YEtI ID\~
eM
/f
I\&
OZ; ,
~fU~:[fa
JJfJ
/f
111 ~,fflJ
~ gl~1{-:,
y~5t
11,
I~)JfJ:IE:
J;fj[ ~~" _illH~,AlTti-:~F~nfJl~Y1R
nT:J1[;QJJVj(
EJHt.
ilJt:EJJnlli1*
r*J
m~J!JJ::t:t~Ht,fffl1jJ
JH:~ ~,fl}iXW'L
f-1TW5/stDx;JJn
JIJJJ1F,
JlLlTi1lE;
ROZ;Wf;',K;/fUt;'(li,
j£~t~U~~~$.,~~7t~~$., tfJ8~11.
~~~M*~~~~om*R~~~~/f~~-®, W~~~A#r*J~~B~~m~ f-~~t
t:p
ilJ
Jffj,
gi'!
X>J
~Jt~mpx;!§t1*
tr'1
m~ +~
i!:t
7(1ft,
Ii:t:t
*
1~,G,.rfrr
~~~~~~. ~@fi~~£!§t1*"m~~~~px;~D ~~. ~~~m~~~~~
ff~~mM$.~W~~ffl*.1*~*,mhl~*,li~~~,~*~~~*fi~~.
:16'
~1JlliJ
T
r~ 1-~A:iill:t:t sF~:Em: it"
JE
i>1J@1ft"
'G'
't5UilxJrr!
~ r3t~ ~ ~m
~otf
:hJ
fJ
A ,
~l~~ffik
*
7t.f
0Exploring the Needs of Life Education and the Life
Experiences in Nursing Students
Fu-ju Tsai, Shu-lien Hsu, Kun-hui Lin, Hsiu-chen Teng
Life education is the core of nursing education. Nursing students understand life
definition, existential value, and respect [or life that is very important things. The purposes
of this study were to explore nursing students for finding life experiences and reasoning in
the needs of life education. Following this study is to design the course of life education.
The subjects of study were total 30 nursing students with two-year program or four-year
program in the school of nursing department in a university. A qualitative study was used to
interview nursing students in one-time or three times and to collect data with open questions
in a university. The data analysis included the processes of completing data, expressing data,
and realistic outcomes and followed auditability. credibility, fittingness, and conformability.
The results of this study showed that nursing students had many life experiences in finding
and enjoying for life goodliness, safe bliss, life happiness, life abilities, life struggler, life
dedication, life love. and life superhuman effort. Also. nursing students needed a course of
life education in four reasons including no understanding why alive, unreasoning menace,
self-help and help-others hopelessness, and increasing self-life ability. The results of this
study will develop and design a course of life education, through the life education
increasing to provide human nursing care in the future.
[Key words} life education, the
course of life education, nursing studentsIAlT1f
§$I~~tl~m. *~~/f~~R~~~~~~*~W
.
ffM~~~~m~I~rro mJ~f±i;)( ~JjJ~ 1'1':1
tlfEJItl.,
19IJ~I1IL'~m:,
;tJt1m~f,;fi'Jflfl
H~ftT:~~J~':!t3'i g
*!JJ
#~~~, ~~~Amtt~~om ~tp~*LW~~~~~.~*$,~~mm,
rtrT -# ~j,~ 'f:.Jt ::r:. ;1m E RA ~ lr:h I
-Y
~l!Jf Nk t 'I T1. 13-::r:: II- Aj
--r
_ 2 _ -1::6 WI=
M ;>'4 1-1" /., -:- -/-fhe:'lill Tl ;lJu~'i9, /G1YJ 1.., )J"LLIJj't(::Y'IJI'AJ':> ~IX ~:;;L:1-_ IlIJ J P § c 11' .c-'F_Jf~ p~ -'-l'-:i'.1'ffli tJ: ~
1m
I f1:
)iff
TIIT X't
~ ~ffig !~ ~I.:t
9E
li::Jl
~,
ft
~*
l¥J
'L'~~Z
r,
!1I11iiJ
f1~ J~W§i
JiJg ~PM
?gl1MfiMlid;tt~
IL';R.
~lJ
fir
l'I'~tp51
PM?
f8l!lt, tp1lf!*
~l±.l'I''.1l±.$~-Ff ~1lt~lt~l¥JixH
0l±.-6P~Ffl¥J:m:$J
PI
mi~~ l~rnl)\.
-f-
/\'9~,=3
utdJ
Bf1g:B'
~~~:f3t}f~am:$J~J1f§,Jttmi.i2;JLffMJ
Lim ,
Ij\,l!l
~, &~~ ~Y4fr}f~a1lt~l.t-6P~ffl'I''.1i**!t
(;¥~~Hji3, 2003) ,~~W *~~}f~.~l±.~~~l¥J~~om~, ~~l¥JM~~~~~~m~tt~w
,
&~~m~~~~~~NS ~~~~~~~, ~~~~l¥J~~~~~l¥J*~~~ff.,~ffl, ~~,& m~, ~PJ~~~~~~~ABm4mz~. ~~.nw ~U¥,ff7~~J&rfJ±-fu~
,U:'-t-6PtEliXtB
5E~A;tB~l¥JYt*,
illi
18J
;;1<*~%E~JAI:j:.1J r~J 0Mf±i;~~~.z~~~h,~~,~a,4~,tt~ ,*A,R~*l¥J~#, .l$] lftl/]\"
H
~-*
AX't
T-I·t
f,lJ
~1IJ37 ~~11 ,
X>J
~fBc&f1f!A l¥J
'I=:.
'Yc
~/f~5tf[
f~,
:;;:I-:@:m
r=::!l1tr
!J':.
qfffj R'~ft
i;:EJItI.
%<.0
4-
f±
£;
-*
A
fill
5H
W
;m
II~¥it;
~WI
rrtl"W;
11- ,
~[TIl
rri
f~l J~(x
t;IJ·--ll
"it
~lli~.~~ffM&~~llih, f8l~~L9ELl¥Jm~o~~X'tl±.~~~l¥J~Hr~ :f3t~
,
~M• •
*l¥JM~zm, ~~~rnl~~-~m~~~~~&~»~~l¥J 1I~~.o~!lt, ~~~~~~~~M:f3t ~}f~m.~:m~, M~r&~i;*A ~*11~~.~~, ~m~tt~x~~R~, ~~~~~4.~~l¥J~~&m~o ~f!lt, *~~§l¥J~~W~~~~tt*~tp~*~~~r~$~: OO~~~. ~$5t~.~~~, ®~~m~~-6P~WW~~~~, ®~~X'tf ~~~~m~o ~**#~~ili-~~*~.~~~*W~~I~, li~~IDPJ~~Mtp~*~~~ WM~li~~PJ~~~TM~1I~~~~W, ~&~~**tpJl*~~~ff~~~~I'I'~ ~1* 1i};!'\L~U
R
Jt:
m
~~ 8<J~f1ft,
1JE
ft'~ ~ :!~H~';R.~ ~Ed:f
~,
¥~~:f3t1m
P9
'.4:.
~11
~§»~~8<JI~o
II
XmJ\~t-11
~frr~'ff~r&rn~ffiI)\'
+
J\if-iL- -*±-fuJiiztri,
tt$~~ITfiII{fi*:;&:YELI'I'~~;Ujjlf$~, ~3&~:@ &'L'~8<J~BU, mJ~~~·tE:f,h!jljJi+lW±i::'~rnl)\'+jLif-=-Ji
rEJ~~t)JX:j'[r
~::,.~·~·m:$J~~
J,
f~rnliL+~~.~~*I~M~~X~~!ltif-~r~$~11ffJ,*m
~~ ?¥::f3t£~#m:$J ~.~ "~"" 0l±.
~~-~fpJ ~ tJt~§
~to!(Ff
~lHl)iff:rf1LqJ
l¥J
11~ j[~*lj #Z~-, ~M:lftt;J]'Iffi~¥t~iY~~-JlJ111~1I:*(JtiJ, 2001;*,
2001;{g,
2001) 0 2l:£.
~F1'I¥J t~'L4if
'11:
1:.
~~~ ~~A
~ fi~r8<J
~JL.' ,
§t:s):::ft
~~'11:,
-lJt'r~L ~l~'l1:lk
1c
~;11: I't~~*
§
~&~~a~~tt~m~$~~~-~~~, ~~~~*~~~m~~~1:.$~~o -Mtt~m~mAl¥J-~, 1:.$M~l¥J~~z.~ttl¥J~~, §~,W~&~~,W
232~~w+~~~~W~o~~tlQm~~7.#tl~-mtl, #~~mtlm~~, ~ 'rHIZ!r."~Et "=ilP:f~J!M£"f"TIIl-F.-Ftr;:rr:::l a
"'t'"lh
I'=!.~···"1..6....
,..L.""lrf+j_ f3 H:::./I..6....hlr.i'.:~-1J'lJ I)m 1'=1 ::>J )[) X Jx. 11k 1:i'J fm:k -I'] J J (/1" 111J , J')[ '[ ~ Fd ~~:::.1 7~'>J 7 nil 0 .iG~€ 'I~i IE1 Fl ~I:. !Ill ifx. fJ i:,]:
... --1-
J'j'! j[;~If!
~'(1t:
~91JL i¥J,
1Ft
I:
J:YT:fr
!'(! j[;
m
'mr
J§H:.l!
-m
'1'1-: £L.11.tFf
II'!
1-\\L8''.1 ill
'7:)j
(~,2004)0
3
ill
~ 'f~';¥!i
X.
~!l1i1lli~iIlm~x.M~~.,~~,'JX~,~~~ m~~, ~.,~~,'JX~,$~ jiIJAiYJlt~, l;.J,&fJl1~g
c.if'l/till
5JIJAm'*iPfJ.x:tJ~-1*(**,2002)
0 '-E~~('ftfJ~x.~+~JL~':ItLErrf{ji¥J ~iA~u, 7f;;~1*!#1.~n~~~~
(¥&L
2001),
!{f:fF~~TI[:tEiPm ~ITt ,
ill
rra~:ljJIj A
,~XdfftBA, l;.J,
&}j~'*
AM
C~L2001)
0-i/f
$
~;j1]-iA
A 4n'P
i¥L~:x.~:tJ~m~~rra~~, ~.~~~mx.,*, ~~~~~m~m, ~~A~~~#tl o
J
114ill
(fL~51..&
M!
~7
)G\
Z
{flU>1t ,
~*--*
:fF ,
X.
'*
tfJ lfiLly,
$:flfL&AItm1i1
l1J.,
~[JiH:~B'J~1'f (~,1999;
Kerka,2001)
0ill
~ffltill
M~fTFl
JE
1:£ill
:i:
x.~1fIm (fJ
~~~ (~, 1999)
0fill
~~(~H:
{Em
.sj]
~~t iA~ll¥lJttiP(frPI
tJl
, ' I :
'-tiP, :A'l'f4 iP,
l;.J,&r~'~j/+'~ (~,200 1L
l!=.iP~-FJ'm
~~tt~~frfJl~~4~)j~~m~~~~gC.mltiP, ~J§~tlffl~~1*~, m~ ~~, ~~~~A~~~~~, ~G+4m~, ~~~ltm~A~~~, l;.J,&~~ ~t.iIlm~MJ('*f,
2000)
0 ~tiP~~~Ht'Jf=l
B'~~o~m§frT1JE1t~:'tJM1:iPm~x., ~JLiEf~ulY~A~~.m, ~JtEA~jf,:K~fl:J5, ~~V:
§
ftf~~~1J§
ft~JJJl (~*,2001;
1M,
2001)
0tt
iflJ
~!{fif(fJ
i.e:
~l;.J,
it
~Ij ~ ~A lE~,
~1'-t:
1fI1fi~.m, l;.J,
&~B-
~ll'tff;~iT (f/J\, 2001;
~jt ,2001)
0:'tfill~~~~*&~~m~@~~~m-~*~:'tm~~~, ft~~~~~m~
1:rnfX>Jlf:::?5m~8'M~A, ![{;$U:t,tu~l*}t~'~OWl,
*,
1997),
JiJTl;.J,OOxt~-[':~)jt(£, ~,1988;
1='*,
1995;
l4:,
1977;
~,f'*,
2001;
i:ill,
1994; )B:W, 1999)&lf:iPifl'wJJ<J1{7j
(~G,
2000;
W1i,
2000;
~,2000).tf:m:~ff~*::fWTm:jJ(~~ ,l-JI2Z§ftJiH,~'illrm,*J ~, ~rra~~lli~~m~h~~h, 1JE~§iC.~A ~hm~gc.&~~hm~~AmA
(~,;ff,
x~, i~, ~,2005)
04
~iflJ~~m~;f01.e:~~$~Wmm~~~~~~+fJl~~~~.~)j~.~1*!#1.~R~m~r:'tiP~
~J
(:f*,
2005),
~)j~.:'trfP/~,#trm'~\'l'f~i]fZrfY.:ft1:tlfiJ
Jffi~(**,2005),
?'f
:3=JXXiillZ'G\,
~~ZI~\, ~lMz'L)&!~J~\Z'L\, )jJa1XIt~~jJ H~j]IY'3rltrfPjJJ
H~JJQ.(**,
2005),
~)j2Z)~t~~~*tM&1rn=a=B'~1:r'[DJ~~,)j:tE:'tiP9=J
gRw:~, §J;lt~~,
§iRI:&51l,
§R¥:>t,
l;.J,&§iR;if(i'fiO''.1
r:'t~~4J(;f*,
2005),
)j~~l :'tiPh-f-iit;J!\fl~,*:=F§c., ~A,Rff,
'+f:$t,
IJ'[2L
fi%,
~c. ~11~pj(**, ~,x~,
i4:,
~*,2004)m
r~z*mkJ(;f;t\,
2005),
~)jI?J~t$~.mJiJTj2tttm~EiPh*fJl1f1frr
[Jj,fM
rj I, ~ fi~m
~ri
C'/t
fflJ
Z
O':J r
ffiJ
z
jl
J (
**,
20(5),
h~ ~t1'f.1frr
,1M,
JJlL
f'tz7g.>tR.J
(t*,
2005),
JTijJ8qJ~5'fiE7!/G~1ti!B~ifP)J(;tt,20(5),
"¥')J!~~, !~l9J, ~w,wm, ,~m&~~~a~~A~~~, illJTijft~ifP~m~~~~ ~4 fry-l:JJ1UAi¥I/~t::.ifPf
px'};J--1*J(;tt,
2002;
~, ~, ~*,2003)
0~$~*Qm#~A~~,ffl~, ~,g~,fiA,»fu~~~®~~~~~
':&J'Il
(Smi th,
2002),
~1fAffJt~~~~f:l:ill;,
JLfl,i'{fl~jJ ~o1mA,fii;;:x1tJ::j
*
IS!
r~iY'1J1. 19J~*, ~&m ~a-l:J~A~~mli~~ ,~m~~ ~*~, ~fl~~~~~'19<: O'JA~l§f1F~Oi)llf.D;(JJ;L
th,
2004;
if: ,
2002L
!~. ~ ~
::1: R
(-!'J1:1:
-T
Y
fI#
A
~tt
j f(t1
'rrli
~,
tm
10J
~-f~J~ ~1at!
I
~,
!il J1PJ 1B!
~J>Ji
j-*±iE/t~¥fi·,
!i\l1
i1J
3 --~*~Wi~
fit
~f~~, ~LI1PJ1HH':f~llirrA':J *ru:~ffr'
~n10J
':&Jb!l
EI
[(:Jill'
f1~(Powell & Cassidy,
2002;
Thomas & Arcus,1992), 1J:t1f@l
~?;rlflj'l~~M)(:-*rl)J ,
fry
)f:: --
t!jl1*!J0,
A't
.1[:- -*4
1tTl
i;;:"
[~ITfIT th
D)J ["I
Y
fW¥R
c,
i!5:
IE.
£f
J:fi
l1lX
J'Il
m=
1*'11, btJ1*:QU
;::Jzr~H~,20(1),
&f)jx~YJ(r:Jl±:M·5HBF::jli::.1fP"¥')]~)St,tg.
-#
j f InJ,l],;ij,f~;i:t,-l:J A
ri.£l)yt'1fr::,
~lkfl¥nk:frl!illiI
~~mBf.:l:i;;:!t::Nf
[)(Hm)J Cf:¥:,
2004)
0*
1::1.
~fIJ¥J
:jjE
1l-~:IIiAl
~JiJuH
Lee,
1jl,;ffi.
,~o (J~,200
1),
~R
tit
.Jf
191U31Ht':J
m
~~ID~A~~, *m~A-l:J~B,~A,*~~, fi~~~~~~(IT,
2001;
~,2001)0
~~~~m~~~~~~~*:ffi~~~~4~~~~~h~.~~~~1fPo® ~W~~ ~~~fr~~ *g~-l:J ~fumo@~W~~4~~ ~~ft~fltW
~~, {~~ J~\
1K
ttl!
~1f:J.tXt&: ,
~¥W WJ
I[{ii,*~I::.':±.*J~%
1Y'.l
fifg
,~o®
4.
ifP
~jfn\\zo/*3t
T
~f;&~~
{.sHt';]
~f: ~*:, ¥~ill
bUJ~15ln'7'
1::,x,j<J':
~l:: ~ ~ ~ ~,
iIt
tt11fr m ,
~frn ttl
~it '
~&;}t
TI
t§
~'11
ttl
§
:fJG
T ffflf
!B
M ill1
0III 11}f J1:
1rr~*~J1:*~tt~~, ~-~~~~-~W.~~~, ~MfIt~.*m*~~~~
B,~.~*~~~~~~4~~A~~~~, ~&l±:ifPft~~~m~zffi~tt~.o 1 11}fJ1:~~*~J1:~~-T¥Wtt*~~~*~ o*~~~~~B~$»ill.$~~tt-~
m
~~m~~W~~~,~&B~$&ill.$~-a-~m~~~m(tl~~~$4, ~~m~~3~~~~, ~~~~30A,~~OO*~~§~*~*~~.m,*~~ ~~.~~ill~W., ~~*~~M~~~e~~&z.~~~J1:~, ~~-T~D~ ~0~~illfiW., ~A~~~.~~~20~30*#, ~~.-~~~~=~,A
~fH
11*
'7':
4..JG
~JL
UIJ
IT~j£7t ~(f] ~1$ ,
}&
iT
~~': ~~:16 ~.mljj ~.¥ =~<x
02
YJi
;j8-J.LlY:
~*
l1)f~t
J1fr
*
m
z
:If
jj~;i:~
i,)'i
i~
111
'11
7>1
t& Wi
~±
ifP
~ ~
}\.
*
1*
ff.
'tt
5:E
~
(;t*
!£
~
,
~~i+J~ r±z~~J~ r4i1lZ2ZJ~
[;)'bt
r':tzM:i~J (tJ':EiIl~5:~, 1~,~+i\~Jfjj~ tt~~, ~~':Em[;)'~B~.~~[;).
~.~~~.~; ~~*~4~~~~4~ ~W~~~~~bt~~; [;)'&~~*~':Em~~~':E~.~a )~*~fF'[f£~~1mr 2. 1 ~~: jR:~l=J~~~r±~z~J
~M~M~~~~~MjR:~ ~~~rft~m~J~ iIlz~?~M~~~~~ M~.l=J~~~rft~m~J~~#~iIl~~, ~H~~~±iIl~.~~M~~, ~115:
JL.'Wtz~~ IPfllliz~, MjR:z~" 9;wili:z~" ii'f)(Z~, trZ9JZ~, lj,&A~/fi':t ~1rt.~~B.qjZ~ar'L '1'/ '" W !:::: ~-g
r
~lZ ~ B , -J
2. 2
~A ;1A!:
7R-'-j ~:x. -'I ':9:: 7E1m
tLu fijJ
~M
~~ ~ ~tLu fijJ
'ill:
~1:ill
~ }8',~.lID iL.'
'tf
Miit?
fIf
M
~~jR:
~--fJQ.ft l:j
ii-j:~ ~here and now WffAB'JE" iEft'JE,
&P~~'JE, IID.ftJ)di~JSiJfJQ.ftlY'.J-H.t-~ here andnow r.ft
~~~rlr
~J,
Tfu •
~JSU r j!)t:$
~ ~WIB 11M)}
n[liiJ!
L
]A r
SJZ
)t:
l~J
~M
i~t,
~JL.'!~iit§ c&?JTff!t~{mAl=J;tt't':E~~, Mi~nJtffJ~JL.,~ftWt, JtrP~ftlPflJ&.,
+
*~-g*t1tmft:lZ:t{1:,k5J:JJ
here and now
.fJ(JiJlj,jIgiU:ff~, M~ft1~H~lli~9;UW:it..'.'tZ...,
~~~ B lh-h: P:;L ~-
t
.!)G , PI3 , 11!!': ~ p!r ~
rr
~ J ..:. 02:? \'1 '" 'JJv L -~-,~
r
H· ' =b-~.J,J
2.3
}E,A: ~7R..!c.J~F5t ::iZ-~·'lJt.~MMM~~~~~M*~'-till~.m?MM~~~_ft-H.t-~hffeMdn~a
#fl~A:,I+.:£ rlrt r=l ,y,;~*11 Jb71 rhh.~_J+.. F-L.!l. I ~'J'.LMh u...J§i§!..J#~B~'J'.LMhm ;'rI;. 13 +/}
fll~ xc tr=Vl:':l' II U J::L 17K ~~ )Iff !i't~ ~,. , l{lt kL/'-re'j) ./,,r:l'J , l!::'J.fj,)t1£t
1'Vf
rl'1) ;;" 1=l'J ~, IJYL 7E 1J<.~ffl~a~OO~ff~M$, ~a~m~~~A~~Jo~~~~m~, $~'-tZ~m, l2Sl7>Jft-H.t--~
here and now
1J.t~r
aiE¥!Ij-~J,
JYTlj,/F1rxj~*~ 1:tf:lV!$PG~f!!~·'g't5tZJL.'-
RS1Jlt?t~*~1::iIl, *~§ Co
2.4
~~: ttJl!:3r1::iIljJJ
tLofilJM M~~~ ~
tLuM )j~:r&1::1frl~l9J7J l=JH~j:J? l2Sl7>Jfr-H.t~·-~ here and now, W
~$~~1::iIlz~,'-t~~mAl=J±~~~m; m~~5~g~~r-~hffeMd n~,~1::~~~~~~.o~~~~Z9Jml:jm~~~m~~,U~cffOO7J~~'-till ~~m~~~~bt§a~fr~~. ~~~~iIl7J~Z9J7J .7J~~7Jl:jft7J, ~ooa~~*m)/±a 2. 5 ~~: ~.l=J1ZJl
r
~·tz ~4J
~MMM~~~MID~*1::1Z~~~ftffi~?~~1::ft~Jl~/F~~R,~ID~ /F~~m~o~~~~~~~Mm~~.*~~fm~~.~OO7Ja~~~ff~7JMM§c,
~;tt)t:~~~MID~/Fm~fm~~~., ?t~~M]Am~~1::ffl~~,lj,Z9Jm
~m.*~4i1l~~~~mo~~~M]AB~1::m$#~~~~$,.~1::iIl~.~~~mo~#~7J~JflZ, _~~iIl~~ ~a~ffi~a 2. 6 A::~: ~JlJ:j$~ r1:z~~J
~~~~re~1fuj]l¥J~a~~~~~~*~?~~~~~~~*l¥J~~,
&mA
~~~~l¥J~~, ~~l¥J~~~~fr~B~*a~~j]m~~ ,*~a*a~~j] m~~Aom~l¥JZ9Jj] ~j], ~~~1fuj]l¥J~.,.~~1fua~l¥J~~ ~~l¥J~ ao~x~~~w., ~iliW~l¥J~~~~*l¥J~~,*~j]~~~.~X~~1fu~, M~B-~A-~ff~~-~~~~-~~-tl~-~ -~~o
2. 7
?Ex.:
:&~~t:j¥~r
1~1fu:z:'~J~~~~~~j]:&~~.~~A~1ful¥Jffi~~~fi~, ~~~.~B~1fu:z:'~,
~~~·AMm~ ~g~AM~~ ~~~_ _r~M~A~(~~~~~)?±_
n!H).JJ ~T. t:fll p'J ,tS, ~{-,
cT·
X.I. t:f1J p'J % lJ1j, IIIJ )n t.yJtI}r,-WF/I' 3'r:Hl'J::r. t:f1J ,IJ Pj],IJ ~-:.J f;Jt',,IJ • JtS'li'ct.1~*~~~ttfi~, *AAw~m~l¥J~~ttfi~ffi~~, ~~l¥J~§~~~~~~o
~~&:\~~"¥~~
r
~!!]~*J,
~--1-A~r:-t:Z:.J§!7E:Z:.Atr J,
fiJTR~!'I'-JA~lF*~fl~tL~-~A~~B~1fu~ml¥JR~, ~&~m~~l¥J*mo~-1-Al¥J~~m~, ~ft ~~~~~~ml¥J~ao*~~~~~*ffi~~, ~~$~~A~~~~~W.~g *~~.oW~&~~1fu, ~~B~~1fu,~~B~1fu~~~,~:94~.m,M~B ~~~ili~1fu~Z9Jj]~~j], fr~Bm~~fi~~m*~*~,mm,~~,~~, /}~, W~'I1f~'/1jo
2.8
?E)(:
:w:.~1t~r
~:z:'JIl!~J 1-~~~, ~~1fu~m~~l¥J~1fuj]*~~l¥J,~~~oo~~ml¥J~~~tr*?1-~&:\ ~~ ,}~ ~ ~
re
~II;!
ffi
if
~::j'Jfi ~1tfl¥J
~ ~~, ~~" ~1Ft
~JJ)(;!J&
:Z:.J: , W
H~~fjJt!J&'
~M~~, ~m~~~~~~~:Z:.~; &~~~~~.r~~m~Jw.~,.Z9J,
.W,.~, ~,~m~¥~~B~~Al¥J~1fu, MW~~1ful¥Jm~fr~B~~A r~~-~J; *~~1fu~~~~tt~m~,*g~~*m~!J&,~M,A~, ~&~ m~.~~~~~~~~~~o *a~l¥J~~, ~~ffl~1fu*JIl!~~m,m~*~ *~1i~m~l¥J~!J&JI!yU!tlo
3
ftf.+5t*JT
*liJfJiftf'+5};fJT*~~5t;fJT¥*,
1&1i
Miles
&Huberman (1994)
fiJT~fl:l~?1l:m7};fJT¥*,
5t~=~~.**ff?1l:ml¥J5t;fJT, §~?1lM~.,.M~~, ~&~~~~o*~m~.M~~~M=~,*~mfr~~ffi~.M~~,~ili~~ffi*l¥Jm~.M, ~.~~ffi*l¥J.M~~, ~J§~*-~.~m¥~l¥J.:m~~, .J§*~~o*~
Ji?1lM5}fJTl¥Jm1i§}l.JtlL
±gffl Lincoln
&Guba (1985)
fiJT~ili.M5tfJT!'I''31i§~~~iL,
71<:
'$'
Jfi
'11
(auditabiJity),
1i§ m'11
(credibility),
m
~ ,~t(fittingness)
&.
~'11
(conformability)*1@:~tl
ftf.+
l¥J1i§~j(~ 03. 1
'$'~tt ~Ji~*~'$' mMl¥J~J§-Btt.~Ji~~.M5t;fJT*~J§~m, ~m~$ ~~hl~.M, ~~.~~5tfi~*-Btt~n%o3. 2
1i§
ffl
'11
236~~~.~tta~~.~~ili~~~M~~m~~tt~.~~~~~, .*~~
~.~~~.~~~~~ttfjR~~%fi~~~oa~~~.$, ~~~~*~~~~~ff~~*R~.~~, *~~~~~M~, ~m~~~~~~~~a~.~~~
~.o3.3
J!ftiH1:
~~~3~N~J!ftk~~~~k~.~~Wo*~~~~~~3~k±B*~~
=$.~m: OO~-ffi~~~~m~~.~~~~, TM~~M~; ®ftili~*~. ~~~.~~~~~~~, *~~~~WM~~ili-~~~~~.~m~~§(category); ®JiiFnfl}~~1****Ej3t]1., W%~ij(JE_±B~~J~~~o
3. 4
1iftl JE 'ti
~~~~.~%fi~NA~~ttR~~~No~~~a~~M~, ~~TM~~ *~~m~~~~.~~~., ~~~~~3~~lli~~m~~~~ffl.#, ~~y
~~~~A~~~tt, *~M~ft~~No1iftlJE~~%fi~~R~~3~~~,
fiFn
~Jtttf~~~~%fi0
IV
~*
1
#*%;fff
~'=j~~~~*1l1f~~#*t13~3x:'ti~~, ,~,;!t
30
Ao
:if:~1r-1:10-20
~ ~3
A
(10%), 21-30
67
~21
A
(70%), 31-40
67~5
A
(16.67%), 41-50
67
~1
A
(3.33%)
0 ~~iM!R%,
B
rEi]:gi)-tt~1
A
(3.33%),
Imtt~16
A
(53.34%);
Jtt1~£i3=tt~9
A
(30%),
Vgtl~4
A
(13.33%)
0 a'tir~J ~:gi)%, ~~ ~ a~nt~-,
7'r-,
P;;~7'HlftA~'tiltJ, ~ rtJ~12
A
(40%),
7'rlli]::fq"
10
A
(33. 33%),
R
~J7'r Iii]
~A~8
A
(26. 67%)
02
:f?~*~4=.1tt~~¥~~.~t:2.ML2. 1
1tt~J:J*~r
1:.Z~J*1i)f~~*1~JJt, ~~*~1:m:
r
1ttffJ
~ a:i15m~, nJ~1~1~$., 1~ ~ a~,EH~~.Jo~.m~M~~~~~~~~mm~~m,~
• •
~~~§~$Jttoili~~~ ~~~ft~.~~~, ~a, ~1*••,
~Affl~,m*~~, .~~R~~m~~, ~R.A*#R.~~, m~~.~~.~~*ofl}~X~~m~AMili, ~OO~~~~*P;;.~~A, ~~Aili*m~, ~.mk~ARR.~A, ~~~~
~1*~~~.~~.o~~*~A~*~~.~~~,~m:~-,~*.-,.*-,
Il/§/W(-,
;gltr6 ..
;g~fSlJ-, n~.. m'ff -,
~.tUfJG'*~~...
1~ ~a.xjzI¥J$...
~*~-.~~~m~~N-.~R.~.AA~~**~~.Z~~~~o
2. 2
1tt.~*)tr
-o/-~~~J
*W~~*~~, ~~*~1:~*~~ffla.~~~~~p;;~a~~~~, ili~
Fnlm~.~,m~*u~~, ~~~~~~~~~o~~m: r~$~;g~-@~.
X~~*~~~$m~*~, ~~m~B~$mJo~~~.~A, ~mm~~A, ~~A, $~~A, .~.~~~.#~A, ~*M~~~**$W.*~~~A, ~~~*ffn~A, ~gm~ffn~A, ~~~~ ~~~~A, *A~~~~~g ~W~Mili~A, S.ili.~M,~~~B&*A~~,*~$m~*ov~~.~
*~!ffrr*, Jd]lILf-FH*~~,
$i$/J\JL.\,
&#::mJE9m1±.~*¥5l:~~~m~H~jJ,fr~B~m~~
• •,
~~~*~*Affi~, .~B~.~.,§~~~~~m,#
IiPI
~JmJ®l!JjljA, lli~H~S~Ij$m02.
3
~~~¥~r#::Zif't5U
*TiJf3i:~jt51ttQ:ljJL 1J'l;J:ll*~~~JJj~!JEX~~U
921 A:l:1hJ\i, 911
7€!d1\J.f't,
AmJ~.#,M*b~.,~.~~.~Mili,~*wm~~m~, ~&~M~*Mm~~~
Z)§,
~1~*A~Mft~, ~Ji1~A~IHtUf, X17J~~~~~lt, ~&~iHlttfAPI~ iJf~, .~~~~~zifm~~*o~~~: ra*~~, ~~ft~Rm~~, ft~~~0.{f~2A~A' ~H~
• •
1$~.~, a>Wt~f~~*1$~mffJ
0 ~~~a-1lli1$~*JT**A~~, ~JL.\~iZI)l!fJ:lfH"J
A,
'ffi'~*A*fl~,'w;n
~ili
fri]
1~*A, ~& 'ffi'~*A~~JE9:$5l: ~~1*§f,f'llfrrt5?,~JL.\'tff 02.4 ttr&:.h}¥5l: r #:$
jJJ
*M3i:~*tt~,~;J:Il*~#:~: r~'ffi'~~B~-~§~,fr~B~m~~~7J
I~J, il::~ DJt:;J.4d;5:~!JL ~1~{f!j£H~1~1~$., TrHt!JjIJAPIt:;J.1~1~$tJ, X11-f1t5J.~13
~d~~., ~~§~ff*~~~~d, ~~~~m~~$jJM~,.~A.~&~
JE
~B51,
ffiJ
Ii
H~1i$ ~+ jjj
x-rf
~~ti~r!DG ,1$
~~m;fij jJ 5E W, ftH*
~HtT0B'ffi'
~m
t:;J.~,~,fi~, ~W,~*,~ili,~., ~~,*~~,~M~,~~,~~ ::k~~,~m~~, W~~~,.~~~tlrnm~, ~~&*A~~~, ~&~.* ili~~~m~*5E~~B,.~~B,~~~~~, ~~~~~ft~jJ5Ewz~~,
#r&:.:EJJl
~a~~$jJ02.
5
~~J:'j1tMr
~z:g4J
*M3i:~*1t~, ~;J:Il*~~~~~.~~±@.)l!fJAm-#, ~~N~~~~ Ao~~*: r~~*~~~~*~~.,lli~1$a~B~.M*~, ~~~.-m~ +~.,.~m~~~51~.M*,~~~m~B~51.~mw ~JQR~~m*~ ~*~.M*, ~~JmJ®l*.,*A&.J®l~W, ~ W~ ~~A~~jJ, ~+jjjX1M.*fi~~~!j£~a~,~~m4~~w~mM, g~*~~*n~~~ ~tt~~, ra19~~51.1t~g~~.M, ~#::~*~~~~M~~~~m~-~~
Ilf
M , JJr$
ftl
11*
~1lHAA m , lfr
~affJ!;
$
~-.!I:1>lEOO
~ ~,illf
~IhW=JrillmM~~at)
JjJj ~ ~Jft~%, ~)§~~~m~T, illfffn)§1t~, ~ ~tt~~, WIi.~MN~ffi~,
lfr~tJl)51f~~1~
§
B1~~~J ,1?f4lt~mtiJI'~~~, ~&~A*~/J\rn~~*§!ib~91Y€t~*~~~z:g4~~jJo~B&~t:;J.:g4~~~M~, $~$M$ ,~~*&lli
h
lli*~~, ~~M~*AA~, ~ffiAm~M~~B, ~~m~~~.~,nI
U~~~~&*, ~&~T~mm~~A~*~~m~~~~o2.6 btm:l:::JJ¥.§:
r
~Z*lAAJ*~~~*bt~, ~W*~~~-~A~W: §~*A~~, ~~*~~~, ~
-#rw~.~~~~, +a#Wffi~~J~.~o~~~: r~*~~~~~~~A ~*mM~, ~*~.~, ~*~a~~~~, ~~m-~~~~illmM~ID, ~mf1~m
M5J
1jAil9tk,'!.l:f1IJ MjJljA
L
~.JJl!,
TiJ'f'~ ~ A~f1IJM{tB,
~1li~~itIfl',]/j\~rJl;,f1IJ M\PJ
~~~k~~E, ~M~ill~~A~~~~A, .D~~~A-~~~~~, ~~~ ~~ImM~A, ~M~~~W*~~~, ~A.rl~~.~, \PJ~~~M+.~M ;lt~, i)1I~ ~ a~tf;i'~~EEJ'tj!ft~~{jj~{tBA, ~f¥IT~$fl''1~;f*:~efflBJJjjljA, ~&JJn
A~~li~f1IJ~~A~mA~~z*lAA~~h,m~~~lli.~mM~a&f1IJM~Ao
5JZR'J
?fr:fffJfEElf1~h J!ffl~~fr~jJ*f1IJ
f~;Ijf::j
a,
~fI'j-:ns~~r1iR,$
~:3C~Jj1st, 3~Aj\.fflJ :l!~A, ~t-f-~BJJAI¥];I~\, .~m-J~rfJBJJ5JIJA, Fi~f1IJJttjJIJAff;1tf1Ht5JIJA, :%1~f1IJnh ~1
JA
a /. B:U: \ ,~f1 a: .v. -.$i -81J 7]1 J.C1~'<) I Jl) 17( /:f; J:l'J "'P-a 2. 7 ~JDtl::;jl=;'~r
~::$Z~J *~~~*~~,~~*~~~: r~~~a~¥$%EEI~*~_~~EEI,ill~~ ~~8~,~*ffl~.EEI~~,~~~~.00~J.00~~ffiEEl8~J::j~1st%~~,~ ~~~Jf~~~lli~,illJ!~T*Aili~~~EElm~ ,.~~~~~~~ooo~llih
at~1=J-~.~fJ;t~, fJ;t~EI
~~y,
>r~l1;7.JY /J\fJ<&t~~*AEElfm*, ~~ttiL:j::ff1ER,
~~{jjirr§ a,
J!~~:1:n~mH;1t~t~ Sftt'ft8!fflJ¥.~~$Z~IBf1~hJ!m,0IW~,
;gfL
:~)Ul~lffi, ;gEt!~, 1!fr~JX5!'p.~~ n:jy}~a, ,fUffl*~h ,~§aJG\WJEI~H~fj5<
B
lcht-!It EEl
ft
~l¥JfJJ
'*---
~JIY'J
\¥rF
*,
~ ~;&
141 ,
n
It!.
i%~1i
~EEl A, J::j
J.liJA%:$~1JT~~~*mwJ!~
13,
a1t
fj
d,
~lLfj~fJG\,L'9t1rJ!
~ a~§
aOI:\!
2. 8 :%~l:ijbtJDtr
~ZmJ~J*~~~*~~, ~W*~~~fffimMf.*IB$m~~.~~~~, ~~:
if<fflJ~J,t, ~4m-:ttitxt}i{jjJG\, .**~EEI~m, I~*~
k:-{
§
ali*IY'1~h*1(O(,
fm
.m~~~m~~~, ~~
• •
ilif.~f.IB~~*~~~~-W.m~$ffiD~'-tibi: r
5f~~ J!ffl~JtfEEl:1J~px;J!~f$ttAjJJ
0Sf
B
J1fr:fg:#~zMi~~~~h ~~.~,~W§G.~, *~r{jjirrrl~IBA~m~.W~JIB¥~*.M§a,-WIB~. ~J!§ftlB, ~.*-~, m~ ~,~~~~, u§aW~*,m~~*, ~~~
1~All.~, *ftA1~W, IlJTJtRj}UAIB~ix, ~*f1IJWJ, PX;J!~~fr~h*iJr.jmJG\tIT, ~
PX;
it
J!
~-j-00
~f:?( ~'t
03~~~~'-t~~~~~$~.~~EEI~~
3. 1 ~TM7g{i-0-m~
~~~A"l~., ~~~ili ~~~ ~~mAA"l~
•.
~~A"l~4~Nm~4~ft~ ~~A"l~~~[;SI~~7m,~~mm~~.~~, ~.N~~, ~m~~~,~~~ a~~~~. ~~m~aA"l**~.~~~~o 3. 2 ~iI'r¥.;~A'~~lli~jt *~~~*~~, ~~~~4~~A~~~~~~~, 1fm$~iI~~A.~, ~1f~~lli~MA"l.jt, ~~ffl.~ ~**mW~A, ~~ffl~~*M~.m, ~~A~~1f~~, m~~~1f%•
A"l~~o3. 3
~WJRJtfJAA"lJC*
*M~~*~~, ~~~~~~~~~~I~~~M., ~~~~mA, ~A~ ~~1f~~~, m~mWJmA~*~~~~A"l~~, m~oo~~~m%~mA,.~
iUf~W'h3, ~m, lli~f~*, 'lfJ~~ftIJ~~J, It\~i)f,Jm{itl~~J, jtJt~Jm~.1J~T*A"l ~~Am, *Amm-~~~~1f~~A~A, ~~M~~-~~~~m~T,m~ ~~f~fh
IIlJ,
~ilHtJJ Jf:2I~~~pm:!lp{ilJ ~*mWJ,
::;t~1~1J'l:£1I f'F~*~~1fA
tttt,
1+1 ,U-7 e,'
r
A "":cl g >tAq"rA R 7;' rrR [10£ lettJ
M ;;1m .& IL'lJJ..L'Fl /\.'f=j'D'~p"i;)rl' n'Flf~J[j1"J II:J)'( n~AJt\,B,o:1.
4 :LtS!a
~ ~!.£~S<J~~~*M~~*~~, ~~~ !.£~~ ~ftWA"l~~~~~~7 M!'£~A"l~X,
~m,
_fIE
R.1t~,t'i, ~S!a ~ ~A"lAWF~~, ~f1m:!lnfilJ~lt\ ~ a&~,t\JJUA,fWfWtJt
~lHlER. ~ ftdT~,
*
li~Jlj:trr*'l'5L!.£trrjJ,
tEf4~uJ!£, Wi4't..$lfi}\A"lm~~~~.4~:£I~~!.£~!.£~~XA"lB':~ ~:£I~~!.£m~~A"l~trr~X~~~~,~~~,.~~~A"l~~!.£~a~!.£~: r~~~~-~M«, [;SI~~m~~~~~A"l.A.~*, ~~~~*~~M«~M ~~*N, ~-~~¥~~~~*T, [;SI~~m~~~~~fh~, ~~~~A"lI~fh MJaj:~~~-~M«, ~~~.~~-~,M.*M~~~,~~+~~A"lMili $&~~,~~~.~1f~~om~M*.~~~!.£trr, *mA"lm~~~!.£trro~~
Wm~, 1f~XA"lm., ~~~~,~~~~A"lm~~~!.£~om
• •
~am.A"l$m,
~~~ ,~~~~A"l~,
~~~mA"l$~,*~~MA"l$~, ~~~aA"l~.,~.,mWJ~A*.*~ A"l~~, fr~.A1f~~A"l~m, j:m~~*m
1fm~, ~~JJlf1RA~~lF~*Jt\. ~-mt9JPJI'0]*Jis:iIJ ~ afgt~A"l, fgt~{itlftj'\$,
~~~~.M,~~M~BA"l~~,.M~a~.A"l.M,m~.A"l~~M~-#.o
r
~*~iliWA"l~~~~~A"lA~~,W~~*; ~~.*A"l~~~~~A"lA~~,
W~~~.J
~mt~!.£~~~!VL1it
~.ft~~m!'£~§&~~~A"lftW, ~*~.~~XR.~m, ~~~~A"l~~ tt,~~~~a~~.~~A!'£~A"l*~,~~~a~~A~.r~~-~J,*W.*
~ aA"lf1~~, ~Jis:~iJ ~ 1i}]R.WJAA"l~~01!,\W,
*:giHts<r)(~~wa I~j-:r-%T~::~~~~, .W~~~~OO~.~mA~~m&fr~, TM~~OO~~~m~~~~~M~
&1T:J;J&mC:f.~
Lb,
1988; #,1995;
tf,
1977;
}i!t~#, 2001;
f~,1994;
1ii~*,
1997;
J®l,
1999)
0129l1t,
*1iJf:rE.t'J~~B<J~frr~~t2~, TM~~mM~I¥J~frr;~X,
~&~frr.ww~m~~~~, ~.~M~**~~~~~~frr.WW~~.~~., U**~~~A~~~M~OO~~~m~~m~, ~~~~mlli~~~, ~&
~~~~~~RJ®l~*~~frr~d~~mmo
~:fH!,*~~~~1¥; *~*:$Jt:
B
'~1::¥i1T~~frr~~~~~o ;fi~tjj~i}fi)l~ ~at, ~f~~'tk:*~1::frr~~~~at, '%~JWt¥.JJ¥,3ff~~'~%'~t~*'tg; ;fiJ!i}fi~3ffJW'~~~$~~~~at, ~~~~~~JWt*~ili*, ~at~~T~*Q*~*~~~M~&
m,
.t~$)t{furPJ~ltiJ'ti!f~~~jfrJwtg~~!~~~~(~,2001L
Jifr~,*1iJf:rERJJ¥,:
~:@.*~~t~~,ti!f~~~1ttlJ!qli1t~~, jtJt:OO~[!tfi*~~~m~B<JmAo
--1'
A~ ~m~~, tttt~.~~l'A~M~&m, ~ffiM~&m~~X*~~m.lli*~fi7-J &mo 129l1t,
~~*~~~~~mEj'tg~1f~~ar5J!1Z\~~~f(&l)II~~,A
fflR~ --f~juM~~ ~,fJJ.
rPJ'tg~ ~ ~~ll.ap
w~:J;JIE
IrtJ
'tg~ ~ ~~, ~f¥¥.:fW.M
~~;tll~ ~&IE~M~~~~~.~fi~&mo ~rl,~~*~~.~~~m~~~~~$rl~~,~.&m~~frr~J!~M~, ~ a~~~J!~~1¥;$~M~, 1i~&~rl~.~J!::I~,~,tk:*~ B~, 1f3_J!~t~jJ~@£m ~mM~A,.~~~~a~J!~$mTo~~~~~~~~~~HH~~~~~~, ili.~~T~AW~T~*o 129l1t~£, ~~~m.~~~~~~, ~~~~~H~ ~~, ~.J!~T~AW#~~*,W~J!~T~aw#m~*, #&~~~~~~ #~~~m, m~~~ili.~~T~AWmoI29W~• • • •
~~~A~~~~,u
~~~~~~~~$~, #~mlli~.~ft~, ~~*~MXMA~~~o W~, ~~~~*~rl~~, ~.~mT~~~~~~~~~~~, ~~J!~M ~~m~~at, *~~~$)tW£~~o~~~r~frr~m~mrl~~~~~at, *~~~4~'~~~tl, i}fiJH~4~1¥;mf!, ~-I,@,1n~J~\~ B~m~T ~~1*J(~mJ2£, iliJWt~
iJL
~~E~J~\~mpX;1JJWT 0129l1t,
JG\~BIJ1JJ~1tm, ili~~j~~• •
-~~~*mM ~ apX;-~, t,*.sp:)jff~JI)~BIJ1JJt-2~, ~1~~~--1'~1't>] ~~Efj;f~, ¥px1*'t-iEEU~.~~M, ~*~JI)~~~~if\~, *wmMf2frml!tfi*~tfJm,~o
VI
!Ei-Q:
~~*~~~1iftJ~~m~~$.-~B<JW~, ~1X~~mM ~ a~~JG\~1fOO1~~ ~~, TM~.~.X, ~~&~mJ .-l'r~AJ~A, ~~~~~&~~~.
irm~if\~,
#
li~1!£tJt:fllHlE& ~ ~qT:J;J 1't~1t~o ~'fflMfJuA1rrnI, oo~[!tfi*_l.~~m~~mA. ili~~~~~,~m,ff~~~ma~, ~~~a~mffitt, .MM~ ~1f~, ~*IE~~~~, .1t~frr~.P, ~*A~~*~~~. ~&.@RJ®lm
~~~~~tt, ~**~~~~~@~RM~~~.ffsq~~, 'JX.mt-~~~sq1=:~
.-~'1r
Amnffi,
1Jiif,+~f1~t~:lt5j§
ftsqf1~jJtE:lli:~~ 11=:~Z~J,r
~~~;ffllJ
>I1=:ziHR.J ,
1~~jJJ,r1:zM4J, r1=:z-¥MRJ,
I':tTIlJZ~J,III
r1=:zJl:1.Ut~J Et~ ~~, ~H~~~§~R~Asq~~wmoVII
Jti5L
*llJF Jt: it1Jl11Jf
J:l:
ttt*
~JtiSt.:tIP
r:
1):J7'l
:Etg* '+
~$
~ ~ ~-~7G
~sq 1=:
~~ffit
f!f ,
t4!
1m
§illJ
pJT
t£t
sq
ffi:li ,
£
Jt
1*
~jL'., .£IE
~JQrJ
1%,
~it:ttl1::A sq
EJ
ft:jj\~, ~JlE
mt
IBln
m
,~sq
JJli
iL 2):f?
w *
'7~':t
PJTV-.JE
sq '-tTIlJ
~x.,
1:
~IH\lUrPlr
)C~Ll:JiJT1jLE~sq
~:wYi#1:i],
~~~~~~m~sq~~R~m~m~~, ~~1=:~.W~~sq1rA, m~fr,+1=:it:~J-+*~¢WMS~ ~. ~a ~~ ~~6~M&~ ~* ~a ~~
;;t: -=::'/\"'::1::.PIl.N::.AI=l'JJz;:IJ(: J.I!../J>' 'lA'J'f' , /X.f!;l<., :!-Xt=l DWJ'::1::.PI1, J.I!..?R, 'lA"J:CP, /X.f!;l<.,
¥:
~JJIJA sq '-tTIlJ, 1Jiif §
is
sq '-t
~;fUJJIj
A sq
1:
TIlJ I
pj(;
A '-1*
J
0 3)EE -J-:f? W *
sq
~ ~~
15
t~ ~ ~~,
'J
I
'JX. JtRfJ.! 3?:
§WI
tE JiRj:iJ
~sq:f? WAffl,
;f§1~rqJtf
tE/~~ ~TIlJ
~ff~~~1rA, ~:ltJlE§ftsq~~*OO~':t~m~sqmA, m~**~Jt:sq~~~~~ IUUiJ~sq:f?WAffl :P}{$:~Asq1*N0
VIII
,fiJFJt:
~Ritu
tEijJ'W~sqtt~M!=f, ~1lL~ijJ~-~~$~:ft~ 20
3?:
30 ?t~, atrE]~1;nR1:sq~RittltE,16'~Y1~~1R$atfE]*!&~1-~~~1Jl, pJT~llJFJt:sqA~~tlj~RitHi, 7G~1rR1::$:f? W*~'+~, ~~7G~7fi1::$:f?W*-ttR~tt'+~~'-tTIlJ~~~., ~~~m, ili&~,+1:A~tt~~1:, ~tE7G~fiR7fi~~-1lL~':tTIlJ~~~~,m~**':t ilf~ff~~OO.~~nffi, ~~7G~mM~~~~!=f~'+'-t, ~~~.o ~~xf¥iR [1]'£~~ (2001). !t:~6<J~zhtl=J~~. ~1:..ijPf, 76: 32-36.
[21.£{i:t, ~;f~iIit (1998). ;fi'J£AW xt)l9Yj~#1A~Jtz4*.it. ;fi'J£~,t, 36(3):77-88 .
.' .};.. 4> 0 ~Ii, {f:.. -!~m; t r:H tx. 1Ml-lT- - ~j" "it cItk-k -it,!t 22 29
[3];J,:.1"'J~ (20 1). I'l:;; '11'fJ-'u iXl.,,-, J, lIfT/I r ~t,"P' J Zla. "'P'-FJ ."".. " - .•
[4]:k~iA (2001). tt~.ij)~.:iJtiA-iJU:.;f.l1:.~<tt1f. ~1:.$ij~, 76: 100-111.
IS]1£!l?H~ (2004). r 1:. ~<tt J 6<J 1:.~. 4t 1f ~#~f'J ~..::..-t
/\
41f..
200SIf-
3 j] 10 ElJft
tJ
http://210.60.194.100Ilife2000/whatislife.htm.[6];f*,~~ (2002). $I1iif~~1:. ~<tt1f. ~:ft1:. ~4t1f
-t
~lIdij1~iJl1 ~l=jiAi.iE.-:k.~1~i)11 ~1f, 1S-16.[7];f*,~~ (2005). ~{~it:ll.'J. 1:.~~f'J, 1-3S.
[8];f*,~~, ~~-;i(p, ,X~ ~.!1-, if-i'fAi{, F*,~~ (2004). 1:.~<tt1f
+
AxttJ
~5~~Jt.tJ
Jl/JllJJA6<J
~~:IJl=J
1:. ~a~%·t>i.Jtzij~. 2004lf-±~ :;~:.'~~it~: ~Jlt*·If.~it~+:IIIt.[91#'.~-;i(p (199S). ~{; ~.~ Jll!.LR;fi' J£AW xt ~i:"~Jtz-ifol1t. I!l iL {; ~r,4i'J£~ f;t~~lt, 3: 7S-104.
[10]fol.ts1t (2001).
K0'J
r9j(p1iif~~1:.~<tt1fIJl#-4m~. .ij)~i!iR, 6S: 64-70.1111-l-MM (1999). 1:.~<tt1f6<JJ£iB-l=J~~. ~~i:.<tt, 12, 17-21.
[12]if-i'$l..i{ (1977). 4i' 1:.xt4i'J£i~~#1Aal.j ~Jtl=J-1tJJz-ifol~.4i'J£*.t, 23(4): 74-90.
113Ff·H&.1<rf (2001). 1:.~<tt1f~,*liJJl=J~~. {lf~~,t,3S:4-30.
[14]iGii5- (2000). 1:.§t~i*;f.l
T
~ij1;E,:1t1f ll$'.A<tt1fi't~z;fJitit. ±I!l:k.-t
M:.K1:.~iUi't~~it~iB-i:.~, ~1t.9ij1;E,:k.~.
[1S] <tt 1f -ilf\(2003). <tt 1f -ilf\
*-
#J
1:. ~<tt1fl'
:f¥.
it ~J(.:It.
-t
.:It.
-t
..=..Jf-
Jt).
200SIf-
3 j] 12 ElJft
tJ
http://210.60.194.100Ilife2000/eduteam/project_mid.htm.[16]
F:tA&*
(2001).M-1..
~6<J~5ll=J11r-11i.iB-1:.
~<tt1f. 4m1.::.~,t. Ai:.t:;f.z-ilf\,
28: 161-170.[17Jf-tifFi -i; (2001). K~'f 41£#J1.. ~;ft1f Z~~t.H~. ~;fK.E1.., 38, 83-92.
[18J tji ;t~:t (2000). 1.. ~~ irtJ;ft~A3ttEi#;:-it: vA;ft~ ~
FJt.h
111).±I!l
k
-t J:tK1.. ~i*fJL~~$Jfit4,;-~k~, ~1t9ifi~k~.
[19]if~-f,j, ~*,t'J;t (2001). ;ft 1..~-c;ft1f irtJA3tt;flJ,*. *~~tlt, 5(2): 121-133.
[20J*,-iiRk (2001). )~j~ r 1..~*"-~j - ~-c;ft1f}LII.t~;ft1fif.Jt1..~;ft-ff. 1..~;ft1f,3-6.
12111tqc:if;. (2001). ~...::..~lt-41£#J~K r 1..~;ftif j . [email protected], 6(" 38-400
[22P~k* (2001). 1..~;ft1f~A;ft~i*fl.;ft*tf.J;ft~*t1.-~~1J"-Jf.. 1..~ifl~, 76: M-7L
[231M
"fA
(2000).k
-tKJ:t1..~*~f.¥.;ft*$Jf-it4,;-.±I!l
k
-tJ:tK1..~~il!Gf.¥.;ft~$Jfi,t~9::.~,~1t9ifi~k~.
[24]J$-ffifr~ (2001). ,tttf;ft-ff Ej4ifl~. .$M~l'-k.tii, 76: 96-99.
[251~JtJ,;f<. (2004). 1..~;ft1firtJ~x.:ffl11ill*v-n,~. Life University f#]f(}k*, 1-5.
f26]~ti ~'" #-lb,*+, f-t ~-*f (2003). 1..~;ft1f--1..~,t:t#JEi#;.Jl~i*f.¥.ititZ~ ~t1..!3f:t?:tJf.. ~iIl
*
:i!li.iY-~1f
-+f'J,
117-]28.[271~~~o, ~*lb,*+, xF~Jt,
iti;f,,-lt,
F-t (2005). 1..~;ftlf: 1..~,tt7#)·!j#;.!jf,L-il't;f'¥'Z*~r>(o1A3lttf.J;f~it. ~\!J1!JJ vA¥~ 1..J,J-h~{[email protected];ftif
I!l
f,J;,6Jfit~~k#t T 1l!l-, 815-831.[28]m3tfit (2001) . .:k.iL;;tA*~}t.i~'f LLr:!K~1..~;ft1f. ~1...$M~, 76: 52-57.
r29[if~;f.l (1994). Ft--c;ft1fxt;ft-t ~-c.tJtZ*j~. ;ft~$Jf, 2(3): 227-238.
(30)*t*~ (2000). ~~*1..1.. ~;ft1fi*f'¥'l9 $.Z5t;f]f. 'f :if;.t>tf-zY!-±~ko
[31].i.1fft, ~it (1997). ~-c:4tifxtf.t~;ft-t*1..~-cf0,t*A3ttz,*H. *JJt;ft~, 8(1): 42-52.
[32):ftJtA (2004). »-..;ftlff.t~i~1.. ~:4tif tf.J ~; VA i:9:tk*zli;fi;ftif
i*f.¥.h
171]. Life Universityf#l~k*, 1-6.
[33]ffi§if~:;fk (1999). ;ft~A91 ~-c~JtlldiJxt~~1i1JAIl-lEz:ftj;z4*-it. *'r,'lKffi§i~iR, 35, 29-39.
[34JKerka, S. (2001). The balancing act of adult life. Office of Educational Research and
Improvement, Washington, DC. ED.:t59323.
r35JLashway, L. (2001). Educational Indicators. O.fJiee of Educational Research and Improvement,
W~lshington, DC. ED457536.
f36)Ilowell, L.H., & Cassidy, D. (2002). Family life education: an introduction. Pflmi(v Relations,
51(3),285-286.
(37)Smith, S.W. (2002). Applying cognitive-behavioral techniques to social skills instruction. 5/Jecial
Education Programs, Washington, DC. ED469279.
[38jThomas, J., & Arcus, M. (1992). Family life education: an analysis of the concept. Fami(v
Relatiolls, 41, 3-8. .
The analysis and study of the academic books on Chinese
medicine recuperation and nursing
,Man-Lin Chang
"Nursing" is fundamental and essential to human beings for improving the standards of both physical and mental conditions. diseases prevention. health recovery, and pain reduction. The aim of this research is to find out the spirit ofthe Traditional Chinese Medical Nursing (TCMN), as well as organizing, categorizing, and composing the abstract and text of TCMN from current research thesis and academic books in TCMN for supporting teaching, clinic and further researches. The strategy of this research was divided into two parts: (a) 455 out of 1533 papers, relating to techniques and researches ofTCMN were found and studied from the Chinese Journal Database: These papers were printccL studied, classified and analyzed by statistical software. SPSS 10.0. (b) Searching academia in any topics that are/were related contemporary TCMN: Numerous selected academic books have been searched and purchased, 45 of the academic books have been found, after the comparisons of the contents, and the essences of the books. The contents for each topic were