教育取向音樂治療活動提升高功能自閉症兒童照樣造句能力之研究
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(2) 中. 文. 摘. 要. 本研究旨在探究教育取向音樂治療活動對提升高功能自閉症兒童照 樣造句能力之成效。為兼顧本研究結果的客觀及完整性,本研究採混合研 究法之並行模式,除採用單一受試跨行為多基線實驗設計之量化研究,同 時佐以質性研究。 本研究並以立意取樣方式選取兩名小學低年級高功能自閉症兒童為 受試對象,自變項為教育取向音樂治療活動,依變項為高功能自閉症兒童 照樣造句之名詞、動詞、形容詞三者的語詞替換變通能力之立即介入效 果、保留效果、追蹤及類化效果。 本研究主要發現列述如下: 一、 高功能自閉症兒童經教育取向音樂治療活動介入後,能立即有效提 升其照樣造句之名詞的變通替換正確率、降低語詞重複替換率,及 提高語詞替換反應率。且在維持期和追蹤期皆具保留效果,而其類 化效果亦佳。 二、 高功能自閉症兒童經教育取向音樂治療活動介入後,能立即有效提 升其照樣造句之動詞的變通替換正確率、降低語詞重複替換率,及 提高語詞替換反應率。且在維持期和追蹤期皆具保留效果,而其類 化效果亦佳。 三、 高功能自閉症兒童經教育取向音樂治療活動介入後,能立即有效提 升其照樣造句之形容詞的變通替換正確率、降低語詞重複替換率, 及提高語詞替換反應率。但其保留效果和類化效果則出現歧異,受 試乙的保留與類化成效佳,而受試甲則不然。 四、 在質性資料與社會效度分析中亦發現,兩名受試者對於照樣造句的 解題動機,及分類、聯想與檢查的解題技巧均明顯提升,並帶動其 他適應行為的正向發展。而本研究之成效並同獲親師生肯定之。 最後,根據研究結果與討論之芻議,分別針對特殊教育課程與音樂 治療推展,及未來之研究提出建議。 關鍵字:教育取向音樂治療活動、高功能自閉症兒童、照樣造句能力 II.
(3) Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Education-Oriented Music Therapy Activities on elevating the mimetic sentence making abilities of High-Functioning Autism children. For the concurrence of objectivity and completeness, the study was conducted with pragmatic parallel mixed methods. Other than employing quantitative research of single subject design multiple baseline design across behavior, qualitative research was also used to encode the data obtained during activities and assessment. The study used purposive sampling to select two lower grade primary school children with High-Functioning Autism as the assessment subjects. The independent variable was Education-Oriented Music Therapy Activities. The dependent variables were the immediate intervention effects, preservation effects, tracking and analogical effects of children with High-Functioning Autism who flexibly interchange nouns, verbs, and adjectives in mimetic sentence making. The major findings are listed as follow: 1. With the intervention of Education-Oriented Music Therapy Activities, High-Functioning Autism children effectively enhanced the accuracy percentage of their flexibilities in interchanging nouns in mimetic sentence making, reduced the repetition percentage of the interchanging nouns, and elevated the response percentage of their interchanging nouns. The retaining effects are evident during the tracking and preserving periods, so are the analogical effects. 2. With the intervention of Education-Oriented Music Therapy Activities, High-Functioning Autism children effectively enhanced the accuracy percentage of their flexibilities in interchanging verbs in mimetic sentence III.
(4) making, reduced the repetition percentage of the interchanging verbs, and elevated the response percentage of their interchanging verbs. The retaining effects are evident during the tracking and preserving periods, so are the analogical effects. 3. With the intervention of Education-Oriented Music Therapy Activities, High-Functioning Autism children effectively enhanced the accuracy percentage of their flexibilities in interchanging adjectives in mimetic sentence making, reduced the repetition percentage of the interchanging adjectives, and elevated the response percentage of their interchanging adjectives. Yet differences appeared between the two children on the retaining effects and the analogical effects. Subject A shown good retaining and analogical effects, while Subject B did not. 4. Analysis of the qualitative data and social validity also found that the two subjects had evident improvement in the problem solving of mimetic sentence making. Their motivation, classification, association and examine skills had apparently elevated, which promoted the positive development of their other adjustment behaviors. The effects of this study were widely recognized by teachers, students and parents. Lastly, based on the results and the discussion of the study, propositions on the promotion of special education and Music Therapy and future studies are accordingly addressed.. Keywords:Education-Oriented Music Therapy Activities、High-Functioning Autism Children、Mimetic Sentence Making. IV.
(5) 目 第一章緒. 錄. 論 ........................................... 1. 第一節研究動機 ....................................... 1 第二節研究目的與待答問題 ............................. 5 第三節名詞界定 ....................................... 7 第二章文獻探討 ........................................ 11 第一節照樣造句教學 .................................. 11 第二節自閉症認知理論與照樣造句 ...................... 16 第三節自閉症介入取向與輔導原則 ...................... 21 第四節音樂治療與自閉症 .............................. 27 第三章研究方法 ........................................ 39 第一節研究對象 ...................................... 39 第二節研究架構與研究流程 ............................ 44 第三節研究工具 ...................................... 55 第四節音樂治療活動設計 .............................. 57 第五節資料處理與分析 ................................ 62 第六節信度與效度 .................................... 64 第四章研究結果與討論 .................................. 71 第一節受試甲照樣造句語詞變通替換學習成效分析 ........ 77 第二節受試乙照樣造句語詞變通替換學習成效分析 ........ 87 第三節質性資料分析 ................................. 103 第四節綜合討論 ..................................... 112 第五章結論與建議 ..................................... 123 第一節結論 ......................................... 123 第二節建議 ......................................... 128 參考文獻 ............................................. 132 一 中文部份 ........................................ 132 二 英文部份 ........................................ 136 V.
(6) 附. 錄. 附錄一 語文科學習適應能力之初探調查 .................. 143 附錄二 家長同意書 .................................... 147 附錄三 音樂能力綜合評估表 ............................ 148 附錄四 開始的歌-照樣造句策略歌 ....................... 149 附錄五 音樂治療活動設計單元教案舉隅 .................. 150 附錄六 音樂治療活動評鑑雙向細目檢核表 ................ 154 附錄七 照樣造句評量單 ................................ 155 附錄八 音樂治療活動回饋訪談表(學生用) .............. 157 附錄九 音樂治療活動回饋訪談表(老師與家長用) ........ 158 附錄十 音樂治療活動親子互動回饋評量單 ................ 159 附錄十一 音樂治療活動軼事觀察記錄表編碼舉隅 .......... 160 附錄十二 結束的歌-再見歌 ............................ 162 附錄十三 照樣造句評分統計表 .......................... 163 附錄十四 熱歌排行榜 .................................. 164 附錄十五 超級星光大道排行榜 .......................... 165. VI.
(7) 圖. 次. 圖 3-1 研究架構圖 ....................................... 44 圖 3-2 研究實施流程圖 ................................... 46 圖 3-3 音樂治療活動單元流程結構圖……………………………… 51 圖 3-4 音樂治療活動單元實施流程圖 ........................ 52 圖 4-1 受試者甲照樣造句語詞變通替換正確率百分比曲線圖 .... 73 圖 4-2 受試者甲照樣造句語詞重複替換率百分比曲線圖………… 80 圖 4-3 受試者甲照樣造句語詞替換反應率百分比曲線圖 ........ 86 圖 4-4 受試者乙照樣造句語詞變通替換正確率百分比曲線圖 .... 89 圖 4-5 受試者乙照樣造句語詞重複替換率百分比曲線圖 ........ 96 圖 4-6 受試者乙照樣造句語詞替換反應比率百分比曲線圖 ..... 102 圖 4-7 兩名受試者照樣造句語詞重複替換比率長條圖 ......... 113 圖 4-8 兩名受試者照樣造句語詞正確變通替換比率長條圖 ..... 114 圖 4-9 兩名受試者照樣造句語詞替換反應比率長條圖 ......... 116. VII.
(8) 表. 次. 表 2-1 國內外自閉症音樂治療範疇文獻匯整表 .............. 29 表 3-1 音樂能力綜合評估表-個案甲 ...................... 42 表 3-2 音樂能力綜合評估表-個案乙 ...................... 43 表 3-3 單一受試跨行為多基線實驗設計 .................... 46 表 3-4 研究進度甘梯表 .................................. 54 表 3-5 研究工具一覽表 .................................. 56 表 3-6 音樂元素與三種詞類聯想舉隅表 .................... 58 表 3-7 教育取向音樂治療學派與音樂治療活動結構匯整表 .... 59 表 3-8 實驗介入階段與音樂治療活動單元大綱匯整表 ........ 60 表 3-9 照樣造句評量單各階段評分者間一致性考驗 .......... 64 表 3-10 音樂治療活動評鑑雙向細目表評分者間一致性考驗 .... 66 表 3-11 音樂治療活動回饋訪談資料統計分析表 .............. 67 表 4-1 受試甲照樣造句語詞變通替換正確率階段內分析摘要表 74 表 4-2 受試甲照樣造句語詞變通替換正確率階段間分析摘要表 75 表 4-3 受試甲照樣造句語詞重複替換率階段內分析摘要表 .... 81 表 4-4 受試甲照樣造句語詞重複替換率階段間分析摘要表 .... 82 表 4-5 受試乙照樣造句語詞變通替換正確率階段內分析摘要表 90 表 4-6 受試乙照樣造句語詞變通替換正確率階段間分析摘要表 91 表 4-7 受試乙照樣造句語詞重複替換率階段內分析摘要表 .... 97 表 4-8 受試乙照樣造句語詞重複替換率階段間分析摘要表 .... 98. VIII.
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