፣क़Ȉ ᏰਮᔖᡐႫသϛЖȶظࡆӴዺȞmale turfȟޟלຫȂڥՄфϞޟȂᏰਮᔖװႫသ ϛЖҀညு֜Еτࡆঈٮи໊ؐ߳ඁЈτࡆঈٺҢȂ……Ղৱܖ೨ሯौ߆Шظࡆঈ ӻޟਢȂఀᏲԂঈӵႫသᏰಬᕗცϛҢႫသᓺ༖ȂՂৱᔖட࣏τࡆ೩ႫသแԒ፞
แȄȌȌٺτܒׇԙظܒߝୈޟٱȄ ΰ७ޟٽυџَȂҥܻτᏰҡȶ୰ᚠᏰҡȷȂ࢈Մӵఀىΰџ໌ޟ ௩ࢊ։ӵܻᅾΨȶ၄ȷڏϚٗȂٺڏႀमᇄظᏰҡঈࣺӣޟЫྥȄ ȞΠȟΠనкጣȈჂᓾτܒᢎᘈ ӵΠనкጣήȂӣኺζԤڍᆍкौޟ፣क़ȄڏϷտ࣏ȶΡΨၥྛȷᇄ ȶഺഅᒊΣᕗცȷȄ 1 . ΡΨၥྛ ܚᒝȶΡΨၥྛȷޟ፣क़ཎڨনԤޥོМϽϛώհڷᙛཾܒտϽޟП ԒȂՄԤܚᒝظܒޟώհᇄτܒޟώհȞBurr, 1998ȟȄӰՄӵԪᆍޥ ོМϽޟݥ൜ϛȂᒵᐅऋᏰ࣏ҡిᙛסޟτܒӻԤΙᆍᐿ੫ޟ੫፴Ȅ Ԃঈσӻࣺ߬ؐএΡࣱ࣏ᐿҳএᡝȂڎԤዌޟՌ߬оܰתܒտޟړݖ ӟຫȄҥܻڏၶᡝᇯ౪ᄂცȂӰՄڎ׳րܒࡦՃޟΨȃܻี ឈೝَᎍጶޟ୰ᚠȂၶԁޟ୰ᚠ൶ײޱȄѪΙП७ȂऋᏰሴߝ оپࣱоظܒ࣏кΨȂৠܾٺऋᏰߝܻலᄘऋᏰϛՄฒܚएકȂՄ ཱིᑹܖߨкࢺሴ้ࠉڐጒऋᏰሯौޟғԒ୰ᚠ൶ײޱȂՄτܒऋᏰড় ғԁᅖٗኺޟ੫፴ȂӰԪ൷ΡΨၥྛՄِȂτܒޟёΣȂฒ៦ ΟཱིޟၥྛᇄᛠȂ࣏ΡᆋआளپӻޟցઉȞBar-Haïm & Wilkes, 1989ȟȄᖞٽՄِȂɌ07ޟ࡚ដ։ಒӫԪᆍ፣क़Ȉ ӵఀىΰȂϠڍܒӣਢԤӒΨีՌרዖޟᐠོȂٮ໌Ι؏ԤਝᔖҢΡΨၥྛȇӵ ᏰΰȂҥܻτܒ੫፴ЅᢎᘈܚளپޟږᐭȂԤօཱིܻሴޟีЅᙟሴޟഺཱིȄ……ғ ຜτܒ੫፴Ȃ१ौޟҢτܒᢎᘈپࣼ୰ᚠȂџញีޟཱིంҰȄ 2 . ഺഅᒊΣᕗც ѪΙலَޟ፣क़ܚᒝȶᒊΣȷȞinclusiveȟԒ፣क़ȄԪᆍ፣क़ޟюี ᘈܛᇯনԤऋᏰޟᕗცЅ੫፴࣏кᡝȂծ࡚ដᒊΣڏт੫፴оᙴ൲ऋᏰ ༵ގყȂᙴ൲ϽࡣޟऋᏰሴЅऋᏰఀࡉᒊΣτܒޟ੫፴ȂӰՄ ቨёτᏰҡᄇऋᏰࣀଢ଼ޟᇄȄоɌ10࣏ٽȂڏ፣क़ޟങԤΙഋӋ߯ ឴ܻᒊΣԒޟ፣क़Ȉ
ऋᏰᏰᢎᘈȂڧڗᇯޣᏰಬ౩፣ޟኇȂٺு࡚ᄺкဎޟఀᏰ౩܈ӵऋᏰఀى໌پര ڧᢙҬȂȌȌᏰҡкଢ଼࡚ᄺཎဎᇄএΡޣᜋپྛ࡞ӻȂऋᏰޣᜋѫڏϛϞΙȂऋᏰ፞แ ᔖొᇐএΡЖȂЖසȂᆱޟಛᐌȂӰԪऋᏰ፞แϛτܒޟԙ൷ᔖ၎ೝᇯۡȂฒ፣ԙΡϛ ޟظτܖڋ็ϛޟظࡆȃτࡆᔖϠоࣺӣᄇȄ Ȟέȟڏт ӵڍనкጣϞѴȂۦԤڍ՝հޱඪюܚᒝȶ୰ᚠऋᏰȷޟ፣क़ȞɌ19ȃ Ɍ21ȟȄԂঈкऋᏰܚ፡ޟ຺ณȃ౩ܒڷڙޟᢎᘈڷ༈ಛۡဎޟτܒ੫ ፴ࣺႂधޟȄ࢈ԪȂ࿋τࡆυौᒵऋᏰਢȂӵϚࢅᏽনԤޟऋᏰޣᜋ/᠌ Ψޟ࢜ᄺήȂषौᜌ݂ՌϏޟΨȂ൷҆ᜌ݂ՌϏᎽༀȶғலȷޟऋᏰȄ ծ୰ᚠऋᏰҏ٘ٮϚषרঈདޟϛҳᇄࡊᢎȄࣺІޟȂऋᏰড়ޟրᘞᇄ၌ ភӣਢڧڗȶޥོȷᇄȶᇯޣȷڍӰશޟኇȂڏցҢޟၥྛଶΟپՌऋᏰޥ တȂζپՌޥོȂڏܚҡޟޣᜋһڧѴӵࢇݽᕗცܚၼҢȞMulkay, 1979, ጾ ਏϛឍȟȂӰԪȂऋᏰߨծϚϛҳȂՄиᒝȶ୰ᚠऋᏰȷȄɌ21߯፣ЅȈ ऋᏰఀ၇ٺҢޟٽυȂϚၭॖٱࣀଢ଼ԤᜰȂ൷ၭИѴࣀଢ଼ᇄ༈ಛΰ឴ܻতޟ ࣏ԤᜰȄȌȌоظܒ࣏кޟऋᏰޥတ൷ׇӒฒݲ࣏τܒ୰୰ᚠ༝ȉȌȌϚϛҳޟऋᏰڷܒտ Ԥ࡞σޟҺϣᜰ߽ȄȌȌऋᏰհ࣏Ιᆍޣᜋ0᠌ΨȂғоШၶȃϷϽȃϽȃ௶ҌޟПԒپ ጂ߳Ԫޣᜋᡝفޟ᠌ࡄܒȂٮо፣क़ೣጒӵԪᡝف౩ޟΡষࣀଢ଼оЅޣᜋ0᠌ΨӵҡȄ ᆣӫΰक़ϷݙȂרঈ఼ཿுَٲհޱӵଆ፣ऋᏰఀىᇄܒտដᚠޟ࡚ ដਢȂӻ௴ੑڍܒ৯ޟհݲȂՄၶЍоჂᓾτܒᢎᘈޟПԒ֕౪ȄᐌᡝՄ ِȂհޱঈܚങޟ፣क़ӓџϷԙϤᆍȂϷտȶցҢఀৱ᠌ࡄȷȃȶ୰ᚠτ ࡆȷȃȶΡΨၥྛȷȃȶഺഅᒊΣԒᕗცȷЅȶ୰ᚠऋᏰȷȂڏϛЎоȶցҢఀ ৱ᠌ࡄȷޟ፣क़ശ࣏லَȄџӰ࣏Ᏸਮൟϛఀৱ࣏ࣺᄇԤၶσ᠌Ψ ޱȂඡၶӻၥྛȂ࢈Մհޱଆ፣ऋᏰᏰಬਢȂӻོڳᢱఀৱᔖݧཎڍܒҁ้ޟ டཾоᎌਢഺഅڍܒҁ้ڧఀޟᕗცȄծுΙඪޟȂࣺᄇܻڏт፣क़ȂԪ፣ क़ӵौؑఀৱԙ࣏ᆰ៖ڍܒҁ้ڧఀޟଢ଼ޱޟӣਢȂٮҐඪټӫ౩ޟ౩ҥЛࡻ ڏଢ଼Ȃ Մ༉ХܻڳᢱᇄࡇᆎȂٺᐌএ፣क़ޟҳ፣ਿѴᡗுᖡ৵ฒΨȄ
ဓȃ๖፣ᇄ࡚ដ
ҏंـкौоড়ყਪᓢϞȶϛҕѐ፣МષЕኇفಛȷԝऋᏰ ᏰಬЅܒտࣺᜰޟंـᇄМണӓ21ጕȂବᄇհޱޟܒտЅڏܚࡻޟܒտᢎᘈȃ հޱंـܖእቸѐМണޟҬޟȃհޱᄇ౪ࢲτܒܻऋᏰϛᅋُՓޟၛភ Ѕհޱᄇߴ໌τܒᇄऋᏰࣀଢ଼ޟ࡚ដ้୰ᚠ໌፴ܒϷݙȂ๖ݎี౪ӵ21 ጕМണϛȂτܒհޱиࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޱլശӻኵȂծظܒհޱ։ٺᜰݧऋ ᏰᏰಬޟܒտដᚠȂծٮؠԤΡࡻԤτܒкဎᢎᘈȄԪѴȂுݧཎޟȂ೨ ӻМണߒ७ΰխноᜰᛄτܒܻऋᏰᏰಬ৵༖ޟҳൟюีȂծрಠᢎᄆϷݙ ڏϱৠȂࠓี౪ڏϛϫԤЮ᠌кဎЅऋᏰࡊᢎкဎޟኇυȄ ѪΙП७Ȃ൷ٲМണޟंـҬޟЅंـПݲ໌ϷݙȂרঈџоี౪ࡻ ԤτܒкဎᢎᘈޟհޱȂڏӻоᄇτܒܻऋᏰϛޟӴ՝ԤܚឈᄆȂՄၶӻоМ ᝦଆޟПԒӌყҡΙٲڎᡝ፣क़ܖ࡚ដПਰоߴ໌τᏰҡޟऋᏰᏰಬȄࣺ ᄇޟȂڎҏंـۡဎϞϛܒᢎᘈЅظܒᢎᘈޱڏंـПݲӻ࣏ၶσኺҏޟ໔Ͻ ϷݙȄᐌᡝՄِȂӵ1995-2003ԑএࢲȂϱࣺᜰដᚠޟंـϫӻܻᄂ ܒंـޟࢲȂհޱޟंـҬӻהఖ໌Ι؏ᕣ၌ڍܒ৯ȂٮԪᆍ৯ ޟंـ๖ݎඪټϱ፞แ೩ॎޱȃఀጡᒮޱЅఀৱୈ࣏ՃȄࣺၶܻڏ тޥོȃМᏰܖ้ሴȂऋᏰሴᄇڍܒដᚠޟឈᄆଔ؏ၶఏȂᗙܻᄥ ષ፡ࢥޟࢲȂंـПݲζ༊өܻࡊᢎкဎޟᄂܒंـȄ ԪѴȂٲհޱӻឈᄆڗޥོМϽӻоȶϽȷޟПԒȂ१ፒցҢȶऋ Ᏸ፣क़ȷᇄȶܒտ፣क़ȷ༈ሎظܒᎌӫऋᏰՄτܒϚᎌӫऋᏰޟᢎᘈȄԪᘈᗶ അԙϬРτܒܻऋᏰᏰಬ৵༖Ӵ՝ޟ१ौӰશȂծࠓߨ୲ΙӰશȂծհޱ ঈӵڏтө࡙ȞٽԃȈ௶ଶȃညΣȟޟឈᄆࠓᡗுใЍՄϚஊΣȄ൷ޥོ ᄺԙ፣ՄِȂषौЕଔএΡܖޥོޟᡐȂΙ؏߯ᇯџҬࠉғӵל༭ר ঈкᡝܒޟ፣क़ȂᇯџٲՍЍџоᔓօרঈႱӑྥരȂᕣ၌ڷІሻᆍߢΨ ȞBurr, 1995ȟȄ࢈໌Ι؏ᄇ౪ޑޟ౩၌ЅఃᎠޟឈᄆᄇऋᏰᏰಬޟܒտដ ᚠՄِৼܐ࿋ϞࡨȄ ҥܻીмᄇ౪ޑޟړ౩၌Ȃ࢈Մհޱӵଆ፣ऋᏰఀىᇄܒտដᚠޟ࡚ ដਢȂלԙޟ፣क़һྃڏԤ३ȄᘪઽٲМണܚڎԤޟ፣क़ӓԤϤᆍȂϷտ ȶցҢఀৱ᠌ࡄȷȃȶ୰ᚠτࡆȷȃȶΡΨၥྛȷȃȶഺഅᒊΣԒᕗცȷЅ ȶ୰ᚠऋᏰȷȂڏϛЎоȶցҢఀৱ᠌ࡄȷޟ፣क़ശலَȂՄȶ୰ᚠऋᏰȷޟ፣क़ശᐭ໌Ȅѫю౪ᓜശӻޟȶցҢఀৱ᠌ࡄȷΙ፣क़ࠓӰીмЛࡻఀৱ ଢ଼ޟڎᡝ౩ҥՄٺᐌএ፣क़ޟᇳ݈ܒਿѴᡗுᖡฒΨȄҥܻ፣क़ڷ՝ޟ ᔮຜџоڞօרঈӵ፣क़ϛլԤΙএ՝ȂՄၶϚོԤএΡޟ༌ȇཱི፣क़ޟ לԙࠌԤօܻרঈϛڥுၶଽ՝Ȃо߯ҡଢ଼Ȃ໌Ι؏ᡐ౪ޑȄծᆣ ᢎԪࢲȞ1995-2003ԑȟऋᏰᏰಬᇄܒտដᚠंـܚלԙϞ፣क़ԃԪᘀЍȂభ לԙᡐޟଢ଼Ψζ൷ᡗுᖡ৵Ȅ ኺޟ๖ݎȂܖ೨רঈџоЕາषҏޟΙࢲၗёоၛភȈ ։ٺ८ڼܒޟࡦདড়ζՋ݈ӵऋᏰޟրᘞϞήȄպᏇݾ੫ߜौᝫេܚԤ౪Ԇޟڙ࡙Ȃ ծؠԤऋᏰȇܾΫҡᄇၥҏкဎޥོԤړޟ׳ຟȂծϫ߳ऋᏰհ࣏ઍ౩ޟྥᛱȇᆰ Ѭߠٺרঈᕣ၌ՙПࡦདٮϚΡԙ൷ޟ୲Ι৫Ȃծ࿋тڷтޟߞ৶װΙϸཎᜋᄘё оࣺᄇϽਢȂࠓሆܾӴܹႆऋᏰȄպᇄਿࠌ߬ऋᏰ࣏ᔓօώΡ൶ؑЖසᇄޥོޟ ၌ܹȄ --າषҏȮՌҥޥོ၇ޟऋᏰȯȞЕՌയσ࣏Ȃ1990ȟ າषҏޟМཎϛרঈ఼ཿுَȶऋᏰȷΨ໔ޟฒሉ҅۩Ȃڏоȶࡊ ᢎȷȃȶϛҳȷȃȶ౩ܒȷȃȶઍ౩ȷȃȶԤਝȷ้፣क़ҺᙑԙΙዺਲ਼ᒿ ޟޣᜋ/᠌ΨᆩȂٺுശ८ڼܒޟࡦདড়ζᄇڏཱࣧԤёȄՄԪᆍᇼխϛ ҳޟȶऋᏰ፣क़ȷάᇄȶܒտ፣क़ȷҺϣհҢȂᙤڏٺҢޟᇭِȃᒵᐅޟ୰ ᚠȃᔖҢޟПԒȃޥတޟࣀଢ଼Ѕ༈ሎޟПԒ้้τܒୢႤܻऋᏰᏰಬޟσ ߞϞѴȄऋᏰఀىंـᏰޱᗶԤᠦܻԪȂծࠓϫᜲಳᚔऋᏰ፣क़ל༭ޟΨ໔Ȃ ࢈ᐌᡝᢎϞȂऋᏰሴ࣏ڍܒᇄΡኵࣺຽശሉޟሴȂծࠓζ໌ശጥ ᄚȃശЍएકܒ፣क़ҡоᡐԪ౪ޑޟሴȄ ᐃԪȂंـޱᇯ࣏ऋᏰϞ࣏ҢȂϚᐿࠔτܒȂһϚٺظܒடछܻࠉȂ ᐌএޥོМϽȃऋᏰᇄܒտޟۡ՝ڏᄂᕡᡐȂԃդٺӒᡝΡҕȞՄߨΙ ܒտȂٽԃȈظܒܖτܒȟڧඏܻऋᏰ/ऋȂՄߨڧऋᏰ/ऋܚᆘڙȂं ـޱᇯ࣏ٱऋᏰᏰಬᇄܒտដᚠंـޟंـޱᔖఃܻᄇޥོᕗცᡐ᎐ޟឈ ᄆȂоΣᕣ၌ȶऋᏰ፣क़ȷЅޥོМϽޟӨᆍཎᜋᄘԃդל༭רঈޟࡦ ᆰȂՄᓍސಋȂٲѴӵޟనӇ֏Ԥࡩኺޟᡐ᎐ȄԪѴȂंـޱᔖ ӣਢ१ڍܒ৯ЅޥོᕗცϞޟ፡ࢥंـȂо፴ȃ໔ٮޟंـϷݙПԒ ࡚ҳӰݎᜰ߽ܖඪټ၌ភܒၥଉޟࣺᜰܒंـȂٱڍܒ৯ޟఄक़፡ࢥंـ
һྃ१ौȂծंـޱுਿѴݧཎՌϏޟܒտᢎᘈ֏ᆰࡻܹȂष༉ȶܒ տȷܖȶऋᏰȷຜ࣏ࢋۡޟ྅܈Ȃंـޟ๖ݎৼІёܒտޟႤᚔȂՄฒօܻ ڍܒҁ้ϣඏȄശࡣȂԤᠦܻҬࠉंـޱܚלԙޟ፣क़ϫ࣏ྃᘀЍȂభઍഅ ԙଢ଼ᡐτܒܻऋᏰᏰಬϛޟ৵༖Ӵ՝ᄂીмଢ଼ޟଢ଼ΨȄंـޱᇯ࣏ऋᏰ ఀىंـޱᔖ൨அܻٲΣඪټ၌ភܒၥଉޟࣺᜰܒंـϞΰȂшϷᕣ၌ڍ ܒ৯ȃޥོМϽᢎᘈЅڏϞϣଢ଼ޟלȂ໌Ι؏ᑖྃഺഅࢅᏽᓺ༖ཎᜋ ᄘޟ፣क़оഺഅڍܒᚖថޟऋᏰਢфȄ
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݂॑Ȟ1998ȟȄωՌณऋཱི፞แޟܒտ፣क़Ȅڍܒҁ้ఀى۟ѐȂ2Ȃ 30-50Ȅ യσ࣏Ȟ1990ȟȄޣᜋᇄ᠌ΨޟުșᄇМϽȃᏰȃఀىޟஅ໌ІࣸȄѮѕ ѿȈࠅყਪϴѧȄ ྆МߜȞ1998ȟȄȶޥོᇯӣȷଆȶऋᏰড়ཎຫȷޟཎဎȞ៉ȟȄऋᏰఀ ىТѐȂ207Ȃ18-24Ȅ ዞኋ࣡ȃగМ⩧ȃങۣࡇȞ2000ȟȄѮᢊߖΪԑఀىሴᏲᆈിρ፣МϷݙȈτ ܒкဎޟᢎᘈȄஏτᇄڍܒᏰѐȂ11Ȃ151-190Ȅ ጾᝋ࣡Ȟ2003ȟȄऋᏰᏰಬᇄऋᏰޣᜋϛҳޟ༝ȉڍܒҁ้ఀى۟ѐȂ23Ȃ 91-97Ȅ ጾᝋ࣡Ȟ2004ȟȄөܒտৠઽԒޟऋᏰȄܒտҁ้ఀىТѐȂ29Ȃ13-26Ȅ ឃీȞ2003ȟȄଽϛΠԑτᏰҡऋᏰড়ཎຫЅڏܒտڥөϞᜰ߽ंـȄ ҳѮᢊৱጒσᏰऋᏰఀىंـܚᆈρ፣МȂҐюގȂѮѕѿȄAbbott, P., & Wallace, C. (1997). An introduction to sociology: Feminist perspectives. (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
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02 ༁۷छȞ1995ȟȄኵ౩ᇄऋᏰఀىޟܒտ৯ϞଆȄஏτᇄڍܒᏰѐȂ6Ȃ 95-135Ȅ 03 ంȞ1995ȟȄωᏰҡᄇऋᏰޟᄘ࡙Ϟܒտ৯ऋᏰȄఀىंـᇄี۟ ѐȂ1Ȃ94-102Ȅ 04 ྆ᓸҳȞ1996ȟȄϛᏰҡܒտӰશȃऋᏰΨՌר྅܈ȃέᆍᄇऋᏰޟᄘ࡙ ϞंـȄᇃѕѿҳৱጒᏰᏰൢȂ27Ȃ159-182Ȅ 05 មᐙ⛝Ȟ1996ȟȄܒտڷΨӫϷಢӵႫသӫհᏰಬԙ൷ڷᄘ࡙ΰϞंـȄ ოဎৱҕఀىंـᏰൢȂ2Ȃ81-105Ȅ 06 ֔ϯيȞ1997ȟȄϚӣኵᏰ፞แȃܒտȃޥငӴ՝ޟωᏰҡӵኵᏰᄘ࡙Ѕԙ ൷ΰШၶϞंـȄҳࡎݍᏰҕఀىंـ፣МȂ1Ȃ163-200Ȅ 07 ֔ЖྀȞ1997ȟȄऋᏰᏰಬࣺᜰޟᇯޣΨᇄᇯޣॳਿϞܒտ৯ଆȄऋᏰ ఀىТѐȂ204Ȃ16-23Ȅ 08 ྆ڦধȞ1998ȟȄႫသၥଉఀىᇄܒտ৯ϞंـȄຜ᠙ఀىᚖТѐȂ40Ȃ 22-31Ȅ 09 ᐎ఼Ȟ1999ȟȄኇרϛωᏰᏰҡऋᏰড়ӟຫӰશϞᆣ፣Ȅఀىंـၥ ଉȂ7Ȟ2ȟȂ47-60Ȅ 10 ݂॑Ȟ1998ȟȄωՌณऋཱི፞แޟܒտ፣क़Ȅڍܒҁ้ఀى۟ѐȂ2Ȃ 30-50Ȅ 11 ᐎ఼Ȟ1998ȟȄऋᏰఀىᇄܒտ৯ޟࣸࡦȄڍܒҁ้ఀى۟ѐȂ2Ȃ 51-57Ȅ 12 ֔ოᝋȞ1998ȟȄܒտُ࡙ࣼϛኵ౩ϽఀऋਪȄڍܒҁ้ఀى۟ѐȂ2Ȃ 58-65Ȅ 13 ݂֔Ȟ1998ȟȄҕఀىࢲᏰҡኵᏰᏰಬϞܒտ৯ޟـȄࡎৱऋᏰఀ ىȂ8Ȃ29-43Ȅ 14 ᐎ఼Ȟ1999ȟȄኇרϛωᏰᏰҡऋᏰড়ӟຫӰશϞᆣ፣Ȅఀىंـၥ ଉȂ7Ȟ2ȟȂ47-60Ȅ 15 ݂֔Ȟ1999ȟȄኵᏰఀىᐣแϛܒտᏰಬ৯ޟـȄఀϞЄȂ51 Ȟ1ȟȂ12-23Ȅ
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A Survey about the Gender Related
Issue in Science Education Research in
Taiwan Between 1995 and 2003
ŋŪůŨĮŘŦůġōŪů
Department of Natural Science, Taipei Municipal University of Education [email protected]
Abstract
According to the gender research in science education, girl students stay in the margin of science learning is without a doubt. The only dispute here is how to interpret the differences between boys and girls. This study focuses on the science education studies in Taiwan, and pays close attention to their awareness of girlsɅ science learning in a school system. Therefore, the researcher in this study collects 21 gender and science learning related articles in Chinese Periodicals Index from 1995 to 2003, and then analyzes the authorsɅ gender, their gender viewpoint, the aim of their articles, their interpretations of girl studentsɅ role in science learning and their suggestions about promoting girls participation in science activities by qualitative methodology. The research results show that most female authors in these articles held feminine viewpoint while male authors who even show their care about the gender issue in science learning did not show any feminine viewpoint. As regard to the research methodology, the authors who held feminine viewpoint usually adopted the methodology of literature review to generate their discourses or suggestions, while the one who held masculine or neuter viewpoint usually adopted large scaled quantitative analysis. As regard to these article authorsɅ suggestions about gender issue in science education, five types were categorized. Among them, Ɇusing teachersɅ authorityɇ was the most common suggestion. Finally, this study provides several suggestions for following researchers who want to devote themselves to the gender related issue in science education bases on the results in this study.
