ᓉەΓЎޗᏢൔ 2010 ԃ 7 Д ಃѤڔಃΒය। 89-126
Providence Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences July 2010, Volume 4, No. 2, pp.89-126
୯λΒԃભБਢ௲Ꮲϐࣴز
ɡаȨฆଯЋȩࣁٯ
Цߎ୯
1ǵଯ⧯
2ǵ݅ᑪ
3ᄔ! ! ा
ءઔߒڱڇ൶ಘԫۯഏ՛Բڣ్ඒஃၞ۩ֱூඒᖂऱൣݮΖઔߒࢬ խؑԫࢬߏم՛ᖂΔᇠீലψֱூඒᖂωΰproject approachα٨إڤᓰ࿓Ζ ءઔߒאᇠீࠡխԫఄԲڣ్ஃسኙွΔ൶ಘᇠఄၞ۩ψྦ堩֫ωֱூ ऱൣݮΖڼֱூ٥ၞ۩ԫᖂڣΰ۞ 2005 ڣ 9 ִ۟ 2006 ڣ 6 ִαΔ٤ఄஃسႉ ထᖂسᘋᔊऱၲ୶Δ࿇୶נԫחஃسᣄݱऱᖂᆖ᧭Δᖞଡඒᖂᖵ࿓ਢԫ ଡଖەऱඒᖂூࠏΰteaching caseαΖʳ ءઔߒආ࠷ඖࠃઔߒऄΔຘመᓫΕᖂေၦ֮֗ٙ፦ႃऄၞ۩ᇷற፦ ႃΔ٦ܓشᔆࢤ։࣫ຌ᧯ΰAtlas.tiα࠰ܗ։࣫Δ່৵༼נઔߒ࣠ڕՀΚʳ ԫΕֱூඒᖂױګഏ՛Բڣ్հإڤᓰ࿓ΰޢၜ 120 ։ᤪαΔຘመඒ ஃڶݾ؏چ֧ᖄΔױא࿇୶נחஃسٱွࠥऱᖂᆖ᧭Ζʳ ԲΕψྦ堩֫ωֱூႉထᖂسऱړ࡛ၲ୶Δᖂس༼ࠎ೯൶Εኔ Ꮎ᧯᧭ऱᖂᖲᄎΖᖞଡᖵ࿓௫֗ऱᖂփ୲ܶ።Ա֮ΕᑇᖂΕ ۞ྥፖسઝݾᖂᏆΔ،༼ࠎᖂسڍցऱᖂᖲᄎΔஃسٵ ्ࡳΖʳ ԿΕඒஃڇֱூඒᖂխފዝထૹऱߡۥΔඒஃႊࠠໂֱூඒᖂऱറᄐ व౨ፖݾ؏Ζʳ ᣂဲΚֱூඒᖂΕ໌ᄅඒᖂΕᓰ࿓࿇୶ʳ 1 ᙩࡵՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ೫ඒΖ 2 ᙩࡵՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ೫ඒΖ 3 խؑߏمშស՛ᖂছඒஃΖ൘ǵࣴزᐒᆶҞޑ
ֱூඒᖂΰproject approachαਢψԫጟאᖂس᧯Δᨃᖂسಾኙ۞ա ტᘋᔊऱᠲၞ۩Եࢤ൶ߒΔאཚኙڼᠲᛧޓޓᐖᛵᇞऱඒᖂ ೯ΖωΰܨፇΔ1993aΔ1993bΙࣥߛ❶Δ1997Δ2005Ιੋ壂ತΔ1997Ι ຫႁભΔ1999ΙKatz, 1998ΙKatz & Chard, 1989,1992αΖຍጟඒᖂ࠷ٻΔᄭ࣍ ޙΰJohn Deweyα֗܌ਹࡹΰWilliam Heard Kilpatrickαऱ്ΰHelm & Katz, 2001ΙKatz, 1992αΔૹီᖂسऱᘋᔊΕւᖂسᘣ۞൶Δፖඒஃխ֨ऱ ඒᖂ࠷ٻৰլԫᑌΖ،ڶࠃ٣ቃૡᓰ࿓փ୲ፖၞ৫ΔՈൄߠ࣍ؔᆇႼऱᓰ ࿓խΖլመΔڇڶऱഏاխ՛ᖂڣԫᓰ࿓ᇙࠀڶૠຍᑌऱإڤᓰ ࿓ΖྥۖΔߏم՛ᖂ༉լߠ࠹ૻ࣍ڼΖءઔߒխऱᖂீΰאՀጠֱூ՛ᖂαΔ ܛڇإڤᓰ।խቤԱψֱூᓰ࿓ωΔઔߒृᎁৰଖԵ൶ಘΖ
Liu & Chienΰ1998αམਐנֱூඒᖂڇֱ۫ഏ୮ࠀլਢᄅऱᄗ࢚Δ܀ኙ ڍऱࠝ࿙ඒߛՠ܂ृࠐᎅΔথਢԫጟᄅऱඒߛֱڤΖHertzogΰ2007α ਐנڇᇷᚌඒߛխΔቔᚐൎᓳᐋڻऱ৸ەݾ؏Εംᠲءۯᖂ֗೯൶ߒ ऱ壄壀Δֱۖூඒᖂฤٽຍጟ壄壀ΔٍᚨڇԫඒኔਜΖᕣጥֱூඒᖂࠠ ڶڍᚌរΰ׆८ഏΔ2007αΔ܀ഏփ՛ᖂൣቼխኔਜֱூඒᖂृࠀլڍΖ ֱூ՛ᖂۯ࣍խؑΔਢԫࢬط۵ඒቸ᧯໌ᙄऱߏم՛ᖂΖڼீૹီ٤ Գ࿇୶ΔֱூඒᖂΕᢌፖԳ֮֗ඒߛਢࠡᖂீۥΖֱூ՛ᖂലψֱ ூඒᖂω٨ᇠீإڤᓰ࿓ΔࠡխΔ܅ڣ్ޢၜڶԿᆏ٥ 120 ։ᤪऱψֱூ ඒᖂωᓰ࿓Ζڼᓰ࿓ࠀڶᓰءΔᓰ࿓ԯࠉᖂسऱᘋᔊ࿇୶ΖڂڼΔޢఄຟ ڶٺࠠۥհֱூᓰ࿓೯Ζ 2007 ڣ 4 ִΔઔߒृᔹᦰࠩԫᒧעሉֱ࣍ூ՛ᖂீעՂΕᣂ࣍ψྦ堩 ֫ωֱூᓰ࿓ऱ֮ີΖઔߒृኙ࣍ഏ՛Բڣ్ऱᖂسࠌشᖂீᐓࢪໂΔྦ 堩٤ீஃسଇشऱֱூ೯ტࠩړ࡛ΔՈऴ൷আ࿇Աၞ۩ءઔߒऱ೯ᖲΖ ઔߒृݦඨ౨៶ءઔߒᛵᇞຍחஃسٱွࠥऱඒᖂᆖ᧭ΔՈݦඨຘመຍ ٝઔߒܫΔᨃޓڍऱඒஃᛵᇞֱூඒᖂऱփොΕۥΔ֗ࠡڇഏ՛Բڣ్ ኔਜऱൣݮΖ
ഗ࣍Ղ૪ઔߒ೯ᖲΔءઔߒհઔߒؾऱڕՀΚ ԫΕᛵᇞഏ՛Բڣ్ኔਜψྦ堩֫ωֱூඒᖂհඒᖂᖵ࿓Ζʳ ԲΕᛵᇞഏ՛ඒஃኔਜֱூඒᖂ৵ऱඒᖂ֨Ζʳ ԿΕᛵᇞஃسኙֱூඒᖂհေᏝΖʳ
ມǵЎ
ΙȃПਰఀᏰޟཎဎᇄ੫ܒֱூΔਐऱਢڶؾऱऱᆖ᧭ࢨ೯ΰpurposeful experience of activityαΔ ൎ ᓳ ፖ ृ ᖄ ऱ ؾ ऱ ΰ dominating purpose αΔ ࠀ ױ ։ ጟ լ ٵ ᣊ ী ΰKilpatrick, 1921αΚ ΰԫαรԫᣊֱூਢፖृຘመយՒΕֵᙰΕ۪ࣚˁˁˁޗறࠐ।ऱ೯ᆖ᧭Δ ڇຍࠄ೯խΔፖृऱუऄփ༊ࠡխΖʳ ΰԲαรԲᣊֱூਢڶؾऱऱࣲᓾࢨ൶ԫႈᆖ᧭ΔࠏڕΚԫۯߊࣲᓾᄿ־ ।ዝࢨᨠ፰ဥጻΖʳ ΰԿαรԿᣊֱூਢፖृᤚኘംᠲࠀᇞެംᠲऱ೯Ζʳ ΰαรᣊֱூਢፖृრቹᛧवᢝΕݾ౨ࢨᆖ᧭ऱ೯Ζʳ ֱூඒᖂΰproject approachαਢԫጟאᖂس᧯Δಾኙଖᖂऱ ᠲၞ۩Եࢤ൶ߒΔאཚኙڼᠲᛧޓޓᐖᛵᇞऱඒᖂ೯ΰ׆८ഏΔ 2007αΖ،ױࠉᖂسऱᘋᔊΕࢤٻ֗౨ԺΔڇඒஃ֗׀ئऱਐᖄՀΔᙇᖗԫଡ ᠲࠐൕࠃԫߓ٨ڶრᆠऱ೯ΰᣝक़Δ2001αΖֱூඒᖂࠀլਢԫႈৰᄅ ऱඒᖂֱऄΔլመΔ࠹ૻ࣍ڶᖂீᓰ࿓ऱڜඈΔڇഏ՛ࠀլൄߠΖ ֱூඒᖂࠠڶઌᅝڍࢤΔઔߒृጵٽڍᖂृΰۂࢣᲂΔ1997Ιᢅႁ ख़Δ2000Ιੋ壂ತΔ1997Ιঀ֚ᣝΔ1995ΙຫႅⶕΔ2000ΙDaniel, 2006Ι Eliza, 2002ΙJudy Harris, 1999ΙKatz, 1998ΙKatz & Chard, 1989,1992ΙMarie, 2004αऄലհូڕՀΚ ΰԫαאࠝ࿙խ֨Δ༇ૹଡܑฆऱᖂ֗ૹီࠝ࿙೯ᖲऱඔ࿇Ζʳ ΰԲαאᠲֱڤၞ۩ΔૹီอᖞࢤΖʳ ΰԿαਢԫጟຘመૠΕಖᙕࡉኙᓫհᖂΔૹီᖂመ࿓Δ൶መ࿓ޓૹ࣍ ࣠Ζʳ ΰαඒᖂழၴ༄ڶᐘࢤΔඒஃױאࠉኔᎾඒᖂᓳᖞழၴΖʳ
ΰնαૹီषᄎࢤΔආٵᕦඒᖂΕٵᕦٽ܂֗ٽ܂ᖂऱඒᖂฃΖʳ ΰքα೯ڜඈࠠسࢤΔ࠷ޗ࣍ᖂسᑵ൜ऱᆖ᧭Ζʳ ΰԮαቔᚐࠝ࿙ࠌشᙟ֫ױऱψ।ሒࢤΕᄮຏࢤΔ֗ᎁवࢤߢωࠐ൶ᛩ ቼ֗।ሒ۞ݺΖʳ ΰԶαאᚾூࠐၞ۩ေၦऱᖂΚ៶طᚾூࠐᛵᇞࠝ࿙ऱ࿇୶ഗᑓΕტᤚΕᘋ ᔊΕᔆፖ౨ԺΔࣲᓾࠝ࿙ڇٚ۶լٵऱषᄎᛩቼՀᗑ۞ݙګࢨਢᆖط הԳ࠰ܗݙګऱࠃΖʳ
Katz & Chardΰ1989αམಾኙߓอࢤඒᖂΰsystematic instructionαֱ֗ூ ՠ܂ΰproject workαၞ۩ֺለΔ࿇ߓอඒᖂൎᓳݾ؏ऱᛧΔᝑޣ؆ڇ೯ ᖲΙֱۖூඒᖂঞਢݾ؏ऱᚨشΔᝑޣփڇ೯ᖲΔԲृհֺለڕ। 1Ζ । 1ʳ ߓอࢤඒᖂֱ֗ூՠ܂ֺለ। ߓอඒᖂʳ ΰݾ؏ᛧΕ؆ڇ೯ᖲαʳ ֱூՠ܂ʳ ΰݾ؏ᚨشΕփڇ೯ᖲαʳ ᖂسऱᖂਢԱ۔ஃ֗؆ڇᑻᚐʳ ᖂسऱᘋᔊ֗ፖআၞ۞ݺܘԺ֗೯ᖲʳ ඒޗ֗೯طඒஃڜඈ֗ᙇᖗʳ ᖂسױൕඒஃ༼ࠎऱ೯խᙇᖗլٵ ऱ೯Δٵழױא༈ބᔞᅝऱਗᖏᐋ్ʳ ඒஃറ୮Δᎁᖂسਢ౨Ժլߩऱ ᖂسਢറ୮Δඒஃشᖂسऱ౨Ժʳ ඒஃຂᖂسऱᖂፖګ༉।ʳ ᖂس٥ٵࢭᖜᖂፖګ༉।ऱຂٚʳ ΠȃПਰఀᏰޟђ
ֱூඒᖂऱפ౨ڍΔKatz & Chardΰ1989αᎁֱூඒᖂ౨࠰ܗᖂس ᏺףवᢝΰknowledgeαΕݾ౨ΰskillsαΕܗ९ߜᔆΰdispositionsα֗ᒔঅ ᖂسൈऱൣტΰfeelingsαΖClarkΰ2000αਐנֱூඒᖂ༼ࠎᖂس࿇୶ړ࡛Ε ໌რ֗ᄮຏऱ౨ԺΖYunΰ2000αᎁֱூඒᖂױא࠰ܗᖂسव౨ᐋ૿֗ष ᄎᐋ૿ऱ࿇୶Ζ
ઔߒृូڍᖂृΰClark, 2000ΙColleen, 2007ΙEliza, 2002ΙHelm & Katz, 2001ΙJacki, 1998ΙKatz, 1998ΙKatz & Chard, 1989ΙYun, 2000αऱ֮ ৵Δലֱூඒᖂऱפ౨ࠉᎁवΕݾ౨Εൣრ֗ࠡהֱ૿ኴ૪ڕՀΚ ΰԫαᎁवֱ૿Κᖂسױᛧፖ൶ߒᠲઌᣂऱवᢝ֗ᇞެംᠲऱฃΖʳ ΰԲαݾ౨ֱ૿Κᖂسױ៶ط൶ߒऱመ࿓ഛ塄൶ߒ壄壀ΔՈױאൕ՛ิյ೯խΔ
࿇୶ፖԳٽ܂֗ᄮຏऱ౨ԺΖ؆ΔᖂسՈױאൕֱூ൶խ࿇୶ڍ ഗءݾ౨Ζʳ
ΰԿαൣრֱ૿Κ൶ߒᖵ࿓ױᖿ࿇ᖂسᖂ೯ᖲΔၞۖფᖂΖʳ
ΰαࠡהֱ૿Κֱூඒᖂױא֧࿇ᖂس୮९ऱፖΔۖၴ൷আၞᖂسऱᖂΖʳ έȃПਰఀᏰޟఀᏰࢺแ
ֱூඒᖂऱඒᖂੌ࿓ױ։ၲࡨΕ࿇୶֗ޔԿଡၸΰڕቹ 1αΔࠡኔ ਜመ࿓ٍଫࠠۼࢤΕԵࢤ֗༛ᛩឩ୶ࢤᔆΔ౿ᎅࣔٺၸऱ೯ ڕՀΰࣥߛ❶Δ1997Ιੋ壂ತΔ1997ΙJacobs, 2000ΙJudy Harris, 1999Ι Katz, 1998ΙKatz & Chard, 1989,1992ΙMarie, 2004αΚ
ΰԫαၲࡨၸΰgetting startedαʳ ၲࡨၸऱؾऱڇ࣍ᙇᖗ֗ࡳᆠࢬᓳऱᠲΔࠡ೯ץܶ ᘋᔊፖᠲ൶ΕެࡳؾऱΕᙇᖗᠲ֗ެࡳᠲઔߒᒤΖଖࣹრऱਢΔ ᠲਢطඒஃࡉᖂسא࠰ऱֱڤ٥ٵެࡳנࠐऱΔۖ،ࠉᖕऱਢᠲኙ ऱᖂᏝଖΕऱᘋᔊΕᓰ࿓ऱޣ֗ᇷᄭऱױᛧࢤΖ ΰԲα࿇୶ၸΰԾጠضມՠ܂Δfield workαʳ ،ਢֱூඒᖂऱு֨ΔڇڼၸΔᖂسױאၞ۩ᠲ೯ऱಘᓵፖቤΕ ኔچΕᓳΕ൶ࢨ፦ႃᇷறΔٵழՈױאᐊՀΕՀࢨ፹܂ᑓীࠐಖ ᙕהࢬᨠኘࠩऱΔࠐᏺףࠡኙᠲऱᛵᇞΖ
ΰԿαޔၸΰculminating and debriefing eventsα
ޔၸऱ೯ץਔᠲ൶ऱګ࣠։ࠆΕಘᓵፖଥإΕᖂ। ऱေᦸΖ Ղ૪ԿଡၸΔࠉᅃ Clarkΰ2000αऱᓵរΔ։ܑז।ထړ࡛ΰcuriosityαΕ ໌რΰcreativityα֗ᄮຏΰcommunicationαԿႈᔆΖڇၲࡨၸΔඒஃ֧ ᖄᖂسኙუ൶ऱᤜᠲ࿇୶ګᠲጻΔຍਢԫጟړ࡛ऱ୶Ιۖڇ࿇୶ၸΔ ᖂسؘႊᇞެംᠲΕ࿇୶ฃΔਢ໌რऱ।ᐛΙڇޔၸΔᖂسႊലࠡګ ࣠։ࠆࠡהԳΔঞਢᄮຏऱܧΖຍԿႈᔆΔኙऱګ९ࠐᎅΔਢઌ ᅝૹऱΖ
รԫၸʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ รԲၸʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ รԿၸ
ʳ
ࢨ ܈ P P P P P P P P ฤᇆז।ऱრᆠ ؔࠝऱ೯ ඒஃऱ೯ ඒஃፖؔࠝ٥ٵऱ೯ P ୮९ፖऱᖲᄎቹ 1 ሎشֱூ࠷ٻ࣍ؔࠝඒߛʳ ΰ֧۞ࣥߛ❶Δ2005Δร 2-5 ΙHelm & Katz, 2001αʳ طඒஃʳ ದࡨʳ طؔࠝᘋ ᔊխ௬ʳ ݙګቃࡳᠲጻሁቹΔ٨נʳ Ёױ౨ऱംᠲʳ Ёڶᖲᄎၞ۩ऱᓰ࿓༈ޣᇷᄭʳ Ёױ౨ऱچរʳ ڇቸ᧯ࢨ՛ิழၴ༼ࠎፋྡྷ ऱ೯ࢨԫࢤऱྒྷ᧭ʳ ৸ەڼᠲਢܡٽᔞ֗ਢܡ ױ۩ʳ լױ۩ʳ ؔ ࠝ ᘋ ી լΔፖؾ ᑑ լ ԫ ીΔլ֊ኔ Ꮎʳ ױ۩ʳ ؔ ࠝ ᘋ ી ࣓Δ֊ٽ ؾᑑΔኔᎾ ױ۩ʳ ٦ ڻ ᛀ ီ ቃ ࡳ ऱ ᠲ ጻ ቹ ፖ ؔ ࠝ ऱ ᠲ ጻቹΔࠌհፖ ݾ ౨ ֗ ᄗ ࢚ ઌ ٽʳ ڃֱூࠀေ ۷ሒګؾᑑʳ ! ݙګᑪࠃ ٙࢨ೯ʳ ඒஃፖؔࠝ ٥ٵᢄנ ᠲጻቹΔ נڶऱᄗ ࢚֗ᇞʳ ૹᄅᛀီᠲ ጻቹࢨૹᄅ ᢄ፹ਐנᖂࠩ ԱչᏖΔᒔᎁ ᄅംᠲΔૹᓤ ऱ൶ߒፖܧ ૹᄅᛀီᠲ ጻቹࢨૹᄅ ല൶ߒऱ ംᠲנࢨ ٨נΔݺଚუ չᏖΕ࿇ չᏖΛʳ *൶ߒ೯Κʳ ਐኔچ֗ፖࠡה റ୮ኙᓫΔᛀီભ໎܂ ֧֗ᖄᆖ᧭ ௬ױ౨ऱᠲʳ ! ᄷໂضມ ֗ംറ୮ऱ ઌᣂՠ܂ʳ ! ൶ߒ೯ʳ ! ຘመॾΕᢄ Ε৬ዌΕፘ ᝢ֗ފዝሏᚭ ।ࢬᖂࠩऱ ԫ֊ʳ ! ܫΕૠ ᑪ೯Δ༴૪ ֱூၞ۩խ ࿇سऱਚࠃʳ
ѲȃПਰఀᏰޟ३ڙ
ᕣጥֱூඒᖂڶছ૪פ౨ΔլመΔ،ٍژڶאՀ༓រૻࠫΚ
ΰԫαઌለ࣍ࠡהႚอᝑ૪ඒᖂΔඒஃڇኔਜֱூඒᖂছႊक़၄ለڍழၴᄷໂ ΰLiu & Chien, 1998ΙYoungquist , Edwards, & Heaton, 2005αΖʳ
ΰԲαֱூᓰ࿓ψᓰ࿓ᒬທ࠷ٻωΔඒᖂᣄ৫ለΖ༉ᓰ࿓࿇୶ऱߡ৫ࠐᎅΔ ֱூᓰ࿓ऱᓰ࿓ࠀॺᓰছطᖂृࢨඒஃެࡳऱΔۖਢᙟထֱூऱၞ୶ດ ዬ࿇୶נऱΖຍጟᓰ࿓ᒬທΰenactmentα࠷ٻऱᓰ࿓Δᓰ࿓ؾᑑΕඒᖂ փ୲֗ၞ৫ຟլਢቃ٣ૠऱΖኙֶඒᖂᆖ᧭ऱ۔ஃࠐᎅΔຍᑌऱඒ ᖂᣄ৫ለΖڂڼΔඒஃೈԱႊᑵ൜ඒᖂֱऄ؆ΔኙֱூՈႊڶለԵ ऱᛵᇞթ౨֧ᖄᖂسԵ൶ಘΖʳ ΰԿαֱூඒᖂழၞ৫լ࣐༳൳Ζֱூඒᖂւᖂسװ൶Εװኔ܂Δࠠ ڶڍᚌរΖ܀ਢΔֱூඒᖂለ၄ழլ࣐༳൳ඒᖂழၴΔຍਢඒஃڇ ඒᖂመ࿓խؘႊఎრऱΰDaniel, 2006αΖʳ ϤȃПਰఀᏰϞࣺᜰᄂंـ ഏփ؆բڶڍઔߒृಾኙֱூඒᖂၞ۩ઔߒΔᖞ᧯ࠐᎅΔ༉ඒߛኙွ ۖߢΔֱூඒᖂᚨش࣍ؔᆇႼၸऱઔߒܫڍ࣍ૠ࣍ഏ՛ၸऱᓰ࿓Ζ ۖڇઔߒֱऄՂΔՕڍઔߒਢආᔆࢤઔߒऄࢨ۩೯ઔߒऄΔ൶ಘඒஃኔਜֱ ூඒᖂऱመ࿓Ζઔߒ࿇ץਔΚ ΰԫαֱூඒᖂਢൎᓳᖂسխ֨ऱᖂΔױᚨشڍጟᖂᏆʳ 1. ֱூਢࠝ࿙ಾኙԫଡᠲΔᆖطषᄎյ೯ΰٵᕦࢨஃسαΔڶᘋᔊΕڶؾ ऱΕڶૠ೯ऱၞ۩ԫຑۭຑᥛۖ೯ኪ൶ऱ೯ΰۂࢣᲂΔ1997αΖ 2. ֱூඒᖂױᚨش࣍ڍጟᖂᏆΖຫسΰ2004αᎁֱூඒᖂਢᢌፖ Գ֮ᓰ࿓อᖞኔਜऱֱڤհԫΔױᚨش࣍ᢌፖԳ֮ᓰ࿓Ζ؆Δإԫ ΰ2006αঞނֱூඒᖂᚨشڇषᄎᖂᏆΙຫႅⶕΰ2000αല،ᚨشڇ ഏխسઝݾᖂᏆΖ࣐ߢհΔ،ױᚨش࣍ڍጟᖂᏆΖ ΰԲαګפऱֱூඒᖂڶᘸඒஃհඒᖂݾ؏ʳ 1. ֱூඒᖂႊᛜທԫଡᄵᤲۖၲ࣋ऱᖂᛩቼΔᨃஃسհၴऱߜࢤյ೯Δ٥ ٵ໌ທנඒፖᖂऱრᆠࡉᑗᔊΰإԫΔ2006αΖ
2. ၞ۩ֱூඒᖂழΔඒஃފዝᣂߡۥ
ΰ1αֱூᠲᙇࡳ৵Δඒஃᚨᛵᇞᖂسኙᠲऱᇞ࿓৫ΖٵழΔඒஃ ᚨႉထᖂسტᘋᔊऱᇩᠲ֧ᖄಘᓵΰܦᣝᛩΔ2006αΖ
ΰ2αඒஃᚨፂඒխٽ܂ऱᖂࣷΕ֧࿇რߠٌੌࠀղךᇛऱ ழၴၞ۩൶ΰۂࢣᲂΔ1997ΙܦᣝᛩΔ2006Ι്फጇΔ2007Ι Liu & Chien, 1998ΙYoungquist, Edwards, & Heaton, 2005αΖ
ΰ3αܓֱூඒᖂၞ۩Δඒஃ֗୮९ᚨ༼ࠎᔞᅝऱᇷᄭΰۂࢣᲂΔ1997αΔ ࠀઌյٽ܂ΰLiu & Chien, 1998ΙYoungquist, Edwards, & Heaton, 2005αΖ
ΰԿαֱூඒᖂࠠڍᚌរʳ
1. ؔࠝፖֱூᖂ৵ΔڇᖂՂ୶ޓڍړ࡛ऱ൶Δᄎሎشޓڍጟֱऄ ࠐᇞެംᠲΔڇ൶ߒխޓ౨೯࿇ઔߒऱᤜᠲΔڇ໌܂խޓ౨ቫᇢૠ Ε৸ەፖิ៣۞աऱᆖ᧭Δޓ౨ᑗ࣍ፖהԳ։ࠆუऄΰKatz & Chard, 1989αΖ
2. ഏ՛܅ڣ్ᖂسፖֱூᓰ࿓ࢬᛧऱݾ౨࠹्ࡳΖSchulerΰ2000αڇઔ ߒભഏْܓᘭΰIllinoisαڠԫࢬԲڣ్ऱֱூᓰ࿓৵Δ࿇Բڣ్ᖂس ፖ ֱ ூ ᓰ ࿓ ৵ Δ ᖂ س ࢬ ୶ נ ऱ ݾ ౨ ױ ሒ ګ ᇠ ڠ ܅ ڣ ్ ऱ ᖂ ᑑ ᄷ ΰIllinois Learning Standards for Early Elementary GradesαΖ
3. ڇքڣ్षᄎᖂᏆխሎشֱூඒᖂΔ౨ജٽषΕᖂீᇷᄭΔࠀፖ ᖂسऱسᆖ᧭ٽΔ౨༼ࣙᖂسऱᖂᘋᔊΔࠀ༼ᖂسऱᖂګய ΰإԫΔ2006αΖ 4. ֱூඒᖂױᨃؔඒஃᇷسᛧԫ֫ऱᖂᆖ᧭ࠀၞۖشࠩآࠐऱඒᖂൣ ቼխΰJacobs, 2000αΖ ጵٽՂ૪֮൶ಘΔױא࿇ֱூඒᖂऄਢԫጟૹီᖂسᘋᔊऱඒᖂ ฃΔ،ࠠڶڍᎁवΕݾ౨Εൣრڍֱ૿ᚌរΔլመΔઌለ࣍ᝑᇞڤඒᖂΔ ،ٍڶڍૻࠫΖ؆Δ༉ؾছഏփഏխ՛ᣂֱ࣍ூඒᖂऱઔߒࠐᎅΔඒᖂ ֱڤຟආψᘜԵਬᖂᏆωऱֱڤၞ۩Δࠀڶᗑمၲψֱூᓰ࿓ωऱ ൣݮΖءઔߒխհֱூ՛ᖂലψֱூඒᖂω٨إڤᓰ࿓Δઌለ࣍ࠡהᖂீ ፖઔߒΔڶࠡࢤΔଖ൶ಘΖ
ୖǵࣴزБݤᆶᡯ
ءઔߒආ࠷ඖࠃ൶ߒऄΔؾऱਢݦඨᛵᇞԫඒᖂᆖ᧭Δᨃඒஃຘ መኙ۞ݺመᆖ᧭ऱᤚኘፖ᠖堚Δ᠏֏آࠐױ౨࿇سऱਚࠃΰૃॾᔃΔ2005Ι ᑰ༇Δ2007αΖ࣐ߢհΔ،౨আࠌઔߒፖृΰඒஃαޏآࠐհኔ೭೯ ΰᑰ༇Δ2007αΖ ഗ࣍ઔߒؾऱΔءઔߒڇᇷற፦ႃՂΔආᓫΕᖂေၦ֮֗ٙ։࣫ ֱऄࠐ፦ႃΔհ৵Δ٦༉ࢬ፦ႃᇷறၞ۩։࣫Δ༼נઔߒᓵΖ Ιȃंـც ֱூ՛ᖂۯ࣍խؑΔ،ਢԫࢬ࣍ 2004 ڣ 8 ִګمऱߏم՛ᖂΖψྦ堩 ֫ωֱூၞ۩߷ᖂڣΔᖂீڶఄΰԫڣ్ࠟఄΙԲڣ్ఄΕԿΕΕ նڣ్ٺԫఄαΖޢఄԳᑇ݁ڇԲԼۯؐ׳ΔਢৰړऱඒᖂᛩቼΖءઔߒ൶ߒ ऱఄ్ԳᑇΰאՀ១ጠڼఄαڶ 18 ۯᖂسΖ ֱூ՛ᖂਢطԫଡ۵ඒቸ᧯ࢬ໌مऱߏم՛ᖂΔլመΔᖂீࠀڶܑ ऱࡲඒ೯ΔᖂீஃسՈլᏁپైΖᖂீᙄᖂ࢚ψ٤Գ࿇୶Εᚌ٣ωΔ ֱூඒᖂΕᢌፖԳ֮֗ඒߛ݁ਢᖂீհۥΖኔਜֱூඒᖂΔڼீ ڶψֱூඒᖂωհإڤᓰ࿓ΖࠡխΔ܅ڣ్ޢၜڶԿᆏᓰ࿓Ιࠡ塒ڣ్ޢ ၜࠟᆏΖ ط࣍ڼீߏمᖂீΔࢬאඒஃڇᆵኔᖂீ࢚ፖਙՂΔለֆمᖂீ ඒஃᗨᄕΖ؆Δط࣍ᖂ၄ለֆمᖂீΔڂڼΔၞࠩڼீ༉ᦰऱᖂس୮९ Օڍਢᎁٵᖂீᙄᖂ࢚ΕٵழᆖᛎՂᖜದᖂ၄ऱԳΔᖂس୮அऱषᆖ چۯጩਢլᙑऱΖڇຍଡ壄ᒯ՛ᖂᇙΔஃسյ೯᙮Δᖂسऱრߠፖუऄ୲ ࣐࠹ࠩ۔ஃऱૹီΖ ءઔߒ൶ߒऱఄ్ഏ՛Բڣ్Ζڼఄ۞ԫڣ్Հᖂཚದၲࡨኔਜֱூ ඒᖂΖ࣐ߢհΔஃسڇၞ۩ψྦ堩֫ωऱֱூඒᖂছΔբڶԫᖂཚፖֱ ூ೯ऱᆖ᧭Δהଚኙֱூඒᖂբլ૽سΖΠȃఀᏰޱधශЅڏᄇПਰఀᏰޟདݲ ψྦ堩֫ωֱூऱඒᖂृΰאՀጠֱ۔ஃΔټαਢԫۯᖑڶॹ֟ڣ ࠝ࿙壂ܓᖂߓጚՓᖂۯٵழଥฅഏا՛ᖂඒߛᖂ࿓Εᖑڶٽഏا՛ᖂඒஃ ᢞऱՖ۔ஃΖֱ۔ஃඒءᓰ࿓ழΔڣ 30 ᄣΔၞࠩءீٚඒছΔམڇֆ مᖂீזᓰ 3 ڣΖ ࡉءீࠡהڍᑇ۔ஃԫᑌΔֱ۔ஃၞࠩءீࣚ೭ছΔൕآ൷࠹ٚ۶ᣂ࣍ ֱூඒᖂऱಝᒭࢨઔΔኙֱூඒᖂऱ࢚֗܂ऄࢬवլڍΖྥۖΔطֱ࣍ ூඒᖂڼீऱۥᓰ࿓ΔᖂீԱᨃ۔ஃଚ౨ኙڼᓰ࿓ڶࢬᛵᇞΔࢬڶඒ ஃ݁ႊףԫۯࠠං೯ֱூඒᖂᆖ᧭᠆༄ऱؔᆇႼ໌ᙄԳ1հઔᓰ࿓ፖਐ ᖄΖڇڍڻףઔ֗ኔᎾඒᖂ৵Δֱ۔ஃൕխ৬ዌԱᣂֱ࣍ூඒᖂऱᄗ࢚Ζ ڔᎁ2Κ ΰԫαֱூඒᖂૹီᖂسൕխᖂΕൎᓳऱ۞࿇ࢤፖ೯ࢤΔመ࿓խΔඒ ஃլࡵऴ൷ܫ္ᖂسூΖʳ ΰԲαֱூඒᖂऱᖂփ୲ᄎ၌መᖂسڶऱᖂઝᖂփ୲Δឩ୶ᖂسଚऱس ᆖ᧭Ζʳ ΰԿαֱூඒᖂऱ壄壀ৰړΔڕ࣠ױאൕ՛ڇຍጟൎᓳ೯൶ऱ৸ፂᑓ ڤՀᖂΔኙ࣍ലࠐऱᖂᄎৰڶᚥܗΖʳ έȃंـޱᇄఀᏰޱޟᜰ߽ ֱூ՛ᖂ໌ீլՆΔઔߒृܛፖֱூ՛ᖂऱ۔ஃԫದٽ܂ၞ۩ඒߛ հ۩೯ઔߒΔࠀᖜٚᖂீඒߛհᓰ࿓ംΖၞ۩ءઔߒΰ2007αழΔઔ ߒृբլࡳழࠩڼீ२ԿڣΔፖֱூ՛ᖂᖑڶߜړऱᣂএΖԫֱ૿Δઔߒ ृءߪࠠڶԼڣഏا՛ᖂඒஃհᆖᖵΔኙഏ՛ඒᖂൣቼઌᅝᑵ൜Ζ ڇၞ۩ءઔߒհছΔઔߒृբፖֱ۔ஃԫದ࠰ٵၞ۩ඒߛऱઔߒࠟ ڣΔݺଚ3ޢၜڜඈࡐࡳழၴԫದಾኙඒߛֱ૿ऱ࢚ࢨኔ೭ၞ۩ಘᓵԫ ଡת՛ழΰೈॺڂਚ࠷αΔ؆ΔݺଚՈᆖൄຘመጻሁ MSN ኙᓫࢨಘᓵΖ ط࣍ڼբᑵᢝΔࢬאݺଚڇಘᓵඒᖂࢨ։ࠆᆖ᧭ழ༉ֺለཊ࿇।ΕཊޅေΕ ཊᝑటᇩΔຍᑌऱᣂএڶܗ࣍ઔߒृᛧޓటኔऱᇷறΖ 1 ຍۯؔᆇႼ໌ᙄԳڼீᇀࠃᄎऱച۩९Ζ 2 ᖞ۞ 2007/05/30 MSN ኙᓫધᙕΖ 3 ݺଚิԱඒߛ۩೯ઔߒቸၷΔ 95 ᖂڣ৫ऱګ٥ڶۯΰץܶீ९αΖ
Ѳȃၥਟᇔ ψྦ堩֫ωֱூ࿇سڇ 2005 ऱ 9 ִ۟ 2006 ڣ 6 ִΔڼඒᖂᖵ࿓Δઔ ߒृࠐլ֗ऴ൷ፖ4θڂඒᖂ೯࿇سڇ٣Δઔߒ൶ߒڇ৵ιΖԱૹᄅ৬ ዌᖞଡඒᖂᖵ࿓Δڇᇷற፦ႃֱ૿ΔઔߒृආشऱֱऄץਔᓫΕᓮᖂسჄ ᖂေၦ࠴֮֗ٙ፦ႃֱऄΖ ΰԫαᓫΚᛵᇞֱ۔ஃං೯ڼֱூऱመ࿓Δઔߒृאᓫֱڤၞ۩൶ߒΖ ᓫֱڤץਔ૿ኙ૿ᓫ֗ຘመ MSN ኙᓫΔಾኙڼᠲऱᓫڻᑇ٥ք ڻΔޢڻપԫଡ۟ԫଡת՛ழؐ׳ΰڕ। 2αΖ؆Δڇ։࣫ᇷற֗ᐷᐊ ઔߒܫመ࿓խΔሖڶጊംΔઔߒृՈᄎؚሽᇩֱ۔ஃΔאᛧޓݙ ᖞऱᇷறΖʳ ΰԲαᖂေၦΚԱᛵᇞᖂঅఎൣݮ֗ᖂسኙֱூඒᖂऱუऄΔઔߒृ ፖֱ۔ஃԫٵૠԫٝᖂေၦΰڕॵᙕԫαΔࠀ࣍ 2007 ڣ 5 ִ 28 ֲ ᨃᖂسჄᐊΔኔਜኙွ٤Կڣ్ᖂس5 Ζᄎᨃ٤Կڣ్ऱᖂس݁܂Δ ࠡطਢუᒔࡳေၦ࣠ਢܡటऱਢছԫڣऱᖂᆖ᧭ࢬທګऱΖഗء ՂΔૉڍᑇԿڣ్ᖂس݁౨ڃڼေၦऱംᠲΔ༉լ࣐ᇞᤩψྦ堩 ֫ωऱඒᖂய࣠Δ֘հΔঞױᇞᤩᖂঅఎွΖʳ ΰԿα֮ٙ፦ႃΚ֮ٙᇷறץਔֱ۔ஃע࿆࣍ீעऱ֮ີΰྦ堩֫α֗ ֱࠡூඒᖂધᙕ6Ζʳ । 2 ᓫழၴԫᥦ। ֲཚʳ ழၴʳ ᓫֱڤʳ ᓫچរʳ ᓫૹរʳ 2007/05/04 14:30-16:00 ૿ኙ૿ʳ ֱ۔ஃऱඒ ྦ堩֫ऱኔਜᖵ࿓ʳ 2007/05/11 14:30-16:00 ૿ኙ૿ʳ ֱ۔ஃऱඒ ྦ堩֫ऱኔਜᖵ࿓ʳ 2007/05/18 14:30-16:00 ૿ኙ૿ʳ ֱ۔ஃऱඒ ྦ堩֫ऱኔਜᖵ࿓ʳ 2007/05/24 19:40-20:50 ሽᇩᓫʳ ٺ۞୮խʳ ᖂေၦ࠴ऱૠʳᇷறᖞመ࿓ጊംᒔᎁʳ 2007/05/30 19:30-21:00 MSN ኙᓫ ٺ۞୮խʳ ֱ۔ஃऱ࢚Εေၦ࣠ಘᓵʳ 2007/06/08 14:30-16:00 ૿ኙ૿ʳ ֱ۔ஃऱඒ ઔߒ࿇ऱಘᓵፖᛀுʳ 4 ༉ઔߒऱߡ৫Δࠃ৵൶ߒྤऄᛧऴ൷Εటኔࢤऱඒᖂᆖ᧭ΔڼԯءઔߒհઔߒૻࠫΖ 5 ၞ۩ψྦ堩֫ωऱᖂسڇჄᐊڼေၦ।ழբ֒ՂԿڣ్ΔլመΔװڣڶፖءᓰ࿓ࡸڇڼ ீ༉ᦰऱᖂس 14 ۯΔ4 ۯբ᠏ᖂΖ 6 ຍٝψྦ堩֫ωඒᖂધᙕא word ᚾ៤ؚΔ٥ڶ 44 ΔॺൄᇡาݙᖞΔ֠ࠡڶᅃׂ۸ᢞΔ౨ 堚ᄑچנᅝழ࿇سऱ೯Ζֱ۔ஃհࢬאڕڼᇡาಖᙕΔਢڂᖂீޣ۔ஃڇኔਜֱ ூඒᖂழᏁધᙕΔࠀլࡳழኙࠡהٵࠃܫΖ
Ϥȃၥਟᐌ౩ᇄϷݙޟПݲ ΰԫαᔆࢤᇷறऱ։࣫Κڇᇷறᖞፖ։࣫ՂΔءઔߒ٣ലᓫփ୲᠏ګ֮ڗ ᚾΔ٦ലءֱூհඒᖂኔᙕ֗ᓫ֮ڗᚾሉԵᔆࢤ։࣫ຌ᧯ΰAtlas.tiα խΔ٦ܓشڼຌ᧯᎖ܗ։࣫Ζʳ 1. ုࣔᇷறࠐᄭࠀղזᒘΚ፦ႃڃࠐऱᇷறΔઔߒृᄎ٣ုࣔࠐᄭࠀղ זᒘΖࠏڕΚֱ۔ஃՂᓰધᙕΕᓫ 20070530ΕMSN20070530Ζזᒘऱ֮ ڗ।قᇷறࠐᄭΔᑇڗ।قֲཚΖ 2. ֘ᔹᦰΚലࡨᇷறሉԵᔆࢤ։࣫ຌ᧯৵Δ٣ॣޡ֘ᔹᦰࢬ፦ႃᇷ றΔאᄗฃ༳༽ᇷறհಛஒΖ 3. ၲ࣋ࢤᒳᒘΰopen codingαΚݙګՂ૪ޡᨏ৵Δܛኙ֮ڗ֗ቹׂᇷறၞ۩ၲ ࣋ࢤᒳᒘΖᒳᒘঞএᖕᇷறऱ౧რᆠެࡳΖ 4. ኙၲ࣋ࢤᒳᒘऱ࣠ၞԫޡᐉီፖඈ٨ΰᒳᒘ࣠ڕ। 3αᇷறᆖᐉီ৵Δ ઔߒृ່৵ެࡳאֱூඒᖂհኔਜᖵ࿓ΰၲࡨၸΕ࿇୶ၸ֗ޔၸα ࠐܧઔߒ࣠Ζ
। 3 ᒳᒘ࣠ ֱூದᄭʳ ֱூऱᒴದፖʳ ݮګʳ ֱூംᠲጻʳ ֪؆ඒᖂᒟۏګ९ʳ ֪؆ඒᖂʳ ֪؆ඒᖂ᧯᧭گ໊ʳ รԫڻྦ堩ʳ รԲڻྦ堩ʳ รԿڻྦ堩ʳ รڻྦ堩ʳ ڕ ۶ ྦ נ ړ پऱ堩ʳ ೯֫ྦ堩ʳ รնڻྦ堩ʳ ᨠᐓࢪΔᛵᇞᐓࢪॳਢ৻Ꮦྦ堩ऱʳ ڕ۶वሐٺఄ堩ၦʳ ૠം࠴ʳ ᓳ٤ீڶڍ֟Գʳ ം࠴ᓳፖอૠ٤ீ堩ၦʳ ೯֫ྦ堩٤ீپʳ ֱூऱၲ୶ʳ ྦ נ ᔞ ၦ ऱ 堩 ٤ ீ ஃ سپʳ ፹܂٤ீ堩ၦ९යቹʳ ᖂسኙֱூᓰ࿓ऱေᏝʳ ᖂسऱေၦ࣠ʳ ྦ堩֫հඒᖂ ᖵ࿓ʳ ஃسኙֱூᓰ࿓ ऱေᏝʳ ඒஃඒᖂ৵հေᏝፖ֨ʳ ඒஃڶኙֱூඒᖂऱუऄʳ ඒஃऱߡۥፖʳ უऄʳ ඒஃߡۥፖ֧ᖄݾ؏ʳ ʳ ΰԲαၦ֏ᇷறΚᣂ࣍ᖂسᖂေၦຝ։Δءઔߒຘመ Excel ຌ᧯Δၞ۩༴ ૪อૠΔૠጩࠡؓ݁ᑇ֗ᑑᄷΖ ϲȃंـџ࡙߬Ϟඪ݇ ءઔߒԫଡூઔߒΔ൶ಘԫఄԲڣ్ஃسၞ۩ֱூඒᖂऱᖵ࿓Ζઔߒ ृೈԱ፦ႃඒᖂृڶᣂհඒᖂધᙕΕኙඒᖂृၞ۩ᓫ؆ΔՈאေၦ࠴ᛵᇞ ᖂسऱუऄΔᇢቹאለڍցऱᇷறࠐᄭࠐܧඒᖂᖵ࿓ΖԱ༼ࣙઔߒᇷற ऱױॾ৫Δઔߒृආ۩ऱ܂ऄڕՀΚ
ΰԫαԿߡீإΚڇᇷற։࣫ழΔઔߒृೈԱ֘ᔹᦰֱ۔ஃऱඒᖂધᙕ؆Δ Ոٵழֺለᅃׂ֗ᓫ֮ڗᒚΔሖڶጊംհΔܛ٦ؚሽᇩֱ۔ஃΔ אᒔঅᇷறհإᒔΖ؆ΔՈಾኙ֮ٙᇷறፖᓫփ୲ֺለΔאޣԫ ીࢤΖʳ ΰԲαٵᕦᛀுΚԱᒔঅءઔߒܫऱటኔࢤΔઔߒृലᐷᐊړऱઔߒܫΔ ٌطֱ۔ஃᛀီΔאᒔঅڶڴᇞֱூඒᖂհᖵ࿓ΔԺޣઔߒܫփ୲ ፖኔᎾඒᖂൣݮઌฤΖʳ
စǵࣴزวᆶፕ
ֱூ՛ᖂਢԫࢬലψֱூඒᖂωإڤᓰ࿓ऱߏم՛ᖂΔڇᖂீᗨᄕ ቤፖං೯ՀΔٺఄ݁ࠉᖂسᘋᔊ࿇୶נլٵऱֱூᠲΖءઔߒ൶ಘऱਢ ԫଡԲڣ్ඒၞ۩ψྦ堩֫ωऱֱூඒᖂΖ ΙȃȶดଽЙȷПਰϞఀᏰᐣแ ΰԫαψྦ堩֫ωֱூᓰ࿓ऱᒴದፖݮګΰၲࡨၸαʳ 1. ൕഏᓰ֮ψટگωऱᓰ֮ߒխΔᖂسᗏದኙᒟۏऱᘋᔊ ຍଡֱூऱದᄭਢྤრऱΔ߷ਢڇၲᖂ৵լՆऱԫڻഏᓰխΔᓰഘփ ऱஃسڇኙรԲᓰᓰ֮ψટگωၞ۩ᓰ֮ಘᓵழΔᖂسኙᒟۏขسړ࡛֨Δ Ոݦඨֱ۔ஃᨃ،᧢ګֱூᓰ࿓ऱᠲΖ ݺଚإڇၞ۩ഏᓰψટگωԫ֮ऱփ୲ߒΔEL7ࠩᓰ֮խᐊሐΚψݺ ߠ堷የऱᒟڇၺ٠Հᙟଅፘ೯Δቝ८႓ۥऱ௧ΔటਢભᣝΖω࣍ਢڔ ړ࡛ऱ༼נΚψչᏖᓰ֮խᎅᒟۏਢ८႓ۥऱΔ܀ਢݺଚپऱۏ堩থਢػۥ ऱΛωSH ԾംΚψ۔ஃΔᒟۏᄎၲक़ႯΛωଚԮᏯԶۡऱಘᓵದהଚტ ࠩጊ༝ऱംᠲΖ ᆖመຍࠟڻऱኙᇩΔBC ᎅΚψ۔ஃΔ߷ݺଚຍᖂཚऱֱூᓰױאࠐઔߒ ᒟۏໝΜωࠡהऱՈॵᚨထΖΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕ, p.1α 7 ء֮խΔطࠟଡ֮ڗิګऱฤᇆΔ݁ਢᖂسټڗΔഗ࣍ઔߒΔᖂسټڗאזᇆז।Ζۏ CTΚ৻ᏖࠐऱΛ MLΚ९৻ᑌΛ CUΚ৻ᏖྦΛ CHΚᄎၲक़ႯΛ ESΚչᏖࡱᆏጟΕگΛ ESΚୌᇙ၇Λ MUΚ৻ᏖঅژΛ EWΚشչᏖጟΛ 2. ൕஃسಘᓵխݮګఄ్ംᠲጻ ႉထኙᒟۏऱಘᓵΔᖂسດዬݮګֱூऱംᠲጻΰڕቹ 2αΖۖൕᖂسऱ ംᠲጻխΔױא࿇ፖࠡسᆖ᧭ڶയ֊ઌᣂΖຍፖ Trepanier-Streetΰ1993α ऱ്ઌٵΔTrepanier-Street ਐנΔֱூऱᠲጻᄭ࣍ፖسᆖ᧭ڶऴ ൷ઌᣂऱటኔംᠲΖ ݺം܃ଚუवሐୌࠄംᠲࡋΛʳ CTΚψݺუवሐۏਢ৻ᏖࠐऱΛωʳ MLΚψݺৰ֟ࠩᒟضΔݺუۏ९৻ᑌΛω USΚψۏਢ৻ᏖጟऱΛቝݺଚጟक़ԫᑌႯΛω BCΚψݺუवሐۏೈԱױאྦ堩؆ΔᝫױאչᏖΛω CUΚψݺუवሐ৻Ꮦྦ堩Λω EWΚψጟۏऱழଢشչᏖጟΛω MUΚψۏ৻Ꮦঅژթլᄎ९ۏΛω ESΚψؓൄݺଚױאװୌࠄچֱ၇ۏΛω ECΚψᒟۏڇટ֚گګႯΛ߷،չᏖࡱᆏጟΛω CGΚψᒟۏᄎլᄎၲक़Λω ࣍ਢΔݺଚఄऱംᠲጻঁݮګԱΖ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕ, p.1α ቹ 2ʳ ψྦ堩֫ωֱூംᠲጻʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.1αʳ
ڇᖂسݮګംᠲጻ৵Δֱ۔ஃݦඨ౨ޓၞԫޡലᠲፋྡྷΔ༉ኙᖂسᎅΚ ψױਢݺଚᙄऄԫڻ൶ಘຍᏖڍംᠲΔ৻ᏖᙄΛωຍழΔMU ڃᎅΚψ߷ ݺଚױא٣װބᇷற٦ެࡳչᏖΛωՕ୮ٵრຍଡრߠΔެࡳ٣։ᙰװ ބᇷறΖ ᅝՕ୮ኙψᒟۏωڶԱᖂ೯ᖲ৵Δᖂسଚၲࡨ։ᙰװބᇷறΖڶԳࠌ شሽᆰՂጻ፦༈ᇷறΔڶԳঞࠩᖂீԿᑔऱቹᔹΔڶऱᖂسڃ୮৵Δ ᝫംԱटटΕააΔ۟ਢᅍᅍΕ؊؊Ζ ሶၜՂᓰΔֱ۔ஃ֧ᖄᖂس։ࠆழΔڶԳ༼֗ᒟۏऱګ९መ࿓ΔՈڶԳ ։ࠆ۞աᓮඒააྦ堩ऱመ࿓ΖડྥၴΔEW ᎅΚψ۔ஃΔݺუྦ堩ળΜڂ ྦړԱݺଚ༉ױא್ՂپΔᝫױאނ堩ஞࠐ≈௸堩ΔԫࡳৰړپΜωუ ࠩ EW ٵᖂຍᏖԫᎅΔఄՂৰڍۯᖂسᇿထࡅᚨΔ।قהଚՈৰუ۞ա ྦ堩ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.3-4αΖຍᑌऱࣷΔՕ୮༉ެࡳ ൶ψڕ۶ྦ堩Λω ʳ ΰԲαψྦ堩֫ωֱூᓰ࿓ऱၲ୶ΰ࿇୶ၸαʳ ψྦ堩֫ωࠉᓰ࿓ऱၲ୶Δױ։ګࠟଡၸΔรԫၸ൶ಘऱਢ ڕ۶ྦנړپऱ堩ΙรԲၸঞਢྦᔞၦऱ堩٤ீऱஃسپΔழၴՂΔ৾ ړ։ܑၞ۩࣍ՂՀᖂཚΖ 1.รԫၸΚڕ۶ྦנړپऱ堩Λ ኙԫଡس९ڇऱഏ՛Բڣ్ࠐᎅΔپ堩༓ਢޢ֚ຟᄎ࿇سऱ ࠃΔ܀ᘣ۞೯֫ྦ堩ΔኙڍזऱࠐᎅΔঞਢᄅऱᆖ᧭Ζطֱ࣍۔ஃ ڇֱூඒᖂመ࿓խΔԫऴࣄထψᕣၦլऴ൷ܫ္ᖂسூωऱუऄΔڂ ڼΔᖞଡඒᖂመ࿓Δڔᕣၦᨃᖂس೯൶ߒΖ ΰ1αᎁᢝᒟۏऱګ९ ԱᨃᖂسኙᒟۏڶԵऱᎁᢝΔֱ۔ஃຘመᘣஃٽ܂ΔᜰᙄԱࠟڻீ ؆᧯᧭հளΖ รԫڻڇ 2005 ڣ 10 ִ 26 ֲΖ߷֚ຘመԫۯᖂس୮९ऱڜඈΔ٤ఄࠩᒟ ضᇙၞ۩ᒟᨠኘΰڕቹ 3αΔᨃᖂسױאᛧటኔऱᆖ᧭Ζ ط࣍߷ழإଖᒟۏګᑵழᆏΔஃسଚࠩԱኔ㗊㗊ऱᒟΔณᅪ݁ հԫॽΖSH ࠩԱᒟၲऱػۥ՛क़ழΔᝫᘋᕿऱՕΚψᒟۏటऱᄎၲػ ۥ՛क़䦪Μω
รԲڻڇ 2005 ڣ 11 ִ 27 ֲΔ߷ழΔᅸ؏ఄՂڶٵᖂऱᅍᅍگ໊ᒟΔ ࣍ਢΔ٤ఄԾᜰ۩Աԫᔉટگ᧯᧭೯հளΖຍ֚Δᖂسଚ᧯᧭ᘣ֫شᥱԸ گ໊ᒟᒜΔൕխ᧯ᄎል֛ऱ߬ેΰڕቹ 4αΖ᧯᧭گ໊৵Δ٤ఄԾছᨠኘ௷ ᒜᖲ௷ᒟᒜऱመ࿓ΔՈᨠԱᒖۏᐗΔᨃᖂسᨠᒟᒜ᧢ګػۏऱመ࿓Ζ ຍࠟᔉீ؆ඒᖂΔᨃᖂسگᡸየየΖ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ቹ 3ʳ ኔچࠩᒟضᨠኘᒟس९ऱൣݮʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.4αʳ ቹ 4 ᖂسشᥱԸ໊ᒟΔ᧯ᄎል֛ऱ߬ેፖტ࠹ʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.4αʳ ΰ2αψྦ堩֫ωऱॣ᧯᧭ ֪؆ඒᖂ৵Δᙟထᓰ࿓ऱ࿇୶Δᖂسଚၲࡨڇඒቫᇢྦנړپऱ堩Ζ ط࣍ᖂسਢรԫڻྦ堩Δٵழֱ۔ஃՈլऴ൷ܫ္ᖂسூΔਢᨃᖂسൕ ጊംፖኔ܂խװ৬ዌवᢝΖڂڼΔܛࠌڍګԳଚۿ១ऱࠃΔኙࠐ ᎅΔথ݁ਢംᠲΖהଚऱംᠲץਔΚੑڍ֟ۏΛ৻ᏖੑۏΛףڍֽ֟Λ ৻ᏖྦΛΞΖ รԫڻྦ堩ழΔط࣍ᖂسଚॾ֨Δࢢྦנࠐऱ堩լړپΔڂڼΔٺิ ຟቫᇢࢤچྦԫࣦۏၦΖֽ۟࣍ၦΔط࣍ᖂسլ֜ڶᄗ࢚Δٺิऱףऱֽ ՈຟլઌٵΔڶԿิףתֽࣦΙԫิף 1/3 ֽࣦΖྥ৵Δᖂسଚܓشሽ ྦપԿԼ։ᤪΖ࣠Δޢԫิྦנࠐऱ堩ຟ֜֜࿏Ζ ೯ޔ৵Δֱ۔ஃᓮٺิᐷᐊྦ堩৵ऱ֨ΰٺิ֨ᖞڕ। 4αΔ ࠀ֧ᖄᖂس৸ەΖڔംΚψ߷Հڻݺଚױא৻ᑌޏၞΛթ౨ྦנړپऱ堩ω EW ᎅΚψױאڍףԫរֽΔᚨᇠ༉ᄎֺለړپΖωBU ᎅΚψݺଚױאڃ୮ ააਢ৻Ꮦྦऱωΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.9αΖ߷֚Δֱ۔ஃᓮ Օ୮ڃ୮ᨠኘააਢ৻Ꮦྦ堩ऱΖ
। 4ʳ ٺิྦ堩ॣ᧯᧭հ֨ ิʳ ܑʳ ֨ʳ รԫิʳ 堩ڶរ࿏ΔॺൄᣄپΔ٦ףईΜʳ รԲิʳ ྦנࠐऱ堩ॺൄ࿏ΔݦඨՀڻ౨ྦৰړپΖʳ รԿิʳ վ֚ݺଚऱլ౨شΔՀڻ٣ᛀΖʳ ริʳ ۏ᧢࿏࿏ऱৰᣄپΔՀڻڍ࣋ԫរֽΖʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.8-9αʳ ΰ3αรԲڻྦ堩Дګפྦנભ࠺ऱػ堩 รԫڻྦ堩؈ඓ৵Δᖂسڃ୮ᓮඒააΔࠀڇรԲڻऱྦ堩೯խΔ ലۏၦፖֽၦऱֺࠏޏ 1Κ1Ζ ط࣍ۏፖֽၦऱֺࠏإᒔΔڂڼΔรԲڻྦړऱ堩ΔֺรԫڻګפΕړ پΖᖂسپࠩ۞աྦऱ堩৵Δլط۞ݺጠᨬದࠐΔֱ۔ஃႉႨ֧ᖄנאՀ ऱಘᓵΖ ஃΚຍڻऱ堩پದࠐڶչᏖլٵΛʳ MUΚຍڻऱ堩ֺՂڻړپໝΜʳ SUΚֺԳၴભ࠺ޓભ࠺Ζʳ EWΚ堩ֺรԫڻऱຌΔֺለړپΖʳ ஃΚݺଚྦԱࠟڻऱ堩ຟਢشԫࣦۏΔ܀ਢپದࠐথլԫᑌΔչᏖᄎຍᑌ ࡋΛʳ USΚڂՂڻֽ֜֟ԱΔࢬאپದࠐৰ࿏Ιվ֚ऱֽଶଶړΔࢬאپದࠐլ ᄎ֜ຌՈլᄎ֜࿏Ζʳ ELΚψڕֽ࣠٦ڍԫࠄᄎ৻ᏖᑌΛωʳ ஃΚ߷ݺଚՀڻ٦ࠐኔ᧭ܣΜʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.11α ΰ4αรԿڻྦ堩Д൶ಘֽၦᏺףᄎኙۏ堩ऱᐙ Ա൶ಘֽၦᏺףᄎኙۏ堩ڶ۶ᐙΔڇรԿڻྦ堩ழΔޢԫิຟޏګ ԫࣦۏףֽࣦࠟΔٵழૹᓤشሽྦ堩ऱޡᨏΚၦۏĺੑۏĺၦֽĺ༺༺ᙰ ĺਊՀሽၲᣂΖ
ࠩ堩ྦړԱΔֱ۔ஃംᖂسΚψվ֚ऱ堩پದࠐ৻ᏖᑌΛωEW ᎅΚψ၌ ຌऱΔֺՂڻޓຌΖωBC ᎅΚψړቝ࿕堩ໝΔڕֽ࣠٦ڍԫរΔ༉ᇿݺაა ྦ࿕堩ԫᑌԱΖωۖ LM ঞᎅΚψৰຌৰړپΔᔞٽ׃ᕡլړऱԳپໝΜω ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.11α ֱ۔ஃ൷ထംΚψᆖመԿڻྦ堩ऱመ࿓ΔݺଚڶୌࠄچֱਢઌٵऱΛωಾ ኙຍଡംᠲΔCT ᎅΚψݺଚشऱᕴޗຟઌٵΖωJL ٵᖂᎅΚψݺଚऱۏຟਢ شԫࣦΖωZU ᇖךᎅΚψݺଚੑۏऱֱڤՈຟԫᑌΖω ֱ۔ஃԾംΚψ߷ڶୌࠄچֱਢլٵऱΛω MU ᎅΚψݺଚޢڻףऱֽլԫᑌΔรԫڻ່֟ΔլࠩԫࣦΔรԲڻਢԫ ࣦΔรԿڻਢԲࣦΔֽףऱყࠐყڍΖω ຍழΔֱ۔ஃ٦ಳംΚψ߷ֽףऱყࠐყڍΔ堩پದࠐڶչᏖլٵΛω EL ڃᎅΚψ堩پದࠐᄎყࠐყຌΖω ֱ۔ஃ່৵ംΚψࢬא堩پದࠐຌࢨپದࠐ࿏ΔࡉչᏖৰڶᣂএΛω EW ڃΚψࡉݺଚ࣋ڍֽ֟ڶᣂএΔֽ࣋ყڍΔ堩پದࠐყຌΔֽ࣋ყ ֟Δ堩پದࠐყ࿏Ζωΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.12-13α ڇຍᑌऱംխΔᖂسኬኬ৬ዌנψֽၦყڍΔ堩ᄎყຌωऱᓵΖ! ΰ5αรڻྦ堩Κᨃᖂسؾᅯψسۏྦګᑵ堩ωऱመ࿓ ط࣍հছྦ堩ຟڶᨠኘࠩψۏ᧢ګ堩ωऱመ࿓Δڇຍڻྦ堩೯խΔ ֱ۔ஃଗࠐԱԫଡຘࣔሽΔೈࠉᅃإᒔऱྦ堩ֱऄྦ堩؆Δᓮٺิᖂسޢ ሶն։ᤪၞ۩ᨠኘࠀಖᙕ۞աऱ࿇Ζ ط࣍ڶԫଡຘࣔΔڂڼΔ٤ఄڇऱ؆ᨠኘΖଶၲࡨऱছն ։ᤪΔشՕ־8 ྦထᇙऱۏΖڼழΔᖂسଚא᧫࡛ऱΔᎅထהଚऱ࿇ Ζ! WC ᘋऱՕΚψ۔ஃΔۏڇᇙሂፘΖωʳ EWΚψڶৰڍֽ፣ၒՂࠐΔࢬא።ᣆᣆऱΖωʳ TUΚψڶړڍऐऐڇᇙΔݶকנࠐԱΖωʳ EWΚψ᎔ݶނ።ؚၲΔլྥऐऐᄎၒנࠐΖωʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.14α! 8 ሽऱՕ־ਐऱਢᄵ৫ᓳ່ࠩΖ
ڇᖞଡྦ堩ऱመ࿓խΔᖂسಖᙕထ۞աऱᨠኘΖ່৵ΔຘመஃسಘᓵΔ ലψسۏྦګᑵ堩ωऱመ࿓ಖᙕڕ। 5Ζ । 5 ψسۏྦګᑵ堩ωऱመ࿓ಖᙕ ݧᇆʳ ᨠኘધᙕʳ 1 ଶၲࡨᄎᣆᣆऱʳ 2 ᇙᄎڶऐऐʳ 3 ۏᄎၲࡨሂፘΰ೯ದࠐαʳ 4 ۏᄎ᧢ՕΰΕᐈΕᘉαʳ 5 ֽ᧢֟ԱΰֽլߠԱαʳ 6 ՂᄎڶֽዠՀࠐΰՂڶֽ፣αʳ 7 ۏ᧢ΰ९αԱʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.14-15αʳ ΰ6αรնڻྦ堩Дۏ᧢ऱྒྷၦ೯Ε൶ಘψԫࣦۏױאྦ༓ᅹ堩Λω ڇছڻྦ堩መ࿓խΔEW ༼֗Κψۏྦګ堩৵ΔړቝֺࠐऱۏڍΔړቝ ९ԫᑌωΖֱ۔ஃႉထהऱጊംΔ֧ᖄᖂسװྒྷၦۏྦګ堩৵৫ऱ᧢֏Ζ ֱ۔ஃംΚψ৻Ꮦवሐۏ९ԱࡋΛω EW ڃΚψױאڇۏੑړऱழଢش֡ၦԫڻ৫Δ堩ྦړऱழଢ٦ၦԫ ڻωΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.15αΔֱ۔ஃ֭ڼუऄΖ լመΔᅝᖂسኔᎾՁၦழΔ࿇ڶऱփᒴ࿑ܧᦛڴΔྤऄࠌشऴ ֡ՁၦΖᇞެڼംᠲΔUC უנԫଡֱऄΖ༉ਢΚ٣شය၀۰ᕻΔ נۏऱ৫৵Δ٦شऴ֡ՁၦܒᦰࠡᑇᖕΖ ຍڻऱᨠኘΔᖂسऱಖᙕڕՀΚނ 3 ࣦۏ࣋Եሽऱ৫ਢ 4 ֆ։Δۏ ףֽ৵ऱ৫ਢ 5 ֆ։Ζ堩ྦړ৵Δࠡ৫ਢ 6 ֆ։Ζຍଡ࣠Δᨃ WC ٵ ᖂᘋᕿऱᎅΚψۏటऱᄎ९ໝΜωᨠኘધᙕڕ। 6Ζ । 6ʳ ۏ᧢ګ堩ऱ৫ધᙕ णኪʳ ৫ʳ 3 ࣦۏੑړழʳ 4 ֆ։ 3 ࣦۏף 3 ֽࣦऱ৫ʳ 5 ֆ։ 3 ࣦۏྦړא৵ऱ৫ʳ 6 ֆ։ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.15αʳ
ڇၞ۩ψۏ᧢ऱྒྷၦ೯ω৵Δᖂسၲࡨཚৱᚓຍڻऱګ࣠ΖຍழΔ ֱ۔ஃംΚψ՛֖ࣛΔ܃ڶڶუመΔݺଚྦנຍᑌऱԫࣦۏΔױאฐ༓ᅹ堩 ࡋΛω ຍଡംᠲΔ֧࿇ᖂسଚԫंಘᓵΖEW ෲψԫᅹωΔWC ٵᖂෲψնᅹωΔ ۖ MU ٵᖂঞෲψࠟᅹωΖ ຍழΔCL ٵᖂকנԫΔᎅΚψᚨᇠᅹऱՕ՛թवሐܣΜωΰֱඒ ஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.16α ࣍ਢΔᖂسൕ塊խஞנ༓ଡઌٵऱᅹၞ۩ኔᎾྒྷၦΔ࿇Կࣦۏᆖ෪ ྦ৵Δױฐքᅹ堩Ζ ൕՂ૪ऱྦ堩መ࿓Δױא࿇ڇඒஃऱ֧ᖄՀΔᖂسޢڻᨠኘԫଡ᧢ ႈΔೈԱ൶ಘֽၦኙ堩ऱᐙ؆ΔՈᨠኘۏ᧢ګ堩ऱ᧢֏Ζᖂسຘመᖙ܂Ε ᨠኘፖಖᙕΔኙྦ堩ऱመ࿓ڶԱࠥऱٱွΖ ڇᖞଡ൶መ࿓խΔܛࠌਢګԳᎁৰ១ऱൄᢝΔֱ۔ஃսਢᨃᖂس ኔᎾװ᧯᧭Ζຍᑌऱᖂֱڤৰฤٽޙࢬ്ऱψխᖂωऱᄗ࢚ΔՈৰ ฤٽֱூඒᖂऱ壄壀Ζ 2. รԲၸΚྦנᔞၦऱ堩٤ீஃسپ ط࣍Ղᖂཚެࡳઔߒຍଡֱூᓰ࿓ழΔEW མᎅΚψݦඨױאྦ堩٤ ீऱ۔ஃࡉ՛֖ࣛپωΔۖᖂسᆖመՂᖂཚኔᎾ൶ಘΕᖂᄎྦנړپऱ堩৵Δ ࠩԱՀᖂཚ༉ݦඨലຍଡᣋඨᐌ۩ΖԱݙګຍႈٚ೭Δהଚၲ୶Աԫं ൶հளΖ ΰ1αᨠᐓࢪΔᛵᇞᐓࢪॳਢ৻Ꮦྦ堩ऱ Աኔᔌྦ堩٤ீஃسپऱუऄΔڇՀᖂཚऱֱூඒᖂᓰխΔֱ۔ஃ ༉ംఄՂᖂسΚψݺଚ٤ீऱ堩ຟਢᓴᚥݺଚྦऱΛω SH ᎅΚψਢᐓࢪॳΖω ֱ۔ஃംΚψ߷ᐓࢪॳྦ堩ழՈਢቝݺଚԫᑌشሽྦ堩ऱႯΛω WC ᎅΚψኙΜω CT ᎅΚψ৻Ꮦױ౨ΔڔଚᚨᇠਢشՕܣΜω EW ᎅΚψڔଚᚨᇠਢش၌ՕሽΔթڶᙄऄԫڻྦຍᏖڍ堩ܣΜω ࣍ਢ՛֖ࣛଚ༉܃ԫߢݺԫΔ္ᎅထᐓࢪॳψᚨᇠωਢ৻Ꮦྦऱΰֱ ඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.16αΖ
Աᛵᇞᐓࢪॳྦ堩ऱֱڤΔᖂسެࡳছਈΖຍழΔֱ۔ஃႉႨ ਐᖄ՛֖ࣛᐊॾऱֱऄΔࠀᓮ՛֖ࣛא՛ิऱֱڤᐊԱԫॾᐓࢪॳא ᐛᇬࠡრߠΔቹ 5 ਢࠡխԫิऱᐛᇬრߠॾΖ ኙᖂீ۔ஃࠐᎅΔࠩᐓࢪਈࢨᨠᚨᇠৰ୲࣐Δ܀ᖂسথშૹࠡࠃ چԱԫ്ᐛᇬ।Δᐓࢪॳਢܡᣋრ൷࠹הଚऱᨠΖຍ്।ނ ొటऱԫ૿।ԱנࠐΖ৵ࠐΔڇᨠᐓࢪழΔᐓࢪॳኔᎾقᒤԱྦ堩ऱ መ࿓ΔՈᑷ֨ᘣ֊چڃԱᖂسऱጊംΖ ቹ 5 ՛֖ࣛ፹܂ᐛᇬ।ʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕʿʳp.17αʳ ΰ2αڕ۶वሐٺఄ堩ၦ ྦ堩٤ீஃسپΔؘႊอૠנٺఄऱ堩ၦΖ࣍ਢΔ٤ఄڇᨠᐓࢪ ৵Δֱ۔ஃംΚψאছݺଚڂࢢྦլړپΔࢬאຟڶྦԫࣦۏΔڕ࣠ݺ ଚྦݺଚ٤ఄپऱ堩Δᚨᇠྦڍ֟ࡋΛԾΔ܃৻ᏖवሐΛω CUΚψݺױאڇپ堩ழᨠኘޢଡԳฐڍ֟堩Δ٦ނ،ಖᙕՀࠐΖω MUΚψݺױאᓮ՛֖ࣛނ۞աپऱ堩ၦᐊՀࠐΔ٦ጩጩྦڍࣦ֟ ۏΖω EWΚψݺଚױאംޢଡ՛֖ࣛΔംംהپڍ֟堩Λ٦ނ،ಖᙕՀ ࠐΖω ֱ۔ஃԾംΚψݺଚլਢवሐఄՂ՛֖ࣛپڍ֟堩ໝΔᝫवሐ٤ீ ޢԫଡԳپڍ֟堩ΔࢬאՕ୮ؘႊუנԫଡᇞެംᠲऱړֱऄΛω ಾኙຍଡംᠲΔMU ٣࿇।რߠΚψᐊڇՂംٵᖂױאپ༓ᅹΛω ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.16-17α
CTΚψጩנԫఄױאپ༓ᅹΛωʳ EWΚψംה୮ऱچܿΔڕ࣠הৰڦΔشᐊॾബࠩה୮Ζω ESΚψം۔ஃΔהԫڻױאپڍ֟堩Ζω ELΚψؚሽᇩהΖω CTΚψشሽᆰബॾΖω MUΚψ٣ംהΔ٦شᙕଃᖲᙕՀהऱூΖω ZUΚψشณᅪ٦ಖᙕՀࠐΖω JLΚψشᑇᖂಖᙕΖω ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.16α ᖂسଚუנࠐऱֱऄৰڍΔՈৰڶᔊΖ܀ԱެࡳֱऄΔֱ۔ஃംΚψᓮ ՛֖ࣛუუΔຍࠄֱऄړشႯΛڶչᏖړࢨਢܺᣄΛω ᖂسଚၲࡨ֘ઊ٣༼נऱრߠΔࠀᎅנױ౨ऱរΖGS ༉ᎅΚψڕ࣠ ݺଚشؚሽᇩऱΔؘႊ٣वሐޢଡԳऱሽᇩթױאωΖEW ᇖךᎅΚψڕ ࣠ԫଡԫଡؚሽᇩᄎৰ၄୮ᇙऱሽᇩᙒΖω ຍழΔMU ᎅΚψڕ࣠ݺଚᓮהଚᐊڇՂΔݺଚױאৰݶ༉वሐޢଡԳ پڍ֟堩ωΖຍଡრߠᛧՕ୮ٵრΔ࣍ਢΔՕ୮ঁၲࡨထ֫ૠം࠴ΰֱ ඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.18αΖ ΰ3αૠം࠴ ം࠴ૠኙԲڣ్ऱᖂسࠐᎅਢԫႈᄅᆖ᧭ΔԫၲࡨΔֱ۔ஃၲ࣋ᨃᖂ سଚ۞۩ૠΔڂڼΔנԱڍψլݙભऱം࠴ωΖࠏڕΚES ऱം࠴խΔ הംܑԳԫ֚پڍ֟堩Εն֚پڍ֟堩Ζ᧩ྥהऱᠲؾຟംࠩૹរД ᓳխ֑پ堩ऱ堩ၦΖ ۖ TU ऱം࠴խΰڕቹ 6αΔঞਢނޢଡ࠹ृऱټڗຟᐊڇം࠴ՂΖຍ ᑌऱം࠴Δޢٝຟ᧢ګଡԳറ᥆ऱΖUS ༉ᎅΚψڇം࠴ᐊՂਐࡳټڗΔ ڶᙄऄޢଡԳشΔࠌشழৰլֱঁΔक़ৰڍழၴᐊՂ٤ீ՛֖ࣛऱټڗΖω
ቹ 6 ʳ ᖂسૠऱം࠴ԫ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.20α ᧩ྥچΔᖂسڇૠം࠴ழΔנڍംᠲΖ༉ڇՕ୮ܘԺૠം࠴հ ᎾΔᖂீଶړ࿇Աψᖂீ塊រየრ৫ᓳ।ω֗ψཾࣺᓰᓳ।ωࠟٝം࠴Ζ ຍழΔᖂسଚஞದᖂீऱം࠴ەΖהଚലࠟٝം࠴࣋ڇԫದֺለΔ࿇ ࠟٝം࠴ڶઌٵऱچֱΖ CTΚψהଚຟڶᐊנᑑᠲΔᨃݺଚवሐຍਢչᏖᓳ।Ζω SHΚψڶᐊఄ్ΕࡩټΔຍᑌթवሐᓴᐊຍٝᓳ।Ζω ELΚψছ૿ຟڶംଢऱᇩΖω MUΚψڶܫ္ݺଚչᏖૠຍ്ᓳ।Ζω SHΚψᐊנംऱംᠲΖω ESΚψڶᐊנֲཚΔᓮݺଚչᏖழଢٌڃΖω CTΚψᐊݙ৵ڶᐊᄃՂΔຍᑌֺለڶ៖ᎎΖω ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕ, p.20α ڶԱەऱࠉᖕ৵Δٺิৰݶ༉ଥإԱ۞աऱം࠴Ζ ૠऱመ࿓խΔWC ംࠩΚψ۔ஃΔ٤ீຍᏖڍ՛֖ࣛΔᇠլᄎݺଚԫ ٝԫٝᐊܣΜຍᑌᄎีڽݺଚળΜω ֱ۔ஃႉထ WC ऱრߠΔڃᎅΚψ߷ڕ࣠܃ଚլუ߷Ꮦ߬ેڶչᏖֱ ऄࡋΛω ຍழΔUS ᎅΚψݺଚױאشᐙٱऱΜຍᑌݺଚ༉ױאԫڻৰڍٝԱΖω MU ൷ထᎅΚψױਢڶࠄԳऱڗլړΔڕ࣠ऴ൷ஞװٱΔܑԳױ౨ᄎ լᚩΖω US ঞڃΚψݺଚױאشሽᆰؚڗݙ৵Δ٦ஞװٱΖω ᇞެՂ૪ംᠲΔᖂس່ึެࡳشሽᆰؚڗ٨ٱ৵Δ٦طᖂீᐙٱᖲᐙ ٱΔהଚՈݙګԱسؓรԫڻऱം࠴ૠΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔ p.21-23αΖ ം࠴ʳ ϤϤԫ塊پڍ֟堩Λʳ ˈ ᅹϭʳ ˇ ᅹϭʳ ˆ ᅹϭʳ ˅ ᅹ ˄ ᅹϭʳ תᅹϭʳ ԫររϭʳ ʳ ്ϤϤԫ塊پڍ֟堩Λʳ ˈ ᅹϭʳ ˇϭʳ ˆ ᅹʳ ϭ˅ ᅹʳ ˄ ᅹϭʳ תᅹϭʳ ԫររϭʳ
ΰ4αᓳ٤ீڶڍ֟ԳΛ ࠃኔՂΔᖂس፹܂ړԱം࠴ΔᝫנԱԫଡᄅംᠲΖEW ംΚψ۔ஃΔݺ ଚം࠴ૠړԱא৵Δࠩࢍٱڍ֟ٝࡋΛωಾኙຍଡംᠲΔUS ᎅΚψݺଚ ᚨᇠवሐ٤ீڶڍ֟Գپ堩Λω ֱ۔ஃᝫਢլऴ൷ܫ္ᖂسூΔ֨ؓࡉچࠨᖿᖂسऱუऄΚψڶչᏖ ֱऄױאवሐࡋΛω EW ᎅΚψױאװംᥨՓॳΔڂݺଚ࠹႞سఐऱழଢຟބڔΔࢬא ڔԫࡳवሐݺଚ٤ீڶڍ֟ԳΖω ZU ᎅΚψݺଚױאװംீ९Μڂீ९ਢݺଚᖂீ່ՕऱԳΔڔԫࡳ वሐݺଚ٤ீڶڍ֟ԳΖωSH ঞᎅΚψݺଚױאംٚΜٚԫࡳवሐݺ ଚ٤ீڶڍ֟ԳΖωΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp. 23α Հᓰ৵Δᖂس։ᙰװᇞެຍଡംᠲΖڶԳၒװംீ९ΔڶԳװംٚΔ ڶԳঞਢװംٺఄ్ٚ۔ஃΖᕣጥֱऄլٵΔ܀່৵הଚอૠנխ֑ڇீپ 堩ऱԳᑇΔࠀຘመᖂீऱᐙٱᖲٱ፹ٺఄࢬᏁऱം࠴ᑇΖ ΰ5αം࠴ᓳፖอૠ٤ீ堩ၦ ം࠴ٱړ৵Δᖂسආ։ิऱֱڤΔٽٺఄऱழၴΔࠩٺఄ࿇ം࠴Ζ࿇ ം࠴ছΔֱ۔ஃᝫ֧ᖄᖂسಘᓵം࠴ᓳऱࣹრࠃႈΖ ֱ۔ஃΚψ߷܃ଚᤚࠩٺఄം࠴ᓳழᚨᇠࣹრչᏖࠃൣΛω EWΚψࣹრ៖ᎎΔ٣ᇿ߷ԫఄऱ՛֖ࣛംړΖωʳ USΚψܫ္ܑԳݺଚਢୌԫఄऱΛվ֚ࠐຍᇙהଚ࠰ܗչᏖΛωʳ CTΚψܫ္הଚչᏖݺଚ࿇ຍٝം࠴Λהଚ৻ᏖჄΛωʳ WCΚψ༼ᙌהଚᐊՂఄ్ΕࡩټΖωʳ MUΚψݙം࠴ᇿהଚᎅΖωʳ MLΚψگം࠴ழהଚऱᇷறڶڶჄᐊݙᖞΔڕ࣠լݙᖞᚨᇠᓮהଚᐊ ړΖωʳ EWΚψᅹװΔຍᑌהଚթवሐݺଚᎅऱԫᅹਢڍ֟Λωʳ SHΚψᎅᇩՕᜢΔຍᑌܑԳթवሐݺଚڇᎅչᏖΖωʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕʿʳ̃ˁ˅ˈαʳ ֱ۔ஃਐᖄ৵Δᖂس༉։ܑࠩٺఄװ࿇ം࠴Ζം࠴ᓳޔΔֱ۔ஃᓮ ᖂسଚ։ࠆ֨ΖUS ᎅΚψݺءࠐৰጹ്Δ܀ਢ৵ࠐ༉լጹ്ԱΖωES ঞᎅΚ ψݺءৰጹ്Δլመݺװݙא৵ΔݺᤚڶৰױࢢΔݺᝫᤚৰړनΜΖω ᕣጥլٵऱԳڶլٵऱ᧯ᄎΔ܀ຟਢৰੴ၆ऱᖂᆖ᧭Ζʳ ݙګᓳ৵Δᖂسܛၲࡨอૠ٤ீऱ᜔堩ၦΰڕቹ 7α֗ྦऱۏၦΔ א܂ྦ堩٤ீپऱࠉᖕΖʳ
ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ቹ 7ʳ ᖂس፹܂ऱอૠ।ʳ ቹ 8ʳ ՛֖ࣛڇᐓࢪੑۏʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.25Δ32αʳ ΰ6α೯֫ྦ堩٤ீپ ᖂسᖂᄎྦ堩ऱֱऄΔٵழՈอૠנ٤ீஃسխ塊ऱ堩ၦ৵ΔܛኔᎾ೯ ֫ྦ堩٤ீஃسپΖԱྦנړپऱ堩ΔڇኔᎾ೯֫ྦ堩ছΔֱ۔ஃ٦ڻ ٻᖂسᓤྦ堩ऱ࿓ݧΖʳ 2006 ڣ 6 ִ 15 ֲΔఄՂᖂسࣄထາᥬऱ֨ൣࠐࠩᐓࢪΔၲࡨຂ۞ա ऱՠ܂ΖڶԳຂၦۏΔڶԳຂੑۏΰڕቹ 8αΖੑړऱۏΔ٣௦ऐԫ՛ ழΔ٦ଙࠩՕሽփྦΖપԫଡ՛ழΔ༉ՕפܫګԱΖ堩ྦړ৵Δᖂسଚᄷ ໂऱᅹΔࠉᖕٺఄऱ堩ၦΔԫᅹԫᅹऱฐࠩٺఄऱփΔ٦࿇࣋ࠩٺఄΖ ߷֚ΔڇᐓࢪॳऱᏆՀΔᖂسଚലٺఄऱ堩လԫԫಬࠩඒΖʳ ۖԱᨃ٤ீஃسຟवሐվ֚ऱ֑塊ਢطڼఄ՛֖ࣛྦऱΔఄՂ՛֖ࣛ ᝫܓشᖂீऱᐖᐾߓอࠐႚΖ՛֖ࣛଚࠃ٣ᚵԱᝑᒚΔڇ֑塊ழࠥΔڇ ڣ్ՕୂୂΕՕࡦࡦऱਐᖄՀΔၞԵᐖᐾΔٻ٤ீႚվ֚ऱ堩ਢطڼఄ ՛֖ࣛྦऱΖʳ ۞աྦऱ堩ՕᄗֺለړپΔఄՂऱپԱรԫᅹΔঁԾ᎔ڦࠐඈၷΖ GS ຑඈၷழຟᝫڇپΖהᎅΚψ۔ஃΔݺଚྦऱ堩టऱਢรԫړپໝΜω ط࣍ࠃছ堩ၦᓳΔףՂᐖᐾ۩ᔭΔٺఄ༓ຟނ堩پ٠٠Ζʳ ط࣍ఄՂᖂسᤚ۞աྦ堩ৰړپΔ܀ਢլवሐܑԳپऱ֘ᚨڕ۶Λ ࣍ਢΔML ༼ᤜ٦ૠԫ്ം࠴ംՕ୮پݙऱტᤚΖ࣠࿇Δீփۖڍᑇ ᖂس݁ղإٻڃ墅ΖԿڣ్ԫۯᖂس༉ᎅΚψ၌ړپऱΔਢٝၦ֜֟ԱΖω ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.31-36α ΰ7α፹܂٤ீ堩ၦ९යቹ ڇᖂسᓳٺఄ堩ၦ৵Δᖂس࿇ޢఄऱ堩ၦլԫΖֱ۔ஃႉႨԾ֧ᖄ ᖂس፹܂٤ீ堩ၦ९යቹΖʳ
USΚݺଚఄپऱ堩ၦਢ٤ீ່֟ऱΖ LMΚݺୂୂהଚఄپऱ堩ၦਢ່ڍऱΖ CTΚԫڣٳఄࡉڣ壄ఄپऱ堩ԫᑌڍΔຟਢ 35 ᅹΖ EWΚԲڣᇨఄࡉԿڣటఄپऱ堩ՈԫᑌڍΔຟਢ 27 ᅹ ஃΚݺଚڇຟਢൕ।խऱψᑇڗωࠐֺለԳᑇڍኒΔۖਢԫଡఄԫଡ ఄΔլवሐ܃ଚڶڶࠡהऱֱऄױאࠐֺለࡋΛ EWΚݺଚױאشቹऱΜ ஃΚ৻ᏖࡋΛ EWΚپ 1 ᅹ堩ݺଚ༉ 1 ଡᅹז।Δ2 ᅹ堩༉ 2 ଡᅹΔ3 ᅹ堩༉ 3 ଡᅹΔ Հ૿٦ቤՂϤΔ।قԳᑇΖ ஃΚ܃ଚᤚຍࠄֱऄړႯΛ EWΚݺᤚৰړΜڂຍᑌݺԫ༉ױאवሐپୌԫጟ堩ၦऱԳֺለڍΖ CTΚױਢݺᤚشຍଡֱऄΔڶױ౨ܑԳᄎլᚩݺଚڇչᏖΛۖױ౨ Ոक़ৰڍழၴΖ ஃΚ܃ଚشຍࠄֱऄຟৰլᙑΔՕ୮ຟڶ۞աऱუऄΔ܀ਢܑԳڶױ౨ᄎ լᚩ܃ऱਢչᏖრ৸ΔუუΔݺଚᝫױאشչᏖֱऄࠐ।قΛ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.36-39α ʳ ຍڻಘᓵխΔֱ۔ஃ٣ᓮᖂسუֱऄֺለٺఄ堩ၦΔၞۖᖄנอૠቹऱ ᄗ࢚Ζྥ৵Δڔ٦ਐᖄᖂس፹܂อૠቹΖڇٵᖂ։ՠٽ܂ՀΔՕ୮ݙګԱԫ ٝ٤ீ堩ၦอૠቹΰڕቹ 9αΖʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ቹ 9 ᖂس፹܂٤ீ堩ၦอૠቹʳ ΰֱඒஃհψྦ堩֫ωՂᓰધᙕΔp.42αʳ ʳ ʳ
ΰԿαஃسኙֱூᓰ࿓ऱڃፖေᏝΰޔၸαʳ ڃຍڻψྦ堩֫ωऱֱூᓰ࿓Δஃسٵ्ࡳΖֱ۔ஃᎁֱூᓰ ࿓ױאᨃᖂسഛ塄ߨऱ౨ԺΔఎՀᣄݱऱᖂᆖ᧭Δਢԫႈৰଖኔਜ ऱඒᖂֱڤΖۖᖂسڇྦ堩٤ீஃسپ৵Δڇᐊڃ墅ழΔՈ।נ ஙፖګ༉ტΖʳ ഗءՂΔֱூ՛ᖂٺఄऱֱூᠲ݁լઌٵΖ܀ᕣጥٺఄၞ۩ऱֱூլ ٵΔ܀ൕԿڣ్ᖂسჄऱڃ墅խΰڕॵᙕԫαױ࿇၌መԶګאՂऱᖂ سψॺൄᦟωֱூᓰ࿓ΰڕ। 7αΖᖂسᦟऱطץਔΚॺൄڶᔊΕױא ኔᎾ᧯᧭Εױא൶ߒ۞աუऱᠲΖڼ࣠ፖ Schulerΰ2000α൷२Ζᇠઔ ߒਐנΔᖂسፖֱூᓰ࿓խࠆ࠹ᖂΔۖඒஃڇֱூᓰ࿓խΔٍࠆ࠹ထᨠ ኘΕႜᦫΕٽ܂Ε࠰ܗΕ֗ፖऱᑗᔊΖʳ । 7 ᖂسኙֱூᓰ࿓ऱေᏝ ʳ Կ Aʳ Կ Bʳ Կ Cʳ ٽૠʳ ۍ։ֺʳ ॺൄᦟʳ 19 19 18 56 83.58% ԫររᦟʳ 3 2 3 8 11.94% ڶܑტᤚʳ 2 1 0 3 4.48% լᦟʳ 0 0 0 0 0.00% ৰլᦟʳ 0 0 0 0 0.00% ΠȃᏰҡӵΙԑࡣᄇ၎Пਰޟ߳ߒ౪ ψྦ堩֫ωຍଡֱூඒᖂਢ 2005 ڣ 9 ִ۟ 2006 ڣ 6 ִ࿇سऱࠃΔང ᇩᎅΔਢڇၞ۩ءઔߒছԫڣؐ׳༉բޔΖᅝઔߒृࡉֱ۔ஃڇၞ۩ء ઔߒழΔݺଚڇუΚᖂسኙ࣍ԫڣছऱ೯Δਢܡᝫ౨অఎΖ࣍ਢΔݺଚԫ ದ፹܂ԱԫٝေၦΰڕॵᙕԫαΔࠀאྤቃᤞऱֱڤၞ۩ေၦΖʳ ԱֺለΔݺଚᨃࢬڶԿڣ్ऱᖂس9 ݁ჄᐊΖ࣠Δڼఄऱؓ݁ᑇ 95 ։Δ࣍Կڣ్ࠡהᖂسऱؓ݁ᑇ 68.87 ։Δۖᑑᄷ 10.92 Ո՛࣍ࠡה ᖂسऱᑑᄷ 18.50ΰᇡڕ। 8αΖ।قڍᑇᖂسኙছԫڣऱֱூᓰ࿓փ୲ս ٱွࠥΖʳ 9 ຍࠄԿڣ్ऱᖂسΔװڣԲڣ్ΔהଚࠀڶՂመψྦ堩֫ωຍଡֱூᓰΖຍٝေၦം࠴ Կڣ్ऱᖂس܂Δؓ݁ 68.87 ։Δ।ق،լਢৰ୲࣐ڃΖ
Elizaΰ2002αΕHelm & Katzΰ2001αհઔߒམਐנֱூඒᖂ౨ജᨃᖂس ।ሒუऄΕಘᓵ֗ଥإΔ،౨ᨃᖂسڶޓᗨᄕچፖΔڂۖআၞᖂृᖂ অఎΖຍڻऱေၦ࣠Δױא࿇ڼఄᖂسኙছԫڣऱֱூᖂփ୲սٱွ ࠥΔፖ ElizaΕHelm & Katz ऱઔߒ࿇ઌٵΖʳ
। 8 ᖂسڇՂݙψྦ堩֫ωԫڣ৵ऱေၦ।ʳ ʳ ڼఄʳ ΰՂመψྦ堩֫ωֱூᓰ࿓α הఄʳ ΰآՂመψྦ堩֫ωֱூᓰ࿓ʳ αʳ ؓ݁ᑇʳ 95 68.87 ᑑᄷʳ 10.92 18.50 ᖂسᑇʳ 14 53 έȃఀৱᄂࢊȶดଽЙȷПਰఀᏰࡣޟఀᏰЖு Ղ૪փ୲ឈྥ༴૪ֱூඒᖂऱขسፖ࿇୶ΔྥۖΔءઔߒऱؾऱࠀॺႛ ַ࣍ᇡาᎅࣔຍଡֱூऱࠐᚊװ౧Ζءઔߒԫଡؾऱਢݦඨ៶طڃڼਚ ࠃऱٵழΔፖֱ۔ஃ٥ٵԵઊ৸ءֱூΔא܂آࠐޏඒᖂऱࠉᖕΖൕ ኙֱ۔ஃऱᓫխΔױאᛵᇞֱࠩ۔ஃኙڼֱூऱ֨Ζʳ ΰԫαֱூᓰ࿓ڶቃࡳऱؾᑑፖփ୲Δԫ֊ႉထᖂسऱ൶ࠐၲ୶Ζʳ ΰԲαψྦ堩֫ωֱூٵழٽԱ֮ΕᑇᖂΕ۞ྥፖسઝݾᖂᏆΔ ༼ࠎᖂسอᖞᖂऱᖲᄎΖʳ ΰԿαψྦ堩֫ωֱூᓰ࿓ৰૹီᖂسխᖂΔ៶طኔ܂ࠐᇞެംᠲΖʳ ΰαψྦ堩֫ωֱூૹီᖂسٽ܂ᖂΔᨃᖂسڇٽ܂խԫٵᇞެംᠲΖʳ ΰնαඒஃኙֱூᠲ່ړࠠໂߩജऱહནवᢝΔթ౨ڶய֧ᖄᖂس൶Ζʳ ΰքαඒஃڇ֧ᖄᖂس൶መ࿓խΔᚨᇠᝩ܍ऴ൷ܫ္ᖂسூΖʳ طֱ۔ஃऱ֨խױवΔඒஃڇֱூඒᖂխފዝထৰᣂऱߡۥΔຍរ ፖ Liu & Chienΰ1998αઔߒܫৰԫીΖඒஃೈԱ່ړڶߩജऱહནवᢝ ؆Δڇ֧ᖄመ࿓խΔᚨᕣၦᝩ܍ऴ൷ܫ္ᖂسூΖʳ Ѳȃᆣӫଆ፣ ءڻ೯ឈחஃسఎՀࠥٱွղإ૿ऱေᏝΔլመΔսڶאՀ༓ រଖၞԫޡಘᓵΖʳ ʳ ʳ
ΰԫαֱூᠲࡵ֗ଡܑᖂسհᘋᔊʳ ֱூᓰ࿓এಾኙᖂسტᘋᔊऱᠲၞ۩Եچ൶Δאཚኙڼԫᠲ౨ ڶለԵچᛵᇞΰ׆८ഏΔ2007αΖྥۖΔ༉ԫଡఄ్ۖߢΔᒟۏਢࢬڶᖂس ຟტᘋᔊऱᠲႯΛڕ࣠լਢΔኙຝ։ٵᖂۖߢΔຍଡֱூ༉լਢ৬مڇה ტᘋᔊऱഗ៕հՂΖ܀ኙԫଡطԼնԳאՂิګऱఄ్ࠐᎅΔຍଡംᠲۿ ྤऄᝩ܍ΖૉޏΔঞඒஃױւٺิၞ۩լٵऱֱூΖ ΰԲαψྦ堩֫ωֱூඒᖂٵழଫଟඒᖂፖေၦפ౨ʳ 1. ፖڤऱᖂᆖ᧭חᖂسٱွࠥ ֱூඒᖂፖႚอऱඒᖂ೯ৰլԫᑌΔڇֱூඒᖂխΔᖂسڶለڍᖲᄎ ፖΕ൶ΰKatz, 1989αΖ༉ڶயඒᖂऱߡ৫ࠐᎅΔ֧࿇ᖂسፖऱඒᖂ ೯Δڶܗ࣍ᖂسऱᖂΖʳ ઌኙ࣍ᝑ૪ऄΔᖂسڇၞ۩ֱூ൶ழΔؘႊ۞աװኔ᧭Εװᖙ܂Ε װᓳΔຍጟኔ܂ڤऱᖂለ୲࣐חᖂسٱွࠥΰཕᘩΕ׆ࢣΔ2003Ι Marie, 2004αΖ ءઔߒխ࿇Δᖂسڇֱூ೯ޔ৵ԫڣ৵Δս౨ኙᅝழऱᖂփ୲ ڶထࠥٱွΖऱڂਢΔڇֱூඒᖂխΔᖂسڶለڍᖲᄎፖΕ൶ ΰKatz & Chard, 1989αΔຍᑌऱᎁवፖലڶܗ࣍ಛஒঅఎΖ
2. ֱூඒᖂױ࠰ܗᖂسڍց౨Ժ
ֱூ༼ࠎࠝ࿙ԫଡױאڶؾऱ୶ࠡړ࡛֨ऱ़ၴΔࠆ࠹ᖂᑗᔊऱൣ ቼΖ࿇୶ৰཧऱֱூΔ౨ࠌࠝ࿙ऱ֨ᨋ֗ൣტ٤֨ދԵΔࡉඒஃԫದ୶ၲ ၞ۩কᙠհளΰࣥߛ❶Δ2005ΙKatz, 1998αΖʳ
ֱூඒᖂ༼ࠎᖂس᠆༄ऱᖂᖲᄎΰKatz, 1998ΙTrepanier-Street, 1993αΔ ᖂسڇ൶ΕፖהԳյ೯խΔ࣐࿇୶ڍցཕ౨ΰKatz & Chard, 1989αΖຍࠄ ཕ౨ץਔ֮व౨Εᑇᖂ᧤ᙀཕ౨ΕԳᎾᄮຏΕ۞ྥᨠኘཕ౨ΞΞΖʳ ڇءڻֱூᓰ࿓խΔױא࿇ᖞଡᖂᠲޗץਔ֮ΕᑇᖂΕ۞ྥፖس ઝݾᖂᏆΔઔߒृᎁڼױ࠰ܗᖂسڍց౨Ժऱၲ୶Ζຍጟඒᖂ࠷ ٻΔڇᅝছൎᓳᓰ࿓อᖞऱഏاխ՛ᖂڣԫᓰ࿓խࠠەᏝଖΖ 3. ֱூ೯༼ࠎటኔࢤေၦ ڇᖞଡඒᖂᖵ࿓խΔေၦ۾ڶૹچۯΖႚอՂΔඒஃڍආྒྷ᧭ࠐ ေၦᖂسऱ।ΖլመΔྒྷ᧭ڶૻࠫࢤΔ،ྤऄေၦנᖂسኔ܂ऱຝ։Ζ ۖ ֱ ூ ೯ ঞ ౨ ᨃ ඒ ஃ ڇ ኔ Ꮎ ऱ ൣ ቼ խ Δ ޓ 壄 ᒔ چ ᛵ ᇞ ᖂ س ऱ ᖂ । ΰMarie, 2004αΖʳ
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ΰԿαګפऱֱூඒᖂᏁඒஃࠠໂֱூඒᖂऱറᄐव౨ፖݾ؏ʳ 1. ᓰ࿓ᒬທ࠷ٻΔඒᖂᣄ৫ለ ༉ᓰ࿓࿇୶ऱߡ৫ࠐᎅΔֱூᓰ࿓ऱᓰ࿓ࠀॺᓰছطᖂृࢨඒஃެࡳ ऱΔۖਢᙟထֱூऱၞ୶ດዬ࿇୶נऱΖຍጟᓰ࿓ᒬທΰenactmentα࠷ٻऱ ᓰ࿓Δᓰ࿓ؾᑑΕඒᖂփ୲֗ၞ৫ຟլਢቃ٣ૠऱΖኙֶඒᖂᆖ᧭ऱ۔ ஃࠐᎅΔຍᑌऱඒᖂᣄ৫ለΖڂڼΔඒஃೈԱႊᑵ൜ඒᖂֱऄ؆Δኙֱூ ՈႊڶለԵऱᛵᇞթ౨֧ᖄᖂسԵ൶ಘΖ 2. ֱூඒᖂழၞ৫լ࣐༳൳ ֱூඒᖂւᖂسװ൶Εװኔ܂ΔࠠڶڍᚌរΖྥۖΔઌለ࣍ࠡה ႚอᝑ૪ඒᖂΔඒஃڇኔਜֱூඒᖂছႊक़၄ለڍழၴᄷໂΰLiu & Chien, 1998ΙYoungquist , Edwards, & Heaton, 2005αΔڼ؆Δֱூඒᖂለ၄ழլ࣐ ༳൳ඒᖂழၴΔຍਢඒஃڇඒᖂመ࿓խؘႊఎრऱΖ؆Δֱூ۶ழޔΔ ࠷ެֱ࣍ூऱၞ৫ΕᖂسऱᘋᔊΕᇷᄭΞڂైΰDaniel, 2006αΖ࣐ߢհΔ ֱூඒᖂڶࠡᚌរΔٍڶࠡૻࠫΖʳ
Ҵǵ่ፕᆶࡌ
Ιȃ๖፣ ءઔߒڱڇ൶ಘֱூඒᖂڇഏ՛Բڣ్ऱኔਜൣݮΔઔߒृຘመᓫΕ ᖂေၦ֮֗ٙ፦ႃऄၞ۩ᇷற፦ႃΔྥ৵Δಾኙࢬ፦ႃऱᇷறၞ۩։࣫Δ ༼נઔߒᓵڕՀΚʳ ΰԫαֱூඒᖂױګഏ՛Բڣ్հإڤᓰ࿓ΰޢၜ 120 ։ᤪαΔຘመඒஃڶݾ ؏چ֧ᖄΔױא࿇୶נחஃسٱွࠥऱᖂᆖ᧭Ζʳ ΰԲαψྦ堩֫ωֱூႉထᖂسऱړ࡛ၲ୶Δᖂس༼ࠎ೯൶ΕኔᎾ᧯᧭ ऱᖂᖲᄎΖᖞଡᖵ࿓௫֗ऱᖂփ୲ܶ።Ա֮ΕᑇᖂΕ۞ྥፖس ઝݾᖂᏆΔ،༼ࠎᖂسڍցऱᖂᖲᄎΔஃسٵ्ࡳΖʳ ΰԿαඒஃڇֱூᓰ࿓ඒᖂխފዝထૹऱߡۥΔඒஃႊࠠໂֱூඒᖂऱറᄐ व౨ፖݾ؏Ζ Πȃ࡚ដ ΰԫαኔਜֱூඒᖂֱ૿հ৬ᤜΚʳ 1. ֱூඒᖂࠠڍᚌរΔഏ՛Բڣ్ඒஃױאီᖂீፖఄ్යٙΔܓشᐘࢤ ழၴΔݔቤࠀኔਜΔאך։࿇ཀֱூඒᖂհᚌរΖ 2. ֱூඒᖂխΔඒஃފዝထᣂհߡۥΖᖂீૉኔਜֱூඒᖂΔඒஃᚨ٣ ךኔֱூඒᖂհറᄐव౨Δא༳༽ࠡ壄壀Δࠌֱூඒᖂհפ౨࿇ཀ່۟ՕΖ ΰԲαآࠐઔߒհ৬ᤜΚʳ 1. ءઔߒאࠃ৵൶ߒऱֱڤၞ۩Δآ౨ऴ൷ᨠኘᖂسՂᓰൣݮΔڼԯءઔߒ հԫՕૻࠫΖ৬ᤜآࠐઔߒڇᇷற፦ႃऱֱऄՂΔࡵऴ൷ၞ۩ፖᨠኘΔ אᛧޓऴ൷ऱᇷறΖۖڇᇷற፦ႃऱኙွՂΔೈඒஃ؆ΔՈᚨ፦ႃᖂسΕ ୮९֗ᖂீ۩ਙԳհᨠរΔאཚޓݙᖞچᛵᇞᖞଡඒᖂ೯Ζ 2. آࠐઔߒױಾኙޓڍऱֱூඒᖂ൶ಘΔีᗨޓڍऱඒᖂூࠏፖᆖ᧭Δא ᠆༄ઔߒګ࣠Δࠀ༼ࠎඒஃەΖЇҔਜҞ
׆८ഏΰ2003αΖഏഏ՛քڣ్ඒஃኔਜഏઝٽ܂ᖂհઔߒΖഏمႂஃᒤՕ ᖂඒߛᖂߓ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΔႂؑΖ ׆८ഏΰ2007αΖ࠰ܗᖂس࿇୶൶ߒ壄壀ऱֱூඒᖂΖΖᙩࡵՕᖂኔ᎖ᖄຏಛΔ 4Ζ ۂࢣᲂΰ1997αΖؔؔᆇႼֱூඒᖂհઔߒΖഏمஃᒤՕᖂ୮ਙඒߛᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮Δ آנठΔፕקؑΖ ܦᣝᛩΰ2006αΖԫԫۯؔඒஃඒᖂ֘ઊհ൶ߒЁאኔਜֱூඒᖂࠏΖഏمৠࣟ ඒߛՕᖂඒߛ۩ਙઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔৠࣟؑΖ ܨፇΰ1993aαΖൕ೯խᖂ—ֱூඒᖂऱኔਜֱऄΖഏഏඒհ֖Δ45ΰ2αΔ 27-32Ζ ܨፇΰ1993bαΖֱூඒᖂԾԫີ—ֱூඒᖂፖႚอඒᖂհֺለΖഏഏඒհ֖Δ 45ΰ3αΔ18-21Ζ ࣥߛ❶Ε׆ࢣճΕᔤمΰ1997αΖၞၞԵֱூඒᖂऱΰҥαΖ٠۹֮֏ࠃ ᄐैٝڶૻֆΖ ࣥߛ❶ΕੋᆢΕຫිୠΕࣲ༙ࢣΕᓐဍဍΰ2005αΖֱֱூඒᖂऱԺ~૿ኙ ᅝזؔࠝඒऱਗᖏΕֱூ೯༼ࠎऱฃፖֱऄΖፕקؑΚဎᤴ֮֏ै ٝڶૻֆΖ ঀ֚ᣝΰ1995αΖԫၲٻؔࠝ֨ᨋऱ࿗ДጥᗭֱூඒᖂΖᄅᄅؔඒΔ28-33Ζ ੋ壂ತΰ1997αΖֱூඒᖂհઔߒΖഏഏاඒߛΔ38ΰ2αΔ68-77Ζ ૃॾᔃΰ2005αΖඖᎅᓰ࿓ኔᔌऱਚࠃ~ԫጟඖࠃࢤᨠඒஃᆖ᧭ऱֱڤΖඒඒߛ ઔߒִעΔ130Δ45-55Ζ ᣝक़ΰ2001αΖൕൕᠲ൶ᝬٻറᠲઔߒЁᓫڕ۶ਐᖄࠝ࿙റᠲઔߒΖႂΚ ႂ༚֮ቹנठषΖ إԫΰ2006αΖഏഏ՛քڣ్षᄎᖂᏆሎشֱூඒᖂհ۩೯ઔߒΖഏمࣟ ՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔࣟؑΖ ്फጇΰ2007αΖؔؔࠝඒஃၞ۩ֱூඒᖂᖵ࿓հઔߒ~~אઝᖂڶᣂֱூᠲ ࠏΖഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂԳᣊ࿇୶ፖ୮அᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקؑΖຫسΰ2004αΖψᨃფႚנװωЁԫଡഏ՛ᢌፖԳ֮ᖂᏆֱூඒᖂऱ۩ ೯ઔߒΖഏمৠࣟஃᒤᖂೃီᤚᢌඒߛᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔৠࣟؑΖ ຫႁભΰ1999αΖؔᆇႼֱூඒᖂቸ᧯ಘᓵհ։࣫ઔߒΖԲଡլٵඒհֺለΖ ഏمקஃᒤᖂೃᖂΔ12Δ535-569Ζ ຫႅⶕΰ2000αΖֱூඒᖂڇխ՛ᖂઝݾඒߛՂऱᚨشΖسسઝݾඒߛΔ33ΰ6αΔ 9-13Ζ ᑰ༇ΰ2007αΖඒඒߛΕᓵፖ۩೯ઔߒΖፕקؑΚဎᤴ֮֏ैٝڶૻֆΖ ཕᘩΔ׆ࢣΰ2003αΖ᧯᧯᧭ඒߛΚᏆփઊਐᖄ֫םΖፕקؑΚؔᅐΖ ᠿٳݛΰ2004αΖֱூඒᖂᑓڤᚨش࣍ഏ՛ᢌፖԳ֮ᏆඒᖂհኔࠏΖഏഏඒ ધΔ211Δ27-38Ζ ᢅႁख़ΕຑڤΕ८ԯྰΰ2000αΖࠝࠝ࿙ऱԫۍጟ֮ΚᅗٳᑛΗۦ፫๙ࠅඒ ߛ࠷ٻၞԫޡऱಱუΖፕקؑΚ֨נठषैٝڶૻֆΖ
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ॵᙕԫʳ ֱூ՛ᖂऱֱூᓰ࿓ᖂေၦ10ʳ ఄܑΚԿڣʳ ʳ ʳ ఄ ʳ ࡩټΚʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ՛֖ࣛΔຍਢᙩࡵՕᖂ׆८ഏ۔ஃૠऱေၦΔהუवሐ՛֖ࣛଚኙψྦ堩ωઌᣂवऱᛵ ᇞൣݮ֗ኙݺଚֱூඒᖂऱუऄΔᓮՕ୮ᎁటᐷᐊΖ ԫΕՀ٨ୌࠄޗறਢྦ堩ழԫࡳشࠩऱΛʳ ᓮڇޗறছֱऱƑؚ֍ Ƒᠪʳ ʳ Ƒᨖʳ ʳ љֽʳ ʳ Ƒᗷʳ ʳ љۏʳ ʳ љሽʳ ʳ Ƒ᠕ईʳ Ƒᇎ፫ʳ ԲΕᓮംՀ٨ୌԫྦנࠐऱ堩່ຌΛ Ƒԫࣦۏףԫֽࣦʳ ʳ Ƒԫࣦۏףתֽࣦʳ ʳ Ƒԫࣦۏຟլףֽʳ ʳ љԫࣦۏףֽࣦࠟ ԿΕྦ堩መ࿓Δሽփᄎऱۏࡉֽᄎขس᧢֏ΖୌԫଡႉݧਢإᒔऱΛ Ƒ1234ʳ ʳ Ƒ4321ʳ ʳ љ3241ʳ ʳ Ƒ3142 1. ֽԱΔ᧢ګ堩Ա 2. փڶದऐऐΕֽ᧢֟Ա 3. ᇙڶᣆΕۏڇሂፘ 4. ֽໍԫររΕۏ᧢Ա Εྦ堩ছᇿྦ堩৵ֺለΔՀ٨ୌࠄூਢኙऱΛ љۏᄎ९Օ Ƒۏᄎ᧢႕ љۏᄎ᧢ຌ љۏᄎڶଉ࠺ Ƒۏլᄎขسٚ۶ޏ᧢ նΕᓮംྦ堩ழΔףᔩऱ܂شਢչᏖΛ Ƒᨃ堩᧢ګᎨ堩ʳ љᨃ堩᧢ຌʳ Ƒᨃ堩᧢ګኂʳ Ƒᨃ堩᧢ػ քΕᓮംشሽྦ堩ፖشሽྦ堩ڶչᏖլٵΛ ƑչᏖլٵʳ љࠌشሽழΔۏࡉሽխၴףֽʳ ƑࠌشሽழΔۏࡉሽխၴ ףֽʳ ԮΕ܃ᎁֱூᓰ࿓ፖࠡהऱઝؾΰቝഏΕᑇᖂαڶչᏖլԫᑌऱچֱΛ ԶΕ܃ᦟՂֱூᓰ࿓ႯΛչᏖΛ Ƒॺൄᦟʳ ʳ Ƒԫររᦟʳ ʳ Ƒڶܑტᤚʳ ʳ Ƒլᦟʳ ʳ Ƒৰլᦟ ڂΚ ʳ ΰΕԼࠟᠲΔᓮԿڣటఄऱٵᖂჄΔ؆ࠟఄऱٵᖂױאլشڃΖαʳ ΕՂݙຍଡψྦ堩ωຍଡֱூ৵Δ܃ڃ୮མኔᎾྦ堩୮ԳپႯΛʳ ϭམʳ ʳ ϭլམʳ ԼΕᣂ࣍ψྦ堩ωऱֱூᓰ࿓Δ܃ٱွ່ࠥऱਢչᏖࠃΛ 10 ૠ։ֱڤΚءေၦ࠴ૠጩรԫ۟รքᠲऱ։ᑇΔԮ۟Լᠲլૠ։ΖٺᠲᙇႈխΔљᇠᠲհ إᒔூΖψ֍ᙇᙑᎄூωࢨψآ֍ᙇإᒔூω݁ီᙑΔޢଡᙇႈڬԼ։Ζء࠴٥ڶ ԼଡљΔ᜔։ 100 ։Ζ
Project Approach in a Second-Grade Class in Taiwan
Private Elementary School
Chin-Kuo Wang
1Ε
Hsiu-Hua Kao
2ΕYu-Chen Lin
3Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the Project Approach in a second-grade class in a private elementary school in Taiwan. The Project Approach was a formal course in this school while most public schools don’t have the course in their timeta-bles in Taiwan. Narrative inquiry was adopted in this study. The methods of data collection included interview, examination of relevant documents and questionnaire. Data was analyzed inductively. The mind findings were followings:
1. The Project Approach can be a formal course in second-grade class. It pro-vided nice learning experience to students due to their teacher guide the project skillfully.
2. “Cook Master Project” was developed depended on students’ curiosities. It created opportunities of active exploring and experiential learning to stu-dents, integrated different learning domains and provided multiple learning opportunities. Both teacher and students evaluated it positively.
3. The teacher needed sufficient professional knowledge about Project Ap-proach because she played a key role during the project work.
KeyWords: Project Approach, Innovative Teaching, Curriculum Development
1
Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Education, Providence University. 2
CEO, Shen Chai Elementary School. 3
