國會、總統的互動對美國貿易政策的影響

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(1)'~~~li~ti~~.~~~~~.. 111fT ~. I. ~ljta~1ilJJfi~IIj(Jj)~. ma~~.. 1vr. I~. ~. ,ffij ~1I.7*~ 1 {f~. 1I.~·m. 8 ~(Article. c::J. I,. Section. 8)1l~T'I"l¥Jm}E. ,. ••*II•• I¥J.h"o.{f~~m}EII.~.ml¥J.. h'~A~m~~nm~I¥J-$ffi,~~.ml¥J.h~~II.ft~ ~~~~I¥J.ho~. ,.7*1¥J~2{fml~m}E,~~~h. ~1¥J.h;m2{f~2.~m}E.a~.*II.M{f~I¥J.ho~. .*II.n•• {f~d ••• }E~gre~ ,IUN\~aI¥J7~3(. ' ~~~II.7*~JtlI:-=fT~aft. ~~~.~.a*.h'. ment) ,. ([E-). ~~~~~m'l"l¥J.ho ~~~~$tl}El¥J.h. ~ •• 7*m}E~.,II •••amft*. 0. ft.7*I¥J~~~,~$~~~~~Mffill ••• a~mft*~ ~~~ftjtJ}EI¥J.h. 0. Corporation-~~. *~. ••. ftUnited States. v.. Curtiss-Wright Export. ( J;l"F~f9u~f.llJ:t!g/F-=f. ),. !.i~a*~:i&II.1¥J. ff~~.M*.~~H.mft~6.mft.o. , *~.&1irbJEa<J4H'iI~:a:; , 1'iJJiJohn Jackson, The World Trading System (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1989), pp.62·64..

(2) ~.!t1¥J ~r!li-:iW.llr,"¥Jtft9NAijJ~:lIif\~. 0. Curtiss-Wright0R'J I2SI. .mm~~:lI~IW~~gfioM0~mm • • ,~*rem• •a ft9.h~ • • • • ~ • • ft9offi~~~.m • • ~~*~nh¥Jtfl *~.(M.~~if\~~:lI,~~*~~.,*~.a~.) ,~ mCurtiss-Wright0~J&fi. 0. (tt=) Il'1ltt:l:!!! ,tEChicago. and. Southern Airlines Inc. v. Waterman Steamship Corp.. Southern Airlines Inc. Steamship Corp.. tfij:,.~f.JJt.. ;flHp'Jft9N~. rp ,. ' iiP*• • 0~ft9!t¥Waterman. , WatermanSteamship Corp. I2SIWrPl. ~~m~,~*~~.~ • • $~ft9~~tto~~ • • • • ~*~. ft9 ':£$. ) f\'!f.i@ YWaterman Steamship Corp. ) W. Capps. Inc. ~. -~rp. ,. ft9~*. fE!~tEUnited. l:fi~~iiPit • •Pl:Y.. (. f.JJt.~;~. States v. Guy 0. tEM.rp,. ~. •• ~~.*.MY-mfl •• m,~m.~.*.~ft9 •• o Guy W. Capps~*;iI~• •m I ITff1It1-T.$r~1!f~~1!Jt. ~W. 0. fE!~. ••• fl • • m~*.~*~.,I2SI~~m~~J&fio(tt. ~)m~m~~ft9~~M*)tE~~.~ft9~~rp,.a~~~ •. •. ff9"~~.~IM' *~~1rm.!t"~1Df~ff9.h~1M. tt= : United. ;. ~rmu •• ~. States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation. 299 U.s. 304,. 1936· J;.,(lt;;ff\Jt$;tf7iJtfjF11:ii!*;t!/!lJ~ , xfif"~:tEJ;t:5HUbJ:iWmllt{·. tt.:=: : Chicago. and Southern Airlines Inc. v. Waterman Steamship Corp., 331. U.S. 802, 159F;. 2d828, 1937.. tt@l : United States v. Guy W. Capps Inc., 348 U.S. 296; 204 F. 2d665, 1954..

(3) m.'~~~li~~~m.~~~~~.. 3. , _~~~1t7}-~jl{£~. ~1t:m1ll€i!~*jl{£~~!¥JmjJo. ~!¥JmjJ,~~~.~~~~ur!¥J~~~*o(~ll)~1tW_. ~!¥J~~~~~~~jl{£~~!¥J~~~~.!¥J~.o *x§~~M~~~~1tW_~~jl{£~. !¥J~*~1IW. .;~~~7}~~~jl{£%~N~~~~~~~~m~~~~.!¥J ~.;~~~M~~1t~_~~1IW!¥J~~~o. ~. '\. ~~~~Wm1tU~tfJ~;$*Bf~. 1f£17891f~~~ ~J. ~~i!,. ~1tR. fM3 , ¥!J 19301f r WT~Jm-it1fi!. ~!¥Jjl{£~~:m~ffi~1t±~!¥Jo~m-~~. ~,jl{£~~~.~~~m~~,~~mx~~n~~!¥J±~mm ,~1t~.mm,~~~1t.~jl{£~~k.±~o.~!¥J~~~. ~Am!¥JfM3.~~. ,.T~.~~~I.N~~~m.,~~fi. .~m~~o. ~1t~~~. tHi :. -~. •• ~m!¥Ji!~,~lM01f. :ia::tJlBFJfP~$ , IlJ 5l!.Louis Henkin, Foreign Affairs and the Consti· tution (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 19Z2). Kevin C. Kennedy, "Presidential Authority under Section 337, Section 301 and. the Escape Clause: The Case forLess Discretion," Cornell International. Law Journal, Vo1.20, No.1, Winter 1987, pp.127·161. Cecil V. Crabb, Jr. and Pat M. Holt, Inuitationto Struggle: Congress, the President, and Foreign Policy, 3rd Edition (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1989), pp.193·218. Jacques J. Gorlin, "Foreign Trade and the Constitution," in Foreign Policy and the Constitution, eds. Robert A. Goldwin and Robert A. Licht (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1990), pp.54·71..

(4) ~. J (McKinley Tariff Act of 1890) ,. ~. J (Dingley Tariff Act of 1897) ,. fH!&r!~. 1897~1¥J. 1909~1¥J. r ~J8},-Jt~./j[. J ( Pa-yne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909) ,. ~{1ifH!&r!~. r TflJfH!&r!. J (Underwood TradeAct of 1913) ,. 1913~1¥J. r !J(. 1922~1¥J. r~. J (Fordney-McCumber Tariff Actof. 1922) ,. ~.&1930~1¥J. r WT.~-• • fH!&t'!~ J. 0. (ttt\) ::(£:l1!. ~,~.W.~fH!&(~u~.n.I¥JfH!& • • ~W~Z. .tt••. .)~~~~ • • ~,~H:l1!®fH!&I¥J&*.~.~~~.M,~ o~-I¥J~~I¥J~r!J(~ffifH!&t'!~J'~.~.::{£.t'!. ~~~~,R • • ~~m&,~~MfH!&.~~~o.& • •. ~~JmfH!& • • •. ,. ~1789¥U1930~:l1!140.~Zrm. '. ,d. ~.:M:fH!{,'~ •. (tt-t:). 0. r WT.~-• • fH!&t'!~ J t£1\ :. jj!~~~IWSL~lIif§l. ,. ~~.*~~.&... ~. 0. ~. 1t~fr ilJJf," Foreign Trade Policy,". Congressional Digest, June-July 1987 ~ Jf,John M. Dobson, Two Centuries of Tariffs: 0. The Background and Emergence of the United States International Trade Commision (Washington, D.C.: U.S. International Trade Commis jj!~~~IW(ijI~UI!~' l!tta'WiJ( , JtUilJJf,David A. Lake, Po wer, Protectionism, and Free Trade (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).. sion, 1976). 0. The Decline and Resurgence of Congress (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1981), p.99. Robert A. Pastor, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980), p.69.. : James L. Sundquist,.

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(6) \~.re~~.B~m~.b~. ••••. ,~. •• m~~. •• ~bo.~ •• a~~~~~.~ •• ~, [I'fj'!1fz;Vt , tE..re;flJ~!II.~!,&!'?!_j;JlfiI!1YJmp, , 1E!.:J!. ~~~~~~.~. 1tl!m. ;fljii~1Ig!HI1~1t:W1*ti ,J{U&\qfU~lf&1fi!itBP'~ ~?!tt~(~~~~ ~14) .~. ,. ~.t1ia~.~p,. ... ... .u~. ... ~~7. ,. • • •m.~~~D. gH'&~b~/J\. 0. (. i!it.~.h,~.~.~~. ,~~*~~~ii!ll.~. ~1fi!it~Ff'. fr~#~~. .. ). #:J!.~~. •••bo(. \ ~ •••• i!it.1fiIJ~~.h , jEm;'fi:;.m}:E~. ,. R§llt~*. w, ••• tE..~~.ot1ia¥ffi~.~~ •• ~=m~?!: •• (~. ~. m~.~. •. •• ~Bfr~mi!it.~~~.?!)\~.~.(~~.. ... ~.~,tE.~m.,.~. .... ~)\~.mffl(. ~m~~~m~~~~~w~)o(tt-O). ~~.h~~m. •. re•• ~.~. •• ili, • • ~~~=m~?!.~~~.7o~*. • • • ~~.~llt~~~~~~~,~. ~~ffl~~~~.z. ttA:~.~~.~.~~~~*~tt~~~~~m.tt~~~o*~tt~~~~. .AA.~*-~.,M~.A~b*·&~m.tt~~~~Am~ •• ~~~J\;~~mJtu. '. ~.Il.IJmn;1l1~~JJl. ,. Theodore J. Lowi, "American Busi· ness, P .lblic Policy, Case·Studies, and Political Theory," World Politics, 0. Vol.16, No.4, July 1964, pp.777·715.. ttJL : I.M.. Destler, American Trade Politics, 2nd Edition (Washington, D.C.:. Institute for International Economics, 1992), pp.ll·38.. tt-Q : David R.. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven,. Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974), pp.ll·77..

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(8) • •• ~~ • • fi.T*~~~~:~.~~fl • • ~·§ ttl" ) /fN:ff*,J~filJll~lI~~jJ ; t.J!t*tfilJl-lJ.~;'f-3t~xll-lJ.lk:;£!I .MM~&.A~~~ •••• ~,~~filJllm:ff~~ •• ~~ •. •. ttl;~~Il*m:ff~~~~~(. r •• ~m~~~~J~,!I. re•• ~rP.J § m1t~~[fi) ; W;f-II .Wm~ •• ~IIt.J!t.~.~II~ ••• ~~*,re~ •• ~~& .~~~Il*~m~-=l~1itj[ft). .¥IJ~II~ •••• ifirj~~~~ ¥U1958:1¥jkm-1~iE~-EtlltX. m1t ][¥IJ1962:1¥, r. ••. r ~m •• ~~7i~ J 1tE.1937:1¥. ::(£:@~Wlrdj , ~~!¥J • • • •. S~§. •• ~~rt:;t J ;t-trt r •• :i1l5it7i;t J. 0. *~,m.~.~~. ). 0. ~~*.~fi ••• ~m,R.~.~. ~,:@~ • •m~T~*~~jJ,:@~~~~r-nM~~~~o. 1tE.~O:1¥~NM,/f~.~~ •• !¥Jmg~.~III1~!¥J.~ gfi~~~Tlltk!¥J~1t. 0. :@~~1t~1ft1934:1¥1-lJ.*~. •••. ~~M •• *Tm*~ •• oll~ • • ~.~~mT ••• ~.~. ~&.\. 1I•• ~~~¥~~~\/f~~~~~\l-lJ.lk~.t.J!tm. •• o~~II~.~~.~~~mll •••!¥J&.\ •• •• ~&~\l-lJ.lk•••••• ~.~&~oft~l-lJ.r~m.~o ~.jJ~. i\:-- : Stephen Haggard, "The Institutional Foundations of Hegemony: Explaining the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934," Interna. tional Organization, Vo1.42, No.1, Winter 1988, pp.101-103..

(9) ~.,~~~~~~~~.~~~~~w. 1l~~~~*ljtiifjEt9i3Jl~. dy Round,. .;. 1962-1967). 0. 1Ul~*'!t1%bit~:i!!!@]i;~'1j. Et9Jft~. ,. ( Kenne. ~1~lKJm/f>-p}~iil1t~Et9~~$. ruiif~J:J<-'f:t5)lUlmEt9~11£, *1l~~~1l.~~Et9~:ff~$~~1Ul. m$. ( Non-tariff t£. 0. 9. trade barriers) , m®~~lUlm$.Et9fBII1rt~. :i=;gEt9Il~~~~~tJ!f*~Mg~llffi. (Robert. {ilJ~R1~~rd1Et9m:D{jj;. ,. E. Baldwin) ~~A1f. ,R~~:ff.Il~~~xmt. ,. 8)t~~~lUlm$. •• ,~£.*,m. .o(tt-=)m®$.ffl~~R1M.'~R1. ~~N.o(tt=)$.k,:ff~$Il~Et9mfBtt~.,~~~§. Et9,R~AYmfBll~$B,m~~A:ff~WIl~~~Et9~~m,~. lit8)tJftY~~lUlm$.. 0. 'Ii*Il~~*IjIR*m®~~lUlm$.lIif. ' tHt. *~~Il~~.Et9fl~,~lit~~D.o-p}~k,*llllllm/f>. IRJ,. Yr~mEt9~~lUlm$.ill/f>lRJ, ~lit1~.ft~*ljllif1$ti.Et9.. tV '. /f>1~lUlm~*IjPJ t(:ff1~m~Et9.tVJl'-~~. ( 135Ht). 0. ft1967~. it~:i!!!@]i;~~~Jft.,~IlEt9ft~X-p}~-p}.'~*Il~~.n Y-1lm&fg{i~mJtiJ. valuation. '. t(~jj(~i3Jl~~IlEt9lUlm~1Jt1J~. system). 0. mPfHt1%bJElmtf:l Y. III ( 11* ,R~.t.;'!ti.l1E"M~lUlm~.Et9 r,,~Jm'. ( customs. Il*JH'!ti.l1EEt9~.fB. j)l:~J!I!\t.;'!ti.l1EPJ l;..(8)t~~1Ul. it-= : Robert E. Baldwin, Non-Tariff Distortions of International Trade (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1970), pp.2-5.. it--=:. : Edward John Ray, "Changing Patterns of Protectionism: The Fall in Tariffs andthe Rise in Non·Tariff Barriers," International Political. Economy, 2nd Edition, eds. Jeffrey A. Frieden and David A. Lake (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991), pp.338-352. Reprinted from. Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, 285, 1988..

(10) m••• ~.~~~.~). ,~~~*rrTOO. o~~~u~~.. a~a,~~.fi.~~~*.,~~~*~~. .•. IJIilm• • ~~~.a.~u .~~M. 0. ••••~~.$. Jt~.i:E.:fffJTa~:. IJIilm.a.~Ij~. ~*m~,m~~ft~~o~~~ft~lJIilm.~. ••. •• ~*m~~e.~~,m.a~.~~*.~~ •••• ~. ~~~.~~fi •• M~~ •• ~~~ •• ~~ ~~~omM. ~~.~~W,~~~rW~~M~o. ~~. .*.f~.~. ~Ml*$M:JtlJD. 0. 1950~~. 19601iA»'1970~~ 1990~. 16~~. ,. ,. ,. 0. ~~. ••. ~ ill l:::l16JtfJT~Ji:jt!fm ~6.3 %. mM.~%)jIJ~7.7%»'9.2%. mM.~:Jt~19.1%. il!:it!fm~s % bt. e 1970~{-t~. a~**l,. ' 18.2%. 0. 0. f'§'¥IJ1980~1iA»'. J1!:Ir:::rnjjfi:E.~-;jf. , J1!:Iuit. ~1970~1-t ~ ~€t* $M:Jt;tJo. : 5.6 %. (1950) , 5.8 %(1960) , 8.7 %(1970) , 21.3 % (1980)' 23.2%(1990) r~:. 0. ~~fUl. ,. ~~~.at!H6~Pj(.atrt~ttf91J. '. 0. [!])m®.~.~~~~~ • •a!t!!f:}L. ~~~~.~ill~a~o~~Z,. ~».. ffP~:ff. 15%(1960),14.4%(1970),12.4%(1980),. 14.6%(1990). , ¥IJ. ~».. , .JtfiB. ~Ra.*.f~Ml.®o. S*»'• •I~~~~.~,~~~~~Ji:~~~~Jt~.o~~ ~{t.a:!t~:Jt;tJO'±~:li!::~.Ji:~17'J (intra-industry , l!P~fg,tjtJh. fUlzRa,. {9tl~nm~:![~.ill*~Ji:z~*). \. ~~0'ii]. -firm' ~PilJ:0'ii]WT0'ii]zfUl~.a)Ra:!t~:Jt;tJo. tf-1Z\l : LM. Destler, American Trade Politics,. 0. pg (intra. (t±-1L)1.§.S. 2nd Edition, pp.45-48..

(11) ~1f ,.i.itfa<JE:lI1lt~~.~i1i!!Jfta<J~'. II. *~~.I.m.~1000~~.~.®,~®m.~mm.~ • •. m.\~.~~I~*'~~~~ffi.~~~~ •• ,~mTffi. *~~~~~~~o~®m.x+**~~m~~,.~m~~ili tttt~~.1Ul (inter-industry) ~~ili. ,. IZ5lrm.~m ~~.1fitf&:f!,t. ®~ • • o~-~)~~~~ • • ~~.~m*~*~.o~1f~ ~,~~~m~~.,IZ5l~.*'*~,~~~~~~,~.~~ m#ii9H~lfG(offshore assembly)1j!(;#ii9r~~(overseas sourcing)~. ~~ • • ~*o~~m~m.~M~.. 9r. ,(tt--t;)~m~1JuT. ~.. ~~. ffjiJ (Bretton. o. ~. .ttI~.~#ii. rdj(jtjt~I*)~*~.j:.~~jJ. ••. m~~.~.~j:~. Woods)~.. 0. ~W. 0. ••#B. ~B1fitJ1*~~~~¥**A~fjijt1iB*. •• ,*m~ ••~~~~$$~~~~,rm~~.~~ ~~.m~~~~o •• ~m~~~jJ~~-m,IZ5l~~~~~~ m~.~. t]:-.li : Nigel. Grimwade, International Trade: New Patterns of Trade,. Production, and Investment (New York: Routledge, 1989), pp.89-215. NICs, Shifting. t]:-1\ : James M. Lutz and Young Whan Kihl, "The. Comparative Advantage, and the Product Life Cycle," Journal of. World Economy, Vol.24, No.1, February 1990,pp.1l3-134. Nigel Grimwade, Ibid., pp.274-348. Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of. International Relations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987). pp.391-397. Sima Lieberman, The Economic and Political Roots. of the New Protectionism (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1988), pp.125·145. t]:-1::; : Brian O'Reilly, "Your New Global Factory," Fortune, December 14, 1992, pp.22·30. Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), pp.81·168.. L.

(12) l ~~~lli. 'AY~m~~~~'~~~~m~~~~~~\. .~.~\~~a*~~~.fl~~~*o il&:Jff~ ifij1t1i1J::kU1t. ~ft,. ••. ( The Great Society). -1J ifij ~p x.:IF~:blJ fSV& ' IN ~ 171 Jm:iHilt ~ JJff , Jlf B!!f~ Jt ~-§ ~:IF U. ~fJ~~. 0. 1N~$UYI971~. {Jf1li:.~~fJ. '. ,. INAfI'1t~~~lt~~~. re51.Jj7R~~. s1fz{@B!!Jtf1!!±~lt~:7tlli. 0. ,. B!!1~~~. 8li 15 a i*JW.ltJ1{mn&B!!~~~lli '. (tt- A ). ir;fff3iutU!Htcft1ll~..iEJ:\~~. .,~~~$~~~.*~-§~~~~.1i1J,B!!~-§~.Mil&: • •. maa o Ittiffjlf.. ,~~~Jlfm~~ffi~.~,~~~~~lliQ. 1981tf:'tlfm.j;!~.. 0. ~:blJJt~ISJjBU'. *o~~~. ••. \. -1Jifijx.~M&. '. 0. ~ 1:ff~Hir~il&:Jff. ' -1Jifij. lN~iihX;YiEM~Il9P:fIHj.!5F. ~*INA.nil&:Jff~lt~$.~ • • ~~W::k.1:. fi, lll:blJ1:.nfMflfw$::tJ${;km'51 ( Paul Volcker ). ~1979~1:. ff.,~ •• ~m'~~~IN.=~~~~~~*~W~tt:iHilt.. JJff ( stagflation) ,. ~~{Jf1li:]!~*751HN~. 0. (. ). ~1ii~~. ~-1I$1Jl985tf:~ • • MbJE (Plaza Accord) zf~;;t~r*' fg~. tt- J\ :. 1960-1971i1H~!:fliff!.ll~j(;IlIJUt~lk:~lMl~. , 1lJ Jf.John S. Odell, U.S. Inter·. national Monetary Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982). Joanne Gowa, Closing the Gold Window (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983)..

(13) II. \ EKl736itt~jG. 0. (tt=O). t~H\~ I¥J lLjlJlj- ~ II ~ Jl, i!&1f{ I¥J~.. I3. IIEKl~$iI:~:tE:@:-~~jG:ftii9=',:m. ~M~~,.*EKl.~$~E~~.~.~*~.~ ••~r.~. :iljb:fS- J. (level playing field) ,~$~~A~~A~IIB1Tl2J:ff:@:M. *EKl.~m~,~~A*II-ft~~B*-~* ••m~,*~. ~j/JfIR. '. ~J1t~~tl~:ilIfJ:Js,. , .~lItEflli0~.~. 0. ~.~~~*n~~~o:tE~-.W~~.~~EKl~~~~ ~,fi.M~ •• ~EKl~jbn*~~~~~II'.T~BITff~.flli )11~i)fIJ~~ , B1T12J:~mJtutr14ifi=lJ;j[J.t. '. ~il~mfp;EKl±~fp;IIA~. ~~iI:~EKlHmo@~~~m~,~.~~EKl~*nOO~~m~ mom~~~.~~.. .'. ~1I\~~I2J:*X~A. ••••EKlW. B*'~O~~~AT~T~~~~.I~II.\tO~~~. AT.~EKl~.I~~.I2J:~~M.ilill.\AO~ft~~AT9='. 1I*~I2J:~.*§~~.II.,MT.:tE~O~ft~,X~~T •. •. ~.o:@:®II.~A. ~-::IL. 1I~.~. •• $,.~.~II.EKlA.tt. : Stephen Marris, Deficits and the Dollar, Policy Analysis in International Economics, No.14, revised edition (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1987). LM. Destler and C. Randall Manning, Dollar Politics: Exchange Rate Policymaking in the. United States (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Econom ics, 1989). Yoichi Funabashi, Managing the Dollar: From the Plaza to the Louure, revised edition (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Interna tional Economics, 1989). Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten, Changing Fortunes (New York: Times Books, 1992), pp.228-286. ~=O : Economic Report of the President, transmitted to the Congress,. February 1992.. .....

(14) 14. ~. , ••• ~~~*~*~.~,ft.E •• ~DM=~~~ •••A•• ~~.fi~ • • • ~m.~~,WMM.~~ ~ • • • ~~p !3 fi'j:~ , (tt=-)*~~Ilif Jt~fWf~!t:il:.~ , mtk:•• m.oN~I~. ••• ~Am~ •• ,~~~m$.Mm.,~~. :l5;=+~*1It Jfl ~ § I1Jlli~.~(voluntary export restraint)!i,1(;~ m:Jif!k1¥.~. ( orderly market agreement) :W~.rI • • • ~.. Mo(tt=~)~.~M~&~~$oN~~,*.-MM.~~. ~~~&lltli~H~.t£rI • • • ~~fllfr1-lB~Umtk: .h.M.~ot£M. ~~.,~.~~. I. •• m~I~~~~~~.&~T,m§~.. ~~MM~¥~~hmtk:~~~~~ • • • *,!i,1(;~~~~±~~ m~1lli~~J!rtUll!.~±.. (. f9!JJlI1~~' 110' ,~Hfi~~~~~§. EB • • ~. ~m.m~A!3*),!i,1(;~*~.W~ • • ~WM~A~~~. .~~~.~*. 0. (. ~.~~~~~o~-.~~~~~. ~=. - : f9l]J!Raymond. .... ~M~~m~~~. Cohen, Negotiating across Cultures: Communication. Obstacles inInternational Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Peace Press, 1991) tt== : l'iJ ~Geza Feketekuty, International Trade in Services (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publication, 1988). tt=.=. : Kent Jones, "Voluntary Export Restraint:. Political Economy,. History and theRole of GATT," Journal of World Trade, Vo1.23, No.3, June 1989, pp.125·140. BrianHindley, "Voluntary Export Restraints and the GATT's Main Escape Clause," World Economy, VoL3, No.3, November 1980, pp.313·341. tt=11ll : Jagdish Bhagwati, The World Trading System' at Risk (Princeton, N.. J.: Princet on University Press, 1991), pp.1l·79..

(15) m.· •• ~K~.~m •••• ~ •• 15 •• ~,.~h~~*~ft*~ffi •• W~~~o~~.*~Wg m~ ft*~~~w.a •• ~~ft :~ •••• M.~ft* (Senate Finance Committee) , ~~ • •l1U~tI:f:H~:A~ft* ( House Ways and Means Committee). 0. ~ft*~:£~~.ar,,~N!. ' .ll1z11Ji1it1tJil. § EE.a ffftl~n~1958-1974tt1f~ ._~t/j~A~ft*~~~*JlifWT ( Wilbur D. Mills) m1itif3tf.itfE •• ~~~,re.a~~tt.~~*.Z •• ,.~~ ••• ~ffi.~~~.. 0. m.. ~~m~~.tt.~~*.t/jo(tt=li).~Z,.h~~ft.. mM .a•• ~~~reg~~om~~~AO¥ft~ ••• ~A &~ • • ~~W,~~~.~~~~a. o~.~~:£M~. .m ( Democratic Study Group ) ~:£.~.ft~'trijlrF ' ~.~~ .R~7M~tt~a.:.*EE~~~*~~~. •••• ftreM~. *.W~ft*,.hU.*.,~*~~~.h.A~m~ft*~ o(tt=A)~*Jil.7r~m~ft*~.~Jo( *~~1r~. s ~ ••. 0. (. -. )~. ) m;*alJ~.a •• #ltJJEM~fl. tt=:n: : LM. Destler, American Trade Politics, 2nd Edition, pp.27-30. tt=:t\ : tJF JiLawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, "The House. in. Transition: Change and Consolidation," in Congress Reconsidered, 2nd Edition, eds. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce L Oppenheimer (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1981), pp.31-61. Leroy N. Rieselbach, Congressional Reform in tM Seventies (Mor ristown, N.J.: General Learning Press,. 1977).,$iill~~a.i¥,. PI Ji. Norman J. Ornstein, Robert L. Peabody, and David W. Rhode, "The Contemporary Senate: In to the 19808," in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce L Oppenheimer, Ibid., pp.13-30.. L.

(16) **~~.,~~ ~o.. ••••••. %~,a~3.~. ••• MM.. ~~~~*Mm.~it~*'.~ • • • ~~~.~ • •. and Urban Affairs Committee) '.ffifilfF:_~. ( Government Operations mittee) \. Committee) , JUt~~ ~ it. #1J.~~.~it. Committee) \. ( Agriculture. Com. (Merchant Marine and Fisheries. 1ru~1f:fj~_ ~. it. (Energy and Commerce Com-. Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee) \ 7~~_ ~ it. ( Fore-. Ign Relations Committee) ~,~~~ffi~~.~it~m~~ • • • • ~~~-~,~~m@. .~it~i1IT~/J\f.iil.~it~*f~.:»1!~~.Jt.tr8)t1!*T zftlj1!t.ii~Mit.1II. cus) \ .~lt. 0. ajt. (Steel Caucus) \ ®Jfilltlll (Textile Cau. (Mushroom Caucus) ~t.iifil ' ~:;;r:[Flj~iI:~"*. li±.=-t: : Roger H. Davidson, "Subcommittee Government: New Channels for Policy," in The New Congress, eds. Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1981), pp. 99-133.. li±.=A : Barbara Sinclair, "Coping with Uncertainty: Building Coalitions in the Houseand the Senate," in Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, Ibid., pp.178-222. Barbara Sinclair, "The Speaker's Task Force in the Post-Reform House of Representatives, "American. Political Science Review, Vol.75, No.2, June 1981, pp.397-410. Samuel C. Patterson, "Party Leadership in the Senate," Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vo1.l4, No.3, August 1989, pp.393·413..

(17) OO!I.'. !\U1tatl:!LJlJti~OO!I~Jill!&~atl~.. 17. *.~~~o(~=n)~*~~~~@.~m~~~~*o. ~m~~~~~o~~~~O~ft~-~~~~*,~0~~ .%d~.fim~@. ~A.~M.tt~. ••. o. ~*~OO,.. ~*,. ~~~~A*-~fi. ~mn~*.·.*m~»(". sunshine rules" ) 'WHt~*~tk:m£~ajj1t, {tBUf~~~~~~. J!lHl,. £!ff~. ms~~fiJf (. 0. f1tJ~Q~$ff0. mark-up). 0. •• f~ ,. t!~~PiiA*i'4'P]~~t.iBl. ~{ISl~Jf1tt~O~{-t~lmnt~0~. , :li1lt. M.*.~~*~~~.~ft*,fft.iBle.*.A~~.,m.~ ID,{t.A*~m*~.ho(~=-)~*,~.~ftlm~,~. .~~~AM~ • • • ~*. ••. ~·~. it ( General Accounting Office) , search Of-fice) #=!tif¥{t1,~. ~M~ • • ~. M~it. **. ( Congressional Re. 'JJtJf:J4 ( Congressional Budget Office) ,. (The Office of Technology Assessment). ~A. 0. =)~*~~&M~ •• ~.~-~OO~~~~T~*.A~~t!. .h,~-~OOm~~T~ •• A~~~~~*.o~*~~~~. tt=.:tL ' Robert Pastor, "The Cry·and-Sigh Symdrome: Congress and Trade Policy," Making Economic Policy in Congress, ed. Allen Schick (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1983), pp.173-174. , Susan Webb Hammond, "Congressional Caucuses and Party Leaders in the House of Representatives," Political Science Quarterly, Vol.106, No.2, 1991, pp.277·294.. it.=:- , Roger H. Davidson and Walter J. Oleszek, Congress and Its Members (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1981), p.221.. l.

(18) l. i!&: #l'. 18. a~. ~~~~L§.~m~~~.ho(~. __. ~~~~~~a~oo, mAO.ft.M~*,~~~a~ .&mtb:ff*.Mfflt~~.~. 0. (a- D1l. ) ¥41J/.lL1968~1~ ,. ••. lIl19Pn. •• (~M ••'&II•• a•• )~.~M ••• fflt~oott~~ ~, •• ~Y~~.~~~~.h, ( )~~ *~ •• ,. ••~~.m~~.a~o~~~.~~m~ •• (m. ~.~. ~. .'. ~tb. o. nh'.~~.~)~.~ •• A'd~ •• ~~. (. it.:::=:= : fiiIiI.!lfJ$'&liIf~.11L~nLr!Wfllll:1J~Michael J. Malbin, "Delegation,. it::::::::. it::::11Y it.:::=::n. it::::7'\'. Deliberation, and the New Role of Congressional Staff," in Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, Op. cit., pp.134-177. Randall B. Ripley, Congress: Process and Policy, 3rd Edition (New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1983), pp.260-281. : Kay Lehman Scholozman and John T. Tierney, Organized Interests and American Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), pp.150, 291. : Jeffrey M. Berry, The Interest Group Society (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984), pp.20-26. : David E. Price, Bringing Back the Parties (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1984), pp.121-187. Austin Ranney, "The Political Parties: Reform and Decline," in The American Political System, ed., Anthony King (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1978), pp.213-247. : l:1J ~Frank J. Sorauf, "PACs and Parties in American Politics," in Interest Group Politics, 3rd Edition, eds. Allan .J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1991). J. David Gopoian, "What Makes P ACs Tick? An Analysis of the Allocation Patterns of Economic Interest Groups?" American Journalof Political Science, Vo1.28, No.2, May 1984, pp.259-281..

(19) ~.,. .~~~JtlffJ;fU~l1IImrm1"f. •• ••• •• ~~. ~.a. ffJ~~~. :(tt. ~,~~~I.ffJ~~m~~~~ffJ~~ft~ ~~). 19. ' ~t~tliifflprobit ( ~.l!.fJ!fiITjt.ffJ.fflm-. ) 1:r11d}trrT ~tij't~ft1974&f~. ~,::r-jj. ~.w. • • •I.ffJm., •• A~.~.ffJft~ojj*-~W. 19851¥~~~id*~~~~~ffJ1iJfJti{~. ,. !jj.~~ 1&. ) [f:fJ;jf:tm , 1982. ffJ~~m~,~*i{ ••• ~~~*~o. 1¥ftll!!jj ~ffJm~m~. ffJ~~*c~~i{~. ~~nt;t{~. ,. 11i1:~W~. •• ~~~~fi~o(tt~n). ff)tl'T~msr~rm1"f' ~~01¥{-tJd,t*, *~Jtl ... ~~~ntTI1 ~~'m~I1~~~rn. J:tIHltJ m!) , fi ~11. !jj.~~ffJ.~(. .ffJl1~\Jd,t~~~~mffJ.~~[f:fJmnto. .\~~.ntTmiliffJ.&~.m*~,~~ffJ.~~##m~~ .o(tt~O)~~~!jj~~ft~.ffJa.l1.ft~e.,. ft.~~~l1ffJ0 ~o(tt~). ft~W.,~~.~. •• ,. •• fi !jj*.. ~l1IIm£~~.~,::r-.m.~ffJW~~. il:~ {;. : Robert E. Baldwin, The Political Economy of U.S. Import Policy. il:~!\.. : Suzanne C. Tosini and Edward Tower, "The Textile Bill of 1985: The. (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1985), pp.59-69. Determinants of Congressional Voting Patterns," Public Choice, Vol. 54, No.1, 1987, pp.19-25. il:~:tL : Cletus C. Coughlin, "Domestic Content Legislation: House Voting. and the Economic Theory of Regulation," Economic Inquiry, Vo1.23, No.3, July 1985, pp.437-448. il:1l90 : Hugh Heclo, "Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment," in Anthony King, ed., Op. cit., pp.87-124..

(20) 1 , ;f£1962&¥ ~~,j(kJ.J~~~~IlI&~~W,llIa~~.~~~~~ •• ~.. llI"El~1T~$F~. 0. j35'rj(kJ.J~~*~iE~1~~tfL~ F~. fIli!j , 1T~$F~ B<Jtt5'r.kJ.J ~~ittJ kJ.J~. I2SIlltf£t£~$"B<J. 9=',. ffij ~.. ••• *o.®$M~MllIa~,.a$'M~$'.I$'. ._$,n.$.o.®$".~~~.~ft¥g.,.iE*~T ~~~ftB<J. •• W o(. .. ( International Trade Commission). *. •• ~A ~»'Ifij&$~. , mJ;;;!f~. ~-).p~~M~IlI. ~ttB<J ••• ~~ ••• ,m.;;;!fB<Jm.~~»'ffa**.~. il1U:fi!~. lllfij _*U ~ B<J. 0. ~.:(£.kJ.J~~~B<Ji&~. *~~*Z~,. 0. § 19titR.-~~U1945&¥~-7Xtit3il. IIB<Jm.:(£.kJ.J~~~~ff~~:~~.~.~. ~~ff.m&B<J~.,iE.~. ••• kJ.J~.B<J~.,~~.M~ff. •• ~w*o(~~~)m.~~~.,tt~~.B<J ~ff:-t¥* § I.B<J*~t$»' 9='P'!l$~frl , tt~:-t.B<J~1~~U*§ *~B<J~.B.Wp~~»'9='P'!l$B<J._~om~ •• ~IlI.Mh ~.B<Jft.R.. ttD'll- : Charles Lewis, America's Frontline Trade Officials (Washington, D.C.: The Center for Public Integrity, 1990).. ttl1!l= : Roger B. Porter, "The President, Congress, and Trade Policy," Congress and the Presidency, VoLl5, No.2, Autumn 1988, pp.177-179. ttl1!l':::' : Pietro S. Nivola, "The New Protectionism: U.S. Trade Policy in Historical Perspective," Political Science Quarterly, VoLlOl, No.4, 1986, p.587..

(21) ... lilt ,t2Uft~:![j]Jt~lIjUbl!&Jll~~" .~~~'M.~.a. •• ~~T~~o •• ~.~~I.~. Wa,~~I.&m~I*HM~~~~.a,~~.~.a ~.~HM.~~~,&Z. ,. ••. •• ~~liO~~ M•• ~*~.$ ,. &~~ • • ,~~.~~~.a O~~~. .. ... 21. ~~. ~S.~.o~T~. ~±.~1{JffittS.±., ~1974~.ar!~~-r.AtI/iJ. .m.~,M~.aS.~$*~~~ ••• ,&Z~~.*$M ~e~.ao~~~Tl~4~~.ar!~'~~.X~M~TS. ~.o(tt~~). ~li.. ,~mM~.'M.~.a. ... •• ~. ~A~*'M.~BM~~.~.o{tt~li)m~M~. ~**~.~:~. •• ~ ••• ~.~w~~.a. ••. M~,. ~Jtr&;e ~.~~ • • ~.1faIU?) • • ~li.*ijlt.n[l • •. .~.£*~~*,~ •• m*.~.~. ~. ,.. 1tk1r5&'. ~~r!~~.o. ~~~~1tUfE*a~~BSJWfm~. ~1r9~~-rp~M\WtT ~ 1934~ lWO~~. '. ••. [" "~EJ!ij}Er!~. ••• m~ .... ~}EM.o. J HM~. *,~~~M\WtT. lWO~~~*~ •• am.~~~~.~~~.om@~ ••• ~. ~M.~***~ •• ,~z~~a~o~~~m-rp~M\Wt~~. itIDl IDl : Ibid., pp.588-589.. itIDlIL : John J. Cohen and David B. Yoffie, "Institutional Incentives for. Protection: The American Use of Voluntary Export Restraints,". International Trade: The ChangingRoZe of the United States (New York: The Academy of Political Science, 1990), p.141.. ~.

(22) ~~~~~~~.~-®~~~,~®~~§ffi:~~~~~~.. ~~~~.,~~~~~m~~ :m1r~ I(XF ~JlMmfij. •• , •• ~~.~~d*kmo. 0. ~~~~M~.~~~~.o~.~~~~.~~.WB~H &~li*flF;.dY. ruJ&Ill~~7f!!~, x.~.~FruJ&Ill~1IUll1:{t,. ~~*~~~$~~~~~~,~~.~~. ••. ~tt-.,.~. •. mli*&~~*~~~~~~~.~o@.*~~~*~m~~~~. *.~~~.,~~~.~~~*~.~.~~M.,*~~M. •. *.m~ • • ~k.~.o~~~~~.~~.~.~~.~~. .. ~, .~, ~R.7r~~~~.*. ~. 0. 19741f~JUM!~. ,. ~1±If,(rrf:~. ••m- , ~IJllif,(rrF : 1.:(E~FruJ&Ill~.1!Omtfl~d~907(zftr. , ~~flP!lZ,{J{Ji!'i~~~. 1tBB*{i~trMb~; 2.:(E~907(ZrM1. ~~f,(rlM.MB~Mb~ 3.:(E~trMb~1i. .M!lZ\{J{;fn~~~"*:tl:1ruJ~~~JW.f~:(E~~~. ' ;. ) A~~~P{J{~Mb~*)c:l!~~~ , MLI3.IPJ~:l!~. -~~~ • • ~~~~.~U®~.~.MB.Mb~,~~~~{J{~. fljJ1i~mr~MBBl.\IIl~IJ~*fM#7\i5r.. ;. 4.• ~:l!:¥U ~~~~~~F1~:(E~ ~ ~9=t;pt. 45mIf'F7(~:l!~m~~~ 5.~45mIf'F7(. , !lZ\{J{:(E:l!~m;~~. ;. , m~!.l6,{J{:§')t.~~j)(:m ;. 6.~mi:(E~~~~~~m~~~{fE~~~~Mh~' ~#Jt:l!~m;~ ~~~'~£MBB.m~*fM~~~k.~~o.

(23) ,~. __. ~.· • • ~li~ • • ~ • • • • ~.~ ~@.M.~. •••~7ffi.~m., ;. ~m.~~~~~Mf*(. Ii5] , • • ;fIl3~~~Jtr~rm~~~IJ~~ ,. D. ~~~J~fi!!.&·. ~~~~~,~~.~~~~~~~~ft. *mft~~,. c,c~.. ~~It~~IJMf. ~~~~~~~. R~~m~II~~ffUEIIl. ,. .~.~~,~~~~m$) ,m~ft~~.~~,~~.ft~~. ~M.~~. ;~~amD~~~~~.,~A~~~ftft3. fOOJ3 zpg9llJ1~~JMf*~~fltt:t::$¥: ~ -:t:. r. 0. J (fast-track procedure) ft19781f**@l. 1A)a;,.'I::2::.J. ~~~t:t::~M.~'.~7m.o~~ • • ~~~,.ftlt~~~. • •*.~~,m~ft~.fi~~,X~$It~~.m.~.,~ 1It.ftft?*.%$;~~ • • ~~1It.~ $}f-t~;t4*~WT. 0. • •. ~Ma~ft~~ffij~~. (Robert Strauss) m. : ffi ~$}f-t~:i'-f-t~ITa. $r~[tlJ • • ~~Ma~ft1t1r1lit~.~~~m~A~ft1t.m1L~ *~(R~*~,~~~.) ,~.ffi $1it~m ~. " Jj;." ( Wi-zA " non-markup' ";fir JJIJ~.1!f ~A~.. " markup" ) WIfOO~ft1t:P:}~~fft~. ' fll1fYk:fOO ~ " Jj;. ". J9t~. ( Wi-ZA"non-conference,. ~~. " conference" ). $;~A~~~ ~Jo. 0. ":1fJJIJ~WI~ZlYlfll1fYk:iEA~.J1:j. :p:}reJtIi5]~m.m~~$}f-t~:i'-, ffiA~. ~.1!fo~.~fi~M. ,. 1±~fOOJj;.~. ,. ~Mr~.fi. 1Ta$r~;fIl~~~fi'I~~1ltJ7.. -~~.m~ffi1ia$r~1it~~.. ~ 19791f~.~. Iloo... 0. r:p~. • • ~Ma.ft1t~MfOOJj; • • ~;t4*~WT~#Wo~~~. ~4*JJIj~:f:~~. *. ~ 8JtJlt*~*HJ. ,. ,. :P:}ffi~1tlf~ffi~; fg~. i'~~ffi ~1t~~~~. ,. ffi1Ta$r~1II1t. __.

(24) ~.~o~.~~~~ .ftPJ~jf:t1Cf. 19301f~ x.fe~J. ... : JJtl1t L' , J. ~.~~~Eb~.1;t~~···. r WT:!fJm-m1f~~ .~~~~.h. J ~{~ ,. TIEl*'. ft*.~.ho~&&.Ta. •. ~.M~h.*~~~~B.C,. ft. ~~Z' §. 0. jiff:if& T ~-,¥*'lOOttUc ,. ~.. R~~{x~.h~;fIlff~$r~. •• ~.~~.: •• ~&~.*•. ~h~~A.~*(R.~~~'. ... ••••. *••. W.A~A.. ~**~WT)~~~.~~mfe~o~~~;fIl~~.~~~.~A. .*.,~~ ~. tt~W~.~,~.~~.~~~:if&~o. ••• ~.~~.ao.~ •• ~~~~~~~~~~B.. ~.~~h~*~*~,~.R~m.m~~m~~~hom-~ .a.~~~~~.~UI~~~Q~~~~~£~~~~~~om =~.~~~,.W~.tt. ~tIlJ!~1f!5MtifQm-.~~. ~ ~~'. •••. ••. ~~~,M¥@~~~~.M°ft. , m=.~~~Uftr-WMtifQ. ~.~~.a,PJ*~. 0. •••**m: •••. ~.~. •••• ~~.'~.&~& •• &R~~a.o~~.~. ~~$f~i!~. ,. .ftm 5.~ff~*m ' m:tIlJ!RM~f~i!~~*3&m~. 0. ~ • • • • ft.~ • •~~.M~~~.*m.~ffom-~ ~'I:.~f-t~.:1t. ( 19621f) , feE1rfl'l:fft• •m0'.¥:zr '. .:1t*.itff~$r~~.~~m. 0. ~.:1tft~~~:W.~. ,. .~.~o~m~~,mv.ft.1f~~~~~.*.. • ' ~•• ft.~~m~~.hffi.f.i1t/J\ ~.~. 0. Eb~. &,~.~mv. ~. ~•. fffiJ:~llft19741f.~~~. ~~*~.~~;fIl~~~~~~~~B.$~&.~ • •. ~*tl.fft$mu. ' ITff • • &'• •~~@~mu.~. 0. }35'rft19881f~..

(25) MIff ,.~(t(J:!illJti~MlJU17i!&:_(t(J~. 25. •• ~ •••••W.M¥~_~ •• ft.~¥~a. .~.~reool. .... ~.fi.M~ •• m~~~~~,~-.~nr fio~ ••••• ~m.~~~~~~.Q. ••••. W~~. J.. •• ~,. ~a~~~.~-®.~tt~~.m.,~~~.~.~~~ ,~~~~.o~~fi~.~~~ •• ~~.o.M~.m~~. ~~*~~~ ~.. 0. •••. ~m~~7~D~.~.,~~**~7. *.1962'¥•• ~.~m~ ,. :tUl*.Mm~~7~.. ~~~~IiJG~*lR:~~~n~m.M~m~. 0. '. ~.. ilJT1974'¥~ • • ~.. '. ~.m~Q~w.~.~~ • • ~~.*lR:~~~m • • ~m~o ~~m~.M~~.~.~a • • • ,~.M~.m~~~ • • •. ~.~m~.. 0. ~1974'¥~.fi~3L~~m.~.lR:~*,~~T. m~~~f1;l~~.~~~t(fij[rIiJ,~.~~!'=l :ii~~IiJG:t£Immigrationand. EE • • '. ,. W~1983'¥~~. Naturalization Service v. Chadha. .~~~~3L~~m.~:il~~,. (tt[!!J/, ) ~.QM-~1984'¥~ •. • ~.~m~~.mIiJGIlJJm~mliJG;ttIRJm~. (joint resolution) ,~m • • M~m~o. 1iJG&,1f{*~2. /. • • ~~~m~.~;tt~~m~.,m~m. 3.lR:m.:t~~-Mm • • M~~m. '. ~m~ • .:tfj~1:. ;:&0. ttJ!!lf\ : Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 103 S.Ct. 2764, 77 L. Ed. 2d 317 (1983). 0. Mfl'PIjt"Supreme Court. Invalidates Legislative Veto," Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1983, pp.565·573 o 1fjtBarbera Hinkson Craig, Chadha (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)..

(26) ~~~~~~. ,~~ti~~~~~~~~~*~~~~~. .,~~~~. ~~m~~~~$,.z~~~~~~~~~. 19621f ~~~m;iE, $~~~~ B~~ •• ~~W,~~~w~r ~J. ~~~:tEfEt~{~~~*{~1*if. ~1*.~~~~*.~. 0. ~.~m •••• ~~~~*~or~~J JjJ{~tIo~*iI.~~JjJ{~ ~Tr. ~m. J. 0. J1JT19741f~~~~~, r.:E~. J,~;iE.~r~~~.-JjJ{~. •••• ~. 0. ,. J~. •• ~~JjJ{~Jo. ~~*~~~~~~~~#o~~~R~*~. ,~~~JjJ{~.M,R~~~ti~~. if J3. r~~~m~~w. ~~~.~~D~*1*. {fE19621f~~~~~~lIJU19881f~~~~~. ~.m;iE •• ~~ JlU1!~@~~~~D. ~~*~.£$~~~~. ,. ,~~~.*£. 0. ~~.m~&.Mm~.~~,~~~~1f~~,:tEf~~~n {fEmm~~~~~1*ifo~.m~m~~~~ti~(~~)~~~. M~~~~.m'~~M~~~~. •••• o&.Mm~~m~~. •• ~~ $ • • M~~~~.mo~~o1fft~ fi,~.timmm~~H* •• ,~~~~~~~.~~~o ~ti~~.%~. ~~~.~m~~mm.m~.~~~~~~~.~.~~~.~. - . : !iJ'~P~~~~D{t , ~~~:ii&~i!i1i~ r .1(tftW J ( materi ~ ~ury)~.~,~.~~~.*~n.~~i!i~.mo. J ~;iE.;iE{~~F1¥tJl .,R~r~~~~.~J' r~~ ~1(~J' r ~.~ ~ J ~tft~.~~.1(tft ~~.mJroo , 19791f~~~~~11 19791f~~~~~!:f. '. ~~~*m. 0. r .1(tft.

(27) m., •• ~~••~m.a •• ~ ••. n. , 1til:~~~~~~U1f~J~~ : 1..*~~II~MfllB9 JEft-fB1II ; 2.:t!u*II~j(~~ffil1t~~jj!;i§1f1fJi1~~r~~~;j{j~ , ~U ••Ji1~~J$t3L ; 3.1f~ms<JWliJ:1t 1'ffiioJ f.} El=!j(~s<JMi!&$.~Uf!:Ji 1f-:@m~mJ~IJt!5c~. ioJ~.~fts<J •• $~k,~WliJ:1ts<J~M£.·II1tJE~m.~m 'A@&£000(~~iI:~.~~~.£n. 19841fi!(~1!~f!}jig-%1*Jtt. •• ). r ~fJUt. J 1i"it '. 0. ttPWfMiI:~. R~n.~jigQ.~.*f.}.MII*,R~~.=*~~II.~~. .~,. r1fJiM. J~*J$t3Lo. ~~**.~.1fR~Q=+li. .~fts<J.~~~II,m~~~.~jigQII-=~.~.,&*~ ~1I~~mJ$tM~,~.~~.mo(tt~~)~*rk.M.J &~AM.JE.,~-~jigQ~s<Jk.~.~*1f~~i!&W.M, &~.:tE~jig. Q~ s<J'*k. 0. (. tt~A. ) 19881fB9 j(~1!~re~li.s<J. JE.f!}.*,.T£$B9tt.tta.,1tWfMiI:~:tEfi~k£~~. ,§:o. 1979 , ~t-l-s<Jt&~l:~Ji~k '. &fl:Ji:i~ms<J3L1!~jigAflHIl1f~ms<J3L1!~jigA@~fgJ,. , 1984 '. 1988B9i!(~1!~:tEf~~Jl~s<JJEftk. fii!&@~k. 0. ••T.*••• B9mJEo(tt~A).@mJE.*.. ttl!!J-t : Pietro S. Nivola, "Trade Policy: Refereeing the Playing Field," in A. Question of Balance, ed. Thomas E. Mann (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990), p.234. ttl!!JA : Ibid. ttl!!JJL : i#J!Richard Boltuck and Robert E. Litan, eds., Down in the Dumps:. Administration of the. Unfair Trade Laws (Washington, D.C.:. Brookings Institution, 1991)..

(28) .*.,#~~_m~.A.*.~~.,@~~.ff_,~.~ Mlla<J~~ff1fR*a<J:!!f~. 0. • • ~~.a.*~M°ft~#.OO.~T.ft~:!!f• • ~~ ~~a<JM-M~~-.~.a~.a<J • • m~,~~.Q. 11 a<J ~ ~fl~ ~ ~~ a. ~1~~}(f a<J1* .ntM!!. 0. ••••. #:Ul1!!ft fr~ ~ MlilliM Mll •. M~~-~ili.a~.,~~.~~~~o:Ul®~.,. •. M.ff~$,@a • • M~.~\~ • • • • • • • ~.a<J • •. ~-'¥;tt.~. ili*a<J~.ff1fRI~a<J:9Ja. 0. :. rOJ1-r~.r~~. A*~~}(f.ili~ • • • a~.~.a<Jm.,~~~*~~}(f.~. \. ~.tf7. ~~}(fa<J1-r~.r~.Mll • • tf7. 0. ;tt.~*"?&~]!$a<J1*. :Ul®~ • • W.*#~ • • • ,@~~ff.~.-'¥~~~.o. &n ~A01¥f-t.f9tl ,. tt:~ .f~Jlt. '. ff19881¥a<JfittP€t.~.. Amendment) \ 19851¥a<Jff~WT~. (The. Gephardt. Bill) \ ~ A19821¥ a<J rt.*:It!!~f4~.. Bill) rt'. 0. ( The. Jenkins. ( Domestic-Content. ~ttP€t.~.~~ ~.ft~ttP€t. (Richard. A. Gepha. re::t.-*,*!!HH ) ~ili , ~~.~*fffilJ~*5!Il*.~Mllff~. ~:FJIl.a<JiEtEiili~. ~a<J~,. ,. ;We~;fQ~Mll.~U5!llfiiJ~j;-JA®ili~. ,. 5!1l*~~:J€. Mll~m.~~a<JiliQ~HM~~*~o~~.#~.~. ~218~Jr.. , 214~'!i..#~.~ • •. 0. ~.~JJ{M1.Iffi! • •-}E. .~~:Ul.a<J~.,wa~~.;fQa<J~.OOl• • (~.a~*.rOJ. 1jJ.1£~U*~.~~.JittMa<JIjJ*). 0. 19881¥a<J.a~.. T ~.301f~. ) :iHf.m*,~ • •~ • • ~.. 0. (. §*.

(29) • • ~~~ti~~ •••• ~ • •. ~.,. 1t19851F'I"ffHijOfflEtE:m!ff~!Ij$.m~. rangement ) •. ~. , 1f:iitWT ( Ed Jenkins,. (Multi-Fiber. f£;j:jt-~?€t§:HI. ~. Ar ). ~•. iliT-~~.'~*~~ • • DM.~~m~~*~~~.,. 1!~~~~~.. 0. ~~.1±~.~~262~.159~jjl&. 0. 'l"ltH{l~. ~~T~.~*~~~~~(~mff:iitWT~.) ,@~1±~.~~ &~~15t~i:f. '. ~276~Jt.QX;. 2 / 3$ltR~ 8~. ( ~~'I"l&). 0. 1±19821F~~~~~:aJ1!~, 1!iJJh~. 0. '149~&., .JiJffm~. ~.~itn~. B *ft.tE~~rP:lI~1r!i~*t:iP1!iJ. ( Richard. A. Ottinger, f£;±:.-*H.f.iJ:HI ). ~~~I.~x~r,miliTft.*~~~~.,~*tE~~rP:lI ~~* • • ~ • • ,~1±~~.W~ft.~~~ • • ~1!.~~~. ili §~~. ,. iil.!:iJ:it90%. 0. ~~.~215.188~jjl&~.~. ,. ~~. ~~ft.I~B~~~ili~~,~~.iil~~~~~~o. ~ J1tfJIJrIfUR ili ~~ t¥H-T i!DCim F~. , !l6'fm11 ili M*~tlli19!{~*f~. ~~~~ • • ~~.~~~,~R~~M*~.*• • o~~~~ ~tE19621F;ffi-!fHil&-~~~~.. tE19611F.fmlc~~M.~ lltE~~~!fJl:jCM. ( [tEO ). '. It{;ljJnI1~'''¥z~~!Ij~:fI,. fiE. , {ikmili TnWJM.~~-t:I51:f.' slY:. -/jtW~mXE(Long-Term. 1±19741F~~~.jCMjL~Zifti. '. Arrangement). 0. m:R:~i!DCJfJ.le;fO$J. \tEJiO : ~~Vinod K. Aggarwal, Liberal Protectionism: The International. Politics of Organized Textile Trade (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985), pp.77-94..

(30) ·~. ( 19721f:89 ~ jIj~~~mJ:E) ,. 501mIl~WtA.'. $.:e,. ~t.f;~. ( 19731f:89$.mJ:E , ;fQ. flat.f;89~£ilnXmJ:E. ) fHfTmn;y.. 0. ;(£. 19781f: ),Clit @] i; .%nX ~ *1] -ru- ' -t *f i£Z Jft :(£ 19771f:5bfll ~ II lit fijt II ~ • • •~~jIj~~ilnXm., jIj~~~. (ttE-)ffiB*ilnX~~.m89~. , 0,lit.%nX T~.~89 r. System" , J:E.JBf~ 1~~ 81tri). 0. ~ jljfJ~;f;lffl~ J ("Trigger (. Price. ttE= ) :t£19791f:.~tt~'%nX. Program") , ~ffitflf ~ )lf5.lmm~jjgt=l89~ £!JC. ' re9=<II*~. ~~£~~, 1IEjjg~mm~£.ili~J1{§. 0. (. ttE-=.) 19811f:Il\f'l'fR. i£ZJftill~~~£.89~n,ffiB*~J:ETB*~*.~89~jIj~~. mJ:E, (ttEIZY ) •. ~ jIj~~mJ:E. 0. ¥UT19841f:.~tt~.1t1l\f. '. X.~~-@]i;89~. (ttEE) 19861f:£1JOJ: Tffi B *~ltr89*~11. m.mJ:Eo(ttE~).~~,Hi£Z.M.T.m~ • • ~~~. ~89~~,d~.mnm.~~~£.89tt~,~.~M.~.*. ttli- : David B. Yoffie, Power and Protectionism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp.169-203.. ttli= : ~Je,Hideo Sato and Michael Hodin, "The U.S. -Japanese Steel Issue of 1977," in Coping with U.S. -Japanese Economic Conflicts, eds. I.M. Destler and Hideo Sato (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1982), pp. 56-70.. ttli:::: : I.M. Destler and Thomas Graham, "United States Congress and the Tokyo Round: Lessons of a Success Story." The World Economy, Vol. 3, No.1, June 1980, pp.62-63.. ttlil1Y : Stefanie Ann Lenway, The Politics of. u.s.. International Trade. (Boston: Pitman Publishing Inc., 1985), pp.156-158.. ttlili : LM. Destler, American Trade Politics, 2nd Edition, pp.159-161..

(31) ,. Im!l~' f.ttAA:tf{n[19Jjf~Im!l.~~~(j{J~.. .~~r. 31. mJ~.,(ttli~)~~~.~~ •• a~~~o. ~~rr~~*~~j(a~~~~JJE~:ft. ffi ~. *6. ' Jt~*~.*.(.1j. I. 0. =.6. oFfF.l. ~*~~,ft~M.T~~j(a~~.JE~£*~:fto~~m ~:ftr,~~~~~~*j(a~~.JE~.h,~~W~~~~~. .:~~~.M~~~*~.~,~.~.~~~r~~J,mJt. •••hom~ •• ~.j(a~.&~ • • ~~~~ •• ,~m~:ft.~.*••• ,.~R~~••• ~ .~~~~.,~.j(a~.~m~'d~ ••• ~ •• W~~~ .~~~,~.R~ •• ~.~.,~~*~~.aMJE~:ft,~ ~a~~~.~~~.~. m~~*§rn.a~~~~*.*.(.1jo. iElit'\ : itf Je,Laura D'Andrea Tyson, Who's Bashing Whom? Trade Conflict in High-Technology Industries (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Interna tional Economics, 1993), pp.85-154.. iEli 1:; : David B Yoffie, "American Trade Policy: An Obsolete Bargain? " in Can the Government Govern?, eds. John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1989), pp.120-125.. L.

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