俄國文學傳統中之"自由"與"奴役"

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(14) ffXm~~. B. mIiJtf:l. KOIme. ~m 91. pOMaHa. 6 J3. 3'bI6HHa. no. CrpaHHOMY. CTeqeHHIO. 06cTo.srreJIbCTB. oCB060~aIOT. Ho He TOJIbKO npKXOTH Cy;zn,6bI 06g3aH OH CBOHM oCB060~eHHeM, HO H TOMY np03peHHIO, KOTopoe npHIIDIO K HeMY npH BH,l{e YMHpaIOm;ero Kpa6a, Kor.n;a OH OmyTHJI paseHCTBO Bcero iKHBOro, OC06eHHO gCHO npOgBJlJIIOm;eeCg B MHHYTbI CrpaJJ;aHIDI, nepe.n; JIHIJ;OM CMepTH.. 3ro. np03peHHe nopOJJ;HJIO B HeM. qyBCTBO BHYTPeHHeH CB060JJ;bl, .n;aJIO CHny npoTHBOCTOgTh 6ecnpe.n;eJIbHOMY CKOTCTBY. BOT nOqeMY, ne)l(a Ha xono.n;HoM nony Kapnepa, rpg3HbIH, He6pHTbIH, B nOJIHOM HeBe.n;eHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO CBoero 6y.n;ym;ero, «OH CMOTpen Ky.r(a-TO BOBHe ce6g. OH 3HaJI Tenepb Bce.116blJl cnOKOeH}} CHTYaIJ;IDI BbI60pa. Me)J(J(y. (7, NQ 9, 139).. BHeIDHeH H. BHYTPeHHeH. CB06O.n;OH,. Me)J(J(y. 'iKH3HbIO H cMepTblO nopo~aeT rpeTHH 3aKOH CB060JJ;bl JIH~OCTH - npHMaT .n;yxa HaJJ; TenOM. C CaMoro HaqaJIa 3aK.JIIOqeHHg, CaMoro nepBoro .n;onpoca 3bI6HH BCTYITaeT B CMepTeJIbIfYlO CXBaTKy C TIOpeMmHKaMH 3a npaso OCTaBaTbCH CaMHM C060H, He nOJJ;JJ;asruIcb CaMOMY )l(eCTOKOMY cpH3HqeCKOMY H nCHXOnOmqeCKOMY .n;a:BJIeHHIO.. HHKaKHe. MeTOJJ;bI,. COCTOHHHH. no.n;asHTh. BOJIIO. HHKaKHe. 3bI6HHa,. yxHmpeHIDI. ero. cne.n;OBaTeneH. BHYTPeHHHH. MHp. He. B. HenOJJ;BnaCTeH. HaCHJIHIO. 31'0 .n;aeT eMY CHJIy )')Ke B KOHne 3aKJI1OqeHHH, nocne 6eCKOHe~bIX .n;onpOCOB,. Kapnepa,. «CTaJIHHCKKX. npoH3Hecm. COKOnOB».. H3.3bffiruI. 06BHHHTeJIbHyIO 3TKX. nlO.n;eH. peqo. BceMY. «ITJIaHKTOHOM,. cocnOBHIO CJIH3blO. Ha. nOOOpXHOCTH OKeaHa)}, OH MbICJIHT KaK HCTOPHK, KaK CPHJIOCOCP, KaK CB060.n;HbIH qenOBeK, nOHHMruI, qTO Bee OHH C HX H.n;eHMH, CTepeOTHnaMH, crpeMneHHeM 3a)1(aTb Bce iKHBoe B THCKH MePTBbIX .n;OrM. BpeMeHHoe, npeXOJJ;.sIm;ee H, B. npHHnHne, MH3epHoe .sIBJIeHHe B CpaBHeHHH C mraHTCKHM «OKeaHOM)} iKH3HH.. )l.ruI JI:oM6poBCKOro H.n;eg BHY1J>eHHeH CB060JJ;bI, He p3.3PymaeMoH .n;a)I(e peaJIbHOH. onaCHOCTblO CMepTH,. HMeeT a6coJIlOTHyIO. neHHOCTh:. HCKYJIIeHHe. OCTaTbCH B )l(HBbIX HaJJ;O «npeo.n;oneTb CMepThlO, HO YMepeTb OCM'bICneHHO H. 164.

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(16) ~Bi:HJ~. ~1i1 91 ~ 6 ~. tfBilij. O'I'pHnaeT Bce - HMrreparopa, BJIaCTb HMnepaTopa, 60roB HMIIeparOpa, MOPa.JIb HMnepaTOpa». (7, N2 9, 51).. He 6y)leM OCTaHaBJIHBaTbCg Ha TOM, HaCKOJIbKO :na. 'I'paKTOBKa COOTBeTCTByer KaHOHH'IecKOMY TeKCTY EBaHreJIIDI. )];oM6pOBCKOMY OHa. Hy>KHa. 06m;HOCTH. .n.rm. ,D;Byx. YCTaHOBJIeHftg. HeCOMHeHHO. cymecTB)'lOm;eH. rny6HHHoH. pa:me.lleHHhlX BO BpeMeHH JIHlmOCTeH. Be.llb H 3b16HH, He. OCYlK,llag peJKHM OTKpbITO roBOPHT TaK, tITO BCeM CTaHOBHTCg gCHO, q'f0 OH npOTHB «BnaCTH H MOPanH HMIIepaTOpa». cnyqae. MbI. CTallKHBaeMCg. rrpOTHBocrogmeH C03HaHHe. C. TaKHM. llHtffiOCThlO,. 06Pa30M, H B roM H B .llpyrOM. OTKpbITO,. XQTg. H. cymeCTB)'lOm;HM .llOrMaTaM BepbI, nHtffiOCThlO,. He06xo)lHMOCTH. CB060.llbI. H. rrpaBa. rro6e~aeT. He B. rrp~o,. KOroPOH HHCTHHKT. CaMOCOXpaHeHftg. KIDI<',llbI:H H3 HHX rrOHHMaeT, tITO 3a 3ro rrpH,lleTC.sI rrnaTHTb, B03MO)I(H0, iKH3HblO, H KIDI<',llbI:H BbI6HpaeT KpeCTHbIH rrYTb. CornaCHO rrpone.llype cY.lla CBflOro CHHe,llpHOHa, 06BHH.sIeMoro «3aCTaBMlOT rrOBTOpHTh CBoe 60rOXYllbCTBO. 3a:reM rrpHrnamaIOT ero O1'peThCg OT CBoero. B3r~a. ECllH OH OTKa3bmaeTC.sI, TO••• ero rr06HBaIOT ~H». (9,186). Y MHcyca. eCTb cB060.lla BbI60pa. OH MOJKeT OTPeThCg, HCKyIIIeHHe BellHKO - JKH3Hb, HO ror.lla CHHe.llPHOH rr06e,llHJI, «XpHca HeT. B MHpe HHqerO He COCTO.srnOCh. Mcropftg rrporrma MHMO». (7, N2 9, 79).. MHcyc Bbl6HpaeT cMepTb, YMHpag «OCMblcneHHO H. CB060.llHO». K TaKOMY iKe pemeHHlO BHYTPeHHe roTOB 3bIDHH. M xo~ cHTYanftg CKlla,nbmaeTCg TaK, q'f0 eMY He rrpHXO,llHTCg .llenaTb Bbl60p MeiK,lly KOMrrpOMHCCOM C BnaCThlO H CMepTblO, ero cne.llOBaTellH qyBCTB)'lOT 3TY rOToBHOCTb, B KOroPOH 3aKlllOqeHO rropIDKeHHe HaCHllH.sI H TOpJKeCTBO CB060,llbI. B. 3aKlllOQeHHe XOTenOCb 6b1 OTMeTHTh, q'f0 TeMa CB060,llbI H pa6CTBa B. CaMhlX pa3H006pa3HbIX ee rrpo.sIBJIeHH.sIX 3aCnyJKHBaeT rrpHCTallbHOrO BHHMaHftg HCCne.llOBaTeneH, rrOCKonbKy aKTYanbHa He rollbKO HO H. 166. .n.rm. 6y)lymero QenOBeqeCTBa,. .n.rm. rrporrmoro, Hacroxmero,. aKTYanbHa .ll0 Tex rrop, rrOKa B MHpe.

(17) «CBo6o.na» H «pa6cTBo}} B PYCCKOi:t JlHTePaTypHOi:t rpamnum (Ha MaTepHan:e .nHJlonm 10. JJ:oM6pOBCKOro «XpaHHTeJl& .npeBHOCTem>, «cI>aJCYJI.&TeT HeHyJKHhlX Bemem». cymecTByeT HaCHJIHe.. JIHTepaTYpa: 1. IIyutKuH A. C. llOJIHOe C06paHHe COqJfHeHHH B 10-TH TOMax. TOMa 1, 2, 6. M., 1956.. 2. JIepMoHmo6 M1O. C06paHHe COqJfHeHHH B 4-x TOMax. TOM 1. M., 1975. 3. HeKpaco6 H.A. llOJIHOe C06paHHe COqJfHeHHH B 15-TH TOMax. TOMa 2, 5.. n.,. 1981.. 4. T..fexo6 A.II. C06paHHe COqJfHeHHH B 8-MH TOMax. TOMa 2, 6. M., 1970.. 5. Ea6eJlb H. KOHapMIDI. M., 1990. 6. /JoM6p06CKUU 10. XpaHHTeJTh .npeBHocTeH.. M.: l-hBecTIDI, 1991.. 7./JOM6p06CKUU 10. <flaxyJThTeT HeH)'iKHhIX BemeH. «HOBhm MHP», 1988, N~ 8-1l. 8. AlleKcaHopo6a A. C. U op. PYCCKHH H3hIK KaK HHOCTpaHHhIii. COBpeMeHHasI. POCCIDI. llOJIHTHKa. 3KOHOMHKa. KYJIhTYPa. M., 2000.. 9. PeHaH 3. )l{H3Hh I1Hcyca. ArrOCTOJThI. MHHCK, 1991.. 167.

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