律師保密義務與真實義務之衝突

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(1)୯ҥҬ೯εᏢ ࣽ‫܌زࣴࡓݤמ‬ ᅺγፕЎ. ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐፂँ က୍ᆶ੿ჴ ୍ᆶ੿. Confidentiality ntiality ttiality lity li ity ty vs. s Duty D Dut of Candor: The Ethicall Dil Dilemma in Lawyering. ࣴ ‫ ز‬ғǺᗛऩฐ ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋ⯟໢ റγ ݅‫ד‬ዅ റγ ύ๮҇୯ ΐΜΐ ԃ Ύ Д.

(2) ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐፂँ Confidentiality vs. Duty of Candor: An Ethical Dilemma in Lawyering. ࣴ ‫ ز‬ғǺᗛऩฐ. Student: Jo-Chi Chung. ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋ⯟໢റγ. Advisor: Dr. Chih-Hsiung Chen. ݅‫ד‬ዅറγ. Dr. Chih-Chieh Lin. ୯ ҥ Ҭ ೯ ε Ꮲ ‫ࡓݤמ‬ ࣽ‫܌زࣴࡓݤמ‬ ᅺ γ ፕ Ў A Th Thesis esi sis Submitted Law bm mit too Institute Instit Ins stitute of Technology echn nol Cooll lleege of Mana Managem emen College Management onal Chiao hi Tung University National in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Technology Law July 2010 Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China. ύ๮҇୯ΐΜΐԃΎД.

(3) ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐፂँ ᏢғǺᗛऩฐ. ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋ⯟໢റγǵ݅‫ד‬ዅറγ ୯ҥҬ೯εᏢࣽ‫܌زࣴࡓݤמ‬ᅺγ੤. ᄔा ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐፂँ߯ྍԾ‫ৣࡓܭ‬ӧӉ٣ਢҹύ‫ת܌‬ᄽ‫ޑ‬όӕ‫ف‬ՅǶࡓ ৣ‫ૼہࣁي‬Γϐ៏ៈΓǴᔈӄΚࣁ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬നεճ੻៏ៈǴࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬ΓॄԖ۸ჴက ୍ǵ‫ૼہڙ‬ΓࡰҢ‫״ܥ‬ϐက୍Ϸߥஏက୍฻ࠨऊက୍Ƕ‫ځ‬ύࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ૈ ୼மϯ‫ޣٿ‬ϐ໔‫ߞޑ‬ᒘ୷ᘵǴᡣ‫ૼہ‬Γૈ୼‫ڶ‬ฅคឨӦஒਢ௃ಒ࿯ᆶࡓৣྎ೯Ǵ٬ࡓৣ ៈǶฅԶǴࡓৣӕ ฅԶ ࡓ Ԗਏඓඝਢҹ຾Զග‫ٮ‬ന٫‫៏ޑ‬ៈǶฅԶǴࡓৣӕਔ‫ڀ‬ԖȨԾЬ‫܄‬љ‫ൂݤ‬ϡȩ‫يޑ‬ҽǴ ࠼Њ‫ޑ‬ճ੻ǴҺཀӦཞ্Ϧ Њ‫ޑ‬ճ੻ǴҺཀӦཞ ‫ޑ‬ճ੻ ੻ǴҺ Һཀ ཀӦ ཀ ٬ளࡓৣόளคज़‫ڋ‬Ӧᆢៈ࠼Њ‫ޑ‬ճ੻ǴҺཀӦཞ্ϦӅճ੻Ƕࡓৣ ȨԾЬ‫܄‬љ‫ൂݤ‬ϡȩ ଆϦӅೢҺǴջჹ‫ݤ‬৥ॄԖ੿ ϦӅೢҺǴջჹ‫ݤ‬৥ॄԖ ӅೢҺ ೢҺǴջ ೢ ջჹ‫ݤ‬ ჹ‫ݤ‬৥ ‫ݤ‬৥ॄ ৥ॄԖ ৥ ‫فޑ‬Յा‫៏؃‬ៈࡓৣ‫܍‬ᏼଆϦӅೢҺǴջჹ‫ݤ‬৥ॄԖ੿ჴက୍Ƕ ୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍࣬ϕፂና‫܌‬Ї ᆶ੿ჴက୍࣬ϕፂና‫܌‬ ੿ჴ ੿ ჴက୍࣬ϕፂ ࣬ϕፂ ࡓৣউ౛፟ϒ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍࣬ϕፂና‫܌‬Ї՜р‫ޑ‬ҟ࣯Ǵനத߄౜ӧ‫ૼہ‬Γ Ҭόჴ᛾ᏵǴ‫܈‬ा‫ࡓ؃‬ όჴ᛾ᏵǴ‫܈‬ा‫؃‬ ཀკӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁόჴഋॊǵගҬόჴ᛾ᏵǴ‫܈‬ा‫ৣࡓ؃‬а‫ځ‬όჴഋॊࣁЬ஭‫ޑ៏ל܈‬௃ က୍ϐ‫״ܥ‬ ‫ݩ‬ǴԜਔࡓৣ൩य़ᖏ‫ز‬ഖा‫ߥڙ‬ஏက୍ϐ‫״ܥ‬Ǵ‫࡭ޚ܈׭‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍Զ‫๊ܔ‬๏ϒ ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ڐ‬շǴࣗԿӛ‫ݤ‬ଣᖐวό‫ݤ‬Չࣁ‫ٿޑ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕऍ୯ჹԜȨ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ȩ᝼ᚒԖు Ε‫૸ޑ‬ፕǺ΋ࢴᏢ‫ޣ‬Ь஭όᔈፐϒࡓৣඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ޑ‬က୍Ǵց߾ջߟ্ΑᏦ‫ݤ‬፟ϒ ೏֋ȨόԾ᛾ρ࿾ȩϷȨ‫ڐৣࡓڙ‬շ៏ៈȩ‫៾ޑ‬ճǹќ΋ࢴᏢ‫ޣ‬Ь஭೏֋‫ڐৣࡓڙ‬շ៏ ៈ‫៾ޑ‬ճ໻З‫ܭ‬ၲ‫҅ډ‬྽ǵӝ‫ޑݤ‬Ҟ኱Ǵࡓৣόள‫ڐ‬շ೏֋ගрόჴ᛾Ᏽ‫܈‬ၴङ‫ݤ‬зǶ ᏵԜǴऍ୯ჴ୍΢ว৖рٰӭᅿೀ౛‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ЋࢤǴаዴߥഉቩიό཮೏ࡓৣܴ‫ޕ‬ ຀ଵ‫ޑ‬᛾Ᏽ‫܌‬ᛕጨǴӕਔᅰёૈᗉխഉቩიϷ‫۔ݤ‬ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γౢғୃ‫ـ‬Ƕ ҁЎᙖҗჴ᛾ࣴ‫ز‬Ǵుࡋೖፋ‫ך‬୯‫۔ݤ‬ǵᔠჸ‫۔‬ǵࡓৣǴ၂კΑှ‫ך‬୯Ҟ߻ჴ୍΢ ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬Ǵ٠аऍ୯य़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬բ‫ࣁݤ‬ኳࠠ၌ୢ‫ڙ‬ೖ ‫ޣ‬Ǵа൨‫פ‬а፾ӝ‫ך‬୯୯௃‫ޑ‬ᔈჹ௛ࡼǶჴ᛾ࣴ‫่݀ޑز‬ᡉҢǴ‫ך‬୯‫ৣࡓޑ‬໻ॄԖߚத եࡋ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍Ǵ୷ҁ΢ѝाࡓৣؒԖᑈཱུࣁଵ೷ǵᡂ೷ǵ෬ྐ᛾Ᏽ‫܈‬௲তଵ᛾฻ᄬԋ i.

(4) Ӊ٣ҍ࿾‫ޑ‬ՉࣁǴ൩‫ى‬а಄ӝࡓৣউ౛ჹ‫੿ৣࡓܭ‬ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ा‫؃‬ǶฅԶ‫ך‬୯߈ය΋ೱՍ ‫ޑ‬љ‫ݤ‬॥इୢᚒǴᝄख़୏འ҇౲ჹљ‫ߞޑݤ‬ᒘǴӵԜեࡋ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍Ǵჴӧค‫ݤ‬ӢᔈҞ ߻Вᖿፄᚇ‫ޑ‬љ‫ݤ‬ᕉნаϷ҇౲ჹљ‫ݤ‬Ϧ҅‫ޑ܄‬යࡑǶࡺҁЎаऍ୯Ꮲᇥᆶჴ୍ࣁ୷ ᘵǴ௖‫ךز‬୯ࡓৣ੿ჴက୍ӧჴ୍ၮբ΢‫ޑ‬લᅅǴЬ஭‫ך‬୯ࡓৣউ౛ᔈቚ‫ۓ‬చЎǴፐϒ ࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛όჴ᛾Ᏽ‫܈‬ჹቩղ৥வ٣ϐӉ٣‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ‫ޑ‬က୍Ǵаߦ຾୯ৎӉ٣љ‫ݤ‬ ៾ϐ҅ዴՉ٬Ƕ. ᜢᗖӷǺߥஏက୍ǵ੿ჴက୍ǵ྽٣Γ຀ଵഋॊǵගҬ຀ଷ᛾Ᏽǵນ೜ທු. ii.

(5) Confidentiality vs. Duty of Candor: An Ethical Dilemma in Lawyering Student: Jo-Chi Chung. Advisor: Dr. Chih-Hsiung Chen, Dr. Chih-Chieh Lin Institute of Technology Law National Chiao Tung University. ABSTRACT The conflicting obligations of client confidentiality and candor to the court stems from the two distinct roles lawyers play during representation of a defendant. A lawyers as an advocate to his client, has to act in the sole interest of his client and provide him with zealous and loyal advocacy. An attorney can best serve his client and represents client interests only n client and attorney; att with full and frank disclosure between and freedom from fear of ll disclosure oof the th client. c disclosure by the attorney fosters full Thus, the ethical rules forbid on relating ting the th he rrepresentation representatio epresenta en lawyers to disclose information of a client unless the client gives situatio ations ons. However, How How weeve lawyers as officer of the court, informed consent or required byy certain situations. onduct ctt that that undermines underm th integrity of the adjudication have specially duties to avoid conduct the eqqui quires lawyers to take tak reasonable remedial measures if process, thus, the ethical rules alsoo requires lient nt who is testify test iin trial or in a deposition has offered the lawyers comes to know that a client evidence that is false. The conflicting obligations of client confidentiality and duty of candor to the court creates an ethical dilemma for lawyers in situations like client perjury. When a lawyer comes to know his client intends to perjure himself, he has to choose from keeping the secret for his client and present his client’s testimony at trial in the ordinary way or reveal the incriminating information to the court. The client perjury controversy has been widely disputed in the U.S. Some suggested that client perjury rules, which requires lawyer to deliberately elicit incriminating information from the client without warning the client of the consequences in advance, violates the client's Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights, while others believed that only good faith communications can be protected, and the counsel's duty of loyalty to, and advocacy of, the defendant's cause is limited to legitimate, lawful conduct compatible with the very nature of a trial as a search for truth. In order to cope with the distressing ethical dilemma in client perjury, many iii.

(6) remedial measures have been developed in the U.S. These measures are taken by lawyers to ensure the jury will not be misled by false evidence, and at the same time, protect the client from presumption of prejudice. Through empirical studies, judges, prosecutors and lawyers in Taiwan are interviewed in order to find out how practitioners carry out their obligations of client confidentiality and duty of candor and to further develop remedial measures compatible to the legal system of Taiwan. The results of empirical study demonstrate that the lawyers’ duty of candor in Taiwan is very low. Technically speaking, as long as the lawyer does not commit subornation of perjury or unlawfully destroying or concealing documents which constitute criminal offence, the lawyer would be deemed to have fulfilled his duty of candor to the court. The lawyer has no obligation to report criminal or fraudulent conduct related to the proceeding. Yet, this ot enough nough to rect rectify tthe proceeding undermining-behaviors, extremely low duty of candor is not dall of of judge es ttaki kiing brib bbribes ibes from criminal defendants. Finally, such as the recent judicial scandal judges taking es and nd empirical eempir irical research reesea eaa c resu earch re through combining the theories results, this thesis proposes that the o be revised visedd too establish es establ highe hig h ethical rules in Taiwan need to higher duty of candor on lawyers, ablee remedial med m dial measures, measures easure including in inclu requiring them to take reasonable disclosure if necessary, t lawyer’s client, intends to engage, is whenever the lawyer knows thatt a person, including the c engaging or has engaged in criminal or fraudulent conduct related to the proceeding, as a way to secure the legitimacy and integrity of the adjudicative process.. Keywords: confidentiality, duty of candor, client perjury, client fraud. iv.

(7) ᇞᖴ ӣགྷΟԃ߻‫ך‬΋ᓐਭ຾‫ࡓݤ‬೭ঁ҂‫ޑޕ‬ሦୱǴ‫ډޔ‬ϞВ໩ճֹԋᅺγፕЎǴӧ೭ঁ ᄌᄌိᡂԋࣁ‫ࡓݤ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ၸำύǴाགᖴ‫ޑ‬Γ೚೚ӭӭΓ๏‫ࡰޑך‬ᏤᆶᜢངǶӧԜǴᙣஒ ԜЎ᝘๏գॺǴ߄ၲ‫ך‬ჹգॺคज़‫ޑ‬གᐟϐཀǶ ๏ལང‫ߏৣޑ‬ २Ӄाགᖴ‫ࡰޑך‬Ꮴ௲௤—ഋ⯟໢Դৣǵ݅‫ד‬ዅԴৣǶགᖴ⯟໢Դৣᕴࢂӧ‫ך‬ჹፕ ЎБӛ༽ർคշਔǴ࡭ុӦ๏‫ך‬ႴᓰᆶࡰЇǴᡣ‫ך‬ख़ཥԖ୏Κ୲࡭ΠѐǶགᖴ‫ד‬ዅԴৣ ᕴࢂջਔǵِೲ‫ޑ‬๏‫ך‬ፕЎ΢‫ࡌޑ‬᝼Ǵᡣ‫ૈך‬ၢಥፕॊ΢‫ޓޑ‬ᗺǴ߿‫ܭ‬໒ബཥ‫ࡘޑ‬ᆢǶ གᖴԴৣॺό໻ӧᏢೌ‫ޕ‬᛽΢๏ϒ‫ך‬ವε‫௴ޑ‬วǴ‫׳‬ᡣ‫ך‬ӧգॺ‫ي‬΢ᡏᇡ‫ࡓݤࣁيډ‬Γ ‫ޑ‬٬‫ڮ‬ǶԴৣӧғࢲύ๏‫ޑך‬໒ᏤǵӼኃᆶႴᓰǴࢂ‫ိך‬ᡂԋ‫ࡓݤ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ၸำύமԶԖΚ ‫ޑ‬௢ЋǼ ӆٰǴाགᖴֆْᓪԴৣவᕷԆ‫ޑ‬ᔠჸ٣୍ύ‫ޜܜ‬வዋ෫߻ٰᏼҺα၂‫ہ‬঩Ǵ٠ග ‫ٮ‬ᝊ຦‫ࡌޑ‬᝼ǶӧԜΨाགᖴቅۘ‫ד‬ԴৣǵЦ௵ሑԴৣǵই຦ᄪԴৣǵЦҥၲԴৣǵ݅ ‫ד‬ԴৣǵЦ௵ ࡌύԴৣǵ݅ΟϡԴৣǵ೚ऍ᜽ԴৣΟԃٰ‫ޑ‬௲ᏤǴգॺ‫ޑ‬஑཰ᆶ዗௃ᚎ฼‫ך‬ӧ‫ޑࡓݤ‬ ᜽ԴৣΟԃٰ‫ޑ‬௲Ꮴ ԴৣΟԃٰ‫ޑ‬௲ ሦୱύ࡭ុոΚǼ ๏ᒃང‫϶ܻޑ‬ ӧࣴ‫ޑ܌ز‬ය໔Ǵ‫ך‬ᇡ᛽Α‫ך‬ғ‫ڮ‬ύߚதख़ा‫϶ܻޑ‬Ƕགᖴ೭Οԃύࠧ։ǵࡘ఼‫ޑ‬ ᛽Α‫ך‬ғ‫ڮ‬ύߚதख़ा‫ܻޑ‬ Α‫ך‬ғ‫ڮ‬ύߚதख़ा‫ޑ‬ ‫ך‬ғ‫ڮ‬ ғ‫ڮ‬ύߚதख़ ғ ‫ڮ‬ύߚதख़ ߚத ഉՔǴ‫ॺך‬΋ଆ࿶ᐕ‫ޑ‬ᗺᅀ‫୻܌‬Ꭶрٰ‫ޑ‬ᓨࠨࢂՖ฻‫ޑ‬ᝊ຦Ǽགᖴ‫ॺی‬ӧ‫ྠך‬඀ཉ໶ ‫୻܌‬Ꭶрٰ‫ޑ‬ᓨࠨࢂՖ฻ ୻Ꭶрٰ‫ޑ‬ᓨࠨࢂՖ Ꭶрٰ‫ޑ‬ᓨࠨࢂ ୲ம‫࣯ࡕޑ‬Ƕགᖴы ‫࣯ࡕޑ‬Ƕགᖴ ਔǴԋࣁ‫ך‬Ӽ‫ޑۓ‬ΚໆǴբ‫୲ך‬ம‫࣯ࡕޑ‬Ƕགᖴыන‫ޑ‬ຠЈǴᕴӧ‫ך‬ሡा‫ޑ‬ਔং๏ϒ‫ך‬ εྼ ջਔ‫ޑ‬ᔅշǶ‫ך‬Ψߚதቼ۩ૈᆶ఼໥ǵεྼǵ‫ݒ‬ᓒǵλ௑ǵλ෯ǵࣻၭǵҥ҇ǵѓဖǴ ΋ӕᏢಞǵԋߏǶӧգॺ‫ي‬΢‫ډ࣮ך‬Γ‫ޔ҅ޑ܄‬ᆶ๓‫ؼ‬Ǵᆶգॺӕื‫ޑ‬Вη཮ࢂ‫ך‬΋፸ ηࣔᙒ‫૶ޑ‬ᏫǼ ๏ኑང‫ޑ‬ৎΓ ‫ך‬ा੝ձགᖴ‫ޑך‬Р҆—ᗛи๮Ӄғᆶഋ᜽ԮζγǴคచҹ‫ޑ‬Ѝ࡭‫ࡓݤوך‬೭చ ၡǴᡣ‫ૈך‬ӧᅈᅈ‫ޑ‬ངᆶх৒ύֹԋ‫ޑך‬Ꮲ཰ǴӢࣁգॺჹ‫ߞޑך‬ЈǴᡣ‫ۓ୲׳ך‬Ծρ ‫ޑ‬ဌ‫؁‬ǹགᖴ‫ঁٿך‬ёང‫ۂۂޑ‬ӧ‫ך‬ᇴፕЎ຾ࡋԶขចόӼਔ᠋‫ך‬ว‫آ‬ផǵ๏‫ך‬Ѻ਻ǹ Ψགᖴࢴᘬ೭٤ԃٰჹ‫៝ྣޑך‬Ǵϩᏼ‫ޑך‬ᓸΚǵ๏‫ך‬ႴᓰǶ നࡕǴ‫ך‬ाགᖴЬओᑋǴஒ೭΋Ϫ‫ޑ‬ऍӳ‫ܫ‬ӧ‫ޑך‬ғ‫ڮ‬ύǶஒ΋Ϫᄪᝬ೿ᘜ๏㬇Ǽ. ᗛऩฐ 2010. 7. 30 ‫ܭ‬ύᚱѱ v.

(8) Ҟᒵ ύЎᄔा ..................................................................................................................................... i मЎᄔा ................................................................................................................................... iii ᇞᖴ ............................................................................................................................................ v Ҟᒵ ........................................................................................................................................... vi ߄Ҟᒵ ....................................................................................................................................... xi კҞᒵ ...................................................................................................................................... xii ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ .............................................................................................................................. 1 ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ ޑ‬.................................................................................................. 1 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶБ‫ ݤ‬.................................................................................................. 5 ಃ΋໨ ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ ...................................................................................................... 5 ಃΒ໨ ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ ݤ‬...................................................................................................... 6 ΋ǵ Ў᝘ϩ‫ ݋‬................................................................................................ 6 Βǵ ჴ᛾ࣴ‫ ز‬................................................................................................ 7 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬᆶЬाϣ৒ .......................................................................................... 8 ............................. .............. ಃΒക ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒཷᇥ ................................................................................................ 11 Γଵ᛾ ଵ᛾ୢᚒϐ௖૸ ᚒϐ ϐ௖ ௖૸ ................................................................ ௖ ....... ಃ΋࿯ ऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒϐ௖૸ 11 ᛾‫ݾ‬ ‫ݾ‬᝼‫ޑ‬໒ᆄ ᆄ ............................................................................. ..... ...... . ...... ಃ΋໨ ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ݾ‬᝼‫ޑ‬໒ᆄ 11 —Nix v. Whiteside —N hi de .......... .. ..... ಃΒ࿯ ж߄ਢ‫ٯ‬ϟಏ—Nix ..................................................................... 13 ჴ ........................................... ....................................... .... ... ........... ΋ǵ ਢҹ٣ჴ ................................................................................................ 13 ، ................................................................................................ .......................................... ................................... ..... .................... . .. Βǵ Ӧଣղ، 14 ղ، ، ......................... ...... Οǵ ΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣղ، ........................................................................................ 15 ، ........................................................................................ ..................... Ѥǵ നଯ‫ݤ‬ଣղ، 15 ϖǵ λ่ ........................................................................................................ 17 ಃΟ࿯ ࡓৣ‫܌‬य़ჹ‫ޑ‬Οᜤ֚ნ .................................................................................. 17 ಃΟക ‫ך‬୯೏֋ૈցԋҥଵ᛾࿾ ........................................................................................ 19 ಃ΋࿯ ଵ᛾࿾ཷᇥ ........................................................................................................19 ಃ΋໨ Ӊ‫ݤ‬ଵ᛾࿾‫ߥޑ‬ៈ‫ ੻ݤ‬............................................................................ 19 ಃΒ໨ ‫ޑ่ڀ‬фૈᆶཷ‫ ۺ‬.................................................................................... 21 ಃΟ໨ ଵ᛾࿾‫୷ࡓݤޑ‬ᘵᆶՉࣁЬᡏ ................................................................ 21 ಃΒ࿯ ೏֋ૈցԋҥଵ᛾࿾—ளցз೏֋‫ ่ڀ‬........................................................ 22 ಃ΋໨ मऍ‫ݤ‬ϐᄽᡂ ............................................................................................ 22 ΋ǵ ೏֋όள࠹ᇣഋॊ ................................................................................ 22 Βǵ ೏֋ளբ࠹ᇣϐഋॊ ............................................................................ 23 ಃΒ໨ ౛ፕ‫ ୺ݾ‬.................................................................................................... 24 ΋ǵ ೏֋ό፾਱ࣁ᛾Γϐ౛җ .................................................................... 24 Βǵ ೏֋፾਱ࣁ᛾Γϐ౛җ ........................................................................ 25 ಃΟ໨ ᙍ៾Ьက .................................................................................................... 27 vi.

(9) ಃΟ࿯ ҁЎ‫ـ‬ှ—‫ؼׯ‬Ԅ྽٣ΓЬကΠ೏֋όளࣁଵ᛾࿾҅ҍ ............................ 28 ಃѤക ऍ୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍ϐፂँ .................................................................... 31 ಃ΋࿯ ऍ୯ࡓৣϐߥஏက୍ ........................................................................................ 31 ಃ΋໨ ཷᇥ ............................................................................................................ 31 ΋ǵ ᛾Ᏽ‫ݤ‬ೕ .............................................................................................. 32 Βǵ ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄ ...................................................................................... 32 Οǵ ࡓৣᆶ‫ૼہ‬Γઝ୓੝៾ᆶߥஏက୍ϐ୔ᒣ ...................................... 33 ಃΒ໨ ࡓৣߥஏက୍ϐጔଆᆶཀက .................................................................. 37 ಃΟ໨ ࡓৣߥஏက୍ϐ҅྽ϯ୷ᘵ .................................................................. 40 ಃѤ໨ ऍ୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍ϐ‫ࡓݤ‬٩Ᏽ .............................................................. 43 ΋ǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ ཮ڐ‬1969 ԃ‫ ހ‬Model Code ߥஏೕ߾ .............................. 44 Βǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ ཮ڐ‬1983 ԃ‫ ހ‬Model Rules ߥஏೕ߾.............................. 45 Οǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬౜Չ Model Rules ߥஏೕ߾........................................ 46 ಃϖ໨ ߥஏက୍‫୷ޑ‬ҁϣ৒ .............................................................................. 48 ΋ǵ ‫܄‬፦ ...................................................................................................... 48 Βǵ Ьᡏ ...................................................................................................... 49 ................................ .................. Οǵ ࠼ᡏ ...................................................................................................... 51 .......................................... ................................ ......................... Ѥǵ Չࣁ ...................................................................................................... 52 ୍ϐ ϐය໔ .. .......... ......... .... ϖǵ ߥஏက୍ϐය໔ .................................................................................. 54 ୍ϐ ϐ‫ٯ‬Ѧ ........ ... ...... .. ..... Ϥǵ ߥஏက୍ϐ‫ٯ‬Ѧ .................................................................................... 55 ჴက က ........ . ............... ...... ಃΒ࿯ ऍ୯ࡓৣϐ၈ჴက୍ ........................................................................................ 65 ........................................... ................................. .......................... ಃ΋໨ ཷᇥ .......................................................................................................... 65 ჴက୍ϐ‫ࡓݤ‬٩Ᏽ က୍ϐ‫ࡓݤ‬٩Ᏽ ... ಃΒ໨ ऍ୯ࡓৣ၈ჴက୍ϐ‫ࡓݤ‬٩Ᏽ .............................................................. 66 ཮ 1908 ԃ‫ ހ‬C ΋ǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬ Canons ၈ჴೕ߾ ...................................... 66 Βǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ ཮ڐ‬1969 ԃ‫ ހ‬Model Code ၈ჴೕ߾ .............................. 67 Οǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬౜Չ Model Rules ၈ჴೕ߾........................................ 69 ಃΟ໨ ऍ୯ࡓৣ၈ჴက୍‫୷ޑ‬ҁϣ৒ .............................................................. 70 ΋ǵ ‫܄‬፦ ...................................................................................................... 71 Βǵ ࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ж౛Չࣁ .................................................................................. 71 Οǵ ‫៏ࡓݤ‬ፕ .............................................................................................. 72 Ѥǵ ᛾Ᏽගр .............................................................................................. 72 ϖǵ ံ௱௛ࡼ .............................................................................................. 74 Ϥǵ ᆢៈቩղำ‫҅ޑׇ‬྽‫ ܄‬...................................................................... 75 Ύǵ ၈ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ය໔ .................................................................................. 75 Ζǵ ൂБำ‫ ׇ‬.............................................................................................. 75 ΐǵ ଏрж౛ .............................................................................................. 76 ಃΟ࿯ ऍ୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍ϐፂँ .......................................................... 76 ಃ΋໨ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬य़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒϐҥ൑ᄽᡂ .................................. 77 vii.

(10) ΋ǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬஑཰উ౛ྗ߾Ǻ‫ૼہ‬Γઝஏϐߥៈᓬ‫ৣࡓܭ‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ޑ‬ ၈ჴက୍ .......................................................................................................... 77 Βǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬஑཰ೢҺӺ߾Ǻӆࡋዴҥࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬Γઝஏϐߥៈᓬ ‫ৣࡓܭ‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ޑ‬၈ჴက୍ .............................................................................. 78 Οǵ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬஑཰Չࣁኳጄೕ߾ǺዴჴԖଵ᛾ӸӧਔǴࡓৣ‫ۈ‬ளӛ ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛ϐ ...................................................................................................... 81 ಃΒ໨ ៏ៈࡓৣૈց‫ڐ‬շ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ݤܭ‬৥΢բଵ᛾ǻ ...................................... 83 ΋ǵ ޭ‫ۓ‬ᇥ .................................................................................................. 83 Βǵ ց‫ۓ‬ᇥ ................................................................................................ 113 ಃϖക ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐፂँ ................................................................ 122 ಃ΋࿯ ‫ך‬୯‫ߥৣࡓޑ‬ஏက୍ ...................................................................................... 122 ಃ΋໨ ‫ࡋڋ‬Ҟ‫ ޑ‬................................................................................................ 122 ಃΒ໨ ‫ݤ‬٩Ᏽ .................................................................................................... 123 ಃΟ໨ ཥᙑ‫ߥৣࡓހ‬ஏೕ߾ϐ࣬ᜢୢᚒ ........................................................ 125 ಃΒ࿯ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍ ...................................................................................... 130 ಃ΋໨ ཷᇥ ........................................................................................................ 130 ................................ .................. ಃΒ໨ ‫ݤ‬٩Ᏽ ...................................................................................................... 130 က୍ϐ ୍ϐ ϐϣ৒ ৒ ... ........... ....... ಃΟ໨ ࡓৣ੿ჴက୍ϐϣ৒ ............................................................................ 131 ჴက က୍ ...... .......... ......... .... ΋ǵ ੟က੿ჴက୍ .................................................................................... 131 Ϸፓ ፓࢗက୍ǻ .. ... ...... .. ..... Βǵ ឍܴϷፓࢗက୍ǻ ............................................................................ 132 က୍ ୍ ੿ჴ ੿ჴက က୍ϐፂ .......................................................... ...... ಃΟ࿯ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐፂँ 133 က୍ ୍ϐ ୍ ϐࣚ ϐ ࣚज़ ............... ࣚ ....... ಃ΋໨ ࡓৣ੿ჴက୍ϐࣚज़ ............................................................................ 133 ౛࣬ᜢೕጄ҂ᑪܴዴ ࣬ᜢೕጄ҂ᑪܴ ........................................................ 134 ಃΒ໨ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣউ౛࣬ᜢೕጄ҂ᑪܴዴ উ౛ೕጄಃ 23 చ‫܌‬ౢғϐୢᚒ .................................. 134 ΋ǵ অ҅߻ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄಃ Βǵ ཥঅ҅ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄಃ 23 చ‫܌‬ౢғϐୢᚒ .................................. 136 ಃϤക ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒϐᔈᡂ .......................................................................................... 139 ಃ΋࿯ Ֆਔᔈ௦‫ڗ‬ᔈᡂ௛ࡼ .................................................................................... 139 ಃ΋໨ ࡓৣȨܴ‫ޕ‬ȩำࡋ‫ ۓࣚޑ‬.................................................................... 139 ಃΒ໨ ᛾Ᏽ‫܈‬᛾‫ق‬Ȩख़ा‫܄‬ȩ‫ ۓࣚޑ‬............................................................ 143 ಃΒ࿯ ऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢‫ޑ‬ᔈᡂБԄ ...................................................................................... 145 ಃ΋໨ ᝀᇢ‫ૼہ‬Γ ............................................................................................ 145 ಃΒ໨ ӛ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ଵ᛾ཀკ ............................................................ 146 ಃΟ໨ ‫๊ܔ‬ᡣ‫ૼہ‬ΓࣁԾρբ᛾ .................................................................... 147 ಃѤ໨ ٬‫ૼہ‬Γа௶ॊ‫ޑ܄‬БԄբ᛾ ............................................................ 149 ಃϖ໨ ଏрж౛ ................................................................................................ 151 ಃϤ໨ Ҭҗߚҁਢ‫۔ݤ‬ຊ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................ 154 ಃΎ໨ ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ଵ᛾ཀკ௦‫ڗ‬Ȩόբࣁȩ ȐDo Nothing Approachȑ....... 155 ಃΎക ჴ᛾ࣴ‫ز‬ၗ਑ϩ‫ ݋‬.................................................................................................. 157 viii.

(11) ಃ΋࿯ ుࡋೖፋ .......................................................................................................... 157 ಃ΋໨ ೖፋჹຝϐၗ਱ज़‫ڋ‬ᆶ‫ܜ‬ኬচ߾ .......................................................... 157 ಃΒ໨ ೖፋၗ਑ೀ౛ᆶ‫ڙ‬ೖ‫ޣ‬ϐ୷ҁၗ਑ ...................................................... 159 ಃΟ໨ ೖፋၗ਑ϩ‫ ݋‬.......................................................................................... 160 ΋ǵ Ӊ٣೏֋ӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁόჴഋॊஒቹៜ‫۔ݤ‬ໆӉ ............................ 160 Βǵ ჴ୍΢៏ៈࡓৣӵՖय़ჹό၈ჴϐ‫ૼہ‬Γ .................................... 163 Οǵ ჴ୍΢៏ៈࡓৣय़ჹόჴഋॊ‫܈‬όჴ᛾Ᏽ‫ޑ‬բ‫ ݤ‬........................ 170 Ѥǵ ऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ೀ౛‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ޑ‬Ύᅿբ‫ݤ‬ӧ‫ך‬୯‫ޑ‬ёՉ‫ ܄‬................ 183 ϖǵ ‫ך‬୯Ӊ٣ਢҹύ៏ៈࡓৣϐ੿ჴက୍Ϸ‫ࣚځ‬ጕ ............................ 190 Ϥǵ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐቬՉϷࡓৣᚵ‫ࡋڋי‬౜‫ ݩ‬........ 195 ಃѤ໨ λ่ ........................................................................................................ 197 ΋ǵ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ᓬӃ‫ܭ‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍ ............ 197 Βǵ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣ໻ॄԖեࡋ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍ .................................................... 198 ಃΖക ‫ך‬୯ࢂցᔈፐϒࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛ჹቩղ৥வ٣ϐӉ٣‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ‫ޑ‬က୍ǻ .... 202 ಃ΋࿯ ࡓৣեࡋ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍ᆶ‫཮ޗ‬ჴሞሡ‫؃‬ό಄ ................................................ 202 ಃΒ࿯ ࣬ᜢ‫ࡓݤ‬٩Ᏽ ................................................................................................ 203 ............................. .............. ಃ΋໨ ऍ୯ ........................................................................................................ 203 ...................................... ............................... ................ ಃΒ໨ ‫ך‬୯ ........................................................................................................ 205 Չ‫ޑ‬ ‫ޑ‬ೕ‫ ۓ‬.. .......... ...... ...... ΋ǵ ‫ך‬୯౜Չ‫ޑ‬ೕ‫ۓ‬ ................................................................................ 205 অ‫ݤ‬ ‫ޑݤ‬ ‫ޑ‬ᖿ༈ ....... ............. .. ..... Βǵ ‫ך‬୯অ‫ޑݤ‬ᖿ༈ ................................................................................ 206 ੿ჴက୍ϐቬՉϷ‫ࡓݤځ‬ਏ݀ ჴက୍ϐቬՉϷ‫ࡓݤځ‬ਏ ୍ϐቬՉ ϐቬ ቬՉϷ‫ࡓݤځ‬ ಃΟ࿯ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣ੿ჴက୍ϐቬՉϷ‫ࡓݤځ‬ਏ݀ ................................................ 208 ᔈӵՖჹࡑόჴϐ᛾Ᏽ ӵՖჹࡑόჴϐ᛾Ᏽ Ֆჹ Ֆ ჹࡑόჴϐ᛾ ჹ ჴϐ᛾ ... ಃ΋໨ ៏ៈࡓৣᔈӵՖჹࡑόჴϐ᛾Ᏽ ........................................................ 208 ‫๊ܔ‬٬Ҕ‫܈‬ගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽ ٬Ҕ‫܈‬ගҬόჴ᛾ .................................................... 208 ΋ǵ ࡓৣᔈ‫๊ܔ‬٬Ҕ‫܈‬ගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽ ࡓৣඟ៛όჴ᛾ Βǵ ‫ך‬୯ᔈፐϒࡓৣඟ៛όჴ᛾Ᏽ‫ޑ‬က୍ ............................................ 208 ಃΒ໨ ៏ៈࡓৣᔈӵՖჹࡑόჴϐഋॊ ........................................................ 211 ΋ǵ ࡓৣόᔈඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬όჴഋॊ .................................................... 211 ಃΟ໨ ࡓৣᔈӵՖჹࡑᆶઇᚯນ೜ำ‫ׇ҅‬྽‫܄‬ϐӉ٣‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ ............ 212 ΋ǵ ᔈፐϒࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛‫ޑ‬က୍ ............................................................212 ಃΐക ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ .............................................................................................................. 214 ಃ΋࿯ ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ቬՉ౜‫ ݩ‬.................................................................... 214 ಃ΋໨ ࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ᓬӃ‫ܭ‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍ ........................ 214 ಃΒ໨ ‫ך‬୯៏ៈࡓৣ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬੝‫ ܄‬............................................................ 214 ΋ǵ ៏ៈࡓৣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍‫ڀ‬ԖТय़‫ ܄‬.................................................... 214 Βǵ ៏ៈࡓৣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍‫ڀ‬Ԗ៾ճ‫ޑ‬ឦ‫ ܄‬............................................ 215 Οǵ ៏ៈࡓৣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍‫ڀ‬Ԗ੃ཱུ‫ ܄‬.................................................... 216 Ѥǵ ៏ៈࡓৣଓ‫੿ޑ؃‬ჴࢂำ‫ߥׇ‬ምΠ‫੿ࡓݤޑ‬ჴ ............................ 217 ಃΒ࿯ ‫ך‬୯៏ៈࡓৣᔈӵՖቬՉ੿ჴက୍ ............................................................ 218 ಃ΋໨ ៏ៈࡓৣӵՖჹࡑԖ࿾‫ޑ‬೏֋ ............................................................ 218 ix.

(12) ಃΒ໨ ៏ៈࡓৣӵՖჹࡑ຀ଷ‫ޑ‬᛾Ᏽ ............................................................ 219 ಃΟ࿯ ‫ך‬୯ᔈፐϒࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛‫ޑ‬က୍ ................................................................ 220 ಃ΋໨ ࡓৣեࡋ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍ᆶ‫཮ޗ‬ჴሞሡ‫؃‬ಥ࿯ ........................................ 220 ಃΒ໨ ፐϒࡓৣඟ៛‫ޑ‬က୍а‫্๊֫׹‬୯ৎљ‫҅៾ݤ‬ዴՉ٬ϐό‫ݤ‬Չࣁ 220 ಃΟ໨ ࡓৣԖᆶ‫ݤ‬ଣӅӕᆢៈљ‫ݤ‬ำ‫ׇ‬Ϧ҅຾Չ‫ޑ‬က୍ ............................ 221 ಃѤ໨ ᔈፐϒࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛дΓჹቩղำ‫ׇ‬வ٣ϐҍ࿾‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ‫ޑ‬က୍ ................................................................................................................................ 222 ୖԵЎ᝘ ................................................................................................................................ 223. x.

(13) ߄Ҟᒵ ߄਱ ΋. ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶࡓઝ៾ϐ୔ᒣ ............................................................................ 36. xi.

(14) კҞᒵ კ ΋. ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶࡓઝ៾ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γઝஏၗૻ‫ߥޑ‬ៈጄൎ ........................................ 35. xii.

(15) ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ. ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬ ¾. வᙍૈϩᚆ‫ࡋفޑ‬ᢀჸࡓৣ‫ת܌‬ᄽ‫فޑ‬Յ. ว౜੿ჴࢂ‫ݤ‬ଣനख़ा‫ޑ‬πբǴ‫ࢂ׳‬љ‫҅ݤ‬က‫୷ޑ‬ҡǶӢԜӧऍ୯‫ݤޑ‬৥΢Ǵ‫ॺך‬ ёа࣮‫ـ‬྽٣Γ‫܈‬᛾Γ‫؁‬΢᛾Γৢϐ߻Ǵ཮ᖐଆдॺ‫ޑ‬ѓЋวᇣஒ཮ӵჴഋॊǶഉቩი Ψ‫܍‬ᒍ཮٩ྣ٣ჴ‫ࡓݤک‬բϦ҅ค‫ޑد‬ղᘐǴ‫۔ݤ‬Ψа‫ٿ‬೷྽٣Γ‫܌‬ගр‫ޑ‬᛾Ᏽբࣁᇡ ٣Ҕ‫୷ޑݤ‬ᘵǴаයߦ຾੿ჴ‫ޑ‬ว౜ǶฅԶࡓৣӧว౜੿ჴ‫ݤޑ‬৥΢‫ת܌‬ᄽ‫فޑ‬Յࣁ Ֆǻ៏ៈࡓৣࢂցԖက୍ᔅշ‫ݤ‬ଣว౜੿ჴǻ. ៏ៈࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ᙍೢࢂ‫ܢ‬ᑇ௓ນ ៈࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ᙍೢࢂ‫ܢ‬ᑇ௓ ࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ᙍೢࢂ ࢂ‫ܢ‬ ࢂ வນ೜ᙍૈϩᚆᢀϐǴ៏ៈࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ᙍೢࢂ‫ܢ‬ᑇ௓ນБ‫ޑ‬ଓນǴᆢៈ‫ڙ‬Ӊ٣ଓນ‫ޑޣ‬ ៏ៈࡓৣѝԖ೭΋໨ᙍೢǴ ៏ៈࡓৣѝԖ೭΋໨ᙍೢ ៈࡓৣѝԖ೭΋ ೭΋ ΋໨ᙍೢ ໨ᙍ ᙍ ӝ‫੻៾ݤ‬Ƕჴ୍΢ࣗԿԖȨ៏ៈࡓৣѝԖ೭΋໨ᙍೢǴ΋ᅿ۸၈—ࣁ‫ૼہ‬Γ៏ៈȩ‫ޑ‬ᇥ ۸ჴ‫ޑ‬က୍ǴՠόளҗԜ‫ע‬ ჴ‫ޑ‬က୍ǴՠόளҗԜ ‫ޑ‬က୍ က୍Ǵՠόள ୍ ՠόள ‫ݤ‬Ƕ៏ៈࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬ΓॄԖ۸ჴ‫ޑ‬က୍ǴՠόளҗԜ‫៏ע‬ៈࡓৣ‫ޑ‬۸ჴက୍๊ჹϯǶ៏ ၸำόᔈࢂ΋ঁό᏷Ћ ำόᔈࢂ΋ঁό᏷ ៈࡓৣࣁ೏֋ӝ‫៏੻៾ݤ‬ៈ‫ޑ‬ၸำόᔈࢂ΋ঁό᏷Ћࢤ‫ڗݾ‬യճ‫ޑ‬ၸำǶࡓৣ‫៏ޑ‬ៈՉ ࣁ೏֋៏ ࣁΨᔈᒥൻ΋‫҅ޑۓ‬྽ำ‫ׇ‬Ƕࡓৣӧࣁ೏֋៏ៈ‫ޑ‬ၸำύჹ‫ॄ཮ޗ‬Ԗ၈ჴ‫ޑ‬က୍Ƕ၈ჴ က୍ࢂࡰ៏ៈࡓৣӧӉ٣ນ೜ำ‫ׇ‬ύǴ۸‫ܭ‬ਢҹ࠼ᢀ٣ჴǴᆢៈҍ࿾༮ᅪΓǵ೏֋‫҅ޑ‬ ྽៾੻Ǵ‫ڐ‬շ‫ݤ‬ଣว౜੿ჴǴ٬ҍ࿾༮ᅪΓǵ೏֋ૈ‫ډڙ‬ᔈԖ‫ޑ‬Ϧ҅ǵϦѳ‫ࡑޑ‬ၶ‫ک‬ೀ ᆦǶ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ک‬ᔠБଓ‫੿؃‬ჴ‫ک‬Ѻᔐҍ࿾ǵߥៈΓ៾‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱ࢂ಍΋‫ޑ‬Ǵՠ៏ៈࡓৣ‫ޑ‬၈ჴက ୍‫ځک‬ᆢៈ೏֋៾੻‫ޑ‬ᙍೢӸӧ΋‫ޑۓ‬ፂँǶ. Ӊ٣៏ៈࢂࡰ೏֋Ϸ‫៏ځ‬ៈΓࣁ೏֋‫ޑ‬ӝ‫੻៾ݤ‬Ǵவ٣ჴᆶ‫ޑࡓݤک‬Бय़ϸር௓ ນǴගрԖճ‫ܭ‬೏֋‫ޑ‬᛾Ᏽ‫ک‬Ь஭Ǵ᛾ܴ೏֋ค࿾ǵ࿾ᇸ‫܈‬ᔈ྽෧Ӊǵխନ‫ځ‬Ӊ٣ೢҺ ‫ޑ‬ນ೜ࢲ୏Ƕ៏ៈࢂଞჹ௓ນԶӸӧǴค௓ນ߾ค៏ៈǶ௓ນБ‫ޑ‬ᙍૈӧ‫ܭ‬ӛ‫ݤ‬ଣගଆ ນ೜٠р৥᛾ܴ‫ځ‬௓ນ‫ޑ‬٣ჴዴჴӸӧǴा‫؃‬ଓ‫ز‬೏֋‫ޑ‬Ӊ٣ೢҺǶ௓ນБѸ໪ӧ᛾ܴ ਢҹ٣ჴࡕǴωૈჴ౜‫ځ‬ଓ‫ز‬೏֋Ӊ٣ೢҺ‫ޑ‬ນ೜Ь஭Ƕ៏ៈࢂ௓ນ‫ޑ‬ჹҥय़Ǵ‫ܢ‬ᑇǵ 1.

(16) ϸ‫ࣗל‬Կჹ௓ນ຾ՉЬ୏‫װޑ‬ᔐǴ៏ៈБࣁ௓ນБว౜੿ჴ‫ޑ‬ၸำȨ೛࿼ምᛖȩ Ƕ៏ៈ ‫ک‬௓ນ‫ޑ‬ჹҥǵର‫ݾ‬Ǵࢎᄬଆ௓ນѳᑽǵቩղύҥ‫ޑ‬ນ೜ࢎᄬǶ៏ៈࡓৣӧࣁԖ࿾ϐΓ ៏ៈਔǴ‫ߔځ‬ᛖ٣ჴว౜‫ޑ‬ՉࣁЀ‫ܴځ‬ᡉǶ೏֋‫៏ޑ‬ៈࡓৣǴ੝ձࢂӧࣁዴჴԖ࿾‫ޑ‬Γ ៏ៈਔǴд‫ޑ‬πբ൩ࢂҔ΋Ϫӝ‫ޑݤ‬Ћࢤٰᗦᑀ٣ჴǶჹ೏֋៏ៈࡓৣٰᇥǴӵ݀᛾Ᏽ ࢂҔߚ‫ݤ‬Ћࢤ‫ڗ‬ள‫ޑ‬Ǵ‫܈‬၀᛾Ᏽ஥Ԗୃ‫ـ‬Ǵཞ্‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ճ੻Ǵٗሶдό໻ᔈ྽ϸჹԶ ЪѸ໪ϸჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ௦Ҕ၀᛾ᏵǴᏃᆅ၀᛾Ᏽࢂֹӄ੿ჴ‫ޑ‬Ƕ 1ࡽฅ៏ៈࡓৣёаӝ‫ݤ‬Ӧᗦ ᑀ٣ჴ੿࣬Ǵӧঁਢύаᆢៈ೏֋៾੻ࣁϺᙍ‫ৣࡓޑ‬ՖаॄԖ၈ჴက୍ǻ. ¾. ៏ៈࡓৣӧӉ٣ນ೜ύ‫ޑ‬ᚈख़‫ف‬Յ. ࡓৣ‫ޑ‬၈ჴက୍ྍԾ‫៏ܭ‬ៈࡓৣȨᐱҥљ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢȩ 2‫فޑ‬Յ‫ۓ‬ՏǶࡓৣӧӉ٣ນ೜ ύ‫ڀ‬Ԗᚈख़‫ف‬ՅǶಃ΋ख़‫ف‬Յࢂ೏֋‫ޑ‬ж౛Γǵ೏֋۸ჴ‫ޑ‬࿉϶Ǵ໪ࣁ೏֋ϐനεճ੻ ࢂ೏֋‫ޑ‬ж౛Γǵ೏ ֋‫ޑ‬ж౛Γ ࿾ᇸ‫ޑ‬ղ،ǹಃΒख़‫ف‬Յࣁ ᇸ‫ޑ‬ղ،ǹಃΒख़‫ف‬Յ ‫ޑ‬ղ، ،ǹಃΒ Βख़ ख़ ៏ៈǴᔅշ೏֋ᕇளค࿾‫܈‬࿾ᇸ‫ޑ‬ղ،ǹಃΒख़‫ف‬ՅࣁȨᐱҥ‫ޑ‬љ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢȩ Ǵࡓৣ‫فޑ‬ ό҅྽‫ޑ‬ЋࢤٰߔЗ੿ჴ‫ޑ‬ว ҅྽‫ޑ‬ЋࢤٰߔЗ੿ჴ‫ޑ‬ ྽‫ޑ‬Ћࢤٰߔ ٰߔЗ ߔЗ੿ჴ ჴ Յ‫ڀ‬ԖϦ੻‫܄‬Ǵόள٬Ҕό҅྽‫ޑ‬ЋࢤٰߔЗ੿ჴ‫ޑ‬ว౜ǴࡓৣॄԖ‫ڐ‬շљ‫ݤ‬ว౜੿ ‫ޑ‬က୍ǴѸ໪ոΚ‫ڗݾ‬ᕇள က୍ǴѸ໪ոΚ‫ڗݾ‬ᕇ ୍ǴѸ ୍ Ѹ໪ոΚ‫ݾ‬ ոΚ‫ݾ‬ ჴǵᆢៈљ‫ݤ‬ำ‫ׇ‬Ϧ҅຾Չ‫ޑ‬က୍ǴѸ໪ոΚ‫ڗݾ‬ᕇள҅ዴǵϦ҅‫ޑ‬ղ،Ƕࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ಃ΋ ੻ǴಃΒख़‫ف‬Յᆢៈ‫ޑ‬ ಃΒख़‫ف‬Յᆢ ख़‫ف‬Յᆢៈ‫ࢂޑ‬೏֋‫دޑ‬Γճ੻ǴಃΒख़‫ف‬Յᆢៈ‫཮ޗࢂޑ‬ϦӅճ੻Ƕคፕࢂεഌ‫سݤ‬ ‫܈‬मऍ‫سݤ‬୯ৎǴ೿ϸჹ៏ៈࡓৣࣁΑ྽٣Γ‫ޑ‬ճ੻Զό᏷ЋࢤǴ೿Ь஭๏ϒ៏ៈࡓৣ ΋‫ޑۓ‬ϦӅ‫ف‬ՅǴ፟ϒ‫ځ‬΋‫ޑۓ‬ϦӅက୍Ƕቺ୯ஒࡓৣ‫ۓ‬ՏࣁȨᐱҥ‫ޑ‬љ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢȩ Ǵ٩ ӭኧᇥϐ‫ـ‬ှǴ៏ៈΓ٠ߚൂБय़ࣁȨ೏֋ճ੻ϐж౛Γȩ Ǵ‫ځ‬Ψࢂ΋ᜪȨᇶշΓȩ Ǵҥ ‫ܭ‬೏֋Γϐୁ‫ޑ‬Ȩᐱҥљ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢȩ Ƕ 3ӧ‫ࡓݤ‬΢‫܍‬ௗቺ୯‫ޑ‬ВҁΨஒࡓৣຎࣁȨᐱҥљ‫ݤ‬ ᐒᜢȩǴࡓৣբࣁ΋ᅿȨԾҗ཰ȩ‫ڀ‬ԖϦ҅‫܄ޑ‬፦ǴΨ൩ཀ‫ښ‬๱ࡓৣࢂ΋ঁӧљ‫ݤ‬Бय़ ‫ݤک‬ଣӝբ‫܌ޑ‬ᒏȨᐱҥљ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢȩ Ƕ4εഌ‫سݤ‬୯ৎԖᙍ៾Ьကນ೜ኳԄ‫ޑ‬໺಍Ǵமፓ ࡓৣ‫ޑ‬Ϧ੻‫ف‬ՅǶԶӧ௦‫ڗ‬྽٣Γ຾ՉЬက‫ޑ‬मऍ‫سݤ‬୯ৎΨӕኬமፓࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ϦӅᙍ. 1 2 3 4. ṆΐɄ⽟倾䵕勐叿炻ⒸṌ㜙嬗炻㚨⤥䘬彗嬟炻枩 8炷1994炸ˤ ㆹ⚳㚱⬠侭䧙ᷳ䁢ˬ冒ᷣ⿏䘬⎠㱽╖⃫˭ 炻⍫夳㜿懢晬炻↹ḳ姜姇㱽炷ᶲℲ—䷥婾䭯炸炻枩 202炷2007炸ˤ ⃳⊆㕗炽伭䥹ᾉ炷Claus Roxin炸炻⏛渿䏒嬗炻⽟⚳↹ḳ姜姇㱽炻枩 149炷1999炸ˤ 㖍㛔㜙Ṕ䫔Ḵ彗嬟⢓⋼㚫䶐炻⎬⚳⼳ⷓ⇞⹎炻枩 193炷1989炸ˤ 2.

(17) ૈǶӧ྽٣Γ຾ՉЬကນ೜ኳԄϐΠǴமፓࡓৣჹ௢຾љ‫ݤ‬Ϧ҅‫ߦک‬຾‫܄ؼݯݤ‬ၮբ‫ޑ‬ բҔǴࡺ೭٤୯ৎΜϩ࣮ख़ࡓৣ‫ڐ‬շቩղ‫ޑ‬բҔǴಞᄍ΢ஒࡓৣᙍ཰ᆶ‫۔ݤ‬฻ӕǴջ‫܌‬ ᒏ‫ޑ‬Ȩ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ޑ‬ᙍ঩‫۔܈‬঩ȩ Ȑofficer of the courtȑ Ƕऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ޑुڋ܌཮ڐ‬Ȩऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ڐ‬ ཮஑཰Չࣁኳጄೕ߾ȩ ȐThe Model Rules of Professional ConductǴаΠᆀModel Rulesȑ ೕ‫ۓ‬Ǵࡓৣࢂ‫ݤ‬৥‫ޑ‬ᙍ঩ǴӕਔΨࢂჹ҅ကॄԖ੝ਸೢҺ‫ޑ‬Ϧ҇Ƕ 5. ¾. ᚈख़‫ف‬Յ‫܌‬஥ٰ‫ޑ‬ፂँ. ฽‫ޣ‬ӧࣴ‫܌ز‬໘ࢤঅಞȨ‫ࡓݤ‬উ౛ᆶ஑཰ೢҺȩፐำਔǴว౜ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄፐϒࡓ ৣ࣬ϕፂँ‫ޑ‬က୍ǴԶԜፂँ‫ޑ‬က୍ЬाࢂྍԾ‫ת܌ৣࡓܭ‬ᄽ‫ޑ‬όӕ‫ف‬ՅǴЇว฽‫ޣ‬Ԝ ᝼ᚒ‫ޑ‬ଯࡋᑫ፪Ƕࡓৣಃ΋ख़‫فޑ‬Յӧࡓৣᆶ‫ૼہ‬Γ໔‫ہޑ‬Һᜢ߯ԋҥࡕǴջ໒‫ۈ‬วච ૼΓ໔Ӹӧ‫ޑ‬љ‫ࠨݤ‬ ໔Ӹӧ‫ޑ‬љ‫ݤ‬ மε‫ޑ‬բҔǶ୷‫ৣࡓܭ‬ᆶ‫ૼہځ‬Γ໔Ӹӧ‫ޑ‬љ‫ࠨݤ‬ऊ߯ឦ‫ہ‬ҺࠨऊǴࡓৣჹ‫ૼہځ‬ΓΏ ‫ૼہڙ‬ΓࡰҢ‫״ܥ‬ϐက୍Ϸ ‫ૼہ‬ΓࡰҢ‫״ܥ‬ϐက୍ ૼΓࡰҢ‫״ܥ‬ ‫״‬ϐက ‫״‬ ϐ ॄԖ۸ჴက୍ǵߥៈက୍ǵ‫ૼہڙ‬ΓࡰҢ‫״ܥ‬ϐက୍Ϸߥஏက୍฻ࠨऊက୍Ƕ‫ځ‬ύࡓৣ மϯ‫ޣٿ‬ϐ໔‫ߞޑ‬ᒘ୷ᘵǴᡣ ϯ‫ޣٿ‬ϐ໔‫ߞޑ‬ᒘ୷ᘵǴ ‫ޣٿ‬ϐ໔‫ߞޑ‬ ‫ߞޑ‬ᒘ ߞᒘ୷ᘵ ᘵ ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ૈ୼மϯ‫ޣٿ‬ϐ໔‫ߞޑ‬ᒘ୷ᘵǴᡣ‫ૼہ‬Γૈ୼ஒ‫ڶ‬ฅคឨӦஒਢ௃ ਏඓඝਢҹ຾Զග‫ٮ‬ന٫‫ޑ‬ ඓඝਢҹ຾Զග‫ٮ‬ന٫ ඝਢҹ ඝ ਢҹ຾Զග‫ٮ‬ Զග‫ٮ‬ ಒ࿯ᆶࡓৣྎ೯Ǵ٬ࡓৣԖਏඓඝਢҹ຾Զග‫ٮ‬ന٫‫៏ޑ‬ៈǶӢԜǴ‫ך‬୯Ӊ‫ݤ‬ᆶӉ٣ນ 6 ஼ԖᜢдΓઝஏϐ٣໨ ԖᜢдΓઝஏϐ ԜѦǴ ೜‫ࣣݤ‬ჹࡓৣ‫ޑ‬Ӣ཰୍΢‫ޕ܌‬஼ԖᜢдΓઝஏϐ٣໨଺рᔈᝄӺઝஏ‫ޑ‬ೕ‫ۓ‬Ƕ. ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄಃ 33 చಃ 1 ໨ೕ‫ۓ‬Ǻ Ȩࡓৣჹ‫ڙܭ‬Һ٣ҹϣ৒ᔈᝄӺઝஏǴߚ࿶֋‫ہޕ‬Һ Γ٠ள‫ځ‬ӕཀǴόளࢻᅅǶȩฅԶǴࡓৣӕਔ‫ڀ‬ԖȨᐱҥљ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢȩ‫يޑ‬ҽǴ٬ள៏ៈ ࡓৣόளคज़‫ڋ‬Ӧᆢៈ࠼Њ‫ޑ‬ճ੻ǴҺཀӦཞ্ϦӅճ੻Ƕࡓৣόᔈࣁ٩ߕ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬Ȩ‫ڙ‬ ໤ᄳЋȩ Ȑhired gunȑ Ƕ៏ៈΓᐱҥ‫ܭ‬೏֋‫ޑ‬Ȩᐱҥљ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢȩ‫فޑ‬Յा‫៏؃‬ៈࡓৣ‫܍‬ᏼ ଆϦӅೢҺǴջჹ‫ݤ‬৥ॄԖ੿ჴက୍ǶӢԶ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣ‫ݤ‬ಃ 1 చೕ‫ۓ‬ȨࡓৣаߥምΓ៾ǵ ჴ౜‫҅཮ޗ‬ကϷߦ຾҇Ь‫ࣁݯݤ‬٬‫ڮ‬ȩ Ǵӕ‫ݤ‬ಃ 28 చೕ‫ۓ‬Ȩࡓৣჹ‫ૼہܭ‬Γǵ‫ݤ‬ଣǵᔠ ჸᐒᜢ‫܈‬љ‫ݤ‬ᐒᜢǴόளԖᛕጨ‫ු܈‬ᇨϐՉࣁȩ Ƕ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄಃ 23 చಃ 1 ໨ೕ‫ۓ‬. 5. MODEL RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT Preamble [1]: “A lawyer, as a member of the legal profession, is a representative of clients, an officer of the legal system and a public citizen having special responsibility for the quality of justice.”(2004). 6 ↹㱽䫔 316 㡅ˣ↹ḳ姜姇㱽䫔 182 㡅ˤ 3.

(18) Ȩࡓৣ‫୺ܭ‬Չᙍ୍ਔǴόளԖࡺࣁᛕጨු‫ޠ‬ϐՉࣁǴҭόளଵ೷ᡂ೷᛾Ᏽǵ௲তଵ᛾‫܈‬ ࣁ‫ځ‬д‫څ‬ཀߔᛖ੿ჴว౜ϐՉࣁǶȩ. வ΢ॊೕ‫ߥৣࡓۓ‬ஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍‫ޑ‬చЎᢀϐǴёаว౜љ‫܌ݤ‬፟ϒࡓৣόӕ‫ޑ‬ က୍ёૈӧࡓৣᙍ཰‫ޑ‬ၸำύౢғፂँǶࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍࣬ϕፂና‫܌‬Ї՜р‫ޑ‬ ҟ࣯നத߄౜ӧࡓৣ‫ૼہޑ‬Γཀკӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁόჴഋॊǵගҬόჴ᛾ᏵǴ‫܈‬ा‫ৣࡓ؃‬а ‫ځ‬όჴഋॊࣁЬ஭‫ޑ៏ל܈‬௃‫ݩ‬Ƕଷӵ‫ૼہ‬Γा‫ৣࡓ؃‬ӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽ‫ࣁ܈‬όჴ Ь஭Ǵ‫ৣࡓ܈‬ว౜᛾Γ‫܌‬ॊჹ೏֋Ԗճՠࢂ߯ਅ೷‫ޑ‬Ǵࡓৣёૈय़ᖏ‫ز‬ഖाߥៈԾρ‫ޑ‬ ‫ૼہ‬ΓǴᗋࢂा‫࡭ޚ‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ޑ‬၈ჴက୍Զ‫๊ܔ‬๏ϒ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ڐ‬շǴࣗԿӛ‫ݤ‬ଣᖐวό‫ݤ‬Չ ࣁ‫ٿޑ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕ. ນ೜‫ࡋڋ‬Π೏ᆀࣁ ‫ࡋڋ‬Π೏ᆀࣁȨ ΢ॊ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ϸᔈӧऍ୯‫ޑ‬ນ೜‫ࡋڋ‬Π೏ᆀࣁ Ȩ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ȩ Ȑclient perjuryȑ‫ޑ‬ୢ ᚒǶ ‫ݤ‬৥΢բଵ᛾Ǵࡓৣёૈय़ ৥΢բଵ᛾Ǵࡓৣёૈ ΢բଵ ଵ᛾Ǵࡓ ࡓৣё ࡓ ৣ ଷӵࡓৣว౜‫ૼہ‬Γीฝӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢բଵ᛾Ǵࡓৣёૈय़ᖏ‫ز‬ഖाߥӺ‫ૼہ‬ΓઝஏǴ‫܈‬ӛ ‫ޑ‬উ౛΢‫ٿ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕӧࡓৣܺ উ౛΢‫ٿ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕӧࡓৣ ౛΢‫ٿ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬ ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕ ‫ݩ‬Ƕӧࡓ ࡓ ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γό‫ݤ‬ཀკ‫ޑ‬উ౛΢‫ٿ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕӧࡓৣ୍ܺౢ཰࣬྽วၲ‫ޑ‬ऍ୯ჹȨ‫ૼہ‬ ‫૸ޑ‬ፕǴऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬Ψଞ ૸ፕǴऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬Ψ ૸ ፕǴऍ ፕ ऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ڐ‬ ࡓৣ‫ڐ‬ Γଵ᛾ȩԖ࣬྽ቶ‫ݱ‬ЪుΕ‫૸ޑ‬ፕǴऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬Ψଞჹ೭ঁ‫ݾ‬᝼଺рܴዴ‫ޑ‬ೕጄǶऍ ࡋǴӉ٣ਢҹύ‫ޑ‬೏֋ Ӊ٣ਢҹύ‫ޑ‬ ୯௦྽٣Γ຾ՉЬက‫ޑ‬ນ೜‫ࡋڋ‬ǴӉ٣ਢҹύ‫ޑ‬೏֋ёа᛾Γ‫يޑ‬ҽઠ΢᛾ΓৢࣁԾρ բ᛾Ǵऩ೏֋ࣁ຀ଵ‫ޑ‬ഋॊǴஒ‫ډڙ‬ଵ᛾࿾‫ޑ‬ଓນǴ೭ᆶѠ᡼‫ޑ‬௃‫࣬ݩ‬྽όӕǶҞ߻Ѡ ᡼‫ޑ‬Ӊ٣ນ೜ำ‫ׇ‬ᗨ೴ᅌරӛ྽٣Γ຾ՉЬကঅ҅ǴՠӉ٣ਢҹύ‫ޑ‬೏֋ϝόளࣁ᛾ ΓǴ‫ך‬୯љ‫ݤ‬٠όፐϒ೏֋Ȩᇥ੿၉ȩ‫ޑ‬က୍ǴӢԜ೏֋ӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁ຀ଵϐഋॊ٠ό཮ ‫ډڙ‬ଵ᛾࿾‫ޑ‬ೀᆦǶฅԶǴᆶऍ୯࣬ӕ‫ࢂޑ‬Ǵ‫ך‬୯‫ৣࡓޑ‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣӕኬॄԖ΋‫ۓ‬ำࡋ‫੿ޑ‬ ჴက୍Ƕࡓৣࡽ‫ࣁي‬஑཰ΓγǴ‫཮ޗ‬ε౲ჹࡓৣၰቺ΢‫ޑ‬යࡑᇻଯ‫ځܭ‬дՉ཰‫ޑ‬வ཰Γ ঩ǶӢԜǴ྽΋Տ៏ៈࡓৣ‫ૼہޑ‬Γӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽǵࣁόჴ‫ޑ‬Ь஭ǴࣗԿा‫؃‬ ࡓৣа‫ځ‬຀ଵόჴ‫ޑ‬ԾқࣁЬ஭ਔǴ၀‫ૼہ‬Γᗨό‫ڙ‬ଵ᛾࿾‫ޑ‬ೀᆦǴࡓৣࢂցϝᔈ୲Ӻ Ծρ‫ޑ‬ᙍ཰ၰቺԶ‫๊ܔ‬๏ϒ‫ڐځ‬շǴࣗԿӛ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ଵ᛾௃‫׎‬ǻΞǴࡓৣӧय़ ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ό‫ݤ‬ཀკਔǴᔈ௦‫ڗ‬ϙሶኬ‫ޑ‬բ‫ٰݤ‬ѳᑽԾρჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ᆶჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ ‫ޑ‬၈ჴက୍ǴΏҁЎట૸ፕ‫ޑ‬ख़ᗺǶ 4.

(19) ҁЎஒவࡓৣউ౛ೕጄ྽ύჹ‫ߥৣࡓܭ‬ஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍ϐೕ‫ۓ‬ϪΕǴ૸ፕࡓৣߥ ஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ӧࡓৣ‫ݤ‬৥ࢲ୏ǵນ೜ำ‫ׇ‬ύр౜‫ޑ‬উ౛΢‫ٿ‬ᜤ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬Ǵ٠೸ၸჴ᛾ ࣴ‫ޑز‬ుࡋೖፋٰΑှ‫ך‬୯Ҟ߻ჴ୍΢ࡓৣቬՉ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ǴаϷ੿ჴက୍‫ࣚޑ‬ ज़Ǵ٠௖૸‫ך‬୯౜Չ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍‫੿܈‬ჴက୍ࢂցૈ୼಄ӝ‫ך‬୯Ҟ߻љ‫ݤ‬ᕉნ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ƕҗ ‫ךܭ‬୯Ԝ᝼ᚒ‫૸ޑ‬ፕߚதีϿǴࡺҁЎஒаऍ୯‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢЎ᝘ࣁࣴ‫୷ز‬ᘵǴᇶаऍ୯‫ݤ‬ଣ ղ،‫ـ‬ှٰ૸ፕȨ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ȩ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǴаයᙖҗऍ୯ࡌᄬளၨֹ᏾‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢೕጄаϷჴ ୍΢‫ޑ‬ᔈᡂ௛ࡼᆶѠ᡼ჴ୍΢բ‫࣬ݤ‬ϕКၨǴࣁѠ᡼‫ࡓݤ‬வ཰Γ঩ග‫ٮ‬উ౛ፂँ‫ޑ‬ှ، ϐၰǶ. ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶБ‫ݤ‬. ಃ΋໨ ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ. ࡓৣӧ୺཰ၸำύǴӢࣁࡓৣউ౛ೕጄ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍ፐϒࡓৣ࣬ϸ‫ޑ‬က Ӣࣁࡓৣউ౛ೕጄ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ ࣁࡓৣউ౛ೕጄ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄ ೕጄ‫ޑ‬ ጄ‫ߥޑ‬ஏ ஏ ౛΢‫ޑ‬ፂँǴԜΟεউ౛ፂ ΢‫ޑ‬ፂँǴԜΟεউ౛ ‫ޑ‬ፂँ ‫ޑ‬ ፂँǴԜΟε ԜΟε ୍Ǵёૈ٬ࡓৣय़ჹΟεউ౛΢‫ޑ‬ፂँǴԜΟεউ౛ፂँхࡴǺ΋ǵӧࡓৣܴ‫ޕ‬ჹ೷᛾ 7 ࡓৣૈցቸ‫ڍ‬၀᛾Γ‫ޑ‬ ৣૈցቸ‫ڍ‬၀᛾ ǻΒǵࡓৣૈցӧܴ‫ޕ‬ Γϐ᛾‫ޑ੿ࣁق‬௃‫ݩ‬ΠǴ೏֋ࡓৣૈցቸ‫ڍ‬၀᛾Γ‫ߞޑ‬ҔૈΚ. ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬Πև౜‫ૼہ‬Γ‫܈‬᛾Γ‫ޑ‬຀ଵഋॊȐ‫܈‬ᡣԖଵ᛾ཀკ‫ૼہޑ‬Γ‫܈‬᛾Γӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ഋ ॊȑǻΟǵࡓৣӝ౛ᚶᅪԾρ‫ޑ‬஑཰‫ࡓݤ‬ཀ‫ـ‬ஒᇨ٬‫ૼہ‬ΓҍΠଵ᛾࿾ਔǴࡓৣࢂցϝ ᔈග‫ૼہٮ‬Γ‫ࡓݤ‬΢‫ࡌޑ‬᝼ǻ 8ԜΟε‫ݾ‬᝼ӧࡓৣউ౛ว৖ள࣬ჹֹӄ‫ޑ‬ऍ୯ЇଆӭБ ‫૸ޑ‬ፕǶ൩߻‫ٿ‬໨উ౛΢‫ޑ‬ፂँǴፕ‫ޣ‬ᇡࣁӧჴ୍΢ࡓৣࣗϿӢࣁܴ‫ޕ‬ჹ೷᛾Γ‫ޑ‬ഋॊ ࣁ੿ࠅϝቸ‫ߞځڍ‬ҔૈΚԶ೏ᚵ‫י‬ǴԶࡓৣ๏ϒ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ࡓݤ‬ཀ‫ࠅـ‬Їว‫ૼہ‬Γբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ ཀკǴ٠ό཮೏উ౛‫ہ‬঩཮‫܌‬ଓ‫ز‬Ƕ 9. ୖԵ΢ॊ‫ـޑ‬ှǴҁЎஒᕭλ૸ፕጄൎǴஒ‫ݾ‬ᗺ‫ܫ‬ӧ‫ૼہ‬ΓཀკගҬόჴ᛾ᏵǴ‫܈‬ 7. Ṏ⌛ˬ⎗ᾉ⿏˭ㆾˬ婈⮎⿏˭ Monroe Freedman, The Professional Responsibility of the Criminal Defense Lawyer: The Three Hardest Questions, 64 MICH. L. REV. 1469, 1469 (1966). 9 Marvin E. Frankel, Client’s Perjury and Lawyer’s Options, 1 L. INST. FOR STUDY LEGAL ETHICS 25, 27 (1996). 5 8.

(20) ा‫ৣࡓ؃‬а‫ځ‬όჴ‫ޑ‬ഋॊࣁЬ஭ਔǴࡓৣউ౛΢‫ޑ‬ፂँаϷࡓৣள௦‫ޑڗ‬ᔈჹЋࢤǶҗ ‫ךܭ‬୯‫ޑ‬ນ೜‫ࡋڋ‬ᆶऍ୯‫ޑ‬ນ೜‫ࡋڋ‬ҁ፦΢‫ޑ‬όӕǴऍ୯ӧ྽٣Γ຾ՉЬက‫ࡋڋ‬ϐΠǴ ௦Ȩ೏֋፾਱ࣁ᛾ΓȩЬကǴӉ٣೏֋ૈӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁԾρբ᛾Ǵঃऩ೏֋Ԗଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ՉࣁǴ ஒ‫ڙ‬ଵ᛾࿾‫ޑ‬ଓນǶӢԜǴঃऩ‫ૼہ‬ΓԖբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ཀკǴऍ୯‫ࡋڋ‬Π‫៏ޑ‬ៈࡓৣ൩य़ᖏ Αࢂցᔈ‫๊ܔ‬๏ϒ‫ڐ‬շаᗉխԋࣁଵ᛾࿾‫ޑ‬ᔅշҍǴ‫܈‬ӛ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬ό‫ݤ‬Չࣁ‫ޑ‬ ‫ٿ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬Ƕϸᢀ‫ך‬୯‫ޑ‬ນ೜‫ࡋڋ‬௦Ȩ೏֋ό፾਱ࣁ᛾ΓȩЬကǴΞ୷‫ܭ‬όԾ᛾ρ࿾চ߾Ǵ ‫ך‬୯೏֋ӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ؒԖȨᇥ੿၉ȩ‫ޑ‬က୍Ǵᕵ٬ᇥᖲǴΨค‫ڋ‬ຊ‫ޑ‬ೕ‫ۓ‬Ǵՠ୷‫ৣࡓܭ‬ჹ ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍Ǵऩ‫ࣁي‬Ӊ٣೏֋‫ૼہޑ‬Γ୺ཀा‫ৣࡓ؃‬а‫ځ‬όჴ‫ޑ‬ഋॊࣁЬ஭Ǵ‫܈‬ӛ ‫ݤ‬ଣගҬόჴ᛾ᏵǴࡓৣᔈӵՖᔈჹǻΞǴ೏֋Б‫ޑ‬᛾Γࣁ೏֋ϐճ੻Զཀკӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ բଵ᛾‫܈‬Ԗଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ՉࣁਔǴࡓৣᔈӵՖѳᑽ۸ჴက୍ǵߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ा‫؃‬ǻ೭ ٤᝼ᚒΏҁЎ‫૸܌‬ፕ‫ޑ‬ਡЈǶ ಃΒ໨ ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬ ਥᏵа΢ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎǴҁЎЬा௦‫ڗ‬Ў᝘ϩ‫ݤ݋‬Ϸჴ᛾ࣴ‫ݤز‬௖૸ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ ЎЬा௦‫ڗ‬Ў᝘ϩ‫ݤ݋‬Ϸჴ Ьा௦‫ڗ‬Ў᝘ϩ‫ݤ݋‬Ϸ ा௦‫ڗ‬Ў ௦‫ڗ‬ ‫ڗ‬Ў᝘ϩ‫݋‬ ‫ڗ‬ ᝘ϩ‫݋‬ ჴက୍ፂँ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢୢᚒǶ. ΋ǵ. Ў᝘ϩ‫݋‬. ‫ך‬୯‫ޑ‬Ў᝘Бय़ǴЬाவҞ߻‫ݤޑ‬ೕጄϪΕǴᇆ໣‫ך‬୯Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ᆶჴ୍΢ჹ࣬ᜢచЎा ҹ‫ޑ‬ϩ‫݋‬ᆶှញǴவచЎ‫ޑ‬ϣ৒ٰ௖૸ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ፂँᗺǶฅԶҗ‫ךܭ‬ ୯ჹ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒ‫ޑ‬௖૸࣬ჹલЮǴӢԜҁЎЬा߯வࡓৣউ౛ว৖ள࣬ჹֹӄ‫ޑ‬ऍ୯ٰᇆ ໣࣬ᜢೕጄǵᏢᇥǴᆶղ‫ٯ‬аࣁፕॊ‫ޑ‬٩ᏵǶ. Ѧ୯Ў᝘ϩ‫݋‬Бय़ǴନᆶȨ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ȩ Ȑclient perjuryȑ᝼ᚒ‫ޔ‬ௗ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬යтǵ஑ ਜѦǴҁЎҭᇆ໣ᜢ‫ߥޑৣࡓܭ‬ஏက୍ǵ੿ჴက୍ǵ྽٣Γ຾ՉЬကᆶᙍ៾຾ՉЬကΠ ‫ޑ‬೏֋ӦՏϐ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ǴаϷᆶԜ᝼ᚒ࣬ᜢ‫ৣࡓޑ‬উ౛ೕጄ‫ޑ‬၍ញᆶჴ୍΢‫ޑ‬ჴ᛾ࣴ‫ز‬ 6.

(21) ൔ֋Ǵϟಏϣ৒٠຾Չϩ‫݋‬ǵឍញǴᎡ‫ڰ‬౛ፕ୷ᘵǶᒧ᏷मऍ‫ݤ‬Ў᝘ନ߯฽‫ঁޣ‬ΓૈΚ ज़‫ڋ‬ѦǴऍ୯ჹࡓৣউ౛‫ޑ‬᝼ᚒว৖ࣗԐǴᏢࣚ‫૸ޑ‬ፕ዗ਗ਼Ǵ࿶ၸਔ໔ಕᑈς࿶ౢғᙦ ൤ፕॊϷ࣬ᜢਢ‫ٯ‬ё‫ୖٮ‬ԵǴ‫׆‬ఈᙖҗჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾᝼ᚒว৖ςᑪԋዕ‫ޑ‬ऍ୯‫ݤ‬ፕॊа ග‫ٮ‬฽‫ޣ‬όӕ‫ךܭ‬୯ኻഌ‫׳سݤ‬ቨቶ‫ࡘޑ‬ᆢǶ. Βǵ. ჴ᛾ࣴ‫ز‬. ჴ᛾ࣴ‫ز‬Бय़Ьा௦ъ่ᄬϯ‫ޑ‬ుࡋೖፋǶҗ‫ךܭ‬୯ჹ‫ܭ‬Ԝ᝼ᚒᗨԖ૸ፕǴՠҞ߻ ۘค࣬ᜢղ،‫ৣࡓ܈‬ᚵ‫ہי‬঩཮‫ޑ‬ᚵ‫י‬ਢ‫ٯ‬ё‫ୖٮ‬ԵǴᏢᇥБय़ჹ‫ৣࡓܭ‬၈ჴက୍ϐ૸ ፕҭज़‫ڋ‬ӧ҇٣ນ೜‫ޑ‬ጄൎǴۘόϷ‫ܭ‬Ӊ٣ນ೜ύࡓৣ੿ჴက୍ϐୢᚒǶࡺǴҁЎஒவ ΢ॊჹऍ୯࣬ᜢᏢᇥǵղ‫ٯ‬ǵჴ୍բ‫ޑݤ‬ϩ‫݋‬ύ‫פ‬рёૈ፾ӝ‫ך‬୯୯௃‫ޑ‬ᔈჹ௛ࡼǴа ଵ᛾‫ޑ‬բ‫ݤ‬բࣁኳࠠ ‫ޑ‬բ‫ݤ‬բࣁኳ ऍ୯ჴ୍΢‫ޑ‬Ӛᅿೀ౛‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ޑ‬բ‫ݤ‬բࣁኳࠠǴ೸ၸჹჴ୍ࣚΓγ‫ޑ‬ೖፋǴаයவ ᓬલᗺǵёՉ‫܄‬ǴаϷӧჴ લᗺǵёՉ‫܄‬ǴаϷӧ ᗺǵё ёՉ‫܄‬ǴаϷ а ుΕ‫ޑ‬ೖፋύ‫פ‬рӚኳࠠ‫ޑ‬ᓬલᗺǵёՉ‫܄‬ǴаϷӧჴ୍ၮբ΢ёૈౢғ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǴբࣁ ว৖р፾ӝ‫ך‬୯ჴ୍‫ޑ‬բ‫ݤ‬Ƕ ৖р፾ӝ‫ך‬୯ჴ୍‫ޑ‬բ‫ݤ‬ р፾ӝ‫ך‬୯ჴ ୯ჴ୍ ჴ୍‫ޑ‬բ բ ჹӚᅿኳࠠঅ҅‫ޑ‬БӛǴว৖р፾ӝ‫ך‬୯ჴ୍‫ޑ‬բ‫ݤ‬Ƕ. ᗎೖᏱԖӭԃ୺཰࿶ᡍ‫ޑ‬ ᏱԖӭԃ୺཰࿶ᡍ Ԗ ుࡋೖፋ‫ޑ‬Бय़Ǵ฽‫ޣ‬ᗎೖᏱԖӭԃ୺཰࿶ᡍ‫ৣࡓޑ‬ǵ‫۔ݤ‬ǵᔠჸ‫۔‬Ǵᙖҗୢเ‫ޑ‬ კӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁ БԄΑှҞ߻ჴ୍΢य़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γཀკӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁόჴഋॊǵගрόჴ᛾Ᏽ‫܈‬ा‫៏؃‬ៈࡓ ৣӛ‫ݤ‬ଣ଺όჴ‫ޑ‬Ь஭‫ޑ៏ל܈‬௃‫ݩ‬ǴаϷࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ᔈჹБ‫ݤ‬Ǵ٠၂კவ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ٰࡋفޑ‬ᢀ ჸԜউ౛᝼ᚒёૈჹນ೜ำ‫ׇ‬ǵ٣ჴᇡ‫ۓ‬ǵໆӉᇸख़‫܌‬೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǶ‫׆‬ఈவჴ୍πբ‫ޣ‬ ‫ޑ‬࿶ᡍٰΑှ‫ך‬୯Ӊ٣ਢҹύࡓৣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက୍ࣚጕǵ‫ך‬୯Ҟ߻ჴ୍ᆶऍ୯ჴ୍բ‫ޑݤ‬ৡ ձǴаϷऍ୯ჴ୍‫ޑ‬բ‫ࢂݤ‬ց፾ӝӧѠ᡼ࡼՉǻऩό፾ӝǴ‫ځ‬চӢࣁՖǻԖค‫׳‬፾ӝ‫ޑ‬ ှ،Б‫ݤ‬ǻ. ჴ᛾ೖፋ‫ޑ‬ᏹբ΢Ǵ฽‫ޣ‬௦ъ่ᄬԄೖፋǶೖፋ຾Չ߻ਥᏵ߻ॊ୏ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬೛ीೖ ፋεᆜǴբࣁೖፋ‫ࡰޑ‬ЇБӛǴՠӧ᏾ঁೖፋၸำύǴ٠ߚֹӄਥᏵೖፋεᆜ‫ޑ‬໩‫ׇ‬຾ ՉೖୢǴԶஒ٩ೖፋၸำύр౜‫ૻޑ‬৲଺ቸ‫ޑ܄‬ፓ᏾Ǵаයவ‫ڙ‬ೖ‫ޣ‬ҁ‫ޑي‬࿶ᡍᆶᇡ‫ޕ‬ ύᕇ‫ڗ‬ుࡋǵԖࡌ೛‫่݀ޑ܄‬Ƕ 7.

(22) ಃΟ࿯ ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬᆶЬाϣ৒. ‫߻܍‬ॊࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬ǴҁЎନಃ΋കᆣፕѦϩࣁϤകǴӝीӅΎεകǴ่ᄬ ӵΠǺ. ಃ΋കǺҁകࣁᆣፕǴឍܴҁЎϐࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬Ǵࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎǵБ‫ݤ‬ǴϷፕЎࢎᄬǶ. ಃΒകǺҁകӅϩࣁΟ࿯ǴЬाҞ‫ޑ‬ӧϟಏऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ‫ݾޑ‬ፕǶ२ Ӄࢂ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ݾ‬᝼‫ྍޑ‬ଆǶऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ჹ‫ૼہܭ‬Γଵ᛾‫ݾ‬᝼‫ޑ‬௖૸߯ྍԾ‫ ܭ‬1966 ԃ Monroe H. Freedman ௲௤ගр྽ࡓৣว౜‫ૼہ‬ΓԖӧ‫ݤ‬৥բଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ཀკਔǴࡓৣᔈуа ᝀߔǹӵᝀߔคਏǴࡓৣ߾ᔈ‫ڐ‬շ‫ૼہ‬Γӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁଵ᛾ϐഋॊǶFreedman ௲௤‫قޑ‬ፕ ໒௴ऍ୯ߏၲѤΜԃ ऍ୯ߏၲѤΜ Їว྽ਔऍ୯‫཮ޗ‬᛻ฅǴவԜ໒௴ऍ୯ߏၲѤΜԃჹ‫ૼہܭ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ‫૸ޑ‬ፕǶ฽‫ޣ‬ӧ ᛾ୢ ୢᚒ ᚒ‫ޑ‬΋ ΋ঁ࿶‫ڂ‬ ‫ڂ‬ਢ‫ٯ‬ ‫ڂ‬ ਢ‫ٯ‬Ǵ٠ Ԝஒϟಏऍ୯ᜢ‫ૼہܭ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬΋ঁ࿶‫ڂ‬ਢ‫ٯ‬Ǵ٠ࣚ‫ૼہۓ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ‫ݾޑ‬᝼‫૸ޑ‬ Ў‫ޑ‬ ‫ࣴޑ‬ ࣴ‫ز‬ख़ЈǶ ፕጄൎǴᔅշ᠐‫ޣ‬ᇡ᛽ҁЎ‫زࣴޑ‬ख़ЈǶ. ૸ፕ‫ך‬୯೏֋ࢂցளԋ ፕ‫ך‬୯೏֋ࢂցள ‫ך‬ ಃΟകǺҁകϩࣁΟ࿯Ǵ૸ፕ‫ך‬୯೏֋ࢂցளԋҥଵ᛾࿾‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǶҗ‫ܭ‬ҁЎ߯૸ፕ ჴ᛾Ᏽჹ‫ࣁي‬ ೏֋ӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢‫ޑ‬຀ଵഋॊ‫܈‬ගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽჹ‫៏ࣁي‬ៈΓ‫܌ৣࡓޑ‬஥ٰ‫ޑ‬উ౛ፂँǴ೏֋ ӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁόഋॊࢂց཮ᄬԋଵ᛾࿾ǴஒቹៜࡓৣቬՉ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǶҁക௖૸ଵ᛾ ࿾‫ޑ‬ҁ፦ᆶߥៈ‫੻ݤޑ‬Ǵ٠வ྽٣Γ຾ՉЬကᆶᙍ៾຾ՉЬက‫ٰࡋفޑ‬௖‫ز‬೏֋ࢂցࣁ ፾਱᛾Γ‫ݤޑ‬౛ᆶᐕўᄽ຾Ǵനࡕӣ‫ךډ‬୯‫ࡋڋࡓݤޑ‬Πٰᢀჸ‫ך‬୯‫܌‬௦ϐȨ‫ؼׯ‬Ԅ྽ ٣Γ຾ՉЬကȩΠ೏֋ࢂցளࣁ᛾ΓǶ. ಃѤകǺҁക΋ӅϩࣁΟ࿯Ǵ२Ӄ൩ऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ࡓৣ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ೕጄϣ ৒ǵाҹ฻଺၁ᅰ‫ޑ‬ϟಏǴ຾Զ‫ۯ‬՜рऍ୯Ꮲᇥᆶჴ୍΢ჹߥஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍ፂँ‫ޑ‬ ‫ـ‬ှǶߥஏက୍ᆶ၈ჴက୍ϐፂँЬा߄౜ӧ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ݾޑ‬᝼΢Ǵҁകவऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ڐ‬ ཮ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ݾ‬᝼‫ޑ‬ҥ൑ᄽᡂϪΕǴϟಏऍ୯Ꮲᇥ΢ᇡӕᆶϸჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ೕ߾ Ȑclient perjury ruleȑ‫ـޑ‬ှǶ 8.

(23) ಃϖകǺҁകϩࣁΟ࿯Ǵಃ΋࿯ϟಏ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍‫ࡋڋޑ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᆶ‫ࡓݤ‬٩ᏵǴ٠ ࡰр‫ך‬୯ཥᙑ‫ހ‬ҁ‫ߥৣࡓޑ‬ஏೕ߾Ӣೕ‫ۓ‬όܴዴԶёૈౢғ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǶಃΒ࿯ϟಏ‫ך‬୯ࡓ ৣ੿ჴက୍‫ࡓݤޑ‬٩ᏵϷೕጄϣ৒ǶௗΠٰ௖૸‫ך‬୯ࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐፂँǴ хࡴࡓৣ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ጄൎᔈӵՖࣚ‫ۓ‬ǴаϷ‫ך‬୯ࡓৣӧቬՉ΢ॊ‫ٿ‬ᅿက୍ਔǴӢ੿ჴက ୍ाҹೕ‫ۓ‬ளόܴዴǴԶౢғ፾Ҕ΢ҟ࣯ፂँ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬Ƕ. ಃϤകǺҗ‫ךܭ‬୯ჹࡓৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍‫૸ޑ‬ፕ࣬྽ีϿǴჴ୍΢ҭલЮ࣬ᜢ ղ‫ٯ‬ǴӢԜ߻΋ക྽ύᛥӈ‫ޑ‬Ӛᅿউ౛ೕጄόܴዴᆶፂँϐೀǴሡाЇϟࡓৣউ౛ว৖ ள࣬ჹֹӄ‫ޑ‬ऍ୯Ꮲᇥᆶჴ୍‫ـ‬ှǴаբࣁှ،‫ך‬୯࣬ᜢୢᚒ‫ୖޑ‬ԵǶҁക၁ಒϟಏऍ ୯‫ݤ‬΢ჹȨ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ೕ߾ȩाҹ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ۓ‬኱ྗǴаϷय़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬Ӛᅿᔈჹ௛ ࡼϷ‫ځ‬ᓬલᗺǶ ୍΢य़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ य़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢ ଵ᛾ ಃΎകǺҁകаऍ୯ჴ୍΢य़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬բ‫ࣁݤ‬ኳࠠǴ೸ၸుࡋ‫ޑ‬ೖፋǴ ‫ૼہ‬ΓཀკගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽ‫ࣁ܈‬ ૼΓཀკගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽ‫܈‬ ཀკග ගҬόჴ ჴ᛾Ᏽ ჴ᛾ ᛾ ٰΑှჴ୍΢ࡓৣӧय़ჹ‫ૼہ‬ΓཀკගҬόჴ᛾Ᏽ‫ࣁ܈‬όჴ‫៏ל‬ਔǴࡓৣჴሞ΢௦‫ڗ‬а ఈ೸ၸుࡋ‫ޑ‬ೖፋٰᙶమ‫ך‬୯ ೸ၸుࡋ‫ޑ‬ೖፋٰᙶమ‫ך‬ ుࡋ‫ޑ‬ೖ ‫ޑ‬ೖፋ ೖፋٰ మ Ϸё௦‫ޑڗ‬ᔈᡂբ‫ݤ‬Ƕයఈ೸ၸుࡋ‫ޑ‬ೖፋٰᙶమ‫ך‬୯Ҟ߻ࡓৣ੿ჴက୍‫ޑ‬ጄൎᆶࣚ ӧ೭ঁ᝼ᚒ΢૸ፕ‫ޑ‬ό‫ى‬ ೭ঁ᝼ᚒ΢૸ፕ‫ޑ‬ό‫ى‬ ೭ ঁ᝼ ᝼ᚒ΢૸ፕ‫ޑ‬ ᝼ᚒ ૸ ‫ޑ‬ ጕǴаံ‫ךى‬୯ᏢᇥϷჴ୍ӧ೭ঁ᝼ᚒ΢૸ፕ‫ޑ‬ό‫ى‬Ƕჴ᛾ࣴ‫఼܌ز‬ᇂ‫ޑ‬य़ӛхࡴǺӉ ៜ‫۔ݤ‬ໆӉǵჴ୍ ‫۔‬ໆӉ ٣೏֋ӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁόჴഋॊஒቹៜ‫۔ݤ‬ໆӉǵჴ୍΢៏ៈࡓৣӵՖय़ჹό၈ჴϐ‫ૼہ‬ Γǵჴ୍΢៏ៈࡓৣय़ჹόჴഋॊ‫܈‬όჴ᛾Ᏽ‫ޑ‬բ‫ݤ‬ǵऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ೀ౛‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ޑ‬Ӛᅿ բ‫ݤ‬ӧ‫ך‬୯‫ޑ‬ёՉ‫܄‬ǴаϷ‫ך‬୯Ӊ٣ਢҹύ៏ៈࡓৣϐ੿ჴက୍Ϸ‫ࣚځ‬ጕǴаϷ‫ך‬୯ࡓ ৣߥஏက୍ᆶ੿ჴက୍ϐቬՉϷࡓৣᚵ‫ࡋڋי‬౜‫ݩ‬Ƕ. ಃΖകǺҁക΋ӅϩࣁΟ࿯௖૸‫ך‬୯ࢂցᔈፐϒࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛ჹቩղ৥வ٣ϐӉ٣ ‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ‫ޑ‬က୍Ƕ२ӃவҁЎჴ᛾ࣴ‫่݀ޑز‬ϪΕǴсᡉ‫ך‬୯Ҟ߻ࡓৣեࡋ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက ୍ό‫ى‬ς಄ӝ౜Ϟ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ሡाǶಃΒ࿯ௗ๱ϟಏऍ୯ፐϒࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛က୍‫ࡓݤޑ‬٩Ᏽ а౛җǴ٠வ‫ך‬୯‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢచЎϷঅ‫ޑݤ‬ᖿ༈ٰᢀჸ‫ך‬୯ࢂցᔈፐϒࡓৣᑈཱུඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γ дΓჹቩղ৥வ٣ϐӉ٣‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ‫ޑ‬က୍Ƕനࡕ‫ܭ‬ಃΟ࿯ύ٩ྣӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢‫܌‬ගрϐό ჴ᛾ᏵǵόჴഋॊǴϷჹቩղ৥வ٣ϐӉ٣‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ฻ΟঁኬᄊǴ૸ፕࡓৣ‫੿ޑ‬ჴက 9.

(24) ୍ᔈӵՖঅ҅ǴаϷၴϸ‫ࡓݤޑ‬ਏ݀Ǵ຾Զࡌ᝼‫ך‬୯ࡓৣউ౛ೕጄᔈቚ‫ৣࡓۓ‬ඟ៛‫ૼہ‬ Γ‫܈‬дΓჹቩղ৥வ٣ϐӉ٣‫܈‬ທුՉࣁ‫ޑ‬က୍Ƕ. ಃΐകǺҁകᕴ่а΢ӚകගрҁЎ‫่ޑزࣴޑ‬ፕᆶࡌ᝼Ƕ. 10.

(25) ಃΒക ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒཷᇥ ಃ΋࿯ ऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ୢᚒϐ௖૸. ಃ΋໨ ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ݾ‬᝼‫ޑ‬໒ᆄ. ӧऍ୯‫ݤ‬΢ǴӉ٣ਢҹ೏֋ࢂցԖբଵ᛾‫៾ޑ‬ճǴаϷࡓৣᔈӵՖೀ౛‫ૼہځ‬Γଵ ᛾‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǴ΋‫ډڙޔ‬ᏢࣚаϷჴ୍ࣚ‫ޑ‬ቶ‫૸ݱ‬ፕǶ࿶ၸ൳Μԃ‫៏ޑ‬ፕǴԿϞ‫ۈ‬ಖؒԖ‫ۓ‬ ፕǶ. ‫ૼہ‬Γ 10ଵ᛾Ȑclient perjuryȑ‫ݾޑ‬᝼‫ ܭۈ‬1966 ԃMonroe H. Freedman 11௲௤ӧፐ୸ ύᆶ΋ဂԃᇸࡓৣ‫૸ޑ‬ፕǶӧ྽ਔߚ҅Ԅ‫ޑ‬ፐ୸૸ፕύǴFreedmanࡰрऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬ ྽ਔߚ҅Ԅ‫ޑ‬ፐ୸૸ ߚ҅Ԅ‫ޑ‬ፐ୸ ABA BA ‫ ܭ‬1908 1908 ԃ‫ޑुڋ܌‬Ȩ஑཰উ౛ྗ߾ȩ ԃ‫ڋ܌‬ ԃ ‫ुڋ܌‬ ु‫ޑ‬ ȐAmerican Bar Association, ABAȑ‫ܭ‬ ȐCanons of Canonsȑ 12ፐϒ ፐϒӉ٣೏֋ࡓৣ࣬ϕҟ࣯‫ޑ‬က୍Ǵ٬ளࡓৣӧ ፐϒӉ Ӊ٣೏֋ ֋ࡓৣ ֋ࡓ Professional EthicsǴаΠᆀCanonsȑ 13 ǴഐΕက୍΢ፂँ‫ٿޑ‬ᜤ௃ ഐΕက୍΢ፂँ‫ٿޑ‬ᜤ Εက୍ Ε က୍΢ፂँ‫ޑ‬ ፂँ‫ޑ‬ ӵԜ‫قޑ‬ፕ߯ଆӢ‫ܭ‬ य़ჹ‫ૼہځ‬Γଵ᛾‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ਔǴഐΕက୍΢ፂँ‫ٿޑ‬ᜤ௃‫ݩ‬྽ύǶ. ྽ਔ΋Տࡓৣග‫ૼہځډ‬ΓȐӉ٣ਢҹϐ೏֋ȑ႖Ϻஒр৥ࣁԾρբ᛾Ǵ၀ࡓৣ‫ޕ‬஼‫ځ‬ Ӊ٣ਢҹϐ೏֋ȑ႖Ϻ ٣ਢҹϐ೏֋ȑ ‫ૼہ‬ΓԖբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ཀკǴՠࠅό‫ޕ‬ၰ၀ӵՖᔈჹǶ 14ӧдॺ‫૸ޑ‬ፕϐΠǴωว౜‫ૼہ‬Γ ଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ୢᚒࢂࡓৣ‫཰୺ޑ‬ғఱύӅӕय़ჹࠅΞόඪගଆ‫ޑ‬ઝஏǶӧ྽ਔǴ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ ୢᚒ൳ЯόමӧҺՖ‫ࡓݤޑ‬ፐำ‫཮૸ࣴ܈‬ύ೏Ϧ໒૸ፕǶ 15. а΢ᜢ‫ૼہܭ‬Γଵ᛾ϐ‫ݾ‬᝼ੋϷऍ୯ࡓৣ‫ुڋ܌཮ڐ‬ϐCanonsೕ‫ৣࡓۓ‬Ѹ໪ჹ‫ہ‬. 10. 㛔㔯㇨䧙ᷳˬ⥼妿Ṣ˭Ὢ㊯⍿⼳ⷓẋ䎮䁢℞彗嬟ㆾ㍸ὃ㱽⼳㚵⊁ᷳ⥼妿Ṣ炻Ṏ⌛姜姇ᷕ䘬䔞ḳṢˤ ˬ䔞 ḳṢ˭ ˣˬ⥼妿Ṣ˭Ḵ娆⛐㛔㔯ᷕ⮯Ṍ㚧ἧ䓐炻⎰⃰㔀㖶ˤ 11 㱽⬠㔁㌰ˤ䚖⇵ả㔁㕤伶⚳ Hofstra Universityˤ℞⬠䴻㬟⍲叿ἄ娛夳烉 http://law.hofstra.edu/Directory/Faculty/FullTimeFaculty/ftfac_mfreedman.html 炷㚨⼴溆教㖍㛇烉2010 ⸜ 7 㚰 15 㖍炸 12 ⮰㤕ΐ䎮㸾⇯炷The Canons of Professional Ethics炸Ὢ䓙伶⚳⼳ⷓ⋼㚫㕤 1908 ⸜㇨⇞妪炻䓐ẍ夷䭬䔞㗪⼳ⷓᷳ➟㤕埴䁢ˤ 13 ABA CANONS OF PROF’L ETHICS, CANONS 6, 8, 22 (1908) 14 Monroe H. Freedman, Getting Honest About Client Perjury, 21 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 133, 137 (2008). 15 Id. 11.

(26) ૼΓ‫ޑ‬ਢҹᅰΚᕇளӄय़‫ޑ‬ᕕှ 16ǶЪऍ୯ࡓৣ‫཮ڐ‬ҭ߄ҢǺӧόᕕှਢ௃٣ჴ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ ΠǴࡓৣค‫ݤ‬Ԗਏ୺Չ‫ځ‬ᙍ୍Ƕ 17ӢԜǴࣁΑߦ຾ࡓৣᆶ‫ૼہځ‬Γ໔‫ߞޑ‬ᒘᜢ߯Ǵ٬‫ہ‬ ૼΓૈ୼డคࣙឨӦӛࡓৣ߄ܴ٣௃‫ٰޑ‬ᓪѐેǴࡓৣউ౛ೕጄፐϒࡓৣԖߥӺ‫ૼہ‬Γ ઝஏၗૻ‫ޑ‬က୍Ƕ 18ฅԶǴӧԜߥஏက୍ϐѦǴࡓৣউ౛ೕጄΞፐϒࡓৣჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ੿ჴ‫ޑ‬ က୍Ƕ 19Freedman௲௤ࡰрǴа΢Οᅿࡓৣက୍ҁ፦΢‫ޑ‬ፂँǴ٬ளࡓৣय़ᖏǺ΋ǵѸ ໪ᅰΚᕇள‫܌‬Ԗਢ௃‫ޑ‬ၗૻǹΒǵᝄӺ‫܌‬ᕇள‫ޑ‬ઝஏၗૻǹΟǵӧ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ڮ‬зΠǴӛ‫ݤ‬ଣ ඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γઝஏၗૻ‫ޑ‬ҟ࣯௃‫׎‬Ƕ 20. ӧ྽ਔ‫૸ޑ‬ፕύǴFreedman௲௤ࡰрΟᅿࡓৣӧय़ჹ‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ਔё௦‫ޑڗ‬ᔈჹЋ ࢤǺ΋ǵӧಃ΋ԛᆶ‫ૼہ‬Γ཮य़૸ፕਢ௃ਔǴջගᒬ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫܌‬೸៛٬ԾρΕ࿾‫ޑ‬ၗૻǴ ࡕࡓৣว ཮٬ࡓৣഐΕউ౛΢‫ޑ‬ፂँǴঃऩВࡕࡓৣว౜Ԗό‫ޑݤ‬௃٣Ǵࡓৣஒёૈ೏ॐඟ៛࣬ ‫ૼہ‬Γ໔‫ޑ‬Ȩԯើၲ‫ݤ‬ ૼΓ໔‫ޑ‬Ȩԯើၲ ԯ ᜢઝஏၗૻǹҭջ‫܌‬ᒏࡓৣᆶ‫ૼہ‬Γ໔‫ޑ‬Ȩԯើၲ‫߾ݤ‬ȩ ȐMiranda Warningȑ ǹΒǵӛ‫ہ‬ ঃऩ‫ૼہ‬Γ٣ࡕԖଵ᛾ϐ௃ ऩ‫ૼہ‬Γ٣ࡕԖଵ᛾ϐ ‫ૼہ‬Γ Γ٣ࡕԖ Ԗଵ᛾ Ԗଵ ଵ ૼΓ‫܍‬ᒍ཮ᝄӺઝஏၗૻǴঃऩ‫ૼہ‬Γ٣ࡕԖଵ᛾ϐ௃٣Ǵࡓৣջёᄖӣ၀‫܍‬ᒍǹΟǵ ਔǴࡓৣᔈᅰΚᝀߔǹঃऩᝀ ࡓৣᔈᅰΚᝀߔǹঃऩ ৣᔈᅰΚ ᅰΚᝀ Κᝀߔ ঃ ӧว౜‫ૼہ‬ΓԖଵ᛾ཀკਔǴࡓৣᔈᅰΚᝀߔǹঃऩᝀߔคਏǴࡓৣ߾ᔈ٩΋૓ำ‫ׇ‬ᡣ 22 ॊǶ 211ӵ ӵԜ‫ـޑ‬ှ᎜ᏴΑ྽ਔऍ୯‫ޑ‬љ‫ࣚݤ‬Ǵ ӵԜ Ԝ‫ـޑ‬ှ᎜Ᏼ ‫ ـ‬᎜ᏴΑ ᏴΑ྽ ໒௴Αऍ୯ ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ݤܭ‬৥΢ࣁଵ᛾ϐഋॊǶ. ‫ૼہ‬Γբଵ᛾Ǵ‫׭‬ Γբଵ᛾ ߏၲѤΜԃჹ‫ࢂৣࡓܭ‬ցள‫ڐ‬շ‫ૼہ‬Γբଵ᛾Ǵ‫ৣࡓ܈׭‬ᔈӛ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛‫ૼہ‬Γଵ᛾ཀკ ‫૸ޑ‬ፕǶ. 16. “A lawyer was required to “endeavor to obtain full knowledge of his client’s cause without knowing the truth”. ABA CANONS OF PROF’L ETHICS, CANONS 8 (1908). 17 ABA Comm. On Prof’l Ethics and Grievances, Formal Op. 23 (1930). 18 ABA CANONS OF PROF’L ETHICS, CANONS 37 (1908). 19 ABA CANONS OF PROF’L ETHICS, CANONS 22 (1908). 20 Monroe H. Freedman, Perjury: The Lawyer’s Trilemma, 1 Litigation 26 (1975). 21 Freedman, supra note 14, at 133, 138. 22 Freedman 㔁㌰䘬妨婾⺽崟⬠䓴冯⮎⊁䓴䘬⻟䁰斄↯炻娵䁢 Freedman 㔁㌰䘬妨婾冯䔞㗪 ABA ㇨⇞妪䘬 Canons of Professional Ethics 䘬夷䭬䚠堅䨩炻⚈侴⛐ 1996 ⸜䓙 Warren Burger ⣏㱽⭀冯⎎⢾ℑỵ伶⚳倗恎㱽昊㱽⭀⎹ United States District Court Committee on Professional Admissions and Grievance炷the grievance committee炸㍸↢㈿嬘炻天㯪⍾㴰 Freedman 㔁㌰䘬⼳ⷓ屯㟤ㆾ≺Ẍ 借ˤ䃞侴䴻忶⥼⒉㚫攟忼⚃ᾳ㚰䘬 ⮑嬘炻㚨⼴㰢⭂ᶵ徥䨞 Freedman 㔁㌰䘬䚠斄屔ảˤ⍫䄏 Monroe H. Freedman, The Criminal Defense Paradigm, 64 MICH. L. REV. 1469 n1 (1966). 12.

(27) ಃΒ࿯ ж߄ਢ‫ٯ‬ϟಏ—Nix v. Whiteside 23. Ԑයऍ୯‫ৣࡓޑ‬উ౛ೕጄೕ‫ৣࡓۓ‬Ѹ໪ᙣӺ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ǴӢԜ೯த࿣Зࡓৣ ஒ‫ૼہ‬Γჹ‫ڶځ‬၈ஒӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢բଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ཀკ֋‫۔ݤޕ‬ǶฅԶࡓৣᙣӺჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက ୍ࠅठ٬‫ૼہ‬Γբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬٣ҹᓎ໺Ǵςᝄख़ቹៜљ‫҅ݤ‬ကǶ 24ࣁΑ਍ፁљ‫ݤ‬൧ᝄᆢៈљ ‫҅ݤ‬ကǴ߈ය‫ৣࡓޑ‬উ౛ೕጄςவ୲࡭ࡓৣѸ໪ᝄӺჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍ǴᙯԶୃख़ࡓ ৣѸ໪ᓬӃᅰ‫ډ‬ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ޑ‬Ȩ၈ჴက୍ȩ ǴӢԜࡓৣউ౛ೕጄΞჹࡓৣ‫ߥޑ‬ஏက୍‫ुڋ‬Α ख़ा‫ٯ‬ѦǴҭջȨҍ࿾ՉࣁᆶທුՉࣁߥஏ‫ٯ‬Ѧȩ Ƕ 25. Nix v. Whitesideਢջࢂऍ୯ᖄٖനଯ‫ݤ‬ଣජЇȨҍ࿾ՉࣁᆶທුՉࣁߥஏ‫ٯ‬Ѧȩ Ǵٰ ֋όளբ ှ،టբଵ᛾ϐ೏֋Ӣࣁ៏ៈࡓৣ᝾֋όளբଵ᛾Ǵց߾ाಖЗᆶ೏֋‫ہޑ‬Һᜢ߯Ǵ‫܈‬ Զࡕ೏֋Ь஭‫ځ‬٦Ԗऍ ࡕ೏֋Ь஭‫ځ‬٦Ԗ ‫ځ‬٦ ஒ೏֋բଵ᛾΋٣֋‫ݤޕ‬ଣǴԶࡕ೏֋Ь஭‫ځ‬٦Ԗऍ୯Ꮶ‫ݤ‬ቚঅచЎಃϤచ፟ϒ೏֋ϐ ៾ճ ճ‫ډڙ‬গ গღ‫ݾޑ‬ ‫ݾ‬᝼Ƕ ‫ݾ‬᝼ ᝼ 226 Ȩ‫ৣࡓڙ‬Ԗਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈȩ‫៾ޑ‬ճ‫ډڙ‬গღ‫ݾޑ‬᝼Ƕ. ΋ǵ ਢҹ٣ჴ. Whiteside೏௓ ӧNix v. WhitesideਢύǴ೏֋Whiteside೏௓ᒉఠԝ‫ޣ‬Ǵ೏֋ჹ‫ݤ‬ଣࡰࢴ‫ޑ‬Ϧ೛៏ៈ ΓRobinsonᇥдࢂ࣮‫ډ‬ԝ‫ޣ‬வ‫׉‬΢‫ܾޑ‬ᓐΠ৾р΋‫ע‬ЋᄳǴдࣁΑԾߥǴω৾Θරԝ‫ޣ‬ ‫ૅޑ‬α‫ڈ‬ѐǶՠ࿶ၸ៏ៈࡓৣӆࡋ၌ୢࡕǴ೏֋ω߄Ңд٠ؒԖ੿‫ډ࣮ޑ‬ᄳǴԶࢂдዴ ߞԝ‫ޣ‬ЋύԖ΋‫ע‬ᄳǶฅԶ᝾Бӧਢว౜൑٠ؒԖ‫ډפ‬ᄳǶ៏ៈࡓৣ֋ນ೏֋дό΋‫ۓ‬ ा߄Ң੿‫ډ࣮ޑ‬ЋᄳωૈЬ஭҅྽ٛፁǴջ٬ӧਢว౜൑ؒԖ‫ډפ‬ᄳǴѝा೏֋ӝ౛࣬ ߞԝ‫ޣ‬ԖᄳջёǶ 27೏֋ӧ΋ቩ໒৥߻೿΋‫֋ޔ‬ນ៏ៈࡓৣᇥд٠ؒԖ੿‫ډ࣮ޑ‬ᄳǴՠ дዴߞԝ‫ޣ‬Ћ΢ԖᄳǴՠӧ໒৥߻΋ঁᘶࡨǴ྽៏ៈࡓৣᆶ೏֋ӧྗഢ၄ୢਔǴ೏֋२. 23 24 25 26 27. Nix v. Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157 (1986). 㜿⇑剅炻 ˬ⼳ⷓᾅ⭮佑⊁ vs.⼳ⷓ婈⮎佑⊁˭炻㱽⼳ΐ䎮⬠炻㜙⏛⣏⬠㱽⬠昊ᷣ䶐炻枩 293炷2009炸ˤ United States v. Zolin, 491 U.S. 554 (1989). See Nix, 475 U.S. at 157. See id. at 160. 13.

(28) ԛ֋ນ៏ៈࡓৣдම࣮‫ډ‬ԝ‫ޣ‬ЋύԖȨߎឦȩ‫ܿޑ‬ՋǶ྽៏ៈࡓৣा‫؃‬೏֋ᇥమཱਔǴ ೏֋ӣเǺ Ȩӵ݀‫ך‬όᇥ‫ך‬Ԗ࣮‫ډ‬΋‫ע‬ᄳǴ‫ך‬൩ԝ‫ۓ‬Αȩ Ƕ 28. य़ჹ೏֋բଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ཀკǴ៏ៈࡓৣࡐమཱܴқ‫֋ޑ‬ນ೏֋ऩдӧ‫ݤ‬৥΢ࣁӵԜϐഋ ॊǴёૈᄬԋଵ᛾࿾‫ޑ‬Ӊ٣ೢҺǴ٠ӆԛӛ೏֋ᖂܴдค໪᛾ܴԝ‫ޣ‬ԖᄳωૈЬ஭҅྽ ٛፁǴԶ໻ሡ೏֋ӝ౛࣬ߞд‫ي‬ೀᓀნջёǶঃऩ೏֋୺ཀࣁόჴϐഋॊǴд‫ৣࡓࣁي‬ ΨԖက୍ӛ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛дբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬௃‫׎‬ǴЪஒᆶ೏֋ಖЗ‫ہ‬Һᜢ߯Ƕ 29. ೏֋ӧ߃ቩਔբ᛾߄Ңд‫ޕ‬ၰԝ‫ޣ‬ԖᄳǴԶЪдᇡࣁԝ‫ޣ‬྽ਔЋύඝԖ၀‫ע‬ᄳǴӢ Ԝдࢂ୷‫ܭ‬ԾፁԶҔΘஒԝ‫ڈޣ‬ԝǴՠ٠คᖂᆀдම࣮‫ډ‬ԝ‫ޣ‬Ћ္Ԗߎឦ‫ܿޑ‬ՋǴӧᔠ БҬϕ၄ୢਔǴ೏֋ҭ‫܍‬ᇡд٠ؒԖ੿‫ډ࣮ޑ‬ԝ‫ޣ‬Ћ΢ԖᄳǶ 30៏ៈࡓৣᖐ᛾ԖΓමӧ ਢว߻࣮‫ډ‬ԝ‫ޣ‬Ԗ‫ע‬อᄳǴ៏ៈࡓৣҭᖐ᛾᝾Бჹԝ‫ޣ‬Ϧ൥‫ޑ‬ཛྷ઩ёૈό୼၁ᅰǴ៏ៈ ៈࡓৣҭᖐ᛾᝾Бჹ ৣҭᖐ᛾᝾Б ౜൑ؒԖ‫ډפ‬ᄳǴёૈࢂӢ ൑ؒԖ‫ډפ‬ᄳǴёૈࢂ ؒԖ‫פ‬ ‫ډפ‬ᄳǴёૈ ё ࡓৣΨќѦᖐ᛾᝾Бӧਢว౜൑ؒԖ‫ډפ‬ᄳǴёૈࢂӢࣁԝ‫ޣ‬ৎឦӧਢวόΦࡕ൩ஒԝ ࡓৣගр೭٤᛾Ᏽа᛾ܴ೏֋ ගр೭٤᛾Ᏽа᛾ܴ೏ ගр೭٤᛾Ᏽ ᛾Ᏽа Ᏽа᛾ܴ ܴ ‫ܿޑޣ‬Ջӄ೽ཚ‫و‬Ƕ៏ៈࡓৣගр೭٤᛾Ᏽа᛾ܴ೏֋Ӣԝ‫ޣ‬Ћ΢ԖᄳǴ‫܌‬аᇡࣁд‫ي‬ ೀᓀნԶѸ໪Ծ‫ך‬ٛፁǶ 31. Βǵ Ӧଣղ،. ང಻๮Ԁ߃ቩ‫ݤ‬ଣᇡ‫ۓ‬೏֋ҍΠΒભᒉఠ࿾Ǵՠ೏֋Ь஭Ӣࣁ៏ៈࡓৣ᝾֋дόள բଵ᛾Ǵठ٬д٦ԖȨ‫ڙ‬೏֋Ԗਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈȩ‫៾ޑ‬ճ೏গღǴԶा‫׳؃‬ቩǶ 32ང಻๮Ԁ നଯ‫ݤ‬ଣዴᇡΑ೏֋‫ۓޑ‬࿾ղ،ǴᇡࣁӉ٣೏֋٦Ԗ‫ޑ‬Ȩࡓৣ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈ៾ȩ٠όхࡴа ଵ᛾‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈǴЪ៏ៈࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬က୍ҭόхࡴ‫ڐ‬շ‫ૼہ‬Γբଵ᛾ǴӢԜ៏ៈࡓৣ ᝾֋೏֋όளբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬Չࣁό໻ӝ‫ݤ‬Ǵҭࢂ៏ៈࡓৣ‫ޑ‬ᙍೢ‫܌‬ӧǶ 33. 28 29 30 31 32 33. See id. at 161. Id. See id. at 162. Id. Id. See Nix, 475 U.S. at 163. 14.

(29) ೏֋‫ࢂܭ‬ӛང಻๮Ԁࠄ୔ᖄٖӦБ‫ݤ‬ଣҙፎΓ‫ߥي‬ៈзǶ೏֋Ь஭Ӣ៏ៈࡓৣ‫๊ܔ‬ ᡣдբଵ᛾Ǵগღд٦ԖȨࡓৣԖਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈȩ‫៾ޑ‬ճǶᖄٖӦБ‫ݤ‬ଣᇡࣁȨࡓৣ‫ڐ‬շ ៏ៈ៾ȩ٠όхࡴ‫ڐ‬շ‫ૼہ‬Γբଵ᛾ǴӢԜᖄٖӦБ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫๊ܔ‬ਡวΓ‫ߥي‬ៈзǶ 34. Οǵ ΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣղ،. ჹ‫ࢂܭ‬ցᔈਡว೏֋ᖂፎϐΓ‫ߥي‬ៈз‫ޑ‬᝼ᚒǴᗨฅᖄٖಃΖْ଑ӣ΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣΨᇡ ࣁӉ٣೏֋ஒటբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬ཀკ֋ນ៏ៈࡓৣǴ٠ό཮ӢԜཞ্Ӊ٣೏֋٦Ԗ‫ޑ‬ȨࡓৣԖ ਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈ៾ȩ ǴЪ៏ៈࡓৣ᝾֋೏֋дஒӛ‫ݤ‬ଣඟ៛೏֋టբଵ᛾‫ޑ‬௃٣Ǵ٠҂๓ᅰ ࡓৣჹ‫ૼہ‬Γ‫ޑ‬Ȩߥஏက୍ȩ ǴԶၴϸΑᖄٖനଯ‫ݤ‬ଣӧStrickland v. Washingtonਢዴҥ ‫ޑ‬Ȩࡓৣคਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈȩ኱ྗǴҭջ೏֋Ѹ໪᛾ܴ៏ៈࡓৣӧ‫ڐ‬շ೏֋‫៏ޑ‬ៈ΢Ԗख़ε ‫੻ݤޑ‬೷ԋ໾্Ƕՠ ੻೷ԋ໾্ ѨᇤǴЪ೭ঁख़εѨᇤჹ೏֋‫੻ݤޑ‬೷ԋ໾্ǶՠǴᖄٖ΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣᇡࣁǴ៏ៈࡓৣჹ೏ ৣԾ‫ي‬ϐ஑཰উ౛೭‫ޣٿ‬໔ Ծ‫ي‬ϐ஑཰উ౛೭‫ޣٿ‬ ‫ي‬ϐ஑཰উ౛ ౛೭‫ٿ‬ ೭ ֋ϐȨ۸ჴက୍ȩᆶ៏ៈࡓৣԾ‫ي‬ϐ஑཰উ౛೭‫ޣٿ‬໔‫ޑ‬ፂँჹ೏֋‫܌‬೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ཞ্Ǵς nਢ‫ޑुڋ‬Ȩࡓৣคਏ‫ڐ‬շ ਢ‫ޑुڋ‬Ȩࡓৣคਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ ‫ޑुڋ‬Ȩࡓৣ ࡓৣค ৣคਏ‫ڐ‬ ‫ڐ‬ ၲ‫ډ‬Strickland v. Washingtonਢ‫ޑुڋ‬Ȩࡓৣคਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈȩ኱ྗύȨࡓৣՉࣁ೷ԋ‫ૼہ‬ ಃΖْ଑΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣᄖᎍᖄٖ Ζْ଑΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣᄖᎍᖄ ْ଑΢ ْ ଑΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣᄖ ‫ݤ‬ଣᄖ Γཞ্ȩ‫ޑ‬ाҹǴӢԜᖄٖಃΖْ଑΢ນ‫ݤ‬ଣᄖᎍᖄٖӦБ‫ݤ‬ଣ‫ޑ‬ղ،Ǵ٠ࡰҢӦБ‫ݤ‬ ٖനଯ‫ݤ‬ଣ،‫ڙۓ‬౛Ԝ ଯ‫ݤ‬ଣ،‫ڙۓ‬౛ ଣਡวΓ‫ߥي‬ៈзǶ 35ऍ୯ᖄٖനଯ‫ݤ‬ଣ،‫ڙۓ‬౛ԜਢǶ. Ѥǵ നଯ‫ݤ‬ଣղ،. ऍ୯ᖄٖനଯ‫ݤ‬ଣᇡࣁऍ୯Ꮶ‫ݤ‬ቚঅచЎಃ 6 చߥምӉ٣೏֋‫ޑ‬Ȩࡓৣ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈ ៾ȩǴ໻߯ा‫ৣࡓ؃‬ග‫ٮ‬೏֋‫៏ޑ‬ៈѸ໪ӝ౛ԖਏǴӢԜӧStrickland v. Washingtonਢ‫ڋ‬ ु‫ޑ‬Ȩࡓৣคਏ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈȩᔠᡍ኱ྗΠǴࡓৣၴϸΑȨߥஏက୍ȩ٠όѸฅগღӉ٣೏ Ȩߥஏက୍ȩаϷ ֋‫ޑ‬Ȩࡓৣ‫ڐ‬շ៏ៈ៾ȩ 36Ƕᗨฅ៏ៈࡓৣჹ೏֋ॄԖȨ۸ჴက୍ȩǵ ȨᅰΚ៏ៈȩ‫ޑ‬က୍Ǵՠ៏ៈࡓৣჹ೏֋‫ޑ‬೭٤က୍Ǵ໻ज़‫ܭ‬ၲ‫ૼہډ‬ΓҞ኱Ϸ‫ڐ‬շ‫ݤ‬. 34 35 36. Id. Id. Id. 15.