亞馬遜中的移民工：以自由貿易區中的台灣個案研究為例 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學亞太研究英文碩士學位學程 International Master's Program in Asia-Pacific Studies College of Social Sciences National Chengchi University 碩士論文. 立. 治政 Master's Thesis 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 sit. y. Nat. 亞馬遜中的移民工：以自由貿易區中的台灣個案研究為例. n. er. io. Immigrant Workers In The Amazon: Taiwanese Case In a l The Free Trade Zone iv. Ch. n U engchi. Student: Glaucia Batista Advisor: Tsoyu Calvin Lin. 民國 106 年七月 July 2017. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(2) 亞馬遜中的移民工：以自由貿易區中的台灣個案研究為例 Immigrant Workers In The Amazon: Taiwanese Case In The Free Trade Zone 研究生：Glaucia Batista. Student: Glaucia Batista. 指導教授：Tsoyu Calvin Lin. Advisor: Tsoyu Calvin Lin. 政治大. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 國立政治大學. ‧. Nat. y. 亞太研究英文碩士學位學程. n. A Thesis. C. er. io. al. sit. 碩士論文. i n U. v. h e n gMaster's Submitted to International c h i Program in Asia-Pacific Studies National Chengchi University In partial fulfillment of the Requirement For the degree of Master in China Studies. 民國 106 年七月 July 2017. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(3) Acknowledgments There are so many great people involved in this process and to many of them there would never have enough words to express my gratitude. My deeply appreciation God and my parents, Gilmar Brasil and Rosineide Brasil, for their unconditional love and support. For being my friends and safe haven. I love you and I am eternally grateful for all your advices. My warmest thanks my advisor Prof. PhD Calvin Lin, for giving me guidance along my journey in NCCU and in times of need being a friend. Not less. 政治大 insightful feedbacks and attention spent on my thesis. 立. important I would like to say thank you for my committee members for the. ‧ 國. 學. With depth gratitude I would like to thank all the people involved in this research, that contributed with the questionnaires and their knowledge.. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. II. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(4) Abstract. While in the Amazon Free Trade Zone there is a growing job market lacking of skilled manpower, in Taiwan young professionals are struggling to find attractive opportunities with compensatory salaries, after many of them go abroad to study and become more specialized when returning home looking for eye-catching positions, they face the competitive market, demanding hours and low payment. The present research is an attempt to find out if there are other factors as important as the financial when a Taiwanese person decides to. 政治大 variables in order to attempt to draw their profile. The work is divided in 立. migrate somewhere else to work, by analyzing dependent and independent. chapters that elaborate from the general to the particular. The first one explains. ‧ 國. 學. the purpose and methodology; the second one is the literature review; the third. ‧. is the research method used; the fourth is the initial and final results; and the fifth draw conclusion and implications. The methods adopted are Analytic. Nat. sit. y. Hierarchic Process (AHP), content analyzes and historical back ground, making. er. io. use of quantitative and qualitative data: the former is used in closed individual. n. questionnaires with immigrants a in the Amazon, the latter v are extracted from. i l C n U this research, it is noticeable primary and secondary sources. From h e nthegresults c h i of that some variables were surprisingly positive while others did not have much influence to the individuals involved, in both cases it is clear that some categories played a major role in the final results and in these workers profile.. Key words: foreigner worker, immigration, working opportunity.. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(5) Table of Contents. Acknowledgments..................................................................II Abstract.................................................................................III List of Tables.........................................................................VI List of Graphs........................................................................VII List of Figures.......................................................................VII. 政治大. Chapter 1- Introduction..........................................................1. 立. 1.1 Motivation and Purpose................................................1. ‧ 國. 學. 1.2 Methodology.................................................................8 1.3 Research Framework....................................................10. ‧ sit. y. Nat. Chapter 2- Literature Review ................................................11 Chapter 3- Research Method......................................................21. er. io. n. al 3.1 Contextualization...........................................................21 iv. n U engchi 3.2 Background....................................................................22. Ch. 3.3 The AHP Steps..............................................................23 3.4 Process in Excel ...........................................................27 3.5 The research.................................................................30 Chapter 4- Results...................................................................31 4.1 Initial Results..................................................................31 4.2 Final results analysis .....................................................36 V. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(6) Chapter 5- Conclusions..................................................................39 5.1 Discussion of Results and Implications for Future Researches..39 5.2 Research Limitations............................................................42 APPENDIX I.................................................................................43 References.....................................................................................49. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. V. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(7) List of Tables Table 1- Gradation scale for quantittative comparison of alternatives………24. Table 2- The profile of Taiwanese Immigrants Workers in Manaus………..36. Table 3- Final Results………………………………………………………37. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. VI. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(8) List of Graphs Graph 1-Average age…………………………………………………… 32. Graph 2-Years of working experience on the area………………………33. Graph 3- Educational level………………………………………………34. Graph 4-Working area………………………………………………….. 35. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(9) List of Figures Figure 1- Dependent and independent variables…………………………10. Figure 2- Maslow’s pyramid…………………………………………….12. Figure 3- AHP Scale…………………………………………………….21. Figure 4- Format for pairwise comparisons……………………………..24. 政治大. Figure 5- Independent variables AHP Excel matrix…………………….27. 立. ‧ 國. 學. Figure 6- Dependent variables Excel matrix……………………………28. ‧. Figure 7- Dependent variables Excel matrix……………………………28. y. Nat. er. io. sit. Figure 8- Dependent variables Excel matrix……………………………29. n. a l Excel matrix……………………………29 Figure 9- Dependent variables iv Ch. n U engchi. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(10) CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation and Purpose “The exercise of labor power, labor, is the worker’s own life-activity, the manifestation of his own life” (Karl, 1932) The event of globalization and the corresponding mitigating importance of national borders have caused a change in people's perception and relation with it, eventually starting a trend of. 政治大 capability to expand and constantly 立 evolve. It is possible to affirm then that international. migration. As a result people's relation with the market has changed, directly influencing its. ‧ 國. 學. trade is a driving force behind economic growth (Myers, 2016). Employees no longer exclusively look for better job opportunities or life quality within their own countries but look. ‧. further for new horizons and possibilities in foreigner territories. Migration has become an. Nat. sit. y. alternative for those driven by internal factors other than just external as will be discussed. n. al. er. io. further more in the Literature Review section of this research. In other words, both people. i n U. v. and companies have become more internationalized as markets expanded; the demand for. Ch. engchi. highly skilled professionals who are capable of adapting to different cultures has also become essential for companies to thrive worldwide. Naturally following the market trend, many countries reacted to the movement mentioned above by successfully institutionalizing agreements in partnership with other nations with similar interests to facilitate the free flow of goods, people, information, etc. (i.e. free trade zones). According to the Glossary of Insurance Policy Terms (OECD, 2001) a free trade area by definition is a grouping of countries within which tariff and non-tariff trade barriers between 1. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(11) the members are generally abolished but with no common trade policy toward non-members. Nowadays, the World Trade Organization (2016) has 164 members and around 420 regional trade agreements already in force around the world (Myers, 2016). This study is going to cover what is The Manaus Free Trade Zone or Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM), its relevance for the local development, its history, the basic requirements to start a business, together with the benefits and the privileges the area has to offer.. The ZFM according to its official governmental source is a project that was designed by Federal Deputy Francisco Pereira da Silva and created by Decreto No. 3,173 of June 6, 1957,. 政治大. as a Free Port 1. In 1967 the model was reformulated establishing the official office in Manaus. 立. since then guarantying tax and extra-fiscal incentives, aiming actions in behalf of this area. ‧ 國. 學. economic development and environmental protection three markets are benefited by the incentives: commercial, industrial and agricultural. The current model is located in a total. ‧. area over 10 thousand km2, has over 600 companies from all over the world generating more. y. Nat. io. sit. than half million direct and indirect jobs. In order to guarantee the incentives for the. n. al. er. companies that are already settled and seeking new investments to the region, the Amenda. Ch. i n U. v. Constitucional 83/2014 was promulgated in 2016 to extend the free trade zone until 2073.. engchi. When investing in the ZFM companies are benefited with tax and extra-fiscal incentives as exempt of federal taxes, including PIS, CONFINS, ISS and discounts on municipality taxes; however, in return these companies need to cooperate in partnership with local research institutes to develop new technologies aiming at innovation and constant technological improvement. These measures are taken to maintain continuous relevant contributions to further studies and enhancement of techniques, according to the ZFM official documents:. 1. Modelo ZFM. Retrieved on October 2016 from http://www.suframa.gov.br/zfm_historia.cfm. 2. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(12) The Lei de Informática has as prerogative that all companies that produce IT services and services apply, annually, at least 5% (five percent) of their gross sales in the domestic market, due to the marketing of the products encouraged, in activities of research and development to be carried out in the Amazon, according to a project prepared by the companies themselves, based on a project proposal to be presented to the Superintendence of the Manaus Free Trade Zone- SUFRAMA. Also, the company is responsible for elaborating annually a detailed result report whose guidelines are stated in the Decreto Nº 6.008, de 29 de Dezembro de 2006.. 政治大 All these measures were taken in order to ensure the longevity of local natural resources as 立 cited by (Salazar, 2006): Economic productivity should not be achieved at the expense of. ‧ 國. 學. scarce resources, made artificially, geographically and occasionally abundant and even vis,. ‧. through ill-formulated technology that draws on the future leaving open social and ecological. y. sit. io. n. al. er. and improvidence.. Nat. debt to be paid by innumerable generations who will suffer the consequences of immediacy. i n U. v. It is known that in Brazil there is a job market in expansion demanding highly qualified. Ch. engchi. professionals in specific areas but also the substantial lack of people to attend to meet this demand. According to a research made by the Confederação Nacional da Industria (CNI) in 2013, some 65% of Brazilian industries suffered from the lack of skilled workers (Dantas dos Reis & Matos de Noronha, 2014). The late industrialization process in Brazil only happened during the 1930’s after a shift to a new government regime and implementation of an industrialization policy 2 . Prior to that, the country lived a long colonial period based on patriarchy and agriculture. This long recession period is commonly pointed out as the cause of delay in the country’s technological innovation capability. Aiming to supply the market 2. Retrivied on November 2016, from http://www.periodicos.ufam.edu.br/relem/article/viewFile/813/pdf. 3. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(13) demand for qualified professionals in early 2000's, the federal government created incentives to boost the number of private college institutions in order to absorb the students that public institutions could not take due to the growing demand for workforce. In 2012, over 7 million students enrolled in a college degree program. In 2010 there were 1.180 institutions, and in 2012 this number grew to 2.416. According to this same study another concern was that those people who actually graduated in technological related courses were for example still relatively fewer than those with a social sciences background (Dantas dos Reis & Matos de Noronha, 2014). To illustrate the insufficiency of internal manpower, in 2006, 25,400 foreigner working permits were issued while in 2011 this number increased to 70,524.. 政治大 of skilled professionals due to 立 its operational nature related to electronics. In 2011 in Manaus Although Manaus had a 22% population growth between 2000 and 2010 the ZFM still lacked. ‧ 國. 學. only 400 engineers graduated while the demand for the upcoming years was of 1,500 professionals. With 1,95% of the total of professionals joining the working market yearly,. ‧. Manaus ranked as the 13th city in Brazil to contribute with engineers in different areas to the. io. sit. y. Nat. market.. n. al. er. In Taiwan the scenario contrasts with the Brazilian situation. According to sources (CNA,. Ch. i n U. v. 2012) by the end of 2011, 38.2% of the Taiwanese population were college or university. engchi. degree holders with (Por), 176,755 in engineering even compared to other members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD). Taiwan is above the 30% average of the Organization. It is noticeable that while Brazil in general and Manaus specifically struggle with skilled professional to attend the market demand due to historical and political issues, Taiwan has kept an above average educational level of its population (Wang, 2011). Seeking to maintain a high level of professionals in the country, Taiwan’s immigration policy guarantees the free flow in and out the country for those professionals so called white- collars while restrains the stay of blue collar workers. A survey conducted in the beginning of 2017 by the recruitment website yes123 (Fransen, 2017) showed that 80.3% of 4. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(14) the sampled employees indicated that working abroad was a reality taken into consideration with the preferred locations being Japan (42,4%), the U.S. (40.1%), Hong Kong and Macau (38.2%), while 88.9% of currently employed Taiwanese reportedly looked for new jobs during the traditional Chinese New Year festivities. Some of the most popular reasons stated for this period are given by Lin (2012):. For many respondents, dissatisfaction with their salary played a large role in their motivation to look for a new job, with 52.1% giving this as the primary. 政治大 and a lack of opportunities for promotion (32.4%) also featured high on the 立 reason for wanting to leave (...) A lack of development prospects (40.9%). list of reasons to leave.. ‧ 國. 學. With the growing transfer of human capital and investments mostly to China and ASEAN. ‧. countries and the growing deindustrialization process of Taiwan's interior, many studies on. Nat. sit. y. emigration to China, USA and Japan have been developed as stated previously in this study,. n. al. er. io. which aims at bringing light to a new perspective that has not been broadly discussed before. i n U. v. making these contributions relevant for those who are seeking for a wider and more comprehensive analysis.. Ch. engchi. Since the early 2000's, the Brazilian Federal Government has been making extensive investments in order to increase the production of semiconductors in Brazil. Per year Brazil spends around USD 6 billion on importing semiconductors (Tech in Brazil, 2015). Based on this fact the government has been making extensive efforts to nationalize this process and reduces the country’s dependency on imported components. Only at Manaus the electronics manufacturing companies have met the local demand of products as well as the South American market. However, to consolidate its place in the international scenario of. 5. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(15) semiconductors Brazil still has a long way to go making investments in education and preparation of professionals, improvement on technologies and research in the area. Since the 1980's when the first semiconductor company was founded, Taiwan has been a leader in global exports of semiconductors supplying around 463 companies, constantly innovating to attend the market and clients demands that are mainly from North America and AsiaPacific region representing 68% and 13% respectively (McFarlane, 2016). Analyzing the data presented, it is noticeable that Brazil and Taiwan have opposite characteristics. However, both governments working together can use the following suggestions for their own benefits and mutual support: attending to Brazilian market demand for high skilled manpower while. 政治大. Taiwanese workers have a bigger range of suitable job positions and opportunities that come. 立. with migration.. ‧ 國. 學. So, in order to conceptualize the context of this relationship, this study aims to draw a profile of these Taiwanese workers in Brazil who are apparently capable of adapting to this kind of. ‧. reality. By doing so there will be a better understanding of what motivates local workers to. y. Nat. io. sit. become internationalized, it is crucial for corporations to understand this intrinsic motivation. n. al. er. in order to be prepared to negotiate these workers needs as well attending the companies best. Ch. i n U. v. interest. For instance, Taiwan has been losing 20,000 to 30,000 white-collar workers every. engchi. year according to the Workforce Development Agency under the Labor Ministry while on the other hand the local government keeps raising the minimum wage and eases the restrictions for foreigner labor (Yu & Elaine, 2016; CNA, 2012). At the same time many Taiwanese holding a degree of higher education are drawn to work abroad. These data has led us to wonder whether or not the policy consisting in having the market demand supplied by foreigner professionals while simply increasing the salary is efficient in retaining local workers.. 6. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(16) A comprehensive understanding of what really motivates employees intrinsically to become expats, companies can invest their resources more efficiently to attract the desired personnel. Ultimately, the complications for Taiwan show that only appealing to the monetary aspect by increasing salaries does not always compensate for the lack of other attractive benefits that are being stated along this study. In this study, aspects such as personal motivation, learning and growth opportunities are also taken into consideration and are deemed of the utmost importance. There is also a great deal of research being developed on the topic of social and cultural issues and some researchers have shown the importance of family in Asia society. Since family is regarded as important it may influence in the decision of Taiwanese. 政治大 different realities both family interferes 立 with work and work interferes with family. With this. immigrant workers when they decide to work abroad- there are studies that show within. ‧ 國. 學. in mind this research also analyses how important have the family variables being considered by the Taiwanese immigrant workers when migrating to Manaus. These results will help. ‧. researchers to understand how the concept of family and family perception has changed in. Nat. sit. y. today's reality in the Asian society. In order to validate these hypotheses a survey was. n. al. er. io. conducted in Loco with Taiwanese expats working at Manaus Free Trade Zone from August. i n U. v. to December 2016 using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method.. Ch. engchi. The purpose of this study is therefore to use a combination of exploration, description and explanation in order to answer the following questions: 1- What's the profile of workers who tend to migrate? 2- What are the most attractive factors when it comes to make the decision of migrating? 3- What's the scale of importance of the given factors? 4- How is the "Family" factor ranked compared to others?. 7. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(17) 1.2 Methodology In view of its comparative and historical background approach, this study is conducted using mainly a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to underlay the most influential variables and establish their relevance to draw a significance framework and theoretical foundations. Content analysis and analysis of the collected data are then carried out in order to answer the questions put forward above; data and statistics are then extracted from all the kinds of relevant sources, such as journals, books, articles, government documents, archives and other materials.. 政治大 Manaus with Taiwanese immigrants that were working at the Free Trade Zone. The research 立 Between August and December 2016, a parallel field research was carried out in Loco,. was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method, which is both a. ‧ 國. 學. quantitative and qualitative method to analyze the data in the form of closed questionnaires.. ‧. During this period some points were observed such as the factories installations, their daily. sit. y. Nat. routine, the interaction between expatriates and local workers, the housing installations, their. io. al. er. leisure activities during free time and integration in the local community. More detailed reports regarding the general benefits that were often offered to those willing to immigrate. n. v i n C h works in a company were also reviewed. The sampling group e n g c h i U that makes part of a Taiwanese group present in Asia, Europe and America as it’s shown in their official reports. It is located in a total area of 50.000 m2, manufacturing since sub assembling to final products, offering a range of services from automation and products such as power supplies, adapters, chargers, and memory semiconductors. Therefore, the reading of the combination of both methodologies is expected to enlighten the final results. The sampling group for this research was selected spontaneously by those who were willing to participate. In total 83 questionnaires were answered with a final total of 73 good samples being used in this research. There were 10 samples that during the process of 8. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(18) the questionnaire application were poorly answered making them unable to be read using the research method used to achieve the final results. More details about this process will be discussed in the Research limitations sections. Side notes were also taken for further complimentary understanding. The identities of Brazil and Taiwan are first examined separately, with attention given to historical background, social structure, economic development and geographic characteristics. Following this preliminary stage, the research will further delve into a comparative analysis with the help of graphs and tables. The ultimate purpose is with the application of AHP measures all important factors, qualitatively and quantitatively, whether tangible or intangible, to reach a more realistic result.. 立. 政治大. This work will be structured in five chapters. The first chapter is a general introduction to the. ‧ 國. 學. topic, wherein motivation and purpose are explained, together with the methodology utilized. ‧. and a graphic scheme of the research framework, which illustrates the possible correlations. sit. y. Nat. among main variables analyzed in this study. The second chapter consists of a systematic. io. al. er. description and critical review of contemporary authors and the relevant sources that were consulted. The third chapter will address the research method used to reach the final results,. n. v i n as well as a brief introduction of itCand U understating of the final results h eexamples h ibetter n g c for reading process, the questionnaire as the research tools used and the description of the. variables. The fourth chapter presents the results of the survey and its analysis, illustrating brief statistics and descriptive analysis. The fifth chapter will bring conclusions, draw implications of this study, suggest practical applications and address the limitations encountered during the research process.. 9. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(19) 1.3 Research Framework The present research aims at unveiling the variables that may influence Taiwanese workers when making their decision to become immigrants, by delving into the most important determinants at job, environmental, future prospective, and personal motivational levels. The analysis should unveil what criteria are prioritized as a result of the individual judgment in a rational and consistent manner, in which rationality stems from the quantification that consistency is assured by the method (Analytical Hierarchical Process). The graphic displayed below shows how the criteria are modeled from the preferences of the decision makers to build the model. Once built, it can be used to analyze, compare, and prioritize alternative solutions.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 10. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(20) CHAPTER TWO 2. Literature Review In order to analyze the motivational reasons for individuals to migrate for employment, it is crucial to understand motivational mechanisms within the human mind. One of the most prominent psychological theories explaining these mechanisms would be Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory comprising a five tier model of human needs. Despite the fact that the theory was developed in 1943 and might therefore be outdated, it is still relevant as a primary observation for motivational reasoning within the human mind.. 立. 政治大. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is often depicted in the shape of a pyramid, consisting of five. ‧ 國. 學. layers, with the largest and fundamental level at the bottom. The lowest level entails. ‧. physiological needs (for example food, water, warmth and rest). The second need would be. sit. y. Nat. the need for safety. Both the physiological and safety needs are characterized as basic needs.. io. er. The third and the fourth needs are interpreted as psychological needs. The third need is comprised of the need for belongingness and love (e.g. intimate relationships and friends).. al. n. v i n Moreover, the fourth need includesC esteem, which is achieved h e n g c h i U through prestige and a feeling of accomplishment. The final level is relatively different compared to the first four, because. this encompasses self-actualization, which is defines as “achieving one’s full potential including creative activities”. Put differently, the final level requires self-fulfillment needs and perhaps even some enlightening of the mind.. 11. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(21) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Within the pyramid, a distinction between ‘deficiency needs’ and ‘being needs’ can be made. y. Nat. er. io. sit. with the first four needs being ‘deficiency needs’ and the latter a ‘being need.’ It is assumed that deficiency needs motivate people if the needs are not met. Furthermore, one must first. al. n. v i n satisfy the lowest level deficiency C need before advancing to fulfill the next deficiency need hengchi U. (McLeod, 2016). In other words, according to Maslow, a human will first focus on one specific need before considering the next one. It is also not certain that when a person has fulfilled one need (and thereby proceeds to the next need), he will not come back to the initial level. Ideally, a human will fulfill his needs for each level consequently without any deficits, but depending on the circumstances, a human might also be set back to a lower level. As an illustration, no matter the environment, a human will first look for food, water and warmth before looking for shelter (safety). If there is enough supply of the physiological need, he or she will consequently focus on shelter to provide safety and security. However, when 12. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(22) the supply of psychological needs becomes scarce, the need for safety becomes irrelevant and the human will reset to the initial need. As from the existence of humankind, migration has been an important aspect of life, but the motivation was rather simplistic at first. For example, during the prehistoric ages, hunters and gathers were forced to migrate to new places in order to survive. In other words, the psychological need of hunters and gatherers forced them to keep travelling (migrating) to new places that had enough resources to fulfill the physiological need. Nevertheless, when new technologies were being developed, the need to migrate decreased over time, since the hunters and gatherers were able to produce resources through agriculture. So, the. 政治大. physiological needs were satisfied, which allowed humankind to focus on the second basic. 立. need: safety. Eventually, the need for safety was fully achieved as humans were able to build. ‧ 國. 學. thresholds as castles and fortresses that were almost impenetrable. Thereby fulfilling the basic needs (e.g. physiological and safety) and creating room for other needs. For example,. ‧. the Greek philosophers attempted to achieve self-actualization through attempting to answer. y. Nat. io. sit. the difficult questions in life. As societies had complete access to the basic needs, it created. n. al. er. motivation to discover the world (and in some instances conquering the world), which in. Ch. i n U. v. essence is another reason to migrate, but this time not due to basic needs, but more. engchi. psychological needs. Note that it has to be acknowledged that there are more systems in place that have led to behavioral actions in the past, but by trying to apply Maslow’s pyramid of needs to historical events related to migration gives a first understanding of what motivates humans to migrate. Nevertheless, reasoning for migration became more complex during the industrialization period. Industrialization encouraged migration, because the invention of new machines had increased the demand for laborers in the factories. Eventually this led to thousands of farmers moving from rural areas to urban areas to find work. Even though these farmers fulfilled their 13. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(23) demand for basic needs, many still decided to migrate to rural areas to work in factories, often to pursue a better life in the city, which could be tied to psychological needs. However, life in the city was often not as good as expected due to bad working conditions and low salaries. Yet, most workers remained in the city even though their quest for psychological needs was not met. In addition, the situation has even become more complicated, because people do not only migrate for employment within their national borders, but also across national borders for employment. Thus, there have to be other systems in place that are explained by other theories, which provide a further comprehensive explanation of people migrating for employment.. 政治大. Many scientists and theorists have developed theories explaining the migration of laborers.. 立. The “dual market theory” explains that the worldwide labor market can be divided into two. ‧ 國. 學. separate spheres (Reich, Gordon, & Edwards, 1973). The primary sphere is characterized to have relatively high salaries, status and responsibilities, career mobility and good working. ‧. conditions. The primary sphere can also be divided into two types of job: ‘subordinate’ and. y. Nat. io. sit. ‘independent’ jobs. Subordinate primary jobs are routinized and encourage personality. n. al. er. characteristics of dependability, discipline, responsiveness to rules and authority, and. Ch. i n U. v. acceptance of a firm's goals, whereas independent primary jobs encourage and require. engchi. creative, problem solving, self-initiating characteristics and often have professional standards for work. On the other hand, the secondary sphere is known for negative qualities like bad pay, worse working conditions, little or non-existent promotion opportunities and a low level of job security (Reich, Gordon, & Edwards, 1973). Another similar theory is the “world-systems theory.” The theory segregates the world in inter-regional and transnational division of labor consisting of core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries (Babones, 2005). Core countries are known for their capital-intensive production markets requiring higher skills. The semi-periphery and 14. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(24) periphery countries focus on low skills, labor-intensive production and the extraction of raw materials. Both theories have in common that they make a distinction between the developed areas (primary sphere and core countries) and the less/underdeveloped areas (secondary sphere and (semi-) periphery countries). The world-system theory is in essence a multidisciplinary macro-scale approach to world history and social change and therefore helps understand how ‘world’ dominance of a nation can shift from one nation to another (Babones, 2005). For example, for a time, certain countries became the world hegemon; during the last few centuries, as the world-system has extended geographically and intensified economically, this status has passed from the Netherlands, to the United Kingdom. 政治大 into consideration, it explains立 that through dynamic characteristics, such as revolutions in and (most recently) to the United States of America. In the situation taking Brazil and Taiwan. ‧ 國. 學. transport technology, individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time (e.g. Brazil can move from semi-periphery to periphery).. ‧. Given the essence of both the dual market theory and the world systems theory, there are. y. Nat. io. sit. specific similarities. First of all, both theories divide the world into multiple groups in which. n. al. er. one group is economically thriving complemented by additional benefits. The other group, on. Ch. i n U. v. the other hand, is coping with economic instability paired with many uncertainties. Moreover,. engchi. both theories acknowledge that a nation’s status is never secure of its label as either economically thriving or economically instable. The differences among nations create motivation for citizens to migrate from an economically instable nation to an economically stable nation. So, it can be concluded that migration occurs when people who live in the underdeveloped countries migrate to developed countries to escape the less beneficial working conditions. This phenomenon is actually happening on a current basis. After all, the European Union is currently trying to control the migration of primarily refugees fleeing from war, but also economic refugees who fled their home in the hope for better working conditions. Moreover, as mentioned before, Taiwan is experiencing similar problems, 15. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(25) because it cannot attain its own intellectual capital, since many citizens find work somewhere else. While the explanation for migration from underdeveloped countries to developed countries is widely supported. There is less knowledge on motivation for migration from on developed country to another developed country. After all, the additional economic benefits to achieve by migrating are relatively minimal. When it comes to migrating from one developed country to another advanced country, there has to be more intrinsic motivation, because the person’s gain will not be significant. Since the living conditions, such as housing, infrastructure, political situation, etc., are considered to be equal. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs might hold the key through understanding intrinsic motivation to migrate from one. 政治大 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs,立 a person will attempt to fulfill their basic needs. Once the developed country to another developed country. As mentioned before, according to. ‧ 國. 學. demand for basic needs is completed, the person will attempt to reach its psychological needs. Assuming that basic needs are always fulfilled in a developed country, the ability to fulfill. ‧. psychological needs may be the decisive factor between staying in one nation or migrating to. Nat. sit. y. another. As a better understanding of motivation to migrate is already developed, an. n. al. come to a final verdict on which variables to study.. Ch. engchi. er. io. additional analysis of a previous study might give some additional information required to. i n U. v. A recent study examined the motivation for self-initiated expatriates to grasp the opportunity to work abroad. It is important to note that self-initiated expatriates are individuals who deliberately decide to work abroad and therefore migrate. Hence, they are not sent by the current employer. The article distinguishes two types of motivations known as the pull and push factors. Pull factors are aspects that drag a person to a certain area, whereas push factors force an individual from a certain area. According to this study, both factors contain reasons that are valid enough for individuals to migrate. According to the article, the pull factors are more dominant than push factors, which makes sense because these individuals chose to migrate. In other words, they were drawn/pulled to a certain situation instead of being pushed 16. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(26) out of necessity. Among the tested pull factors, international experience was the most dominant reason (Froese, 2012). Additionally, the findings indicated that not only international experience per se, but also the desire to live and work in a specific country or region is important. Nevertheless, the sample for this study included mainly young individuals, who tend to be less risk-averse than elder people. Thus, the result may differ considering the sample group. Yet, international experience remains a dominant factor. The other push factor is the job condition. The inductive reasoning that individuals take the conditions of the job into consideration before working abroad appears to be logical. After all, the individual will spend most of his time working. So, the job and certain conditions have to. 政治大 other studies that examined this 立variable were mixed, but it is most likely caused by the meet certain criteria before taking all other aspects into consideration. Previous results from. ‧ 國. 學. necessity of migrating (whether the individual is being pushed or pulled) (Froese, 2012). Relevant pull factors included family and labor market conditions overseas. Since almost. ‧. 30% of the sample size was actually married to a host country national and therefore moved. Nat. sit. y. to their second home country, family appeared to have a significant influence on expatriates.. n. al. er. io. As explained previously, the labor market conditions are extremely important when the. i n U. v. migration includes a developed and less developed country. However, according to this study,. Ch. engchi. even in the case of equally developed countries, the job market condition remained an important factor. Thus, there are lots of aspects to be taken into consideration to try to understand the motivation for individuals to migrate to another country. In this study, it is specifically focusing on two countries, namely Taiwan and Brazil. So, it is important to make a good comparison between the two countries. The first and probably largest difference is the size of the country. Taiwan has a population of approximately 23.5 million living on a territory of 650/km2 (National Statistics Republic of 17. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(27) China), while Brazil has a population of almost 210 million and a landmass of 23.8/km2. Both the differences in total inhabitants and the average number of inhabitants per square meter can be explained by the difference in geographical size of the countries. Note: Brazil has large areas, especially in the Amazon, that are not inhabited, but is still taken into consideration when calculating density averages. So, this might give an incorrect estimation of the situation. The other significant difference between the two countries is the difference in GDP. Brazil has a nominal GDP of 1.8 trillion dollar while Taiwan has an average nominal GDP of 0.56 trillion dollar. As both countries are of different sizes, the GDP per capita is a more accurate estimate to analyze the wealth distribution of both countries. The surprising. 政治大 in Brazil (8.727 dollars) (IMF,立 n.d.). So, it can be concluded that at the moment, inhabitants thing is that the nominal GPD per capita in Taiwan (24.027 dollar) is significantly higher than. ‧ 國. 學. in Taiwan are on average wealthier than inhabitants in Brazil, but that is primarily on average and in our study the salary is most likely higher than average. The last difference worth. ‧. mentioning between the two countries is that Brazil is considered as one of the BRIC. Nat. sit. y. countries that is currently still transforming from an underdeveloped country to a developed. n. al. er. io. country. In addition, Brazil has the potential to become one of the most powerful nations in. i n U. v. 2050 considering its label as a BRIC country. Taiwan on the other side is marked as a. Ch. engchi. developed country and has thereby less potential to grow economically compared to Brazil. When we take the dual market theory and world system theory into account and apply them to these two countries, it can be concluded that Brazil would be listed as a semi-periphery or secondary sphere area, while Taiwan is a primary core country. In other words, it is remarkable that migration from a developed country to a developing country exists. After all, as mentioned before, the motivation from migrating to a developed country from an undeveloped country is easily understandable, but draws more question marks in a vice versa situation. Thus, there must be some specific motivational reasons that make this happen. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the above assumptions are made based on averages and it 18. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(28) could possibly be that in the case of this study there are specific cases that are extraordinary and therefore make sense. Perhaps the previous mentioned pull factors are a decisive factor to migrate for employment. In conclusion, when using the above theories (Maslow’s pyramid of needs, the dual market theory, the world system theory, and push and pull factors), there are four interesting aspects that need to be taken into consideration as motivation for migrating for employment. These include the job itself, the environment, future prospective, and personal motivation. The job itself can be labeled as a pull factor and perhaps a tool to fulfill psychological needs,. 政治大 improvement towards the basic needs as the benefits are better compared to the current job. 立. as the current job might be less interesting. Furthermore, it could also be an additional. Thus, the independent variable ‘job’ includes dependent variables such as salary, the scope of. ‧ 國. 學. work, professional competence, opportunities for promotion, and learning opportunities.. ‧. Basically all factors can pull an individual from one place to another.. Nat. sit. y. The second independent variable is the environment, which includes dependent variables. n. al. er. io. such as the capability to adapt, local culture, social environment, language skills, and broad. i n U. v. job offers and market range. The environment has less to do with the psychological decision-. Ch. engchi. making within Maslow’s theory, but is more coherent to the dual-market theory and the world system theory. In other words, the differences in spheres explained within these theories contribute to creating the motivation for this variable. The third independent variable is primarily motivated by the personal goals of the person. The variable future prospective is determined by dependent variables as internationalization, overseas opportunities for personal investment, opportunity for next generation, and getting the Western citizenship. The dependent variables primarily list aspects that are based on a person’s personal preferences. However, they are simultaneously created by the overall state. 19. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(29) of another nation, which could be expressed in the spheres used in dual market- and world systems theory. For example, Brazil is assumed to be a semi-periphery country, but a person’s interests are drawn to this. So, it’s a combination of all the above mentioned theories that influences this variable. The last independent variable, however, is primarily explained through Maslow’s theory of needs. Personal motivation is the search to further fulfill one’s needs in life that are currently not attained. This includes dependent variables like migration, outside company opportunities, financial viability, family influence, getting overseas working experience and personal challenging experience. Within personal motivation, it truly comes down to what the. 政治大. individual wants to achieve in his life and where this can be accomplished.. 立. The four independent variables listed in this research are job, environment, future prospective. ‧ 國. 學. and personal motivation. They were identified as the main ones, leading to dependent. ‧. variables on the process of analysis of the literature review resulting in the research. sit. y. Nat. questionnaire. They are directly connected to the research method once they are the basic. io. al. er. concept to build the proper thinking during the research application process with the volunteers aiming to reach the final results. Each one of them approaches different aspects of. n. v i n the human being; together they areCthe pull factors to the research participants as h push e n and gchi U explained before.. 20. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(30) CHAPTER THREE 3. Research Method 3.1 Contextualization In real life, people make decisions based on their own preferences. These preferences, which are often the result of a complex internal system, are very hard to measure and analyze because they are intertwined with one another. In order to contextualize this complicated decision making process, and for a better understanding of the human mind, it is necessary to. 治政大 was developed by Professor group decision making analysis and policy making researches, 立. use a multi-decision model. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is widely used for. Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970's. This method is largely useful not only because of its. ‧ 國. 學. simplicity, but also mainly because of its ability to capture the value system behind human. ‧. decision, which allows individuals to explore the threads behind human minds, as explored. sit. y. Nat. by (Lin and Tseng,2015).. n. al. er. io. The AHP method analyzes human decision-making process using pairwise comparison.. i n U. v. When applying the method all respondents in the group will be asked to compare two items. Ch. engchi. from 9 (left) to 9 (right). If a subject deems the left side to be preferable to the right side, he or she will simply circle the 9 (left) or at least a score that is closer to the left hand side. For example, if we ask a respondent: "What would like to drink after dinner: water or tea?” he would give us his opinion based upon his preferences and circle the closest answer for our question as is shown below.. 21. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(31) After all of the respondents have answered the question, it is time to calculate the average tendency regarding these respondents and check if some of the independent variables may affect the result, such as, "Chinese people may tend to have a cup of tea after dinner" or "Old people may tend to have a cup of tea after dinner." If we follow the process in a structured way, it is even possible to measure the structure behind this decision making by conceptualizing it with different aspects. This research adopted the above mentioned process for data analysis. The participants of the survey were all Taiwanese immigrant workers in Manaus; they were asked to complete the questionnaire in order to analyze among others if their decision to stay in Brazil depended on. 政治大. Job, Environment, Future Prospect or Personal Motivation reasons and their dependent. 立. variables. The AHP method unveils the ranking system behind these Taiwanese workers who. ‧ 國. 學. chose to stay in Brazil and helps draw a clear picture of how companies may attract more of these workers to stay longer.. ‧ sit. y. Nat. 3.2 Background. n. al. er. io. In real world, comparisons are made abstract and general in many cases. However, such. i n U. v. comparisons are hard to grasp or even calculated, that is why Saaty recalled after his. Ch. engchi. experience while directing research projects in the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency: Two things stand out in my mind from that experience. The first is that the theories and models of the scientists were often too general and abstract to be adaptable to particular weapon tradeoff needs. It was difficult for those who prepared the U.S. position to include their diverse concerns (…) and to come up with practical and sharp answers. The second is that the U.S. position was prepared by lawyers who had a great understanding of legal matters, but. 22. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(32) [who] were not better than the scientists in accessing the value of the weapon systems to be traded off. The AHP is a simple and useful multi-criteria method, resulting from the combination of mathematics and psychology. The theory reflects the natural way the human mind works, that is, when facing several elements (controllable or not), the mind aggregates them into groups according to common properties. The brain repeats this process and reassembles the elements to another "higher" level, as a function of common properties existing in the level groups immediately below. This systematic repetition reaches the maximum level when it represents the objective.. 政治大 It has proved to be a methodology capable of producing results that agree with perceptions 立 and expectations; these features actually make it suitable for a wide variety of applications in. ‧ 國. 學. fields such as business, government, social studies and other domains involving decisions in. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 3.3 The AHP Steps. ‧. which choice, prioritization or forecasting is needed.. Decomposing the problem into a hierarchy of goals, criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives.. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. When structuring the problem, its final format is similar to an upside-down tree, where the. engchi. root is the goal, the leaf nodes are the alternatives to be compared; in the intermediate levels we have criteria and sub criteria. Highlighting that in this manner all the levels are somehow connected, Saaty suggests that a useful way to structure the hierarchy is to work down from the goal as far as one can and then work up from the alternatives until the levels of the two processes are linked in such a way as to make comparisons possible.. 23. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(33) Data are then collected from experts or decisions-makers, in order to enable making a comparison in pairs of the alternatives in a qualitative scale as pictured above. According to the example, B is very strong when compared to A. When analyzing the criteria, after this process is done the scale is converted to the numerical scale shown below.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. n. v i n In order to explain the whole process we can used A, B and C as an C hof AHP computation, engchi U. example and see how it works. If we calculate the average numerical values from each of the questions, for example, we can calculate comparison matrix as below 3: A. B. C. A. 1. 1/3. 5. B. 3. 1. 7. C. 1/5. 1/7. 1. 3. Retrieved on September 2016, from web.cjcu.edu.tw/~lcc/Courses/TUTORIAL/AHP%20Tutorial.doc. 24. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(34) With the comparison matrix, it is possible to compute the eigenvector (so called the priority vector for the respondents) following a three-step procedure. First, it is necessary to sum up each column of the reciprocal matrix and get: A. B. C. A. 1. 1/3. 5. B. 3. 1. 7. C. 1/5. 1/7. 1. SUM. 21/5. 31/21. 13. 政治大 Second, normalize the rows and get average weight by making the sum into 1: 立 B. C. 7/31. 21/31. 7/13. 15/21. C. 1/21. 3/31. 1/13. SUM. 1. 1. 1. n. er. io. al. y. B. sit. 5/13. ‧. 5/21. Nat. A. ‧ 國. 學. A. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Third, sum up each of the individual weights in the row and obtain the normalized principal eigenvector (priority vector): Value W. 0.2828 (A). Principal vector. 0.6434 (B) 0.0738 (C). 25. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(35) The principal vector is basically what is needed. It is noticeable that factor B, factor A, and factor C have respectively 64.34%, 28.28%, and 7.38% influence on decision making. However, one last step is necessary to determine if the consistency level is good: we need to calculate two indexes called Consistency Index (CI) and Consistency Ratio (CR). Before calculating the CI and CR, it is necessary to calculate the lambda max of the matrix. The lambda max is simply the sum products of summation of matrix and eigenvector. Calculate the lambda max as: lambda max = 21/5 * (0.2828) + 31/21 (0.6434) + 13 (0.0738) = 3.0967. With the lambda max, we can obtain the CI by using the formula "CI = (lambda max - n) / (n-1) and obtain CI = (3.0967-3) / 2 = 0.0484.. 政治大 After computing the CI index, compute the CR index. The formula of CR index is: "CR = CI 立. 學. ‧ 國. / RI". The CI value has already been obtained and the Random Consistency Index (RI) value can be obtained by the value that Saaty provided as follows:. ‧. ). Random Consistency Index (. sit. n. a 2l. 0. 0. 3. Ch. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. er. io. RI. 1. y. Nat n. 1. v ni. 9. 0. 0.. e n1.g c1.h i1. U1.. 1.. 1.. 5. 0.. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. 4. 8. 9. 2. 4. 2. 1. 5. 9. Therefore, the CR value is 0.083 (0.0484 / 0.58), which is smaller than 0.01. Thus, the output of this example is consistent.. 26. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(36) 3.4 Process in Excel Most of the time, people use matlab or other statistical softwares for computation; however, during this research we used Excel for the reason of convenience. Using excel, it is possible to obtain the results very quickly with tables and formulas conducted by Thomas Pyzdek (2016). With his help, the process is as simple as filling in the blanks to get the results from the spreadsheet. For this AHP model, the goal is to turn qualitative data into quantitative with the goal to successfully answer the research questions proposed by this study. There are 4 criteria (first. 政治大 calculated the priority matrix and obtained the following results: (Job: 41.9%), (Environment: 立. hierarchy) such as Job, Environment, Future Prospective and Personal Motivation. We then. 22.5%), (Future Prospect: 23.1%), (Personal Motivation: 12.5%).. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 27. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(37) After calculating the criteria of first hierarchy, we then needed to compute the sub-criteria of Job,. Environment,. Future. Prospect. and. Personal. Motivation. as. it. is. shown. below.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 28. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(38) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 29. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(39) 3.4 The research To successfully achieve the goals of this research the AHP method was extremely important. Due to its dynamic (with the information collected being qualitative and the results quantitative), it was possible to measure and furthermore analyze the profile proposed. The questionnaire is attached as Appendix 1 for eventual consultation. This same questionnaire was elaborated based on related literature review using the AHP method instructions. In the initial and final results sections in this study the research questions were answered and the theory proposed proven to be true. Also, the participants involved composing the sampling group had different backgrounds and characteristics forming a diversified result even though. 政治大. it was possible to identify predominant variables giving credibility to the results.. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 30. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(40) CHAPTER FOUR 4.1 Initial Results The aim of this study was to prove that there are relevant variables - other than just salaries which influence workers when making decisions of migrating. The criteria considered were age, years of working experience in the area, educational level, and working area. After the application of questionnaires, the author was able to collect data and draw the results which are presented in this chapter.. 治政 initial results answer our first research question formulated大 as “What’s the profile of workers 立. The results of this research are divided into two major parts: initial and final results. The. who tend to migrate?” These results are presented below in Section 4.1. Figures of graphs. ‧ 國. 學. provide all the necessary information found in this research. On the x-axis of the graphs are. ‧. the variables for the criteria discussed on that figure. The y-axis gives information of the. sit. y. Nat. number (n) of participants.. n. al. er. io. The second part of the results is denominated as final results. The final results answer the questions two, three and four of this research. They are:. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ● What are the most attractive factors when it comes to making the decision of migrating? ● What’s the scale of importance of the given factors? ● How is the “Family” factor ranked compared to others? With regard to the age of the participants, the results have shown that most males and females who migrated for working purposes from Taiwan to Manaus were either under 30 years of age or between 31-35 years old. Graph 1 presents an overview of the age of the volunteers of this study indicating that 70% of male migrants were either under 30 years of age or between 31. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(41) 31-35 years old. And 65% of females were also in the same age range.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 32. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(42) The percentage of years of working experience on the area is considered in the fifth criterion. The results showed that most of the volunteers both males and females have fewer years of experience (between 0-5). It is also seen that the more years of experience the person has, the less likely they were to migrate for work. In Graph 2, 70% of males and 56% of female individuals have between 0-10 years of experience.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. The third criterion provided results on the Educational level of the participants of this research. Most of the males 62% (n=31) and females 39% (n=9) had a bachelor’s degree. A total of 26% of males (n=13) and 30% of females (n=7) had a technical degree. These results are shown in Graph 3.. 33. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(43) 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. The last criterion of the initial results analyzed is about the working area where the immigrants from Taiwan to Manaus were working. A total of 44% of males (n=22) were. y. Nat. er. io. sit. working in the engineering field, which represented the major profession of the male immigrants. There was no significant difference regarding the working area of female. al. n. v i n C working workers. Most of the females were (n=8, 35%) other than engineering, h e n gincareas hi U finance, management, production and sales. “Other” stands for human resources, services department, law and purchase. The results are presented in Graph 4.. 34. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(44) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. er. io. sit. The initial results showed that the profile of the Taiwanese immigrant who goes to work in Manaus is usually between 31 and 35 years old for both males and females. Most of them. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. have between 0 to 5 years of experience working in the field, which is for male Engineering. engchi. and for female RH, services, purchases or law department. Most of the workers who go to Brazil have a bachelor’s degree. These results are displayed in Table 2.. 35. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(45) Table 2: The Profile of Taiwanese Immigrants Workers in Manaus. Gender. Age. Experience. Education. Area. Male. 31-35 years. 0-5 years. Bachelor’s. Engineering. 0-5 years. Bachelor’s. Other. old Female. 31-35 years old. 立. 政治大. Source: Calculated by the author. ‧ 國. 學. 4.2 Final results analysis. ‧. After using the AHP method, it was possible to draw the results which are displayed in Table. y. Nat. sit. 2. The independent variables considered in this study are job, environment, future. n. al. er. io. prospective, and personal motivation. The AHP makes it possible to observe the independent. i n U. v. variables that play a more determinant role in the choice of a Taiwanese who decides to. Ch. engchi. immigrate to Manaus. In Table 2 it is obvious that Job is the most important within the four independent variables. In fact, our findings suggested that 41.92% of the workers considered Job as the most important factor. The finals results have also identified that salary is the most important variable when considering a job in Manaus. Internationalization ranked second, showing that many Taiwanese immigrants in Brazil saw that it is important to have a background which shows they have already lived abroad before for work. This in turn might influence their chance of. 36. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(46) getting future job opportunities. Finally, the third most important variable is the capability to adapt in a new place. The other variables and their importance are described in Table 2. The final consideration here presented is the relevance of the importance of the influence of family when Taiwanese are deciding to immigrate to Brazil for work With the variable ranking of 15 out of 20, our findings suggest that nowadays, Taiwanese workers in Manaus have not been that much influenced in their decision to work abroad. Since family is an important element in Asian societies the following chapter will bring discussion and conclusion for the reason why this variable appeared in this study as not. 政治大. important.. 立. Total. Total. Inconsistenc. Weights. Variables. Weights. Weights. Rank. y. Salary. 30.56%. 12.81%. 1. 0.041. 16.64%. 6.98%. 5. 21.28%. 8.92%. 4. 15.84%. 6.64%. 6. Learning opportunities. 15.67%. 6.57%. 7. Ability to adapt. 39.89%. 8.97%. 3. Local culture. 20.08%. 4.52%. 9. Social environment. 16.40%. 3.69%. 11. Language skills. 13.89%. 3.12%. 13. Broad job offers and. 9.73%. 2.19%. 17. y. Nat. Scope of work. io. al. Job. 41.92%. n. Professional. Ch. competence. Opportunities. engchi U for. sit. ‧ 國. ID. ‧. Variables Independent. 學. Variables. er. Table 3: Final Results. v ni. promotion. Environment. 22.49%. 0.077. 37. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(47) market range. Future prospective. Internationalization. 45.86%. 10.61%. 2. Overseas opportunities. 25.82%. 5.97%. 8. 17.30%. 4.00%. 10. 11.02%. 2.55%. 14. 12.70%. --1.58%. 19. 26.07%. 3.25%. 12. 0.033. for personal investment 23.13%. Opportunities to next generation Getting. western. citizenship Migrate Outside. company. Opportunities. 18.60%. 2.32%. 16. Family Influence. 18.69%. 2.33%. 15. Acquiring. 14.65%. 1.82%. 18. 9.30%. 1.16%. oversea. working experience Personal. challenging. sit. n. er. io. al. 20. y. Nat. experience. Total Inconsistency 0,1. ‧. Motivation. 12.46%. Financial Viability. 學. Personal. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. 0.013. Ch. Source: Calculated by the author. engchi. i n U. v. 38. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(48) CHAPTER FIVE 5. Conclusions 5.1 Discussion of Results and Implications for Future Research This work has performed a rather unique role in drawing a profile of more likely suitable workers to migrate abroad and also helped determine the most attractive variables for immigrants who are already living in Manaus. It is a well-known fact that most job seekers are more likely to put greater emphasis the salary they are going to receive. After all, it is. 治政大 which agree with the findings able to pay for the bills of the worker. The results of this study, 立. really important to ensure that the salary, in recognition of their performance level, will be. of past researchers, showed that the most important factor in the eyes of the immigrants is the. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. variable salary.. The uniqueness of this study resides in the fact that it was carried out with Taiwanese. Nat. sit. y. immigrants at their new location of work (in fact so far away from home that it was. n. al. er. io. considered by many as an exotic place. In terms of difference, the Republic of China (ROC). i n U. v. is a subtropical island while Brazil is a tropical country ranking as the 5th biggest country in. Ch. engchi. the world in territorial size with the Amazon as its biggest state. With the individuals involved in the survey, the results of this study can be generally interpreted from different angles. First, due to the maternity role, and as the one who is responsible for providing for the family and looking after for the elderly, the man leaving home to work abroad is usually more relatable compared to his female counterpart. Not only the financial stability is a priority, but the life quality and possibilities for better learning and working conditions are also important. While some have finished their studies and spent time abroad, others are changing area of interest and taking the opportunity to learn and develop a career faster than would be possible at local companies back home. In some cases, women 39. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(49) could be transferred together with their husbands to work too or most likely the ones who migrate play the role of providers at home. For both men and women, it turned out that the weight of other factors besides money influenced in their decision to migrate; each person was driven by a group of different variables. However, they followed in most of the cases patterns that were classified during this research. The profile was drawn but every case followed its own particularities, as stated (Bates, 1996): “For sure, the situation for women in Taiwan is better than it ever has been and most women are content with the pace pf change. Men trying to cope with the change find that old role models do not work anymore”. Overall, this study proved useful and relatable to those who identified themselves with the same. 政治大. profile as the participants of this study or those considering at some point going abroad for. 立. working purposes.. ‧ 國. 學. Companies use different strategies to attract workers other than just higher salaries. According to internal reports, they also have available facilities such as apartments all. ‧. furnished in private condominiums equipped with gyms, swimming pools, and barbeque. y. Nat. io. sit. areas. Employees may also receive additional support in the form of local meals at the. n. al. er. company, transportation, life, health, dental and working insurances. Besides the regular. Ch. i n U. v. company bonus they have an additional on their salaries to local expenses. The biggest. engchi. incentive is the fact they can travel back to visit their families three times a year with the company fully supporting their travel expenses, as well as choosing to bring their families to live with them without the logistics expenses being covered by the company. It is known that usually the unmarried people do not return often to visit their families and most likely use the time to travel around and spend time bonding with the locals. The package of attractive benefits is offered in order to avoid the turnover of manpower and better adapt them locally. Knowing such kinds of data and having the exchange of information in advance is desirable in order to have a better understanding of local culture and working environment for those. 40. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(50) who are willing to migrate. Realistic expectations within the parameters established are a way to promptly draw the living scenario at the settled location. The lower fertility rate in Taiwan 4 in the past years indicates a social trend that clashes with traditional values from the past when family was regarded as the highest priority. Recent studies have shown that the profile of the young Taiwanese has changed. They are more interested in working abroad, tend to stay single longer, and are fine with having children later or not at all. For future research, this study, which approached Taiwanese workers in Manaus, can be a. 政治大 questionnaire which proved it is relevant and effective when combined with the AHP method. 立 base for broader geographical sampling groups, allied with the use of the current used. This can serve as the basis for future research given that the family variable – as shown by. ‧ 國. 學. our findings – seems to be not that important as it used to be in the past. The results provided. ‧. in chapter 4 of this study proved a solid profile of migrant workers that can be compared to. sit. y. Nat. other immigrants in other areas to further the analysis. The results can also be used to track. io. al. er. the general profile of workers who want to immigrate to different countries. Given the data presented in this research regarding the legislation at the Amazon Free Trade Zone, it is. n. v i n C h for example U possible to provide for those parts interested e n g c h i in private personal or governmental. allies an overview of the process of making investments in the Amazon. There are specific legislations previously discussed and a wide array of incentives offered. On the other hand the interested companies need a certain level of particular knowledge to untangle the complex group of parameters that guide the operations; so this study in a first moment can be a source of this kind of information.. 4. Retrieved on July 2016, from https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21661805-europe-shows-how-asiasdemographic-crisis-might-correct-itself-asias-new-family-values. 41. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(51) In spite of the non-valid samples, the questionnaires combined with the AHP method helped shed light upon the research in the final analysis, thus providing a new source of data for future researches in the area, addressing the target group and developing new strategies and policies aiming at the region or the topic studied.. 5.2 Research Limitations During the research process some limitations were encountered that somehow might have influenced the results. Having a limited sample that did not allow the researcher to have a. 政治大. broader view of individuals’ perspectives, perhaps a more mixed group with women or. 立. elderly participants would have provided different results than the ones obtained. It was. ‧ 國. 學. observed that the format of the questionnaire limited the participants in providing more information which could lead this research to develop new variables which were not taken. ‧. into consideration. This could possibly have affected the final result. Sampling time. Nat. sit. y. constraints as well as limitations in terms of resources available also contributed to restricting. n. al. er. io. the scope of the research by limiting the reach for other participants. The language barrier. i n U. v. sometimes became a limitation due the fact that a term or expression might have been. Ch. engchi. misinterpreted. Also translating the questionnaire might have impacted the meaning of the original ideas or restrained access to the literature.. 42. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.

(52) APPENDIX I Below, follows the questionnaire applied to the research participants in Manaus.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 43. DOI:10.6814/THE.NCCU.IMAS.001.2019.A07.