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從經濟觀點論世貿組織之美國雙反案裁決

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(1)國立政治大學國際經營與貿易學系 碩士論文. 指導教授:楊光華博士. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 從經濟觀點論世貿組織之美國雙反案裁決. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 研究生:周芷維 撰 民國一百零二年六月.

(2) 謝辭 五年一貫的生活概略來說就是不斷被死線追趕,但族繁不及備載的待辦項目 堪能游刃有餘地應付,唯面臨論文後,才見識到何謂心有餘而力不足。 論文能夠完成最要感謝楊光華老師一路以來的指導,每每於討論與修定的過 程中都在在見到自己的不足,特別是當老師身體不適卻仍悉心批閱、反覆叮嚀時, 總讓學生感到汗顏卻也萬分感激,難以言詮。有幸受教於楊老師,所學習到的不 只是經貿領域的專業知識,更開拓對國際政經關係的視野,並培養對事全力以赴 的態度,受益良多。再者,也要感謝羅昌發老師與林彩瑜老師在口試過程中給予 我的指教。. 立. 政 治 大. 感謝經貿法領域的啟蒙施文真老師,其溫暖的開導與關懷一直是我所上生活. ‧ 國. 學. 的極大支持,也謝謝蔡孟佳老師對於私法領域的授業,雖未能持續朝經貿領域發 展,但國際經貿法的學習是我人生中極為重要的歷程。此外,想藉此表達對邱志. ‧. 聖老師與譚丹琪老師引領進入行銷企管領域的感謝,也奠定我往後的發展方向。. y. Nat. sit. 謝謝一年來家人包容即使到了周末仍無法將視線離開電腦螢幕前的我,給我. er. io. 一大堆的愛與鼓勵,謝謝杰民對陰晴不定的忍受與忙裡偷閒的陪伴,讓苦悶的日. al. v i n Ch 暖的經歷,影響我待人接物的體認,也是進入職場前的最好學習。 engchi U n. 子裡仍時不時有快樂妝點,也謝謝一起走過的朋友與同學,研究所生活中人情冷. 感謝政大國貿系,從一個轉系生到在五年內拿到三個學位,謝謝國貿系給予 我的機會和資源,其兼容並蓄的學習環境讓學生能接觸不同領域,在課外活動與 進修求職等面向也為學生助力。 最後謝謝這幾年來協助、陪伴過我的每一個人。 周芷維 謹誌 民國一百零二年. i.

(3) 摘要 2011 年美國對中國特定產品課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅一案上訴機構報告發布, 該案上訴機構推翻小組判決,於條文無明文規定的情形下判定:若針對「同一」 損害同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅,則非「適當」的平衡稅額,構成雙重救濟而有 違 WTO 規範。雖然 WTO 無先例原則,然為維持機構的穩定性,小組與上訴機 構多會參考先前裁決,因此,美國雙反案上訴機構判決將對往後相關議題產生一 定影響,值得探究。 小組認為反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定各有其規範範疇,且會員於此二協定下之. 政 治 大 外,同時課徵皆不違反 WTO 之規定。本文檢視兩協定的發展歷史後,發現雖然 立 其分立是出於歷史上的偶然,但由談判過程可見該二貿易救濟措施具不同的救濟 目的和實施方式,故小組立論有其基礎。. 學. ‧ 國. 義務互不干涉,故除條文明文規定不得針對出口補貼同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅. ‧. 接續本文觀察上訴機構論理,以釐清其於條文無據的情況下判定雙重救濟有. y. Nat. 違 WTO 規範的原因,而本文發現上訴機構之裁決乃依條約解釋原則所為,並無. er. io. 出與小組相悖的結論。. sit. 造法之處,唯其相較於小組更著重會員在 WTO 涵括協定下義務的累積,是以得. al. n. v i n Ch 最後,本文透過經濟模型和經濟分析檢視雙重救濟於現實中的可能樣態,得 engchi U. 出雙重救濟確實不單產生於針對出口補貼同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅的情形。此 外,為提供 WTO 會員往後面臨此議題的參照,本文觀察美國對雙反案之履行, 發現進口國交由受調查廠商舉證其是否將補貼反應於售價之做法,確為調查機關 同時課徵此二稅收之可行方式。. 關鍵字:雙重救濟、美國雙反案 ii.

(4) Abstract The Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization issued its report in the case “United States — Definitive Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China” on 11 March 2011, which overturned some key findings made by a WTO panel. The Appellate Body stated that if a countervailing duty offsets the same subsidy a second time, it would not be appropriate. There is no rule of stare decisis in WTO dispute settlement; however, to maintain stability of the organization, the WTO panel and Appellate Body usually refer to previous reports. Therefore, the ruling of this case will definitely affect similar issues under the WTO in the future.. 治 政 provided for and addressed under two distinct agreements, 大 and the provision which 立 remedies, is limited to the "situation of export addresses the issue of double The panel stated that the anti-dumping and countervailing duty instruments are. ‧ 國. 學. subsidization". The author recognized the developing history of these two agreements and found that it is reasonable to distinguish the discipline of these two kinds of trade. ‧. remedy because they own different objective and function.. y. Nat. Secondly, the author saw the argumentation of the Appellate Body, and found. io. sit. that it followed the treaties interpretation principles instead of judge-made law. The. n. al. er. Appellate Body focused on the principle that WTO obligations are cumulative, so it overturned the panel’s finding.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Finally, the author tried to examine the Appellate Body’s ruling by economic model, to see if the Appellate Body’s ruling is deviating from the reality or not, and found that the double remedy may not only occur in the situation of export subsidization. In addition, to made sure what can WTO members do to deal with the problem, the author also check the US's compliance action in this case, and found that requesting the firms who were investigated to show the relation of the subsidization and its price may be a way to levy anti-dumping and countervailing duty at the same time.. Key Words: Double Remedy, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China) iii.

(5) 目錄 第一章 緒論 ................................................................................................................. 1 第一節 研究動機與目的.......................................................................................... 1 第二節 研究方法...................................................................................................... 2 第三節 研究架構...................................................................................................... 2 第二章 反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定發展歷史............................................................... 4. 政 治 大. 第一節 反傾銷協定發展歷史.................................................................................. 4. 立. 第二節 SCM 協定發展歷史 .................................................................................... 7. ‧ 國. 學. 第三節 小結............................................................................................................ 10. ‧. 第三章 美國雙反案裁決有關雙重救濟之法律論述 ............................................... 12. sit. y. Nat. io. n. al. er. 第一節 雙重救濟與 WTO 規範的合致關係 ........................................................ 12. i n U. v. 第一項 文義解釋................................................................................................ 12. Ch. engchi. 第二項 上下文.................................................................................................... 13 第一目 SCM 協定第 19.4 條、SCM 協定第 19.2 條 ................................... 13 第二目 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條 ........................................................................ 16 第三目 東京回合補貼規約第 15 條.............................................................. 20 第三項 條約目的宗旨........................................................................................ 21 第四項 最終裁決................................................................................................ 22. iv.

(6) 第二節 雙重救濟於實務調查中之認定................................................................ 23 第三節 小結............................................................................................................ 25 第四章 雙重救濟於經濟現實中的樣態 ................................................................... 26 第一節 傾銷的經濟效果........................................................................................ 26 第二節 補貼的經濟效果........................................................................................ 28 第一項 出口補貼................................................................................................ 28. 政 治 大. 第二項 生產補貼................................................................................................ 33. 立. 第三節 雙重救濟之構成........................................................................................ 35. ‧ 國. 學. 第一項 補貼模型分析........................................................................................ 35. ‧. 第二項 廠商定價行為........................................................................................ 37. y. Nat. er. io. sit. 第四節 如何於實務調查中避免雙重救濟............................................................ 38 第五章 結論 ............................................................................................................... 41. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 參考文獻...................................................................................................................... 43. v.

(7) 圖目錄 圖 4-1、傾銷經濟效果 ............................................................................................... 28 圖 4-2、經濟小國出口補貼經濟效果 ....................................................................... 31 圖 4-3、經濟大國出口補貼經濟效果 ....................................................................... 33 圖 4-4、經濟小國生產補貼經濟效果 ....................................................................... 34. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. vi. i n U. v.

(8) 第一章 緒論 2011 年 3 月,美國對中國特定產品課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅一案(US - Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China),以下簡稱美國雙反案)上訴機構 報告發布,該案上訴機構推翻小組判決,判定該案同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅的 情形有違世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization,簡稱 WTO)規範1,儘管該 案事實並非關稅暨貿易總協定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,簡稱 GATT)所明文禁止的情形。 雙重救濟可能發生於針對同一產品同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅的情形中,但. 政 治 大 課徵此二稅收時至少在一定程度內使得同一損害被救濟兩次的情形 ,比如補貼 立 造成一產品之出口價格低於其國內售價,而對進口國產業構成損害,則進口國政 針對同一產品同時課徵此二稅收,不必然會導致雙重救濟,雙重救濟是指在同時 2. ‧ 國. 學. 府根據該國內外價差課徵反傾銷稅後,又依其補貼數額課徵平衡稅,以致損害被 重複救濟。美國雙反案上訴機構並未禁止會員同時課徵此二稅收,但明確判定若. ‧. 同時課徵時構成雙重救濟則與 WTO 規範不合致。. y. Nat. io. sit. 反傾銷稅及平衡稅具有不同的救濟目的與實行方式,反傾銷稅是為了抵銷出. n. al. er. 口國廠商以低於其國內售價之價格銷售於國外市場,而對進口產業構成之損害,. i n U. v. 其是針對廠商個人傾銷行為所造成之損害進行救濟;平衡稅則是為因應出口國對. Ch. engchi. 產業之補貼構成進口產業競爭地位的不平等,故其針對對象為出口國政府之補貼 所造成之損害進行救濟。據此,反傾銷稅和平衡稅向來被理解為兩相異的貿易救 濟措施,然美國雙反案上訴機構之判決意謂兩種救濟可能針對同一種貿易損害而 造成重複救濟或雙重救濟,進而牴觸 WTO 規範。 綜觀 GATT/WTO 關於同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅之規範,僅限於出口補貼 情形,不得同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅,理由是出口補貼係以出口為要件,對出. 1. Appellate Body Report, United States-Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China, WT/DS379/AB/R (Mar. 11, 2011); Panel Report, United States- Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China, WT/DS379/R (Oct. 22, 2010). 2 Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 541. 1.

(9) 口價格之降低有所助益,故會造成出口價與國內正常價格間之價差,若因此以之 為傾銷差額,於平衡稅外同時課徵反傾銷稅將構成雙重救濟;然而美國雙反案所 涉及之補貼並非出口補貼,廠商獲得該補貼並不以出口為前提,換言之,若該補 貼對價格之調降有所助益,亦非獨惠出口價格,既然如此,則系爭出口價與國內 正常價格間之價差似乎與系爭補貼無涉,美國同時課徵反傾銷稅與平衡稅,似無 雙重救濟之問題,何以上訴機構卻持相異之看法?即值得進一步討論。. 第一節 研究動機與目的 美國雙反案上訴機構推翻該案小組認為雙重救濟並未違反 WTO 規範之裁決,. 治 政 大 違 WTO 規範。小組立論之基礎在於 WTO 限制反傾銷稅課徵與平衡稅課徵之兩 立 套規範,相互分立,本質上並未重疊,故除了在極少數例外情況(亦即 WTO 條 強調只要是針對同一損害同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅,即構成「雙重救濟」而有. ‧ 國. 學. 文明列出口補貼的情形) ,同時課徵反傾銷稅與平衡稅,即使可能構成雙重救濟, 並未違反任何 WTO 強制規範。相反地,上訴機構不認為規範之分立阻礙了兩者. ‧. 競合之可能,因為會員在不同條文下所負擔的不同義務是累積的;換言之,會員. sit. y. Nat. 若針對「同一」損害再課徵平衡稅,後者即非「適當」的平衡稅額,進而違反補. io. er. 貼暨平衡稅協定。值得注意的是,上訴機構於美國雙反案中,雖強調不得對「同 一」損害同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅,但究竟在何種狀況下,同時課徵二稅會構. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. 成是對「同一」損害之雙重救濟,卻認為應依個案認定。. engchi. 美國雙反案是 WTO 下第一個也是目前唯一一個觸及雙重救濟議題的案例, 儘管 WTO 無先例原則,但為維持裁決的穩定性與可預測性,小組與上訴機構多 會參考先前裁決,美國雙反案上訴機構認為在出口補貼以外的情形也可能構成違 反 WTO 規範的雙重救濟,無疑地,將對往後相關議題產生一定影響。是以本文 欲檢視本案上訴機構是否仍保留了會員得以同時課徵反傾銷稅與平衡稅之空間, 答案若是肯定的,則其所謂的「依個案判定」,究竟可能涵蓋那些個案?若能將 之類型化,對本案裁決之理解、以及未來之遵行,均相當有助益。 此外,由於美國於本案敗訴後,已決定履行上訴機構之裁決,其具體作為方 式是否確能符合上訴機構對 WTO 規範之闡釋,亦值得觀察。因為若其履行方 2.

(10) 式符合裁決要旨,則可為其他 WTO 會員面臨類似問題之參考;反之,若與裁 決要旨仍有間,則應如何履行為宜,亦值得進一步探索。. 第二節 研究方法 國內外學者對美國雙反案已有相當討論,不過多以法學角度檢視小組與上訴 機構之論理是否符合條約解釋原則3。然而上訴機構裁決之關鍵在於其雖表示出 口補貼以外之補貼也有「可能」造成出口價與出口國之國內正常價格間之價差, 而呈現傾銷差額之表象(以致進口國再課徵反傾銷稅時,會與其原所課徵之平衡 稅,重複救濟同一損害,而雙重救濟是不符補貼規範的),但卻未具體指出現實. 治 政 大 上述解答;本篇論文擬從經濟分析的角度切入,借助經濟模型說明上訴機構所指 立 之可能是否存在。同時,亦從經濟的觀點審酌美國的履行方式是否合宜。. 中具有上述可能之樣態。已有之法學討論由於缺乏經濟現實之觀察,並無法提供. ‧ 國. 學. 由於本文仍需提供有關美國雙反案小組及上訴機構法律見解之立論,以做為. ‧. 本論文核心──即經濟分析之素材,故對於 WTO 下的 1994 年關稅及貿易總協 定第 6 條執行協定(Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General. y. Nat. sit. Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994,簡稱反傾銷協定)及補貼暨平衡措施協定. n. al. er. io. (Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,簡稱 SCM 協定)之發展. i n U. v. 歷史,以及本案裁決中上訴機構有關雙重救濟部分之法律辯證,仍須加以研究,. Ch. engchi. 是以除了經濟分析法外,本論文之研究方法亦包含歷史文獻回顧法、以及傳統的 法釋義學方法。. 第三節 研究架構 本論文分成五章,第一章乃是點出問題意識,並說明研究方法與架構。至於 第二章則是以歷史分析法回顧 GATT/WTO 反傾銷稅與補貼暨平衡稅規範之發展, 原因是美國雙反案中小組強調在 GATT/WTO 下之兩貿易救濟規範係分立的,故 3. 相關討論可參見何婉君,反傾銷與反補貼之雙重救濟問題,載:第十一屆國際經貿法學發展學 術研討會論文集(2011) ;吳建輝,雙重救濟之三角關係:美國、歐盟與中國(發表於中央研究 院法律學研究所『中國大陸與國際法律秩序(二) 』研究組群成果發表會) ;Thomas J. Prusa & Edwin Vermulst, United States-Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China: Passing the Buck on Pass-Through, 12 WORLD TRADE REVIEW 197 (2013). 3.

(11) 只要不是在明文禁止同時課徵的出口補貼情形,同時採行兩種貿易救濟並未違反 GATT/WTO 規範。小組有關規範分立的見解,顯然必須回顧 GATT/WTO 反傾銷 與補貼暨平衡措施相關規定的發展歷程,方得以驗證。 若小組主張兩者規範之範疇未有所重疊並非毫無道理,則上訴機構之法律分 析就值得進一步深究,以釐清為何在出口補貼以外之情形,上訴機構仍判定同時 課徵平衡稅及反傾銷稅,有可能構成雙重救濟,並違反 WTO 補貼規範。由於這 方面法釋義學的探討,其他學者已著墨甚多,故第三章將聚焦於上訴機構裁決推 翻小組論理之關鍵點,以說明上訴機構如何利用條約解釋法達成其結論,並做為 之後經濟分析的素材。. 政 治 大. 第四章則是本論文之重點,本文將透過經濟模型觀察雙重救濟於現實中的可. 立. 能樣態。由於補貼與傾銷行為在國際經濟領域亦為重要課題,故本章將借用經濟. ‧ 國. 學. 學家所描繪的簡易補貼與傾銷模型,說明補貼與傾銷的經濟效果。另外,由於補 貼模型清楚呈現補貼前後國內外價差的情形,可藉此接續觀察何種補貼情形隱含. ‧. 傾銷的樣態,因此較易於同時課徵反傾銷稅時構成雙重救濟。除了相關模型外, 本章亦將進一步說明產品間替代性以及廠商個別行為如何影響雙重救濟成立之. y. Nat. sit. 可能。最後則基於上述經濟分析,分析美國雙反案上訴機構裁判是否合理?美國. er. io. 於雙反案之履行是否妥適?. al. n. v i n Ch 第五章為結論,綜整上述分析,並展望未來對貿易救濟之可能影響。 engchi U. 4.

(12) 第二章 反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定發展歷史 美國雙反案中,小組與上訴機構就反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定之關係意見分歧, 小組認為反傾銷協定與平衡稅協定各自有其規範範疇、互不干涉,且 SCM 協定 之目的只與平衡稅之課徵相關,而與反傾銷稅無涉 4 ;然上訴機構認為會員於 WTO 協定下之義務應累積觀之,依某協定採取措施時,仍需留心該行為在其他 協定下之義務5。 承上所述,小組有關同時課徵即使構成雙重救濟,但並未違反 WTO 規範之 立論,主要是倚賴反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定分立之事實,因此,本章將檢視從 GATT. 政 治 大 小組主張該二協定互不干涉,進而履行其一義務時,毋須考另一義務之觀點是否 立 有其道理,並以此作為後續章節檢視上訴機構裁決之基礎。 至 WTO 以來反傾銷稅與平衡稅相關規定演變成兩分立協定之發展過程,以驗證. ‧ 國. 學. 第一節 反傾銷協定發展歷史. ‧. y. Nat. 1947 年關稅暨貿易總協定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947,簡. sit. 稱 GATT 1947)第 6 條是第一個與反傾銷和平衡稅相關的多邊規範,其明確定義. n. al. er. io. 傾銷為「自一國輸往他國之產品,如其出口價格低於在該出口國國內消費之同類. i n U. v. 產品於通常貿易過程中之可資比較價格,即該產品以低於正常價格,輸往另一國. Ch. engchi. 家進行商業銷售,視為本協定所稱之傾銷。」6如傾銷構成對國內產業的損害, 締約國得對其課徵不高於傾銷差額的反傾銷稅7。該條亦規範於特殊情形(出口 補貼)時,不得同時課徵反傾銷稅與平衡稅8。 GATT 1947 第 6 條於 GATT 中只占據簡短的篇幅,未明確制定反傾銷措施執 行的細節,給予締約國極大的國內立法空間,且因 GATT 1947 暫行適用議定書 之祖父條款規定,允許締約國既有法律之續存,故即使締約國之反傾銷法與. 4 5 6 7 8. Panel Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 14.122. Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 570. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 6.1. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 6.6 (a). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 6.5. 5.

(13) GATT 1947 第 6 條有所衝突,亦毋須修正9。GATT 1947 第 6 條規定傾銷須構成 「實質損害」時,締約國方得對其課徵反傾銷稅,然美國 1921 反傾銷法 (Antidumping Act of 1921)10卻只要求該傾銷對國內產業構成「損害」11。再者, 不僅是締約國國內法規與 GATT 1947 第 6 條間存在衝突,各國內法規彼此間亦 相互矛盾,致使相關爭端不斷12。 1956 年第 11 次 GATT 會議上,締約國便要求秘書處針對反傾銷法進行較系 統化的研究,該報告摘要各國現存法制,但卻未予 GATT 1947 第 6 條改善建議13。 1959 年專家組被委派進行進一步研究,該報告是自 GATT 1947 擬定以來首次全 面地考量 GATT 1947 第 6 條的執行,針對正常價格、嚴重損害、同類產品和反. 政 治 大. 傾銷稅的課徵都有更深入的討論14。. 立. GATT 前四回合談判都著眼於關稅減讓議題,但隨著關稅之逐步降低,非關. ‧ 國. 學. 稅措施逐漸取代關稅成為國際貿易的主要障礙15。於是 1963 年開始的甘迺迪回 合談判首將非關稅措施納入談判議題中。國際商會(The International Chamber of. ‧. Commerce,簡稱 ICC)於 1964 年提案非關稅措施的討論應包含反傾銷與平衡稅 的課徵,且建議 GATT 締約國應於遵從 GATT 1947 第 6 條或者盡快擬定新規約. y. Nat. sit. 兩者中擇一而行16。雖然 ICC 的建議含括反傾銷與平衡措施,但卻只有反傾銷被. n. al. er. io. 納入此回合談判,此情形肇因於英國向締約國於 1964 年決議成立的反傾銷政策. i n U. v. 小組提出的 1965 年反傾銷程序與實務國際規約草案(Draft International Code on. Ch. engchi. Antidumping Procedure and Practice in 1965),英國代表表示若要於該規約草案中 加入平衡措施的部分,無論是合併於條文中或分開羅列都非常簡便,但最終該小. 9. TERENCE P. STEWART, THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND, A NEGOTIATING HISTORY (1986-1992), VOLUME II: COMMENTARY 1409 (1993). 10 Antidumping Act of 1921, 42 Stat. 11 (1921). 11 Antidumping Act of 1921, Ch. 14 201 (a). 該法規定: 「當財政部長……在其認為必要而進行調查, 並發覺在美國之某一產業正受到或可能受到損害(in being or is likely to be injured) ,或被阻礙其 建立(is prevented from being established) ,而其損害係肇因於(by reason of)某類外國產品(a class or kind of foreign merchandise)之進口到美國,且其係以或可能以低於公平價格(less than fair value, 簡稱 LTFV)在美國銷售……。」參見羅昌發,美國反傾銷稅及平衡稅法中「損害要件」之研究, 載:美國貿易救濟制度,國際經貿法研究(一)(1994) 。 12 TERENCE P. STEWART, supra note 9, at 1409-1410. 13 Id. at 1413. 14 Id. at 1413-1417. 15 Id. at 1417. 16 Id. at 1418. 6.

(14) 組認為,雖然平衡稅相關議題極為重要,惟由於準備工作已進入後期,故不可能 於本回合談判前完成完整條文,於是反傾銷協定與平衡稅協定就此一分為二 17。 1966 年,根據英國所提草案擬訂的反傾銷清單修訂草案被發布,該清單中 涵括傾銷、實質損害、損害之虞、產業等詞彙之定義,以及國內外課徵稅收和調 查的政策、國際協定的基本形式等等18。然該草案發布前夕,英國代表針對美國 反傾銷法提出的指控,卻成為該回合反傾銷議題談判的最大爭議,雖然美國反傾 銷法並非唯一被詬病的反傾銷國內法,但美國市場於世界經濟中的重要地位使其 法制體系備受關注19。英國的指控之一是美國反傾銷調查分別由財政部認定傾銷 和關稅委員會認定損害,增加程序的冗長和複雜;其二是臨時稅使反傾銷稅的課. 治 政 大 利;其四是美國未於正常價格的認定時將國內價格的折扣考量在內;其五是調查 立 過程中訊息揭露不足;其六是因美國反傾銷法未制定損害和因果關係的認定標準, 徵存在不確定性;其三是美國主管機關有不經由廠商申請便啟動反傾銷調查的權. ‧ 國. 學. 使美國關稅委員會裁決存在不確定性20。美國承認其反傾銷措施需要稍做更動, 但美國認為其貿易夥伴也有須調整之處21。此外,締約國也針對國際反傾銷規約. ‧. 的必要性進行探討,澳洲認為 GATT 1947 第 6 條已經足夠,但瑞典表示若規約. sit. y. Nat. 得以使各國達成共識、限制性地採用反傾銷措施,則能解決當務之急22。縱然爭. io. n. al. er. 議仍存,該回合談判中仍針對反傾銷規約達成初步協議23。. i n U. v. 1968 年甘迺迪回合反傾銷規約(Agreement on the Interpretation of Article VI. Ch. engchi. of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,簡稱 1967 Antidumping Code) 生效, 該規約涵括傾銷和實質損害的認定、調查和行政程序、反傾銷稅和臨時措施、代 表第三國之反傾銷行動,其主要目的是為使傾銷和損害的認定程序和標準更明確, 且傾銷需為構成「實質損害」的「主要原因」,締約國方得對其課徵平衡稅 24。 然該規約只適用於簽署該規約者,雖然美國談判代表同意簽署該規約,卻遭到美 國國會反對,認為該規約與其國內法相衝突,美國國會反對的主要原因是美國反 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24. Id. at 1418-1419. Id. at 1422. Id. at 1423. Id. at 1423-1429. Id. at 1423. Id. at 1429-1430. Id. at 1430. Id. 7.

(15) 傾銷法只規定傾銷須對國內產業構成「損害」,故其反對「實質損害」和「主要 原因」的認定,且美國國會表明若 GATT 規約牴觸美國國內法,美國將不予配合 執行25。 東京回合反傾銷規約(Agreement on the Interpretation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,簡稱 1979 Antidumping Code)草簽於 1979 年,針對甘迺迪回合反傾銷規約再予檢討,改革實質損害、價格具結與反傾銷稅 課徵的認定,且將傾銷需為構成「實質損害」的「主要原因」之規範,消除「主 要原因」此一要件,惟仍保留「實質損害」的定義於附註26。同樣地此規約亦只 拘束締約國,構成簽署國與未簽署國間的適用爭議27。. 政 治 大. 在 1986 年烏拉圭回合的準備階段,締約國多半認為反傾銷規約已無需做太. 立. 大幅度的改革,僅需於多邊貿易談判中考量該規約與 GATT 體系的一致性、開發. ‧ 國. 學. 中國家的加入、與規約實際執行等面向,故其並未如補貼和政府採購等議題被各 別提出談判,只作為多邊貿易談判的其中一環28。然而,隨著回合談判之進行,. ‧. 愈來愈多國家制定反傾銷法,而反傾銷措施運作的公平性也在在引起各國的高度 關切,相關提案漸增,各國主張不一,建議放寬或限制反傾銷稅適用、或者增進. y. Nat. er. io. 劇增29。. sit. 適用程序明確性之主張皆有之,使談判呈現僵局,且於談判末期反傾銷相關爭端. al. n. v i n Ch 1991 年提出的草案雖然也讓許多國家不滿,但其致力於使條文明確、修訂 engchi U 現存規約語意不清之處,縱未達全面改善既存規約之效,卻至少取得共識決議增 加透明化和程序性規定,是以現行的 WTO 反傾銷規範「1994 年烏拉圭回合談判 所 制 定 之 1994 年 關 稅 及 貿 易 總 協 定 第 6 條 執 行 協 定 ( Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994)」 雖未臻完美,然已能使各國主管機關決策程序更趨向一致性30。. 25 26 27 28 29 30. Id. at 1430-1433. Id. at 1455-1461. Id. at 1455. Id. at 1690. Id. at 1690-1691. Id. at 1691. 8.

(16) 第二節 SCM 協定發展歷史 GATT 1947 之第 6 條和第 16 條對於平衡稅之課徵和補貼的實施訂有原則性 規定。GATT 1947 第 16(a)條規定締約國應將實施補貼之相關資訊以書面告知 大會,而大會若認定該補貼可能對他締約國構成損害,該實施補貼之締約國應和 他國及大會研商限制該補貼措施之可能性31。GATT 1947 第 16(b)條則針對出 口補貼特予規範,認為出口補貼可能對他締約國構成損害而有違 GATT 之目的, 但對於出口補貼之禁止排除「初級產品(primary products)」 ,如農漁林礦產品, 僅要求締約國應避免授予此類產品出口補貼至使該國此類產品之出口超過其在 全球出口貿易應佔之公平比例的程度32。. 治 政 大且各締約國不得徵收超過補 GATT 1947 第 6 條定義平衡稅為一種特別關稅, 立 貼估定價額之平衡稅額,且應以對本國產業構成實質損害作為課徵要件。然因 ‧ 國. 學. GATT 1947 暫行適用議定書之祖父條款規定,故某些締約國得以主張其與 GATT 第二部分不相符的法律仍可繼續實施,如美國 1922 關稅法(Tariff act of 1922)33. ‧. 第 303 條明述針對收受補貼的進口產品須強制課徵平衡稅,其並未將損害測試納. 採用,故仍可續存34。. io. al. er. sit. y. Nat. 入條文規範,與 GATT 1947 第 6 條之規定有所衝突,然因其早於 GATT 1947 被. n. v i n C h art. 16, sec. A: “If anyUcontracting party grants or General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, maintains any subsidy, including any form ofe income h isupport, which operates directly or n gorcprice 31. indirectly to increase exports of any product from, or to reduce imports of any product into, its territory, it shall notify the CONTRACTING PARTIES in writing of the extent and nature of the subsidization, of the estimated effect of the subsidization on the quantity of the affected product or products imported into or exported from its territory and of the circumstances making the subsidization necessary. In any case in which it is determined that serious prejudice to the interests of any other contracting party is caused or threatened by any such subsidization, the contracting party granting the subsidy shall, upon request, discuss with the other contracting party or parties concerned, or with the CONTRACTING PARTIES, the possibility of limiting the subsidization.” 32 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 16, sec. B.3: “Accordingly, contracting parties should seek to avoid the use of subsidies on the export of primary products. If, however, a contracting party grants directly or indirectly any form of subsidy which operates to increase the export of any primary product from its territory, such subsidy shall not be applied in a manner which results in that contracting party having more than an equitable share of world export trade in that product, account being taken of the shares of the contracting parties in such trade in the product during a previous representative period, and any special factors which may have affected or may be affecting such trade in the product.” 33 Tariff Act of 1922, H. R. 7456, 67th Cong. (1922). 34 Tariff Act of 1922, sec. 303: “That whenever any country, dependency, colony, province, or other political subdivision of government, person, partnership, association, cartel, or corporation shall pay or bestow, directly or indirectly, any bounty or grant upon the manufacture or production or export of any 9.

(17) GATT 1947 生效後至東京回合間,補貼愈漸頻繁地被各國政府使用。東京回 合部長會議中提及,隨著近年來世界經濟衰退,政治和社會需求使政府面臨各界 要求給予財務支援之壓力,補貼遂成為一項重要的機制,然而,為達經濟和政策 目的的補貼和用以干預世界貿易與剝奪他國合法貿易機會的補貼不易區分35。 東京回合以降低或消滅非關稅貿易障礙為目標。該回合中,美國致力於強化 對補貼的管制,然許多締約國卻認為嚴厲的管制補貼將對國內政策構成無法承受 的阻礙;另一方面,這些反對管制補貼的國家反認為拘束平衡稅的適用才是當務 之急,如美國平衡稅法應加入損害測試36。東京回合美歐相互妥協的結果為美國 將損害測試加入其國內平衡稅法中,而歐體承認國內補貼的損害效果並允許對之. 治 政 Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and 大 XXIII of the GATT,簡稱東京 立 回合補貼規約)為該回合談判的成果,該規約除更詳細的闡釋 GATT 1947 之第 6 課徵平衡稅37。解釋與適用 GATT 第 VI,XVI 與 XXIII 條協定(Agreement on. ‧ 國. 學. 條和第 16 條之規範,以減少補貼所構成的負面影響,但也同時承認政府有時得 以補貼促進重要的社會、經濟政策38。. ‧. 東京回合補貼規約提供締約國兩種制衡補貼的管道。一是對其課徵平衡稅以. y. Nat. sit. 消除本國產業所受的損害;二是透過締約國間諮商與調解解決,順序依次為締約. n. al. er. io. 國彼此諮商、規約委員會調解、成立爭端解決小組,而規約委員會會依據爭端解. i n U. v. 決小組的裁決給予締約國建議,若該締約國不遵從,則委員會將授權採取反制措. Ch. engchi. 施,而若爭端已於某個程序中解決,便無須進入下一階段39。 由於東京回合中多著重於補貼所構成影響的探討,而未針對補貼之本質加以. article or merchandise manufactured or produced in such county, dependency, colony, province, or other political subdivision of government, and such article or merchandise is dutiable under the provisions of this Act, then upon the importation of any such article or merchandise into the United States…there shall be levied and paid, in all such cases, in addition to the duties other- wise imposed by this Act, an additional duty equal to the net amount of such bounty or grant...”; TERENCE P. STEWART, THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND, A NEGOTIATING HISTORY (1986-1992), Volume I: Commentary, 815 (1993). 35 TERENCE P. STEWART, THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND, A NEGOTIATING HISTORY (1986-1992), VOLUME I: COMMENTARY 815 (1993). 36 Id. at 816. 37 Id. at 817. 38 Id. at 817-820. 39 Id. at 817-819. 10.

(18) 著墨,是以補貼規約並未明確定義何謂補貼40。此外,雖未納入規約中,東京回 合有關補貼的討論採用紅綠燈方法(traffic light approach) ,將補貼分為禁止的、 有條件的和允許的三類,此法和之後烏拉圭回合的分類相似41。 補貼所產生的問題並未隨東京回合補貼規約生效後消失,1980 年代初期經 濟衰退導致政府實施更多的補貼政策,補貼規約的不足也反映在 1980 年代與補 貼相關的爭端中,農業與工業的補貼議題也持續被關注42。因此,1982 年 GATT 部長宣言中,各國表明體認各經濟體間的依存性,沒有國家能孤立地解決其貿易 問題,是以各國承諾降低貿易的碎裂性、對抗保護主義、避免採行出口補貼和促 進自由化43。此外,補貼委員會解釋和適用補貼規約所遭遇的問題也被提出於烏. 政 治 大. 拉圭談判回合中討論,委員會表示補貼規約根本無法用於解決爭端,因為條文解 44. 釋中存在許多衝突 。. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 1986 年部長會議宣言表明烏拉圭回合補貼與平衡措施談判的主要目標是改 善 GATT 相關議題的紀律,該談判難處在於其欲約束者分為補貼和平衡措施兩面. ‧. 向,而鄧克爾草案在補貼與平衡措施部分的內容被視為成功地顧及此二面向45。 就補貼而言,其定義補貼,將其分類為禁止、可控訴和不可控訴等三大類,建立. y. Nat. sit. 授予利益的標準、和開發中國家逐步淘汰出口補貼等機制46。而在平衡稅的課徵,. n. al. er. io. 其規範不得針對低於微量之補貼課徵平衡稅、申請展開調查者需獲得產業支持,. i n U. v. 建議將公共利益納入課徵平衡稅的考量,並規範落日條款等47。. Ch. engchi. WTO 現行的補貼暨平衡措施協定(Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,簡稱 SCM 協定)反映 1986 年部長會議宣言的目標,於協定中針對補 貼與平衡措施皆有較為詳盡的規範48。SCM 協定定義補貼與如何計算補貼數額、 明確禁止出口補貼、定義嚴重損害條款並以多邊機制規範平衡稅的課徵、創設不. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48. Id. at 819-820. Id. at 820. Id. at 821. Id. at 833-834. Id. at 834-836. Id. at 956-957. Id. at 957. Id. Id. at 957-958. 11.

(19) 可控訴補貼、針對平衡稅調查程序和課徵制定較明確的規範49。. 第三節 小結 由反傾銷與補貼暨平衡稅議題於談判回合中的發展可見,反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定的分立是出於歷史上的偶然,由於英國在甘迺迪回合中所提出的草案 只含括反傾銷措施,且礙於該回合談判進程告終,未能將補貼暨平衡稅議題納入 討論,才導致此二貿易救濟措施被分別規範於兩協定。 縱使協定分立出於偶然,於後續談判回合的發展中,仍可見該二協定的談判 走向相異甚巨,從 GATT 至 WTO 以來,會員對傾銷和補貼的態度並不完全相同,. 政 治 大. 基本上並不非難傾銷(只是授權他會員得採取相應的貿易救濟措施)50,然針對. 立. 補貼卻是依其類型予以相異規範,如禁止性補貼於 WTO 便是全然不被允許,故. ‧ 國. 學. SCM 協定的談判不僅關切平衡稅之課徵,亦重視補貼之規範,是以兩協定的規 範目的並非完全相同。. ‧. 除救濟目的的差異外,反傾銷稅和平衡稅的實施方式也不盡相同,反傾銷稅. Nat. sit. y. 是依據國內外價差計算傾銷差額而課徵,而平衡稅則是依據補貼數額徵收,換言. io. al. n. 看來,二協定分立、分別規範,有其必要。. Ch. engchi. er. 之,課徵之考量分別是個別廠商之定價與政府之補貼行為,兩者完全相異。因此. i n U. v. 美國雙反案中,小組認為反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定為兩分立的貿易救濟協定, 若依照中國主張「允許雙重救濟有違 SCM 協定之目的」,似乎意謂 SCM 協定 的目的不僅與補貼暨平衡稅相關,亦與反傾銷稅有關,如此則有違過往案例中上 訴機構認為 SCM 協定之目的在於強化和促進 GATT 關於補貼和平衡措施的規範, 亦即只與平衡稅之課徵有關51。 綜上所述,反傾銷協定與 SCM 協定確實各有其規範目的,美國雙反案小組 認定該二協定互不干涉的見解,並非毫無道理。然上訴機構卻推翻小組判決,判 49. GARY N. HORLICK, WTO AND NAFTA RULES AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION: SELECTED ESSAYS ON ANTIDUMPING, SUBSIDIES AND OTHER MEASURES 21 (2003). 50 51. 林彩瑜,國際競爭下的反傾銷變革,載:WTO 貿易救濟與爭端解決之法律問題(2006) 。 Panel Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 14.122. 12.

(20) 定在出口補貼以外的情形,同時課徵兩稅仍有可能構成雙重救濟而違 WTO 之規 範。在以經濟分析方法檢視上訴機構裁決前,顯有必要理解上訴機構法律論理之 關鍵,以便了解後述經濟分析所需倚重之模型。. 立. 政 治 大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 13. i n U. v.

(21) 第三章 美國雙反案裁決有關雙重救濟之法律論述 美國雙反案小組認定反傾銷與 SCM 協定各有其規範範疇、互不干涉,故除 條文明文禁止的情況外,同時課徵反傾銷稅與平衡稅,即使構成相重救濟亦不違 反 WTO 之規範,由前章歷史回顧可知小組立論有其一定基礎。然上訴機構卻推 翻小組見解,是以本章欲檢視上訴機構推翻小組裁決之法律見解,以便於後續章 節從經濟的觀點審視其是否合理。. 第一節 雙重救濟與 WTO 規範的合致關係. 政 治 大 USDOC)對自中國大陸進口之圓形焊接碳質鋼管(Circular Welded Carbon Quality 立 Steel Pipe,簡稱CWP) 、充氣式非公路用輪胎(Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road 美國雙反案中,美國商務部(United States Department of Commerce,簡稱. ‧ 國. 學. Tires,簡稱OTC) 、薄壁矩形鋼管(Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube,簡稱 LWR)、複合編織袋(Laminated Woven Sacks,簡稱LWS)等四項產品同時課徵. ‧. 反傾銷稅及平衡稅,本案除雙重救濟外尚涉及其他三項爭點,但非本文論述重點. sit. y. Nat. 故不贅述52。. n. al. er. io. 美國雙反案中,中國主張美國將其認定為非市場經濟國,故以經濟發展水準. i n U. v. 相當的市場經濟國做為替代國,並以替代國中同類產品之國內或出口價格做為. Ch. engchi. 「替代價格(surrogate value)」 ,以計算反傾銷調查中的正常價格。中國認為此 般做法等同於考量正常價格時將其廠商置於未受補貼之地位,然在出口價格的計 算上卻未排除補貼對其構成的影響,此舉將提高正常價格之認定,因國內補貼同 時降低該產品於中國國內售價和出口價格,然以替代價格計算正常價格時,該替 代價格極可能高於中國國內售價,以致擴大傾銷差額,依此計算之傾銷差額,等 於已將補貼所造成影響計算其中,是以若進口國已針對該差額課徵反傾銷稅,則 不應再對該產品課徵平衡稅,否則違反GATT第6.3條、SCM協定第19.4條有關平 衡稅額不應超過補貼數額之規定53,與SCM協定第19.3條所規定應對收受補貼產. 52. 除雙重救濟外,美國雙反案中中國之控訴尚涉及 SCM 協定所稱公立機構(public body) 、補貼 之特定性(specificity),及計算補貼數額所參照基準(benchmarks)之認定。 53 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 6.3: “No countervailing duty shall be levied on any 14.

(22) 品課徵「適當」平衡稅額之要求不合致54,中國認為美國商務部並未採取「所有 必要步驟」以確保其所課之平衡稅皆是為抵銷續存之補貼,故不符合GATT第6 條及SCM協定第10條之規範55。 對於中國之主張,美國雙反案的小組和上訴機構依照維也納條約法公約 (VCLT)之規定,分別從文義解釋、上下文,和條約目的與宗旨說明被中國援 引之條文的意涵。. 第一項 文義解釋 SCM 協定第 19.3 條第一句包含兩個要件:1.平衡稅之課徵稅額須為「適當」;. 政 治 大 該補貼、或該具結已被接受者不再此限 。由於字典定義「適當」為適合(proper) 、 立. 2.須以不歧視的態度對收受補貼且構成損害的進口產品課徵,但進口來源已放棄 56. ‧ 國. 學. 相稱(fitting)或特別合適(specially suitable (for, to)),故上訴機構認為這表示 「適當」並非為一自主性(autonomous)或絕對(absolute)的標準,而是需要. ‧. 參考指標、或衡量與其他事物之關係方能評估,如同適合、相稱、合適等詞彙, 亦是被採用於特殊情狀。因此,上訴機構認為在 SCM 協定第 19.3 條中, 「適當」. Nat. er. io. sit. y. 稅額須依個案(in each case)情形考量57。. 上訴機構並進一步指出 SCM 協定第 19.3 條第一句的兩要件是相互呼應的:. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. product of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of another contracting party in excess of an amount equal to the estimated bounty or subsidy determined to have been granted, directly or indirectly, on the manufacture, production or export of such product in the country of origin or exportation, including any special subsidy to the transportation of a particular product. The term “countervailing duty” shall be understood to mean a special duty levied for the purpose of offsetting any bounty or subsidy bestowed, directly, or indirectly, upon the manufacture, production or export of any merchandise.” Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, art. 19.4: “No countervailing duty shall be levied on any imported product in excess of the amount of the subsidy found to exist, calculated in terms of subsidization per unit of the subsidized and exported product.” 54 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, art. 19.3: “When a countervailing duty is imposed in respect of any product, such countervailing duty shall be levied, in the appropriate amounts in each case, on a non‑discriminatory basis on imports of such product from all sources found to be subsidized and causing injury, except as to imports from those sources which have renounced any subsidies in question or from which undertakings under the terms of this Agreement have been accepted. Any exporter whose exports are subject to a definitive countervailing duty but who was not actually investigated for reasons other than a refusal to cooperate, shall be entitled to an expedited review in order that the investigating authorities promptly establish an individual countervailing duty rate for that exporter.” 55 Panel Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 14.104. 56 Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 552. 57 Id. 15.

(23) 所以,若一補貼已被移除或該具結已被接受,則對該補貼課徵平衡稅便是不適當 的;同樣地,由於課徵的平衡稅額須為適當的要求隱含著必須根據情況對稅額進 行一定的調整,故所謂以「不歧視」的態度課徵平衡稅之規定,就不該以過份形 式化或僵化的方式解讀,而 SCM 協定第 19.3 條第二句,也提供了在何種情形下, 允許不區別個別廠商,以及何時又需要且如何給予差別待遇的具體例子58。. 第二項 上下文 上訴機構以 SCM 協定第 19 條之其他項規定、以及 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條之 規定作為解釋 SCM 協定第 19.3 條之上下文,不但修訂小組針對此些條文與 SCM 協定第 19.3 條關係之論述,並推翻小組認為東京回合補貼規約可視為 SCM 協定 第 19.3 條上下文之看法。. 立. 政 治 大. ‧ 國. 學. 第一目 SCM 協定第 19.4 條、SCM 協定第 19.2 條. 上訴機構修正小組以 SCM 協定第 19.4 條不得課徵超過補貼數額的平衡稅額. ‧. 之規定,作為解釋 SCM 協定第 19.3 條所稱適當數額之上下文的解釋方法,而認. sit. y. Nat. 為由於 SCM 協定第 19.2 條平衡稅應考量損害且從低課徵之規定59,與適當稅額. io. er. 之判定更為相關,更適合作為解釋第 19.3 條所需要之上下文;上訴機構亦佐以 其他相關條文支持其論述。. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 小組認為 SCM 協定第 19.3、19.4 條皆無意處理雙重救濟的問題。小組認為 SCM 協定第 19.4 條規範平衡稅課徵上限須根據補貼數額而定,因此,即便課徵 反傾銷稅時針對非市場經濟國採取特殊的計算方式,也不影響補貼存在的事實, 因為根據 SCM 協定第 1 條,補貼是否存在乃視有否財務補助、收受利益,並依 據 SCM 協定第 14 條之規定參考市場情形判別,故 SCM 協定第 19.4 條並無意處 58. Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 553. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, art. 19.2: “The decision whether or not to impose a countervailing duty in cases where all requirements for the imposition have been fulfilled, and the decision whether the amount of the countervailing duty to be imposed shall be the full amount of the subsidy or less, are decisions to be made by the authorities of the importing Member. It is desirable that the imposition should be permissive in the territory of all Members, that the duty should be less than the total amount of the subsidy if such lesser duty would be adequate to remove the injury to the domestic industry, and that procedures should be established which would allow the authorities concerned to take due account of representations made by domestic interested parties whose interests might be adversely affected by the imposition of a countervailing duty.” 16. 59.

(24) 理雙重救濟之問題60。而就 SCM 協定第 19.3 條觀之,課徵平衡稅是為了抵銷補 貼所造成的效果,故不超過補貼數額便為適當的課徵稅額,然而,依小組前述見 解,以針對非市場經濟國的計算方式課徵反傾銷稅,並不影響補貼存在的事實, 故以該計算方式對非市場經濟國課徵反傾銷稅後,並不會影響對其再次課徵平衡 稅之數額適當與否61。 上訴機構同意小組認定 SCM 協定第 19.4 條為第 19.3 條相關條文的看法, 但其不認為單憑 SCM 協定第 19.4 條便能定義何謂第 19.3 條所言之適當稅額。 上訴機構認為,若是如此,則 SCM 協定第 19.3 條便顯得多餘,因為既然 SCM 協定第 19.4 條已經規定不能課徵超過補貼數額之平衡稅額,又何必再於 SCM 協. 治 政 大 為第 19.3 條之補充,但其並未完整解釋第 19.3 條所稱適當稅額之意涵,SCM 協 立 定第 19.4 條只規定不得課徵超過補貼數額的平衡稅額,但並未要求平衡稅額是 定第 19.3 條規定平衡稅額須為適當62。上訴機構認為 SCM 協定第 19.4 條得以做. ‧ 國. 學. 否要等同於補貼數額,亦未處理是否存在所課徵平衡稅額低於補貼數額的情形 63. 。. ‧. 上訴機構認為,尚有其他條文與 SCM 協定第 19.3 條相關,且該些條文如. y. Nat. sit. SCM 協定第 19.3 條一般,皆將平衡稅與損害聯結。SCM 協定第 19.2 條相較之. n. al. er. io. 下便與此議題更為相關,該條規定若已足以移除損害,則應從低課徵平衡稅,由. i n U. v. 此可見,SCM 協定第 19.2 條鼓勵主管機關將課徵之平衡稅額與欲移除之損害相. Ch. engchi. 連結64,而這樣的連結也反映在 SCM 協定第 19.3 條中,該條規定適當的平衡稅 額須針對收受補貼且構成損害的進口產品課徵。其他條文如 SCM 協定第 19.1 條 也只允許針對收受補貼且構成損害的產品課徵平衡稅65,該條條文採現在式的文 法,表示構成損害於課徵平衡稅之期間為一持續的要件。SCM 協定第 21.1 條規. 60. Panel Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 14.112. Id. ¶ 14.129. 62 Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 555. 63 Id. ¶ 556 64 Id. ¶ 557. 65 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, art. 19.1: “If, after reasonable efforts have been made to complete consultations, a Member makes a final determination of the existence and amount of the subsidy and that, through the effects of the subsidy, the subsidized imports are causing injury, it may impose a countervailing duty in accordance with the provisions of this Article unless the subsidy or subsidies are withdrawn.” 17 61.

(25) 定平衡稅的課徵期間以為抵銷構成損害之補貼所必要者為限66。 上訴機構另外指出部分條文補充解釋雙重救濟之禁止。SCM 協定第 10 條建 立 SCM 協定第五部分和 GATT 1994 第 6 條間的關係,其規定平衡稅的課徵須依 照 GATT 1994 和 SCM 協定之規定67;再者,該條註腳 35 指出針對特定性補貼所 造成的影響,應只有一種救濟可得行使,明確指出針對同一補貼不應採行兩種救 濟途徑68;此外,該條註腳 36 定義平衡稅應為抵銷補貼之目的而課徵69。SCM 協定第 32.1 條亦指出 GATT 1994 和 SCM 協定之連結,該條規定除依 SCM 協定 解釋 GATT 1994 之規範外,不得對他會員課徵平衡稅;該條註腳 56 再次確認會 員有權採取 GATT 1994 所規定之相關措施,但其也承認不是所有行為都被視為 適當70。. 立. 政 治 大. 上訴機構認為 SCM 協定第 10、19.1、19.2、19.4、21.1 和 32.1 條皆為 SCM. ‧ 國. 學. 協定第 19.3 條的相關條文。該些條文禁止會員針對同一補貼採取兩種救濟措施, 規定會員選擇接受價格具結、或課徵平衡稅,或者在 SCM 協定第二、三部分所. y. Nat. 66. ‧. 規定的反制措施、與第五部分課徵平衡稅之做法擇一採行;該些條文也確認 SCM. sit. n. al. er. io. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, art. 21.1: “A countervailing duty shall remain in force only as long as and to the extent necessary to counteract subsidization which is causing injury.” Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 558. 67 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, art. 10: “Members shall take all necessary steps to ensure that the imposition of a countervailing duty on any product of the territory of any Member imported into the territory of another Member is in accordance with the provisions of Article VI of GATT 1994 and the terms of this Agreement. Countervailing duties may only be imposed pursuant to investigations initiated and conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and the Agreement on Agriculture.” 68 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, note 35: “The provisions of Part II or III may be invoked in parallel with the provisions of Part V; however, with regard to the effects of a particular subsidy in the domestic market of the importing Member, only one form of relief (either a countervailing duty, if the requirements of Part V are met, or a countermeasure under Articles 4 or 7) shall be available. The provisions of Parts III and V shall not be invoked regarding measures considered non-actionable in accordance with the provisions of Part IV. However, measures referred to in paragraph 1(a) of Article 8 may be investigated in order to determine whether or not they are specific within the meaning of Article 2. In addition, in the case of a subsidy referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 8 conferred pursuant to a programme which has not been notified in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 8, the provisions of Part III or V may be invoked, but such subsidy shall be treated as non-actionable if it is found to conform to the standards set forth in paragraph 2 of Article 8.” 69 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, note 36: “The term “countervailing duty” shall be understood to mean a special duty levied for the purpose of offsetting any subsidy bestowed directly or indirectly upon the manufacture, production or export of any merchandise, as provided for in paragraph 3 of Article VI of GATT 1994.” Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 560. 70 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, note 56: “This paragraph is not intended to preclude action under other relevant provisions of GATT 1994, where appropriate.” 18. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

(26) 協定和 GATT 1994 之連結,特別是 SCM 協定第四、五部分;其亦指出 SCM 協 定之目的是為抵銷構成損害之補貼,並為將其對產業構成的損害移除,故適當稅 額並非與損害無關。 第二目 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條 承前所述 GATT 1994 和 SCM 協定規範之平行關係,上訴機構認為在 GATT 1994 第 6 條中,與此議題關係最為密切的是 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條,其規定不得 就同一傾銷或出口補貼情形,併課反傾銷稅和平衡稅71,然其推翻小組對 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條之解釋72。. 政 治 大 雙重救濟的論理,因 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條條文明確規範唯有在該補貼為出口補貼 立. 小組以 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條支持其認定 SCM 協定第 19.3、19.4 條無意處理. 時,方禁止雙重救濟73。小組認為反傾銷稅和平衡稅的課徵被分別規範在兩不同. ‧ 國. 學. 協定中,而 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條是唯一規範雙重救濟之條文,然此規範僅禁止會 員針對出口補貼情形併課反傾銷稅和平衡稅74,且 GATT 1994 其他條文中皆明確. ‧. 區分國內補貼和出口補貼之情形,如 GATT 1994 第 6.3 條分別規範國內補貼和出. Nat. sit. y. 口補貼、GATT 1994 第 16 條與補貼相關之規範中亦特別針對出口補貼予以規定,. al. er. io. 可見條約起草者欲明確區別產品於生產製造時所收受的國內補貼、與輸出時所獲 得的出口補貼75。小組認為此般解釋符合條約的有效解釋原則(effet utile) ,若將. n. v i n C h條所稱雙重救濟之禁止 國內補貼納入 GATT 1994 第 6.5 e n g c h i U ,等同於視該條條文中所 言出口二字如無物,此外,小組參照法文和西文的條文文字,其出口二字意同 。 76. 小組認為上述論理佐證會員無意於 SCM 協定第 19.3、19.4 條處理雙重救濟議題, 因為會員於 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條如此明確地針對雙重救濟規範,故其不可能透過 對雙重救濟毫無相關陳述的 SCM 協定第 19.3、19.4 條規範此議題77。. 71. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 6.5: “No product of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be subject to both anti-dumping and countervailing duties to compensate for the same situation of dumping or export subsidization.” 72 Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 565. 73 Id. ¶ 566. 74 Panel Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 14.116-117. 75 Panel Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 14.117. 76 Id. 77 Id. ¶ 14.118. 19.

(27) 上訴機構認為小組論理過於機械式,其表示條文文字的省略在相異條文結構 中可能具不同意涵,並非必然得做反面解釋。此處上訴機構不同意小組將 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條解釋為協定起草者無意禁止出口補貼外其他補貼形式所構成的雙 重救濟,上訴機構認為,GATT 1994 第 6.5 條是為了禁止同時以反傾銷稅和平衡 稅抵銷「相同情形(the same situation of …)」的傾銷或出口補貼,此「相同情形」 用詞為該條條文規範之核心,亦為此條文中未論及國內補貼的原因78。 上訴機構認為於正常情形下同時針對國內補貼課徵平衡稅和反傾銷稅理當 不會是 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條所稱之相同情形,故 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條未規範國內 補貼實屬合理。一般而言,出口補貼會導致出口價格降低,但不會對國內銷售價. 治 政 大 被視為相同情形,而若對此情形同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅,便會構成為抵銷相 立 同情形而雙重救濟。相反地,正常情形下,國內補貼會同時影響國內銷售價格和 格構成影響,因此會增加價格歧視幅度,造成傾銷差額提高,此時的補貼和傾銷. ‧ 國. 學. 出口價格,而補貼所造成的抑價會同時反應在計算傾銷差額的兩端(出口價格和 正常價格),故對其同時課徵兩種稅額,便不會是為了抵銷相同情形,因為傾銷. ‧. 差額並非補貼所構成,故補貼只被平衡稅抵銷79。因此,GATT 1994 第 6.5 條中. sit. y. Nat. 未論及針對國內補貼雙重救濟之禁止,至少在以國內銷售價格作為正常價格時是. io. er. 合乎邏輯的,上訴機構注意到,GATT 1994 第 6.1(a)條和反傾銷協定第 2.1 條 之規定中,皆以同類產品在出口國國內市場銷售之可資比較價格作為正常價格的. n. al. Ch. i n U. v. 計算方式80,因此,正常價格會依據國內銷售價格而定,故傾銷差額不會受到補. 78. engchi. Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 567. Id. ¶ 568. 80 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 6.1(a): “The contracting parties recognize that dumping, by which products of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products, is to be condemned if it causes or threatens material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic industry. For the purposes of this Article, a product is to be considered as being introduced into the commerce of an importing country at less than its normal value, if the price of the product exported from one country to another (a) is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country. Due allowance shall be made in each case for differences in conditions and terms of sale, for differences in taxation, and for other differences affecting price comparability.” Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, art. 2.1: “For the purpose of this Agreement, a product is to be considered as being dumped, i.e. introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value, if the export price of the product exported from one country to another is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country.” 20 79.

(28) 貼影響81。 然上訴機構指出,當以例外方式計算反傾銷稅額時,便可能針對同一損害同 時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅。GATT 1994 第 6.1(b)條和反傾銷協定第 2.2 條規定 正常價格計算方式的例外,亦即不以出口國國內市場價格計算 82。此外,GATT 1994 第 6.1 條增補條文規範針對非市場經濟國得以特殊方式進行反傾銷調查,包 括正常價格的計算83。綜上所述,針對國內補貼只有在例外的計算方式下同時課 徵平衡稅和反傾銷稅,才有構成雙重救濟的可能84。 上訴機構認為,SCM 協定第 10、32.1 條述及會員在 GATT 1994 第 6 條的平 行義務,故 SCM 協定第 19.3 條所言之適當稅額應將 GATT 1994 第 6 條之規定. 政 治 大. 納入考量。上訴機構認同小組表示 SCM 協定第 19.3、19.4 條所關切的是平衡稅. 立. 而非反傾銷稅之課徵,但不認同小組認為該些條文無意處理同時課徵平衡稅和反. ‧ 國. 學. 傾銷稅的情形,上訴機構認為若是如此,則與 WTO 涵括協定應以調和的態度解 釋、使涵括協定彼此間具和諧性的原則不相符,且會員於涵括協定下的義務應為. y. Nat. 81. ‧. 累積的,其在採取某協定下的行為時,亦應注意其於其他協定下的行為。上訴機. sit. n. al. er. io. Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 569. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 6.1(b): “The contracting parties recognize that dumping, by which products of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products, is to be condemned if it causes or threatens material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic industry. For the purposes of this Article, a product is to be considered as being introduced into the commerce of an importing country at less than its normal value, if the price of the product exported from one country to another (b) in the absence of such domestic price, is less than either (i) the highest comparable price for the like product for export to any third country in the ordinary course of trade, or (ii) the cost of production of the product in the country of origin plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit. Due allowance shall be made in each case for differences in conditions and terms of sale, for differences in taxation, and for other differences affecting price comparability.” Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, art. 2.2: “When there are no sales of the like product in the ordinary course of trade in the domestic market of the exporting country or when, because of the particular market situation or the low volume of the sales in the domestic market of the exporting country, such sales do not permit a proper comparison, the margin of dumping shall be determined by comparison with a comparable price of the like product when exported to an appropriate third country, provided that this price is representative, or with the cost of production in the country of origin plus a reasonable amount for administrative, selling and general costs and for profits.” 83 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Ad art. 6.1.2: “It is recognized that, in the case of imports from a country which has a complete or substantially complete monopoly of its trade and where all domestic prices are fixed by the State, special difficulties may exist in determining price comparability for the purposes of paragraph 1, and in such cases importing contracting parties may find it necessary to take into account the possibility that a strict comparison with domestic prices in such a country may not always be appropriate.” 84 Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 569. 21 82. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

(29) 構同意會員課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅於法理是有區分的,其課徵對象分別為廠商和 出口國,但此兩種救濟行為都在邊境進行85。 因此,上訴機構認為 SCM 協定第 19.3 條所言之適當稅額,若未考量反傾銷 協定之規定,便無法確定,故其要求主管機關至少不應忽視為抵銷同一補貼情形 所課徵的反傾銷稅。反傾銷協定和 SCM 協定都規範主管機關採取救濟措施前所 應符合的嚴格條件,其規範所課徵之稅額應為於該個案中的適當稅額,如反傾銷 協定第 9.2 條和 SCM 協定第 19.3 條所示86,此二協定亦規定該稅額上限不應超 過傾銷差額和補貼數額,如反傾銷協定第 9.3 條和 SCM 協定第 19.4 條之規定87。 是故,只有當此二協定被分別閱讀時,雙重救濟才會看似與條文規定合致,但當. 治 政 大 此二協定關於稅額上限之規定觀之,雙重救濟不該被規避,且同時閱讀兩協定便 立 可得知,雙重救濟所課徵之稅額會超過適當的傾銷差額加上補貼數額 。. 同時閱讀此二協定,便會發現雙重救濟是規避兩協定規定之適當稅額標準,但從. 88. ‧ 國. 學. 第三目 東京回合補貼規約第 15 條. ‧. 上訴機構不同意小組以東京回合補貼規約第 15 條做為 SCM 協定第 19.3、. Nat. sit. y. 19.4 條之上下文,並推翻小組以東京回合補貼規約第 15 條關於不得同時對非市. n. al. er. io. 場經濟國課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅之規定未被寫入 SCM 協定89,佐證 SCM 協定第. 85. Ch. i n U. v. Id. ¶ 570. Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, art. 9.2: “When an anti-dumping duty is imposed in respect of any product, such anti-dumping duty shall be collected in the appropriate amounts in each case, on a non-discriminatory basis on imports of such product from all sources found to be dumped and causing injury, except as to imports from those sources from which price undertakings under the terms of this Agreement have been accepted. The authorities shall name the supplier or suppliers of the product concerned. If, however, several suppliers from the same country are involved, and it is impracticable to name all these suppliers, the authorities may name the supplying country concerned. If several suppliers from more than one country are involved, the authorities may name either all the suppliers involved, or, if this is impracticable, all the supplying countries involved.” 87 Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, art. 9.3: “The amount of the anti-dumping duty shall not exceed the margin of dumping as established under Article 2.” Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 571. 88 Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 572. 89 Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, art. 15 : “1. In cases of alleged injury caused by imports from a country described in NOTES AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS to the General Agreement (Annex I, Article VI, paragraph 1, point 2) the importing signatory may base its procedures and measures either (a) on this Agreement, or, alternatively (b) on the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. 2. It is understood that in both cases (a) and 22 86. engchi.

(30) 19.3、19.4 條無意處理雙重救濟問題之論述90。 小組認為東京回合補貼規約為 SCM 協定之前身(predecessor) ,可見於 SCM 協定起草前,會員便可預見對非市場經濟國同時課徵此二稅收的問題,而其未被 延續至 SCM 協定之規範中,顯示會員無意於 SCM 協定第 19.3、19.4 條處理雙 重救濟議題。小組指出,雖然沒有任何文件顯示該規約第 15 條的規定未被寫入 SCM 協定的原因,然綜觀 GATT 1994 第 6.5 條和東京回合補貼規約,皆可見會 員已意識雙重救濟的可能,且明確規範禁止雙重救濟,故 SCM 協定第 19.3、19.4 條不可能為會員欲以默示禁止的方式處理雙重救濟議題之條文91。 上訴機構認為東京回合補貼規約僅得做為補充解釋,而於本案中無此需求。. 政 治 大. 上訴機構認為,東京回合補貼規約第 15 條不應被視為 VCLT 第 31 條之範疇,因. 立. 為第 31 條並未指出協定的前身得作為上下文、或上下文判斷時所需參考的元素92,. ‧ 國. 學. 相反的,上訴機構認為協定的前身只能作為 VCLT 第 32 條所指條約締結時的情 形,故僅得作為補充解釋之依據93。而在此案中,上訴機構認為參照 VCLT 第 31. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. (b) above the calculation of the margin of dumping or of the amount of the estimated subsidy can be made by comparison of the export price with (a) the price at which a like product of a country other than the importing signatory or those mentioned above is sold, or (b) the constructed value33 of a like product in a country other than the importing signatory or those mentioned above. 3. If neither prices nor constructed value as established under (a) or (b) of paragraph 2 above provide an adequate basis for determination of dumping or subsidization then the price in the importing signatory, if necessary duly adjusted to reflect reasonable profits, may be used. 4. All calculations under the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 above shall be based on prices or costs ruling at the same level of trade, normally at the ex factory level, and in respect of operations made as nearly as possible at the same time. Due allowance shall be made in each case, on its merits, for the difference in conditions and terms of sale or in taxation and for the other differences affecting price comparability, so that the method of comparison applied is appropriate and not unreasonable.” 90 Appellate Body Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 576. 91 Panel Report, US-Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties (China), ¶ 14.119-120. 92 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art. 31: “1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose. 2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes: (a) any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty; (b) any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty. 3. There shall be taken into account, together with the context: 12(a) any subsequent agreement between the parties regarding the interpretation of the treaty or the application of its provisions; (b) any subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation; (c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. 4. A special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended.” 93 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art. 32: “Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to article 31: (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; 23. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

數據

圖 4-2 左側圖形中之小區塊 b 與 d,也可以用另一種方法來理解。區塊 d 代 表因為該補貼每多生產一單 位數量所增加之邊際成本,可解釋為生產損失

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