國小高年級節能減碳教育課程發展之研究

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୯ҥᆵύ௲ػεᏢࣽᏢᔈҔᆶ௢ቶᏢس

ࣽᏢ௲ػᅺγᏢՏපයӧᙍ຾অ஑੤ᅺγፕЎ

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻ໳ᗶറ റγ

୯λଯԃભ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ௲ػ

ፐำว৖ϐࣴز

A Study on Curriculum Development of Energy Saving and

Carbon Reduction for the 5th and 6th Grade Stduents

at Elementary Schools

ࣴزғǺ೚໡ើ ኗ

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ી ᝔

ᓵ֮ขנऱᖵ࿓ਢᏁ૞ࣔᗉਐ֧Δᝫಖ൓รԫڻࠩਐᖄඒ඄႓ព໑ऱઔߒ৛ਈ ஃΔ႓۔ஃԼ։ࡉ࿳Δᨃݺऱॾ࢚ޓףഒࡳ૞ԫሁᇿထ႓۔ஃ೚ઔߒΖʳ ტ᝔ڶ႓۔ஃऱ༼᥋ፖቔᚐΚʳ ໡ើǺգԾρΨࡐոΚǴᝩុуݨǶ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!99.11.10! ໡ើǺуݨǴ୲࡭ډനࡕǶ!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!101.07.11! ტ᝔ڶ႓۔ஃऱץ୲ፖؚ௛Κ ٰ໒཮ޑࠅࢂΟΟٿٿǴԴৣЈ౛όխԖȨࣁፔٌधࣁፔԆȩϐඉǴ ӵ݀εৎόЬ୏ǵᑈཱུ٤ǴךჴӧΨԖ٤ගόଆࠂٰǶ100.03.17 ڇઔߒመ࿓խΔ႓۔ஃऱ᠆༄ᖂ塄ࡉᣤ᠃ኪ৫Δᨃݺტ࠹ࠩ೚ઔߒᚨڶऱ壄壀 ࡉᑞԺΖ ءᓵ֮൓אႉܓݙګΔტ᝔Ցᇢࡡ୉ཾි໼ඒ඄ࡉ႓૊ڇ໑ՓΔլႛኙء֮า ֨ေᔹፖ৬ᤜΔٵழ༼ࠎ࿯ݺ๺ڍᣪ၆ऱრߠΔࠌݺᐷᐊᓵ֮ޓᘊګᑵΔኔ࠹墿ସ ෍Ζ׼؆૞ტ᝔ઔߒఄ్֟ݢᖂࡪࡉ墾प۔ஃऱ֭གΔᇢ᧭ඒᖂթ൓אႉܓၞ۩Ζ ტ᝔ઔߒࢬऱኃ۴ଚ۴ݺګ९Δࠡխ૞௽ܑტ᝔ઔߒᆢऱెີᖂ९Εጜ壁ᖂ९Ε ԫᙤᖂ९Ε֚۹ኃ۴Εྐྵྱኃ۴ΕႁᐝᖂࡢΕ֨ࢣᖂࡢא֗঴ᅜᖂݬΔ᝔᝔Օ୮ڇ ຍԫሁՂऱ֭਍ፖյঠΖ ່৵Δᅝྥ૞ტ᝔ݺऱ୮ԳΚ᝔᝔टटࡉაა߬ે塄ߛΔ᜔ਢ٤Ժ֭਍ݺΙ᝔ ᝔ധധشფ࠻ᥨᣪߦམചΔᨃݺ౨٤֨ᐊ܂Ι௽ܑტ᝔۔ֆ໨ݳऱᖿലቔᚐΔਢݺ ছၞऱ೯ԺΙ᝔᝔ᣪߦམച೜ൈ९ՕΔਢݺऱݶᑗੈᄭΖ ջ٬ຯᚆҞ኱ᗋࡐᇻǴѝाգ΋ޔර๱Ҟ኱߻຾Ǵ൩཮΋؁؁ௗ߈Ҟ኱Ƕ

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ኴ

ኴʳ ʳ ૞ʳ

ءઔߒڱڇ൶ಘഏ՛ฅᄐسհᆏ౨྇ጙᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ऱൣݮ֗ࠡઌյᣂ এΔ܂੡๻ૠഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱඒᖂ੒೯հഗ៕Δאኔਜᇢ᧭ඒᖂࠐᛀီ ࠡګயࠀ֘৸ڶயඒᖂऱ࿜ฃΖڇၞ۩੡ཚࠟڣऱ۩೯ઔߒཚၴΔ٣א؀խؑ ˆ˅ˇ ۯ՛ᖂฅᄐس੡ኙွΔၞ۩ࠝ࿙ᆏ౨྇ጙव౨ം࠴ᓳ਷Δ٦ࠉᖕᓳ਷࿨࣠๻ૠᓰ࿓ אԫఄഏ՛քڣ్հ31 Գࠝ࿙੡ኙွΔၞ۩੡ཚԿၜऱᇢ᧭ඒᖂΖઔߒ፦ႃऱᇷற ץਔം࠴ᓳ਷Ε๶ᓫΕඒᖂ֘৸ֲ፾א֗ᖂ฾໢࿛Δࠀאၦ֏ፖᔆ֏ऱֱڤၞ۩ᇷ றऱ։࣫Ζઔߒૹ૞࿨࣠ڕՀΚʳ ΰԫα՛ᖂฅᄐسം࠴ᓳ਷࿨࣠᧩قΚኙ࣍ᆏ౨྇ጙψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ω ࿛ᐋ૿݁ڶઌᅝإᒔऱᛵᇞΕ।෼إٻऱኪ৫א֗ڇس੒խڍ౨ࠠ᧯ኔᔌΙ լٵψࢤܑωࠝ࿙ڇψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ω࿛ᐋ૿݁ڶ᧩ထ஁ฆΙ ψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ωࠟᐋ૿հ൓։ڶ᧩ထઌᣂΖ ΰԲαطኔਜᇢ᧭ඒᖂګ࣠᧩قΚࠝ࿙ڇছ৵ྒྷψᎁवωፖψኪ৫ωࠟᐋ૿।෼ऱ ޏ᧢ሒ᧩ထ஁ฆΙլٵψࢤܑωࠝ࿙հছ৵ྒྷڇψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩ ੡ω࿛ᐋ૿հ൓։݁آሒ᧩ထ஁ฆΖʳ ΰԿαطઔߒᖵ࿓խ֘৸ڶயඒᖂ࿜ฃץਔΚ1. ᏺၞψᎁवωֱ૿Κലψᎁवωؾ ᑑᚨشڍ໾᧯ඒᖂ֧࿇ᖂ฾೯ᖲא֗ܓشቹׂല֮ڗࠠ᧯֏Ζ2. ᏺၞإٻ ψኪ৫ωݮګֱ૿Κ៶طᨠ઎ڶਚࠃൣᆏऱس೯ᐙׂࠐขسൣፃ٥ᏓΖ3. ᏺ ၞψ۩੡ωऱᆵኔֱ૿ΚൕኔᎾس੒խ֊ԵΔ៶طംᠲᖄٻፖኔ܂ᨃᖂس۞ ݺᛀுΖʳ ௅ᖕءઔߒ࿨࣠ኙآࠐڇං೯ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհᓰ࿓࿇୶Εඒᖂ֗ઔߒ࿛༼נࠠ ᧯հ৬ᤜΖʳ ʳ ᣂ᝶ڗΚᓰ࿓࿇୶Εᆏ౨྇ጙΕඒᖂ࿜ฃ

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A Study on Curriculum Development of Energy Saving and Carbon

Reduction for the 5th and 6th Grade Stduents at Elementary Schools

Abstractʳ

The purpose of this study was to explore the situations of Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction knowledge, attitude, and behavior of fifth and sixth-grade students and their relationship, as the basis of teaching activity design, to examine the effectiveness of the experimental teaching and to reflect the effective teaching strategies. The questionnaires of the knowledge of Engergy Saving and Carbon Reduction were distributed to 324 sixth-grade students in Taichung City and based on its result, the 3-week experimental curriculum was designed for a class with 31 sixth-grade students. The data analyzed by quantitative and qualitative includes questionnaires, interviewing, teaching journals, and worksheeps. The results are as follows:

˄ˁ The result of the questionnaires shows that the students have correct congition, positive attitude, and specific practice in life. Gender showed statistical significance in terms of cognition, attitude, and behavior. Attitude and behavior are mutually related.

˅ˁ Shown by the outcome of the experimental teaching, the difference of cognition and attitude in the pretest and the posttest are statistically significant. Gender indicated no difference in term of cognition, attitude, and behavior.

ˆˁ The reflection of effective teaching strategies includes three aspects : the promotion of “cognition” - the application of multimedia teaching to motivate students’ learning and text specifying by using pictures, the forming of positive “attitude” - the emitional agreement by watching the film with storylines, and the practice of “behavior” - the self-examination by problem-based learning and practice in life. As a result, this research will provide following suggestions for the curriculum development of Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction, teaching, and researches in the future.

Keywords: curriculum development, energy saving and carbon reduction, teaching strategiesʳʳ

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ኴ ૞………..………...I

Abstract…………...…………..………..……….…………..…...II

ؾ ڻ………..……..……….……..….…...III

। ڻ………..………...………..…….V

ቹ ڻ………..………....….……VI

ॵᙕڻ………..………....…...VI

ร໸ີ ፃᓵ………..………..……….……....1

รԫᆏ ઔߒહནፖઔߒ೯ᖲ………..………….………...…1 รԲᆏ ઔߒؾऱፖৱ࿠ംᠲ………..……….…………...…4 รԿᆏ ټဲᤩᆠ………..……….……….………..6 ร؄ᆏ ઔߒૻࠫ………..……….………..…………...7

ร၁ີ ֮᣸൶ಘ………..………...9

รԫᆏʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙհૹ૞ࢤ………..………...9 รԲᆏʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ………..…….………....14 รԿᆏʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհઌᣂઔߒ………..………...………..20

ร೶ີ ઔߒֱऄ………..……….…....29

รԫᆏ ઔߒֱऄऱᙇᖗፖਮዌ………..………..…………29 รԲᆏ ઔߒ໱഑ፖኙွ………..………..31 รԿᆏ ઔߒऱኔਜፖੌ࿓………..………..34 ร؄ᆏʳ ඒᖂ੒೯๻ૠ………..………..…....39 รնᆏʳ ઔߒՠࠠ………..………...47 รքᆏʳ ᇷறᖞ෻ፖ։࣫………..………..49

รᆥີ ઔߒ࿨࣠ፖಘᓵ………..……….51

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խ֮ຝ։………..………...81 ֮۫ຝ։………..………...84

ॵ ᙕ………..………...87

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। ڻ

।2-2-1 ࠠ᧯౨ᄭඒߛؾᑑ………..………... 14 ।2-2-2 ጵٽ੒೯ᖂ฾Ꮖ഑ፖᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛઌᣂհ౨Ժਐᑑ……… 16 ।2-2-3 ഏ՛೏ڣ్ٺᖂ฾Ꮖ഑ፖᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛઌᣂհᖂ฾ؾᑑ……… 17 ।2-2-4 ഏ؆ຝ։ᖂृኙSTS ᓰ࿓փ୲ऱ׌്……...……… 19 ।2-3-1 २ڣࠐഏփᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհઌᣂઔߒ……...……….… 20 ।2-3-2 २ڣࠐഏփᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂհઌᣂઔߒփ୲……...…………. 21 ।2-3-3 २ڣࠐഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ-՛ᖂऱઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠...…...……...……..… 23 ।2-3-4 २ڣࠐഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ-ഏխאՂऱઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠………...……… 24 ।2-3-5 २ڣࠐഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ-ඒஃऱઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠………...……… 25 ।2-3-6 २ڣࠐഏ؆౨ᄭඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂհઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠……… 26 ।3-4-1 ௅ᖕം࠴ᓳ਷࿨࣠٨נፖψ௛ଢ᧢֏ω໢ցऱඒᖂؾᑑઌᣂऱᠲؾ.. 44 ।3-4-2 ψ௛ଢ᧢֏ω໢ցऱඒᖂޡᨏ࿜ฃፖሒګඒᖂؾᑑᒳᇆ……..……… 45 ।3-6-1 ᇷற๠෻זᒘፖრᆠ……...………..……….…….. 50 ।3-6-2 ڃᚨৱ࿠ംᠲऱઔߒՠࠠ……...………...……….. 50 ।4-1-1 ՛ᖂฅᄐسڇψᎁवωᐋ૿ऱ।෼…………..……….………….…….. 53 ।4-1-2 ՛ᖂฅᄐسڇψኪ৫ωᐋ૿ऱ।෼…...……….…….. 55 ।4-1-3 ՛ᖂฅᄐسڇψ۩੡ωᐋ૿ऱ।෼……...……….………….…….. 57 ।4-1-4 լٵࢤܑ՛ᖂฅᄐسڇᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡࿛ᐋ૿।෼ઌᣂࢤ։࣫।. 59 ।4-1-5 ՛ᖂฅᄐسڇᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡࿛ᐋ૿।෼հઌᣂఢೄ।ˁ……...….. 59 ।4-2-1 ছ৵ྒྷ֗ࠡᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡࿛ᐋ૿।෼ޏ᧢ऱઌᣂࢤ։࣫।…….. 61 ।4-2-2 ছ৵ྒྷ֗ࠡᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡հٺᠲؓ݁ᑇޏ᧢ऱઌᣂࢤ։࣫।Ξ.. 61 ।4-2-3 ᖂسհছ৵ྒྷڇᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡࿛ᐋ૿।෼ऱઌᣂఢೄ।…....….. 64 ।4-2-4 ᖂسڇψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᠣᣂωऱٺᠲ࿠ኙ෷णउ।……….. 64 ।4-2-5 ᖂسڇψᆏ౨྇ጙᥨᅃωรԫၜٺᠲച۩ऱᆵኔ෷णउ।….….…….. 65 ।4-2-6 ᖂسڇψᆏ౨྇ጙᥨᅃωรԲၜٺᠲച۩ऱᆵኔ෷णउ।……..…….. 66 ।4-2-7 ᖂسڇψᆏ౨྇ጙᥨᅃωรԿၜٺᠲച۩ऱᆵኔ෷णउ।……..…….. 67

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ቹ

ቹ ڻ

ቹ2-1-1 ౨ᄭ؄ऄհᤁٽਮዌ………..……….…..…... 13 ቹ3-1-1 ઔߒਮዌቹ…………...…...………..…..……….. 30 ቹ3-2-1 ඒᖂ෼໱಻ᆜቹ……...………...……….. 33 ቹ3-3-1 ઔߒੌ࿓ቹ………..……...………..………….… 38 ቹ3-4-1 ഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱඒᖂؾᑑᄗ࢚ቹ……...…………...…….. 40 ቹ3-4-2 ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂਮዌቹ…..……...……….…….. 41 ቹ3-4-3 ψ௛ଢ᧢֏ωኙᛩቼऱᐙ᥼១໴ቹ……...……….… 46 ቹ3-4-4 ψ௛ଢ᧢֏ωऱഗءवᢝ១໴ቹ…..……...……….… 46

ॵᙕڻ

ॵᙕԫ ഏا՛ᖂ೏ڣ్՛֖ࣛᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛം࠴………..….…..…... 87 ॵᙕԲ ᆏ౨྇ጙᓰ࿓ඒᖂ๻ૠ……….………..…...………….. 91 ॵᙕԿ ᆏ౨྇ጙᥨᅃ……...………...……….. 115 ॵᙕ؄ ᆏ౨྇ጙᥨᅃรԲठ………..……...………..………….… 127 ॵᙕն ጸ֚ࠌዊᥩᢞ………...…………...…….. 135

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ร໸ີ ፃᓵ

௛ଢਢ९ཚ֚௛ऱؓ݁ীኪΖ܀ڂ੡ᄊ֏ऱᣂএΔ෼إᖄીመ࢓௛ଢऱীኪ᧢ ԱᓳΖ௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖᆏ౨྇ጙૹ૞ᤜᠲΔڇඒߛ੺Ո࠹ࠩઌᅝऱૹီΔءઔߒ௅ᖕᖂ سऱᆏ౨྇ጙव౨ᓳ਷ઔߒΔಾኙᆏ౨྇ጙ๻ૠᓰ࿓א֗ေ۷ኔਜګயΔᚵ൶ಘψഏ ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓࿇୶հઔߒωΖءີലࠉݧᎅࣔΚรԫᆏ ઔߒહནፖઔ ߒ೯ᖲΙรԲᆏ ઔߒؾऱፖৱ࿠ംᠲΙรԿᆏ ټဲᤩᆠΙร؄ᆏ ઔߒૻࠫΖ

รԫᆏ ઔߒહནፖઔߒ೯ᖲ

໸Εʳ ٤෺௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖᆏ౨྇ጙ

ᜤٽഏऱψਙࢌၴ௛ଢ᧢֏റ॰ࡡ୉ᄎωΰIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeΙ[IPCC]α࣍2007 ڣ࿇।ऱψร؄ڻေ۷໴ܫωΰIPCC Fourth Assessment ReportΔAR4αਐנΔመװ157 ڣऱᏚᕴᨠྒྷ᧩قΔ۞1906 ڣ۟2005 ڣऱ100 ڣၴΔ ٤෺ऱؓ݁௛㻭Ղ֒Ա0.74°C ±0.18°CΖIPCC ऱ໴ܫٵழਐנΔچ෺ᄊ֏ऱ׌ڂױ ౨ਢΚ18 ׈ધขᄐ଀ࡎհ৵ΔԳᣊኙ౨ᄭፖ۞ྥᇷᄭऱ௣၄Ε֠ࠡਢ֏فᗏறऱՕ ၦᗏᗈፖཤࣥ௣౛Δඈ࣋ԱՕၦऱᄵ৛௛᧯ΰץਔԲ௜֏ጙࡉࠡהጙցైαۖທګΖ ຍᑌऱޏ᧢ڇ๺ڍֱ૿݁ᐙ᥼ԱԳᣊࡉՕ۞ྥΖᄕጤ֚௛ࠏڕΚᑷ௡Εޒ߀Ε ૾ॸࡉ૾ຳא֗ᑊଅॸ࿇سऱ᙮෷Δڇآࠐലᄎֺᅝছޓ೏Ζط࣍௧ؓ૿Ղ֒֗ᄕ ጤ௛ଢࠃٙ᙮᜗ΔᖄીᑇאۍᆄऱԳ૿ᜯ๺ڍٲᖲΖଇढࡉֽऱ᡹ࡳࠎᚨ࠹ࠩٲ֗Ζ ڶࠄԳڂڼ൓ࠩਬࠄߪ᧯ఏఐΔՈڶԫࠄԳ؈װ୮Ⴜ֗ࢬڶᇷขΔ๺ڍ೯ཬढڂլ ౨ᔞᚨڼޏ᧢ۖᄰ࿪Δ១ߢհΔسኪߓอՈᙟհޏ᧢Աΰկຽઝݾࡡ୉ᄎΔ2009αΖ ۞ՠᄐ଀ࡎאࠐΔԳᣊᆥྤݲᐫऱၲ࿇ᛩቼΔኙ࣍౨ᄭऱࠌشශྤૻࠫΔኙ࣍ چ෺հسኪທګૹՕᐙ᥼Ζ२ڣࠐΔچ෺ᄊ֏ፖ٤෺௛ଢ᧢ᔢհᤜᠲբດዬ੡׈Գ ࢬૹီΰܨࡲᔃΔ2008αΖ౨ᄭ౨ڶயऱܓشΔױ྇֟ᛩቼऱۆ਩ΔՕ۞ྥऱᛩቼ঴ ᔆױᛧ൓ޏ࿳Δൕᛩቼঅᥨऱᨠរૹီ౨ᄭऱᏝଖΔ྇֟ᛒشΕ௡၄ᇷᄭΔޓ౨ᝩ ܍౨ᄭլᅝࠌشࢬທګऱᛩቼۆ਩Ζ

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၁ ၁Εʳ ؀᨜௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖᆏ౨྇ጙ

୶ඨآࠐΔ؀᨜֗׈੺ٺഏຟല૿ኙԫଡ౨ᄭᏁޣ਍ᥛᏺףΕᛩቼᚘԺᏺՕऱ ழזΖଈ٣ਢ౨ᄭ࿕౒ऱംᠲΚ׈੺ԳՑऱګ९ፖᄅᘋഏ୮ऱᆖᛎګ९ࠌ൓ֽᇷᄭΕ ౨ᄭΕࡉࠡהᇷᄭ֗២ଇհᏁޣՕᏺΔۖ౛ጣࢤ౨ᇷᄭऱᤖ៲ၦڍലዬ྇Εسขၦ լ࣐ګ९Ιຍࠌ൓ٺጟ౨ᄭΕᇷᄭऱ෣ࠎ࿯਍ᥛپጹΔᏝ௑९ཚೣ೏ΰᘕזഗΔ2009αΖ ௅ᖕ਻խࣔΰ2009αऱઔߒΔ؀᨜௛ᄵ२ۍڣࠐՂ֒᝟ႨՈઌᅝࣔ᧩Δ᜔᧯ࠐ ᎅΔ௛ଢ᧢ᔢᐙ᥼բᆖኙݺഏᛩቼፖषᄎທګאՀ༓ႈംᠲΚ z ٤؀ٺچ௛ᄵۍڣࠐຟࣔ᧩ᏺףΖ z ૾ॸֲᑇ(໢ֲ૾ॸЇ1mm)ڇ؄ࡱ݁ࣔ᧩྇֟Δ໢ֲൎ૾ॸၦᏺףΖ z ؀᨜խຝΕতຝፖ؀ࣟऱ௛ଢ೓ޒڶᣤૹ֏᝟ႨΖ z ؀᨜९ཚؓ݁੡ޢڣ3.5 ଡᏈଅॿፕΔ܀۞2000 ڣאࠐ੡ޢڣؓ݁7 ଡΖ z ؀᨜௧ؓ૿ޢڣؓ݁Ղ֒ຒ෷2.51 ֆ᠖Δ੡٤෺௧ؓ૿ؓ݁Ղ֒ຒ෷ऱ1.4 ଍Ζ؀᨜۫তຝچᐋՀະຒ෷ঞ೏ሒޢڣ7.89 ֆ᠖Ζ z ؀᨜چ೴២ଇسข౨Ժലڂ௛ᄵՂ֒ۖ૾܅Ζ z ௛ᄵՂ֒ທګཬढ։܉੺ᒵٻՂᔢൔΖ z ᆣ᚛֗֘ᆣ᚛෼ွΔທګ۫֜ؓ੉ድ໱։܉ฝ೯ΔድᛧၦፖᏝ௑࠹ࠩᐙ᥼Ζ z سኪߓอխΔץਔࠟسᣊΕ຺ᣊ࿛Δբᆖנ෼ཨஒچ૿ᗨ྇֟א֗։܉ٻ೏௧ ࢸංฝऱ෼ွΖ

z

௛ଢ᧢ᔢኙ࣍ኬࢤఐΕႚ਩ࢤఏఐΕଇढխ੅࿛࿇سΔࠠڶऴ൷ࢨၴ൷ऱᐙ᥼Ζ ᛩቼᤜᠲբਢ٤෺ٺഏ٥ຏᤜᠲΔٚ۶ഏ୮݁լ౨ᆜߪࠃ؆Δߪ੡چ෺ޘऱԫ ٝ՗Δݺഏٍᚨᗨᄕ಻ٽං೯ᆏપ౨ᄭ֗༼ࣙ٦س౨ᄭࠌشֺࠏΔא૾܅ᄵ৛௛᧯ հඈ࣋ΰܨࡲᔃΔ2008αΖ२ڣࠐᄕጤ௛ଢࢬ൅ࠐऱ֚߀բᆖ৖ౡࠩԳᣊऱسࡎڜ٤Δ ֠ࠡፕ᨜᥆࣍௧୾ীഏ୮Δޓਢ࠹௛ଢ᧢ᔢऱᐙ᥼່੡ᣤૹΔڕ۶ڂᚨ௛ଢ᧢ᔢऱ ᓢᚰΔܛਢޢԫٝ՗ႊ٥ٵ૿ᜯᇞެऱᣄᠲΖݺଚ؀᨜૞ཙ۞ա֗׈੺ጐԫٝԺΔᕣ

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೶

೶Εʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ

२ڣഗ࣍Գᣊፖ؀᨜૿ኙאՂհᣤ୺سژፖ࿇୶ംᠲΔᗨᄕൕٺᐋ૿ං೯ψᆏ ౨྇ጙωֱூΔൕઝݾ࿇୶Εขᄐ࿨ዌऱᓳᖞࠩഏاֲൄس੒ীኪऱޏ᧢࿛Δࠏڕ ᛩঅᆟ࣍97ڣ6ִ5ֲಾኙଇΕ۪Ε۰Ε۩ΕߛΕᑗૡࡳԼႈᆏ౨྇ጙψྤ஗ൻਜωΔ ᐖᝮ٤ا᥼ᚨຍႈᄅس੒ሎ೯ࠐᆵኔᆏ౨྇ጙΖྥۖΔլᓵԳթഛߛࠩᨠ࢚Ε۩੡ ऱޏ᧢Δඒߛࡨึࡺ࣍ૹ૞ऱԫᛩΖ ౨ᄭ௣౛ΕԲ௜֏ጙඈ࣋࿛Δ௫֗ઌᅝᓤᠧऱᐋ૿Δ٤اऱ٥ᢝፖ۩೯ࡺ࣍ᇞ ެംᠲઌᅝᣂ᝶ߡۥΖᆖ৬ᄎ࣍԰ԼԮڣ԰ִ੡ࠫૡψةᥛ౨ᄭਙ࿜ጼᏆ-ᆏ౨྇ጙ ۩೯ֱூωΔڇᇠֱூહནᎅࣔխ௽ܑ༼ࠩΚȨ୯ሞ΢࿯ૈ෧ᅹς೴ᅌԋࣁදШሽ ॶǴ׎ԋӚ୯੃຤ᆶғౢࠠᄊፓ᏾ǵᙯᡂޑڂጄǶฅԶ࿯ૈ෧ᅹޑπբǴ٠ߚ΋ᜌ ё൳ǴԶࢂሡाӄ҇ޑୖᆶǴҗঁΓޑيᡏΚՉ೴؁ᘉ৖ԿӄᡏǴ࡭ϐаࡡǵೣᄇ ୺ՉǴωૈࠠ༟եᅹ࿶ᔮޗ཮Ƕȩΰᆖ৬ᄎΔ2008αΖ૞ݮګ٤ا٥ᢝΕݮႿषᄎ ᏝଖΕഛ塄໌რᇞެംᠲ֗塄ګഏاᆏ౨྇ጙ฾ክ࿛Δඒߛࡺ࣍ᣂ᝶ߡۥΰ႓ព໑Δ 2009αΖ ઔߒृݦඨ೶಼෼۩إڤᓰ࿓ඒޗᣂຑࢤΔאSTS ඒߛ෻࢚੡ഗ៕Δ๻ૠᔞش ഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗΔᨃψᆏ౨྇ጙωګ੡ᖂسऱԫጟᏝଖፖس੒ ኔᔌֱڤΔၞۖංᐖࠩ୮அΖ੡ሒڼᓰ࿓ऱؾᑑΔႚอطՂۖՀΰTOP-DownαΔ طխ֨ࠩᢰၾΰCenter to Peripheryαऱᓰ࿓࿇୶ኔਜᑓڤലᏁ૞೚ઌᅝ௅ءऱଙ᠏ ፖߡۥऱյངΔګ੡طՀۖՂΰDown TOPαऱ౻௅ᑓڤऱᓰ࿓࿇୶ΔඒஃΕᖂسࡺ ࣍խ֨ऱߡۥΰ႓ព໑Δ1997αΔءઔߒऱᏝଖܛڇ࣍ڼΖࠀຘመ۩೯ઔߒၞ۩ඒ ᖂ੒೯ऱ๵ቤΕኔᔌΕᛀಘፖଥإΔא֗ေ۷ڶயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΖ

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ร

รԲᆏ ઔߒؾऱፖৱ࿠ംᠲ

ط࣍ᆏ౨྇ጙਢᄅऱඒߛᤜᠲΔڂۖᆏ౨྇ጙऱഏاඒߛΔլ໢ਢڇ࿯ղᖂ᤿ ࠝ࿙ᆠ೭ඒߛՂΔ۔ஃፖ୮९ຟؘႊٵழ٦ᖂ฾Ζڕ۶ඔ೯ഏاᛩቼᖂ฾ԺΔᨃآ ࠐፖ෼ڇऱֆاΔڇࢬڶऱ໱഑ᎁᢝψ٤෺ᄊ֏ωऱᤜᠲΔޏ᧢س੒ীኪ྇֟ψ౨ ᇷᄭ௡၄ωΔၞۖფᥨᛩቼᝩ܍ψسኪߓอഽᑭωΔࢨ๺ຍ༉ਢᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛࢬ૞ሒ ګऱࠌࡎΰຫᄘ֮Δ2009αΖ ઔߒհॣലᓳ਷՛ᖂฅᄐسհᆏ౨྇ጙᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ऱൣݮΔࠀ൶ಘٺઌ ᣂ᧢ႈၴհઌյᣂএΔא܂੡๵ቤഏاխ՛ᖂၸ੄ᖂீᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհ೶ەΖ٦೶ ಼෼۩إڤᓰ࿓ඒޗᣂຑࢤΔא STS ඒߛ෻࢚੡ഗ៕ΔSTS ඒߛ׌്س੒֏Ε౧ ࿮֏Εൣቼ֏ऱᖂ฾ᓰ࿓Δܓشᆏ౨྇ጙઌᣂᤜᠲऱඒᖂ੒೯Δࠏڕψ௛ଢ᧢֏ωΕ ψငଇ྇ጙωא֗ψጸ۩྇ጙω࿛ᤜᠲΔ๻ૠᔞشഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖ ඒޗΖຘመᆏ౨྇ጙઌᣂᤜᠲऱඒᖂΔലᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ٤૿س੒֏Δਢԫጟ࿨ٽإ ڤऱΕॺإڤऱΕᙟᖲऱඒߛֱڤΔլ࠹ૻ࣍ழၴΕ़ၴڂైऱᐙ᥼ΰᘕᙔᙙ࿛Δ 1997αΔᨃᖂسኙᆏ౨྇ጙ৬مԫጟإᒔऱኪ৫Εᨠ࢚֗೚ऄΖࠀຘመ۩೯ઔߒၞ ۩ඒᖂ੒೯ऱ๵ቤΕኔᔌΕᛀಘፖଥإΔא֗ေ۷ڶயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΖഗ࣍אՂኙ࣍ ࿇୶ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓հ෻࢚Δءઔߒհ׌૞ؾऱូ౏ڕՀΚ ԫΕʳ ᓳ਷՛ᖂฅᄐسհᆏ౨྇ጙᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ऱൣݮΔࠀ൶ಘٺઌᣂ᧢ႈၴ հઌյᣂএΖ ԲΕʳ ൶ಘڕ۶אਝڶᓰ࿓ፖᛩቼΕᖂسኙᆏ౨྇ጙհਝڶᄗ࢚ፖॾ࢚੡ഗ៕Δ๵ ቤ๻ૠٽᔞհഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗΔࠀᛀီኔਜګயא܂੡ ᛀಘଥإᓳᖞհ೶ᅃΖ ԿΕʳ طઔߒᖵ࿓խ֘৸Δ൶ಘڶயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΖ ഗ࣍Ղ૪ऱઔߒؾऱΔءઔߒലಾኙՀ٨ംᠲၞ۩ઔߒΚ ԫΕʳ ᓳ਷՛ᖂฅᄐسհᆏ౨྇ጙᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ऱൣݮΔࠀ൶ಘٺઌᣂ᧢ႈၴ

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ʻԫʼ ՛ᖂฅᄐسኙ࣍ᆏ౨྇ጙψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ω࿛ᐋ૿ऱ।෼੡۶Λ ʻԲʼ լٵψࢤܑω՛ᖂฅᄐسڇᆏ౨྇ጙψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ω࿛ᐋ૿հ ൓։ਢܡڶ஁ฆΛ ʻԿʼ ՛ᖂฅᄐسऱᆏ౨྇ጙψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ω࿛ᐋ૿հ൓։ᣂএ੡۶Λ ԲΕʳ ൶ಘڕ۶אਝڶᓰ࿓ፖᛩቼΕᖂسኙᆏ౨྇ጙհਝڶᄗ࢚ፖॾ࢚੡ഗ៕Δ๵ ቤ๻ૠٽᔞհഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗΔࠀᛀီኔਜګயא܂੡ ᛀಘଥإᓳᖞհ೶ᅃΖ ʻԫʼ ኔਜᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓Δᖂسኙ࣍ᆏ౨྇ጙψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ω࿛ ᐋ૿ऱ।෼ਢܡڶޏ᧢Λ ʻԲʼ ኔਜᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓Δլٵψࢤܑωᖂسڇᆏ౨྇ጙψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖ ψ۩੡ω࿛ᐋ૿հ൓։ਢܡڶ஁ฆΛ ʻԿʼ ኔਜᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓Δᖂسऱᆏ౨྇ጙψᎁवωΕψኪ৫ωፖψ۩੡ω࿛ᐋ ૿հ൓։ᣂএਢܡڶޏ᧢Λ ԿΕʳ طઔߒᖵ࿓խ֘৸Δ൶ಘڶயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΖ ʻԫʼ ኔਜᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓Δڶୌࠄڶயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΛ ʻԲʼ ኔਜᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓Δڶୌࠄਢྤயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΛ

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ร

รԿᆏ ټဲᤩᆠ

໸Ε ᆏ౨྇ጙΰenergy saving and carbon reductionα

ψᆏ౨྇ጙωࢬො።ऱᄗ࢚ץܶψᆏપ౨ᄭࠌشωፖψ྇֟Բ௜֏ጙඈ࣋ωΔ ၞۖሒګڶயऱሎش౨ᄭΕᆏપ౨ᄭፖ྇ᒷ٤෺ᄊ֏ംᠲΖءઔߒૹរڇ塄ګᖂس ᆏ౨྇ጙհᏝଖᨠፖڇس੒խԺ۩ኔᔌऱ฾ክΰ႓ព໑Δ2009αΖ

၁Ε ᆏ౨྇ጙᎁव

ᎁवਢԫጟං෻ऱܒឰΔױᇞᤩࠃኔࢨᓳ෻֏Δࢨਢԫጟᆖ᧭ႚᎠΔױא៶ط ਬຑ࿮ՠࠠΔലॾஒႚሒהԳΰBell, 1986αΖءઔߒࢬᘯऱᆏ౨྇ጙᎁवΔԯਢਐ ኙ࣍ᆏ౨྇ጙઌᣂംᠲऱᛵᇞ࿓৫Δࠡխץਔ௛ଢ᧢ᔢᤜᠲઌᣂࠃኔΕګڂΕᐙ᥼ ፖኙ࿜Εᆏ౨྇ጙፖᛩቼΕᆏ౨྇ጙ෼उΖ

೶Ε ᆏ౨྇ጙኪ৫

ψኪ৫ωਐጠऱਢഛ塄ࢨ৬مਬጟس੒ऱ଺ঞΔ֗ፖڼ଺ঞઌ᎖ઌګऱ۩੡ֱ ڤΕ໛ړႜٻΕߢᓵ׌്࿛ΰඒߛຝΔ2003αΖءઔߒࢬᘯऱᆏ౨྇ጙኪ৫Δԯਐ࠹ ᇢृኙᆏ౨྇ጙઌᣂᓰᠲࢬࣄ਍ऱኪ৫ࠡ෰௫ࠩኙᆏ౨྇ጙऱᎁٵტΔא֗ኙᆏ౨ ྇ጙፖᛩቼΕᆏ౨྇ጙ෼उ࿛ᤜᠲऱ઎ऄΖ

ᆥΕ ᆏ౨྇ጙ۩੡

ኪ৫ऱݮګؘႊຘመ؆᧩ऱψ۩੡ω।෼נࠐΖءઔߒࢬਐऱᆏ౨྇ጙ۩੡Δ ԯਐ࠹ᇢृኔᎾൕࠃऱᆏ౨྇ጙणउ֗ࠡኙᆏ౨྇ጙऱ໛ფ࿓৫Δءઔߒאઔߒኙ ွڇઔߒቸၷ۞ᒳऱψᆏ౨྇ጙ۩೯࿜ฃωࢬ൓ऱᙇႈ੡ז।Δ៶אᛵᇞઔߒኙွ ኔᎾᆏ౨྇ጙ۩੡ऱ।෼Ζ

ٔΕ STSΰScience/Technology/Societyαඒߛ෻࢚

ൎᓳઝᖂΕݾᖂΕषᄎ(Science-Technology -Society)อᖞյ೯ऱઝᖂඒߛڇ٤׈ ੺๺ڍഏ୮࠹ࠩᐖऑऱࣹრΔࠀګ੡ᐙ᥼ઝᖂᓰ࿓Εඒᖂፖඒߛޏ଀ሎ೯ऱૹ૞ᐙ ᥼ԺၦΰBybee & Deboe, 1994; Yager, 1996Ι׆ᑢដΔا84)ΖءઔߒאSTS ඒߛ෻

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ร

ร؄ᆏ ઔߒૻࠫ

ءઔߒഗ࣍ԳԺΕढԺΕழၴΕᆖ၄࿛ڂైऱەၦΔઔߒૻࠫڕՀΚ

໸Ε ઔߒ᧢ႈۖߢ

ᐙ᥼ᆏ౨྇ጙᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ऱڂైৰڍΔءઔߒ׽ಾኙઔߒኙွհࢤܑ᧢ ႈ೚൶ಘΔڂڼֲ৵սױ༉ࠡהڂై೚ޓ෡Եऱ൶ಘΔאኙഏ՛೏ڣ్ᖂسհᆏ౨ ྇ጙᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ڶޓ٤૿ࢤऱᛵᇞΖ

၁Ε ઔߒᑌءۖߢ

ءઔߒאԫ౳ᖂس੡׌Δլץਔ௽௘ඒߛΰᇷᄭఄΕ௽ඒఄΕભ๬ఄΕଃᑗఄΕ ᧯ߛఄ࿛αᖂسΖ

೶Ε ઔߒංᓵۖߢ

ءઔߒএא؀խؑऱ՛ᖂฅᄐسΕᆏ౨ഏ՛ፖ྇ጙഏ՛ΰઃ੡ೳټα೏ڣ్ᖂ س੡ઔߒኙွΔڂڼઔߒ࿨࣠լᔞٽංᓵ۟ഏխ֗ഏ՛ऱխΕ܅ڣ్ᖂسΔٍլᔞ ٽංᓵ۟ࠡהچ೴Ζ

(16)

(17)

ร

ร၁ີ ֮᣸൶ಘ

ಾኙᚵ൶ಘψഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓࿇୶հઔߒωၞ۩ઌᣂ֮᣸൶ಘΔ ءີലࠉݧᎅࣔΚรԫᆏ ᆏ౨྇ጙհૹ૞ࢤΙรԲᆏ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛΙรԿᆏ ᆏ౨ ྇ጙඒߛհઌᣂઔߒΖ

รԫᆏ ᆏ౨྇ጙհૹ૞ࢤ

໸Εʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙऱದڂ

ᜤ ٽ ഏ ਙ ࢌ ၴ ௛ ଢ ᧢ ֏ റ ॰ ࡡ ୉ ᄎ ΰIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeΙ[IPCC]αΔڇ2007 ࢬ೚ร؄ڻ௛ଢ᧢֏ေ۷໴ܫխΚψ࿯ެ࿜ृኴ૞ωࣔ ᒔऱਐנ௛ଢ᧢ᔢᤜᠲઌᣂࠃኔፖګڂΰIPCC, 2007αΔאՀኴᙕࠡխຝ։໴ܫփ ୲Κ ԫΕʳᨠྒྷࠩऱ௛ଢ᧢֏ ௛ଢߓอ᧢ᄊਢֹ൉ᆜጊऱΔؾছൕ٤෺ؓ݁௛ᄵࡉ௧ᄵ֒೏ΔՕᒤ໮ᗨຳ ࡉ٧ᘜ֏Δ٤෺ؓ݁௧ؓ૿Ղ֒ऱᨠྒྷխױא઎נ௛ଢߓอ᧢ᄊਢࣔ᧩ऱΖ ௅ᖕ٤෺چ।ᄵ৫ऱᕴྒྷᇷற(۞1850ڣאࠐ)Δ່२12ڣ(1995-2006ڣ)խΔڶ 11ڣۯ٨່ᄊऱ12ଡڣٝհխΖ່२100ڣ(1906ڣ-2005ڣ)ऱᄵ৫ᒵࢤ᝟Ⴈ੡ 0.74°C [0.56°C۟0.92]Δ٤෺ᄵ৫ཏሙ֒೏Δڇקת෺೏ᒮ৫چ೴ᄵ৫֒༏ለՕΖ ຬچ೴഑ऱ᧢ᄊຒ෷ֺ௧੉ݶΖ ԲΕʳ᧢֏ऱ଺ڂ ࠠڶৰ೏ױॾ৫ऱਢΔ۞1750ڣאࠐΔԳᣊ੒೯ऱ෣ᐙ᥼բګ੡᧢ᄊऱ଺ڂ հԫΚ ʻԫʼ ۞ՠᄐ֏ழזאࠐΔط࣍Գᣊ੒೯բ֧ದ٤෺ᄵ৛௛᧯ඈ࣋ᏺףΔࠡխڇ 1970ڣ۟2004ڣཚၴᏺףԱ70%Ζ ʻԲʼ ۞1750ڣאࠐΔط࣍Գᣊ੒೯Δ٤෺Օ௛CO2Εظ≇(CH4)ࡉ௜֏ࠅེ(N2O)

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ᖺ৫բࣔ᧩ᏺףΔؾছբᆖ᎛᎛၌נԱ௅ᖕ٧ज़ಖᙕྒྷࡳऱՠᄐ֏ছ༓Տ ڣխऱᖺ৫ଖΖ ʻԿʼ ۞20׈ધխᆺאࠐΔՕຝ։բᨠྒྷࠩऱ٤෺ؓ݁ᄵ৫ऱ֒೏ৰױ౨ਢط࣍ ᨠྒྷࠩऱԳ੡ᄵ৛௛᧯ᖺ৫ᏺףࢬᖄીΖመװ50ڣאࠐΔٺՕຬ(তᄕೈ ؆)ؓ݁ױ౨נ෼Ա᧩ထऱԳ੡᧢ᄊΖ ڶᣂ௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖ٤෺ᄊ֏ࢬ൅ࠐऱᓢᚰΔբᆖլጩਢԫଡᄅऱᤜᠲΔ1992 ڣ5 ִ9 ֲᜤٽഏ᜔ຝຏመԱψᜤٽഏ௛ଢ᧢֏ጼ૞ֆપωΔؾऱ੡ψലՕ௛խᄵ৛௛ ᧯ऱᖺ৫᡹ࡳڇױ߻ַ௛ଢߓอ࠹ࠩٲᙠऱԳ੡եឫऱֽؓՂΖຍԫֽؓᚨᅝڇߩ אࠌسኪߓอ౨ജ۞ྥچᔞᚨ௛ଢ᧢֏Δᒔঅ២ଇسข܍࠹ࠩ৖ౡΔࠀڇآࠐױቃ ߠऱழၴփኔ෼ᆖᛎऱةᥛ࿇୶ωΖ1992 ڣ6 ִΔᜤٽഏᝮႃ171 ଡഏ୮ցଈ֗ז ।֣࣍۫ߺપᜰ۩ψچ෺೏୽ᄎᤜωΔຏመψ֥ԫ׈ધᤜ࿓ω೚੡٤෺ං೯ةᥛ࿇ ୶ऱ۩೯ֱூΔࠀ࿇।ψߺપ৙ߢωΔ༼נψ٤෺ەၦΔڇچ۩೯ωऱᄗ࢚Δࡅᩃ ٺഏ٥ٵ۩೯ಳޣԳᣊةᥛ࿇୶Ζ৵ᥛऱψࠇ墵ᤜࡳ஼ωኙ࣍൳ࠫ٤෺Բ௜֏ጙඈ ࣋ၦΔࢬ೚ऱܘԺፖᔡሖࠩ౑ឫլַऱञᤜΰ႓ព໑Δ2009αΖ ڂᚨ٤෺᝟ႨΔݺഏ۩ਙೃ࣍اഏ83 ڣ 8 ִګمψ۩ਙೃ٤෺᧢ᔢਙ࿜ਐᖄ ՛ิωΔطઌᣂຝᄎଈ९֗റ९ᖂृิګΔՀ๻ڂᚨ٤෺ᛩቼംᠲ֗ةᥛ࿇୶࿛6 ଡ ՠ܂։ิΙࠡխΔطඒߛຝ׌ᖄհψඒߛፖ৙ᖄิωΖࠀૡࡳ؀᨜ةᥛ࿇୶ਐᑑΔ ດڣอૠٺਐᑑߓอ࿇୶෼उΖᆖ৬ᄎ࣍԰ԼԮڣ԰ִ੡ࠫૡψةᥛ౨ᄭਙ࿜ጼᏆ -ᆏ౨྇ጙ۩೯ֱூωΖ ٤෺௛ଢ᧢ᔢᄭ࣍Գᣊઝݾ੒೯Δچ෺ᄵ৫Ղ֒׌૞ូڂ࣍Գᣊڂᚨ墵ؑ֏Ε ࿇ሽΕٌຏΕขᄐ࿇୶࠷൓౨ᄭհᏁ૞ΔՕၦ௣౛ف֏଺றΔඈ࣋Օၦᄵ৛௛᧯ΰ௽ ܑਢԲ௜֏ጙαΔګ੡٤෺௛ଢ᧢ᔢऱૹ૞ڂైΔᇞެڼԫംᠲհኙ࿜ೈઝݾᐋ૿ Ղऱડధΰڕ٦س౨ᄭΕு౨࿛ၲ࿇ࠌشαΔ٤૿ංᐖψᆏ౨྇ጙωګ੡ؘ૞ऱᙇ ᖗኙ࿜հԫΖۖඒߛڇሒګڼԫؾᑑࠠڶઌᅝᣂ᝶ࢤऱߡۥΰ႓ព໑Δ2009αΖ

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၁ ၁Εʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙऱ෼उ

෼ၸ੄ݺഏհ౨ᄭਙ࿜ܛএאψةᥛωΕψڜ٤ωΕψய෷ω֗ψᑥ෣ω੡ு֨ؾ ᑑΔ಻ٽᅝছഏփ؆౨ᄭᛩቼΔڇفईᄐΕ௛᧯ᗏறᄐΕሽᄐΕ٦س౨ᄭ֗ᆏપ౨ ᄭֱ૿Δࠉ༛ψᓳٽ౨ᄭΕᛩቼΕᆖᛎ3ृհ݁ᘝ࿇୶ωΕψൎ֏౨ᄭٽ܂Δ༼೏۞׌ ౨ᄭωΕψ༼֒ؑ໱Ꮭ௑ᖲ౨Δףൎ౨ᄭய෷ጥ෻ωΕψআၞ౨ᄭؑ໱۞ط֏ωΕψףൎ ઔߒ࿇୶Δឩ്ઝݾ౨ၦωΕψං೯ඒߛ৙ᖄΔឩՕ٤ا೶ፖω࿛ਙ࿜ֱಾףאᆵኔΔ ନ৬ᆜ۞طΕ఼ݧΕய෷Εᑥ෣հ౨ᄭࠎᏁ᧯ߓΰᆖᛎຝΔ2005bαΖ 2005٤ഏ౨ᄭᄎᤜऱ״ၲΔ׌૞੡ڂᚨψࠇ墵ᤜࡳ஼ωسயհഏ୮ᖞ᧯࿜ฃ๵ ቤΖڂڼΔഏ୮آࠐ౨ᄭࠎᏁ๵ቤΔאཛྤጙ֗܅ጙ౨ᄭ࿇୶੡଺ঞΔڇڼਙ࿜๵ ቤՀΔԫֱ૿٦ڻᏺף٦س౨ᄭ࿇୶հ౨ၦΔ׼؆Ոᏺף֚ྥ௛հࠌشΔᕣၦ྇֟ ኙႚอ֏ف౨ᄭհࠉᘸΖࠡڻਢ٦ףൎຝ॰հᆏપ౨ᄭΔא૾܅ᖞ᧯౨ᄭയႃ৫Δ Ծ੡ൎ֏ᆏપ౨ᄭհᎈڂΔٵழ๵ቤآࠐሽᏝᓳᖞֱூΰᆖᛎຝΔ2005bαΖ ੡྇ᒷᄵ৛௛᧯யᚨऱᓢᚰΔᆖ৬ᄎ࣍԰ԼԮڣ԰ִࠫૡψةᥛ౨ᄭਙ࿜ጼᏆ -ᆏ౨྇ጙ۩೯ֱூωΔᛩঅᆟٍ࣍97 ڣ 6 ִ 5 ֲಾኙଇΕ۪Ε۰Ε۩ΕߛΕᑗૡࡳ Լႈᆏ౨྇ጙψྤ஗ൻਜωΔᐖᝮ٤ا᥼ᚨຍႈᄅس੒ሎ೯ࠐᆵኔᆏ౨྇ጙΖ

೶Εʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱઌᣂवᢝᄗ࢚

ԫΕʳᆏ౨ ψᆏ౨ωऱොᆠڶԲΖԫਢ༼֒౨ᄭய෷ΔԲਢ྇֟౨ᄭ௣၄ၦࢨ૾܅౨ᄭ ௣၄ၦऱګ९෷Ζ ψ౨ᄭയႃ৫ωਐᑑൄ๯شࠐֺለٺഏऱࢨٺᆖᛎຝ॰ऱ౨ᄭࠌشய෷Ε੷ ۟ࠡψᆏ౨ωऱګ࣠ΖࠏڕΔᅝݺଚᎅֲءऱψᆏ౨ωګ࣠ᚌฆழΔݺଚਐऱլ ਢֲءऱ౨ᄭ௣၄᜔ၦ܅Δۖਢࠡψ౨ᄭய෷ω೏Ζ ኙآࠐհ౨ᄭژၦࡉᛩቼࢭሉԺڶᣂ᝶ᐙ᥼ऱਢ౨ᄭ௣၄ऱੌၦΔᄷڼΔঞ ψᆏ౨ωऱ່ึᑑऱڇ࣍ᝩ܍መ৫ऱ౨ᄭ௣၄ࢨመݶऱ౨ᄭ௣၄ګ९෷Ι່ۖᔞ ऱ౨ᄭ௣၄ၦਢױࠌ౨ᄭࠌشհᢰᎾய墿ፖᢰᎾګءઌ࿛հរΰᘕזഗΔ2009αΖ

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Բ ԲΕʳ྇ጙ ψ྇ጙωऱොᆠڶԿΔԫਢ૾܅Բ௜֏ጙऱඈ࣋এᑇΔԲਢਢ૾܅Բ௜֏ጙ ऱඈ࣋യႃ৫ΔԿਢ྇֟Բ௜֏ጙऱඈ᜔࣋ၦΖ ٺጟਙ࿜ՠࠠኙԲ௜֏ጙඈ࣋ၦऱ່ึய࣠Δ૞઎ࠡኙ౨ᄭய෷Εࢬ൓Ε᜔ ᧯Բ௜֏ጙඈ࣋এᑇऱ෣ᐙ᥼ۖࡳΖངଡߡ৫઎Δط࣍Բ௜֏ጙඈ࣋ၦਢطԲ௜ ֏ጙඈ࣋এᑇࡉ౨ᄭ௣၄ၦࢬ٥ٵެࡳऱΔᆏ౨ਙ࿜ຏൄؘᄎᐙ᥼Բ௜֏ጙऱඈ ࣋ၦΙψᆏ౨ωፖψ྇ጙωയ֊ઌᣂΰArrow, 2007αΖ ᓵ֗ψ྇ጙωழΔؘႊࣹრऱਢΔኙؾছऱԳᣊषᄎࠐᎅΔψ྇ጙωؘྥ۴ ᙟထ֏ف౨ᄭࠌشऱ྇֟Εٺᣊऱᆖᛎ੒೯ऱ྇֟ΖڂڼΔฤٽᆖᛎய෷ऱΕ່ ᔞऱψԲ௜֏ጙඈ࣋ၦωΰࠌԲ௜֏ጙऱඈ࣋ᢰᎾΰषᄎαய墿ፖᢰᎾΰषᄎα ګءઌ࿛հඈ࣋ၦαࢨψԲ௜֏ጙඈ࣋യႃ৫ωΔլᄎਢሿΰᘕזഗΔ2009αΖ 2008ڣ6ִ5ֲΔ۩ਙೃೃᄎຏመψةᥛ౨ᄭਙ࿜ጼᏆωΔ༼נᆏ౨྇ጙऱᄅؾ ᑑፖਙ࿜֫੄Δࠡࠠ᧯ՠ܂ႈؾലࠉᖕ۩ਙೃऱψᆏ౨྇ጙ۩೯ૠ྽ωࠐኔ۩Δᆵ ኔຍࠄਙ࿜֫੄ऱ׌૞ऄ๵ቃࡳڶ؄ΰ೶ەቹ2-1-1 αΚ ʻԫʼ ං೯ψᄵ৛௛᧯྇ၦऄωݙګمऄΔ৬ዌᄵ৛௛᧯྇ၦ౨Ժࠀၞ۩ኔᔆ྇ၦΖ ʻԲʼ ං೯ψ٦س౨ᄭ࿇୶යࠏωݙګمऄΔ࿇୶ᑥ෣౨ᄭΖ ʻԿʼ ઔᚵψ౨ᄭ࿔යࠏωࠀං೯مऄΔ֘ਠ౨ᄭ؆ຝګءΖ ʻ؄ʼ ଥإψ౨ᄭጥ෻ऄωΔං೯ᆏ౨ൻਜΖ ψةᥛ౨ᄭਙ࿜ጼᏆωٞቹطڼ౨ᄭ؄ऄࠐሒګጼᏆ๻ࡳऱؾᑑΖೈԱψ౨ᄭ ጥ෻ऄωհ؆ΔࠡהԿऄࡸآݙګمऄΖᛀီψةᥛ౨ᄭਙ࿜ጼᏆω֗ψᆏ౨྇ጙ ۩೯ૠ྽ωױא࿇෼Δࠡփ୲ឈྥൎᓳ౨ᄭᏝ௑ڇ࿍ཚփല֘ਠփຝګءΕխ९ཚ ല֘ਠ؆ຝګءΔՈૠ྽ං೯ጙඈٌ࣐࣋Ι܀ਢΔᏝ௑ᇖ၀Εᆏ౨ᑑᄷΕൎࠫࢤऱ ౨ᄭጥ෻ߓอ࿛ൻਜսਢ׌૞ऱ೚ऄհԫΔፖݺഏመװऱਙ࿜ֱٻ஁ฆլՕΰᘕז ഗΔ2009αΖ

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ᇷறࠐᄭΚឯ࠷۞խဎᆖᛎઔߒೃփຝઔߒ໴ܫΰ2009α ቹ2-1-1 ౨ᄭ؄ऄհᤁٽਮዌ

ᆥ

ᆥΕʳ ՛࿨

ൕءᆏᖞ෻ऱ֮᣸ࠐ઎Δױא൓ࠩאՀԿរ࿨ᓵΚ ԫΕʳ٤෺௛ଢ᧢ᔢᄭ࣍Գᣊઝݾ੒೯Δچ෺ᄵ৫Ղ֒׌૞ូڂ࣍ԳᣊՕၦ௣౛ف ֏଺றΔඈ࣋Օၦᄵ৛௛᧯ΰ௽ܑਢԲ௜֏ጙαΔګ੡٤෺௛ଢ᧢ᔢऱૹ૞ ڂైΔᇞެڼԫംᠲ٤૿ංᐖψᆏ౨྇ጙωګ੡ؘ૞ऱᙇᖗኙ࿜հԫΖ ԲΕʳഏփᛩঅᆟ੡྇ᒷᄵ৛௛᧯யᚨऱᓢᚰΔૡࡳԱᆏ౨྇ጙԼՕྤ஗ൻਜΔࠐ ᆵኔᆏ౨྇ጙΖ ԿΕʳᆏ౨ਙ࿜ຏൄؘᄎᐙ᥼Բ௜֏ጙऱඈ࣋ၦΙψᆏ౨ωፖψ྇ጙωയ֊ઌᣂΖ ψ྇ጙωؘྥ۴ᙟထ֏ف౨ᄭࠌشऱ྇֟Εٺᣊऱᆖᛎ੒೯ऱ྇֟Ζψةᥛ ౨ᄭਙ࿜ጼᏆωٞቹא౨ᄭ؄ऄࠐሒګጼᏆ๻ࡳऱؾᑑΖ

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ร

รԲᆏ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ

໸Εʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱؾᑑ

ᆖᛎຝ౨ᄭݝፕ᨜چ೴౨ᄭਙ࿜֗ച۩ൻਜΔڶᣂං೯ඒߛ৙ᖄය֮խૡࡳ౨ ᄭඒߛऱؾᑑΰᆖᛎຝΔ2005aαΚ ԫΕʳཏ֗ٺ్ᖂீ౨ᄭඒߛΔഛ塄ᖂسإᒔऱ౨ᄭᨠ࢚֗ᆏપ౨ᄭ฾ክΔא༼೏ ᖂسऱ౨ᄭై塄Ζ ԲΕʳഛߛ౨ᄭᆖᛎΕ౨ᄭઝݾፖ౨ᄭጥ෻࿛ֱ૿հറᄐԳթΖ ԿΕʳං୶षᄎ౨ᄭඒߛΔךኔ౨ᄭᇷಛΔאᏺၞ٤اኙၲᄭᆏੌհ٥ᢝΖ ౨ᄭኙᛩቼፖᆖᛎڶૹՕऱᣂᜤΔݺഏ౨ᄭ࿇୶ਙ࿜ނ౨ᄭΕᛩቼΕᆖᛎԿृ հ݁ᘝ࿇୶ሒګؓᘝ٨੡ଈ૞ؾᑑΙྥං೯౨ᄭඒߛ৙ᖄΔឩՕ٤ا೶ፖ੡່ഗء ፖ່੡ૹ૞ऱֱಾΰຫᅗዊΔ2008αΖ ࿓८অΰ2007αਐנݺഏᖂீ౨ᄭඒߛؾᑑਢאഛ塄ᖂسऱ౨ᄭై塄Ε塄ګإ ᒔ౨ᄭࠌش۩੡Εא֗ഛߛ౨ᄭઔ࿇ഗ៕ԳԺ੡׌ΔࠀലࠡნᖞᖄԵᜤٽഏඒઝ֮ ิ៣ࢬ༿قհψࠠ᧯ᛩቼඒߛؾᑑωխΔڂۖ࿇୶հψࠠ᧯౨ᄭඒߛؾᑑωڕ।2-2-1 ࢬقΚ ।2-2-1 ࠠ᧯౨ᄭඒߛؾᑑ ᤚव (Awareness) ࠰ܗஃسტ࠹ᖞ᧯౨ᄭणउ֗ઌᣂംᠲΖ वᢝ (Knowledge) ႚᎠࢨᖄإய෷֏ࠌش౨ᄭࢬᏁवᢝΖ ኪ৫ (Attitudes) ࠰ܗஃس৬مኙ࣍౨ᄭᤜᠲऱᏝଖᨠא֗ᖿದ೶ፖ౨ᄭၲ໌ ઌᣂ੒೯ऱ೯ᖲΖ ݾ౨ (Skills) ࠰ܗஃسᛧ൓ေ۷Εᇞެ౨ᄭംᠲऱݾ౨Δࠠໂᄅݮڤ౨ᄭ ઔ࿇հ౨ԺΖ ೶ፖ (Participation) ༼ࠎஃسڶ೶ፖٺᐋ్ऱ౨ᄭംᠲᇞެ੒೯ऱᖲᄎΔኔᔌய ෷֏ࠌش౨ᄭհس੒ֱڤΖ ᇷறࠐᄭΚ೶ە۞࿓८অΰ2007α ڇ෼۩ഏاխ՛ᖂ԰ڣԫ຃ᓰ࿓ጼ૞խΔψᆏ౨྇ጙωࠀॺ٤ᄅऱᤜᠲΔڇψ۞ ྥፖس੒ઝݾᖂ฾Ꮖ഑ωΔઌᣂऱᄗ࢚ཋߠڇΚ౨ᄭΕઝݾᚨشΕ֚௛Εᄵ৫Ε۞

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ႼΕጸۥᖂீ࿛݁ڍ֟౏Եψᆏ౨྇ጙωհઌᣂඒߛփොΔՈຬᥛ઎ࠩຝ։ᓰ࿓ࢨ ඒᖂ੒೯Εᇖךඒޗհ๻ૠၲ࿇ፖګ࣠Ζءઔߒ๻ૠᓰ࿓ऱؾᑑڇ࣍Κᨃψᆏ౨྇ ጙωګ੡ᖂسऱԫጟᏝଖፖس੒ኔᔌֱڤΔၞۖංᐖࠩ୮அΖઌᣂवᢝऱඒᖄΕ৸ ەݾ౨ऱၲ࿇Εᇞެംᠲ౨Ժऱ༼ࣙ݁ᛩ៥ڇڼԫு֨ؾᑑۖࠐΰ႓ព໑Δ2009αΖ

၁ ၁Εʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱᓰ࿓

ഏ՛౨ᄭඒߛڇؾছऱԮՕඒᖂᏆ഑խࠀ޲ڶ໢٨Ꮖ഑ࢨઝؾٍ޲ڶ໢٨ऱඒ ᖂழၴΖڇ԰ڣԫ຃ऱᓰ࿓ጼ૞ٺᏆ഑խץܶԱԫࠄ౨ᄭऱઌᣂ՗ᠲΔࠡխො።ለ ڍऱਢ۞ྥፖس੒ઝݾᏆ഑ΙڇԮՕᤜᠲᛩቼᤜᠲխٍڶઌᣂऱ౨ᄭᤜᠲΖ౨ᄭඒ ߛऱኔਜ૞ᆵኔ࣍س੒խΔൕ՛༉૞塄ګߜړ֗إᒔऱऱ౨ᄭࠌشᨠ࢚ࡉ฾ክΔࢬ אؾছഏا՛ᖂං೯౨ᄭඒߛਢאᘜԵڤඒᖂΕᛜທ౨ᄭඒᖂᛩቼΕᜰᙄ಻ٽ੒೯ ֗ޏ࿳๻ਜ࿛ֱ૿ࠐၞ۩ΰᄘᙘາΔ2002αΖ ൕڗᆠՂ઎ψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛωො።ψᆏપ౨ᄭࠌشωΕψ྇֟Բ௜֏ጙඈ࣋ω ፖψඒߛωΔ௿ᆠߢۿ׏റ॰ಾኙ٤෺௛ଢ᧢ᔢڂጙඈ࣋ࢬທګ٤෺ᄵ৫Ղ֒֗ࢬ ૜سऱسኪΕᛩቼޏ᧢ംᠲۖࠐΔྥۖΔ௛ଢ᧢ᔢࢬທګऱڂైઌᅝڍΔᐙ᥼ऱᐋ ૿ՈઌᅝᓤᠧΔլ܀௫֗۞ྥઝᖂवᢝΕݾ๬Ո௫֗षᄎ֮֏ΕਙएᆖᛎΕس੒฾ ክΕᏝଖ᧯ߓ࿛Δኙࠝ࿙ۖߢ૞ך։ᛵᇞຍࠄᓤᠧٌյڂ࣠܂شਢڶઌᅝऱܺᣄ৫ ऱΔઔߒڇᙇ࠷वᢝփ୲ֱ૿Δലא಻ٽ೏ڣ్ࠝ࿙֨෻࿇୶ፖإڤᓰ࿓փ୲੡׌Δ ಾኙ೏ڣ్ࠝ࿙๻ૠᓰ࿓Δᝩ܍ᇖךመڍऱवᢝፖᄗ࢚Δᓰ࿓ૹរڇᖂ฾੒೯ऱ๻ ૠΔຘመઝᖂ൶ߒΕംᠲᇞެΕઝᖂᓵᢞ֗قᒤΕቼඒ࿛ඒߛຜஉΔ塄ګᖂس໌ທ ৸ەΕᇞެംᠲΕ܂ެࡳऱ౨Ժ֗ᆏ౨྇ጙհᏝଖᨠፖڇس੒խԺ۩ኔᔌऱ฾ክΰ႓ ព໑Δ2009αΖ ءઔߒ੡೶಼෼۩إڤᓰ࿓ඒޗᣂຑࢤΔᙇ࠷97ڣഏاխ՛ᖂ԰ڣԫ຃ᓰ࿓ጼ ૞ΰ100ᖂڣ৫ኔਜαΔലጵٽ੒೯ᖂ฾Ꮖ഑ࠉᅃ܅ΕխΕ೏ڣ్ឯ࠷ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ ઌᣂհ౨ԺਐᑑΔאࠡԱᇞഏփඒޗࢬᏁ૞ऱवᢝፖֱٻΔൎ֏԰ڣԫ຃ᓰ࿓խᆏ ౨྇ጙඒߛլߩհ๠Ζڕ।2-2-2 ࢬقΚ

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।2-2-2 ጵٽ੒೯ᖂ฾Ꮖ഑ፖᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛઌᣂհ౨Ժਐᑑ ڣ ్ ᒳ ᇆ ౨ Ժ ਐ ᑑ 1-1-1-3 ൶౉ࠀ։ࠆፖ۞աઌᣂࠃढऱტ࠹Ζ 1-1-3-3 ։ࠆ۞աߪ᧯Ժ۩։փࠃ೭ऱტ࠹Ζ 2-1-2-3 ।ሒ۞աኙس੒ޏ᧢ऱტ࠹ፖუऄΖ 4-1-4-1 ຘመٺጟ੒೯Δ᧯ᎁᛩቼঅᥨऱૹ૞֗ኙ۞աऱᐙ᥼Ζ ܅ ڣ ్ _{4-1-4-2 ڇس੒խᣋრ׌೯೶ፖᛩቼঅᥨऱՠ܂Ζ} 1-2-2-1 ᗨᄕ೶ፖٺڤٺᣊऱ੒೯Δ։ࠆኙ੒೯መ࿓֗࿨࣠ऱტ࠹Ζ 2-2-1-1 ᤚኘଡԳऱ堬ଇΕ۪ထΕᏚኪ֗س੒៖Ꮪ࿛ֲൄ۩੡Ζ 2-2-1-3 ᧯ᄎֲൄঅ೜ऱૹ૞ࠀᒔኔച۩Ζ 2-2-3-1 ։ࠆ೶ፖ୮அࠃ೭ፖ୮Գٖၵյ೯ऱᆖ᧭֗ტ࠹Ζ 3-2-1-1 ڇቸ᧯੒೯խ౨ᔞ֊।ሒ۞աऱუऄፖტ࠹Ζ 3-2-1-2 ڇቸ᧯խ౨ႜᦫ՛ิګ୉ᎅᇩΔ༇ૹהԳऱუऄፖტ࠹Ζ 3-2-1-3 ౨ࡉᘫ๠෻ቸ᧯խլٵऱრߠࠀሒګቸ᧯ऱ٥ᢝΖ 4-2-3-1 ൕ൶ಘᛩঅ۩೯խΔᙃܑޏ࿳ᛩቼऱᔞᅝֱڤΖ խ ڣ ్ 4-2-3-2 ༼נࠠ᧯ױ۩ऱᛩቼঅᥨ੒೯ፖֱڤΔࠀᆵኔ࣍س੒խΖ 1-3-1-3 ൷౏הԳٽ෻ऱუऄፖრߠΖ 3-3-1-1 ፖԳઌ๠ழ౨࿇෼۞աፖܑԳڶլٵऱ௽ᔆΔࠀ༇ૹࠡ஁ฆΖ 4-3-1-3 ຘመംᠲፖಘᓵΔᚵࡳױشऱ࿜ฃᇞެࡌᔡᛩቼऱٲᖲΖ 4-3-2-3 ຘመᨠኘፖյ೯ऱመ࿓ΔขسኙՕ۞ྥ༇ૹፖੴ൦Δࠀ൶౉Գ ֮ནᨠऱᏝଖፖრᆠΖ 4-3-3-1 ຘመٺጟᇷಛΔᤚኘ֗൶ಘᛩቼऱޏ᧢ױ౨൅ࠐऱٲᙠΖ 4-3-3-2 ᤚኘڂԳ੡ऱధᡏΔኙᛩቼࢬທګऱᐙ᥼Ζ ೏ ڣ ్ _{4-3-3-3 ։ࠆᛩቼঅᥨऱֱऄፖ۩೯Δࠀੴ൦ᇷᄭ֗سኪΖ} ုΚאՀᎅࣔ౨Ժਐᑑψ˴ˀ˵ˀ˶ˀ˷ωऱᒳᇆܶრʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ψ˴ωז।׌ᠲၗऱᒳᇆΖءᖂ฾Ꮖ഑։੡؄Օ׌ᠲၗΚ۞ݺ࿇୶Εس੒ᆖᛜΕषᄎ೶ፖΕঅᥨ ۞ݺፖᛩቼΔࢬא ˴ ऱᒳᇆਢط ˄̑ˇ ᇆΖʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ψ˵ωז।ၸ੄ऱᒳᇆΖءᖂ฾Ꮖ഑։੡؄ଡၸ੄Κรԫၸ੄੡ഏ՛ԫ۟Բڣ్ΕรԲၸ੄੡ഏ ՛Կ۟؄ڣ్ΕรԿၸ੄੡ഏ՛ն۟քڣ్Εร؄ၸ੄੡ഏխԫ۟Կڣ్Δࢬא ˵ ऱᒳᇆ Ոਢط ˄̑ˇ ᇆΖʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ψ˶ωז।౨ԺਐᑑऱੌֽᒳᇆΖʳ

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ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ੡ၞԫޡᛵᇞ෼۩إڤᓰ࿓ඒޗፖᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱᣂຑࢤΔءઔߒᙇ࠷ൈನठ ඒޗΔಾኙഏ՛೏ڣ్ٺᖂ฾Ꮖ഑ឯ࠷ፖᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛઌᣂհᖂ฾ؾᑑၞ۩։࣫Δ א܂੡๻ૠᔞشഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗऱ೶ەΔڕ।2-2-3 ࢬقΚ ।2-2-3 ഏ՛೏ڣ్ٺᖂ฾Ꮖ഑ፖᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛઌᣂհᖂ฾ؾᑑ ڣ్ Ꮖ ഑ ໢ ց ټ ጠ ઌ ᣂ ᖂ ฾ ؾ ᑑ ԲΕ۞ྥᛩቼ 3.௛ଢፖس੒ Θʳ൶ಘ௛ଢᐙ᥼ࡺاس੒ նΕᇷᄭፖس੒ 1.ፕ᨜ऱᇷᄭ Θʳᑵ൜ፕ᨜۞ྥᇷᄭऱጟᣊፖ෼उ նΕᇷᄭፖس੒ 2.ࡺ۰ᛩቼፖس੒ֱڤ Θʳᤚኘ֗֘ઊ෼זس੒ኙᛩቼױ౨ທګ ऱᐙ᥼ քΕფᥨፕ᨜ 2.ᛩቼऱംᠲፖঅߛ Θʳ᧯ᄎᛩቼঅߛΔԳԳڶຂ ष ᄎ քΕფᥨፕ᨜ 3.ةᥛऱ࿇୶ Θʳᤚኘᛩቼঅߛፖةᥛ࿇୶ऱᣂএ Θʳ᧯ኘਙࢌፖاၴቸ᧯੡ፕ᨜ᛩቼةᥛ ࿇୶ࢬ೚ऱܘԺ ۞ ྥ ԫΕ֜ၺऱᨠྒྷ 2.֜ၺፖس੒ Θʳᎁᢝ֜ၺ౨ױא੡ݺଚ೚๺ڍࠃΔࠀ׊ ױאሎشڇ୮அس੒խ ໸Ε֨խཚඨऱఄ్ ԲΕڕ۶ኔ෼ཚඨ Θʳ౨אኔᎾ۩೯ཛኔ෼ཚඨऱؾᑑᝬၞ ೶Εᨃس੒ޓړ ԫΕس੒Օၞᚰ Θʳ౨։ࠆፖٵᖂၴԳᎾյ೯ፖᄮຏऱം ᠲΔࠀᤚኘኙس੒ऱᐙ᥼ ն ڣ ్ ጵ ٽ ੒ ೯ ೶Εᨃس੒ޓړ ԲΕس੒๻ૠஃ ΘʳሎشಖᙕΕᨠኘΕᖞ෻ΕֺለऱֱऄΔ ֧ᖄࠝ࿙ᎁᢝ۞աऱس੒ীኪ ष ᄎ รԫ໢ց ௣၄ፖسข ร1 ᓰ ௣၄ፖس੒ Θʳഛ塄إᒔऱ௣၄ኪ৫ፖᨠ࢚ ۞ ྥ ԲΕՕچऱ჋మ 3.ଅ֏ፖՒᣦ Θʳഛ塄ფᥨچནऱൣᖙΔԱᇞچན๯ధᡏ Աᣄ٦༚଺Δၞۖᣂᡖᔣ२چ೴ऱچݮ ནᨠ ໸Εݺऱᘋᔊࢨറ९ ԫΕᘋᔊറ९Օ୮ᓫ Θʳ౨༼נ۞աڇ࿇୶ழሖࠩऱܺᣄΕ૿ኙ ܺᣄऱኪ৫ፖᚨኙֱڤ ໸Εݺऱᘋᔊࢨറ९ ԲΕᘋᔊറ९ၞ۩ڤ Θʳ౨ᤚኘച۩ૠ྽መ࿓խࢬ࿇سऱܺᣄ ፖᇞެऱֱڤ ք ڣ ్ ጵ ٽ ੒ ೯ ೶Εٲᖲ߻߀ᚨ᧢ຏ ԲΕᛜທڜ٤ऱس੒ Θʳᤚኘسኪᛩቼऱޏ᧢Δࠀ༼נױ۩ऱᛩ অՠ܂ ᇷறࠐᄭΚઔߒृᖞ෻

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೶

೶Εʳ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱඒᖂፖေၦ

ᆏ౨྇ጙؾছਢڂᚨ٤෺৺ຒᄊ֏৵Δܛല૿ᜯհԫႈૹՕᤜᠲΔ෡෡ᣂএထ Օ୮ऱس੒ΕषᄎΕ೜ൈፖآࠐΔਢԫႈԼ։ૹ૞׊֊ߪઌᣂऱࠃٙΖۖSTS ඒᖂ ෻࢚Δਢൕፖᖂسઌᣂऱس੒ᤜᠲࢨषᄎࢤᤜᠲထ֫Δլ܀ڶܗ࣍༼֒ᖂسऱᖂ฾ ᘋᔊΕᖂ൓ऱवᢝΔኙ࣍ଡԳس੒Δ੷۟ਢኙष೴࿇୶ٍڶᚥܗΖSTS ඒᖂਢԫጟ ෻࢚ΔSTS ඒᖂਢಾኙઝݾࢬ൅ࠐऱψषᄎംᠲωΔ੡ഛ塄ڶઝᖂై塄౨Ժऱֆا ۖ࿇୶ऱઝᖂඒߛ෻࢚ΔڂڼΔYagerඒ඄ ڇ 1990 ڣ༼נኔਜSTS ඒᖂᓰ࿓ऱؾ ऱΔڇ࣍ࠌᖂسኙઝᖂڶᣂऱषᄎࢤᤜᠲขسᘋᔊ֗ړ࡛֨Δྥ৵אઝᖂऱኪ৫֗ ൶ߒመ࿓Εઝᖂᄗ࢚वᢝΔࠐ༈ބᇞެംᠲհሐΔࠀᨃᖂسขس໌ທԺΔףאᚨش ࣍षᄎՂΖYager ՈམਐנSTS ፖ৬ዌ׌ᆠऱ墬墨ਢԫીऱΔ׊ૹီٵᕦΕ՛ิΕ ఄ్Εᖂ฾षᆢհٽ܂ᖂ฾Ꮭଖΰ֧۞႓ព໑Δ1997αΖ STS ๯ီ੡ԫጟᐖᆠऱඒߛޏ଀৸ᑪΕ෻࢚Δൎᓳඒߛኙွऱ٤ا֏Εඒߛփ ୲ऱس੒֏Εඒߛֱऄऱڍᑌ֏ፖ౧࿮֏Εᖂ฾ေၦऱటኔ֏࿛Δۖॺ௽ࡳऱᓰ࿓ փ୲ΕඒᖂࢨေၦֱऄΖSTS ඒߛ׌്س੒֏Ε౧࿮֏Εൣቼ֏ऱᖂ฾ᓰ࿓Δۖኙ ࣍ࠠ᧯ᓰ࿓փ୲ঞڶլٵհ׌്ΰ႓ព໑Δ2009αΔലຝ։ᖂृऱ׌്ᖞ෻ګ।2-2-3 ࢬقΖ ូ౏אՂSTSඒߛᓰ࿓փ୲ऱ׌്Δڶᣂᆏ౨྇ጙᓰ࿓փ୲ΔലץܶאՀԿֱ ૿ૹ૞փ୲ፖؾᑑΰ႓ព໑Δ2009αΚ ԫΕʳवᢝፖᄗ࢚Κڶᣂᆏ౨྇ጙઌᣂհवᢝΔೈڶᣂᆏ౨྇ጙઌᣂհࠃኔΕګڂΕ ᐙ᥼ፖኙ࿜؆ΔՈຑ࿨௫֗ઌᣂऱषᄎΕ֮֏ΕᆖᛎᤜᠲΖᄎ௅ᖕᖂ฾ृऱ ֨෻࿇୶ࠀ಻ٽբڶإڤᓰ࿓ኔਜΖ ԲΕʳ৸ەཕ౨Κ֧ᖄᖂ฾ृൕᇞެംᠲΕ൶ߒፖᓵᢞመ࿓塄ګᖂس൶ߒΕᇞެം ᠲΕޅܒ৸ە౨ԺΔ܂ެࡳհ౨ԺΖ ԿΕʳᏝଖፖ۩೯Κڇ塄ګኙᆏ౨྇ጙհإᒔኪ৫ΕᏝଖᨠࠀڇֲൄس੒խԺ۩ኔ

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।2-2-4 ഏ؆ຝ։ᖂृኙSTS ᓰ࿓փ୲ऱ׌്

ᖂ ृ ڣٝ ᓰ ࿓ փ ୲

Aikenhead 1986 z ઝᖂઝؾΰScience Disciplineα z ݾᖂઝؾΰTechnology Disciplineα z ઝᖂࡉݾᖂऱ௽ࢤፖૻࠫ

ΰCharacteristic and limitation of science and technologyα z ڇषᄎխઝᖂፖݾᖂऱٌյ܂ش

ΰIntereactions of science and technology in societyα

z ᄮ ຏ ࡉ ᑇ ᖂ ऱ ݾ ؏ ΰ Skills in communication and mathematicsα Waks & Prakash 1985 z ᎁव౨ԺΰCognitive CompetencyαΚᖂسᏁࠠໂᎁᢝΕᖂ ฾STSᓵᠲऱԫࠄഗءऱᎁवݾ౨墱ڕΚᔹᦰΕ෻ᇞ౨ԺΕ ൳ࠫ᧢ڂΕၞ۩ઝᖂ൶ߒ࿛ऱഗء౨ԺΖ z ං෻ፖᖂ๬ऱ౨ԺΖ z ෻ᇞଡԳޓړऱس੒ֱڤΖ z षᄎऱ۩೯Ζ Bybee 1987 z ᛧ൓वᢝΚᛧ൓ऱઝᖂΕݾᖂऱᄗ࢚խᤖܶଡԳΕ֮֏ፖ ֆاऱრᆠΖ z ࿇୶൶ߒݾ؏ΰIquiry SkillαᆖطംᠲᇞެΕ܂ެࡳऱመ ࿓ഛ塄ઝᖂΕݾᖂऱ൶ߒݾ؏Ζ

z ࿇୶ᨠ࢚ࡉᏝଖΰIdeas and ValuesαΚኙ࣍چ೴ࢤࢨ٤෺

ࢤΔڶᣂઝᖂΕݾᖂፖषᄎյ೯ऱᓵᠲ࿇୶ٽࡵऱᨠ࢚ፖ ᏝଖᨠΖ ᇷறࠐᄭΚ೶ە۞႓ព໑ΰ2009α

ᆥ

ᆥΕʳ ՛࿨

ൕءᆏᖞ෻ऱ֮᣸ࠐ઎Δױא൓ࠩאՀԿរ࿨ᓵΚ ԫΕʳᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱؾᑑΚᨃψᆏ౨྇ጙωګ੡ᖂسऱԫጟᏝଖፖس੒ኔᔌֱڤΔ ၞۖංᐖࠩ୮அΔא֗ං೯౨ᄭඒߛ৙ᖄΔឩՕ٤ا೶ፖΖ ԲΕʳᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱᓰ࿓Κ૞א಻ٽٺڣ్ࠝ࿙֨෻࿇୶ፖإڤᓰ࿓փ୲੡׌Δ ᝩ܍ᇖךመڍऱवᢝፖᄗ࢚Δᓰ࿓ૹរڇᖂ฾੒೯ऱ๻ૠΖ ԿΕʳᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱඒᖂፖေၦΚូ౏STSඒߛᓰ࿓փ୲ऱ׌്Δڶᣂᆏ౨྇ጙ ᓰ࿓փ୲ΔץܶΚΰԫαवᢝፖᄗ࢚ΰԲα৸ەཕ౨ΰԿαᏝଖፖ۩೯Ζ

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ร

รԿᆏ ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհઌᣂઔߒ

໸Εʳ ഏփᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհઌᣂઔߒ

ഏփ߱վբᆖڶԫࠄፖᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛઌᣂհઔߒΔലࠡઔߒ׌ᠲՕી։੡ψᆏ ౨྇ጙඒߛऱං೯ωΕψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂωא֗ψᆏ౨྇ጙኪ৫ፖ۩੡ωԿ ଡֱ૿Δ։૪ڕՀ।2-3-1 Κ ।2-3-1 २ڣࠐഏփᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհઌᣂઔߒ ઔ ߒ ֱ ٻ ઔ ߒ ृ ڣٝ ઔ ߒ ׌ ᠲ ᄘᙘາ_{2002 ֆا೶ፖݺഏᆏપ౨ᄭਙ࿜հઔߒ} ܨࡲᔃ_{2007 ؀קᗼഏاխᖂං೯౨ᄭਙ࿜ऱګய֗઎ऄ} ᓐᏕࢣ 2007 ഏا՛ᖂᆏપ౨ᄭ೚ऄհઔߒ─א೶ፖ 2002-2007 ౨ᄭඒߛ قᒤᖂீᙇࢸհᖂீ੡ࠏ ್ᤌల_{2008 ਙࢌ৙ᖄᆏ౨྇ጙႚᐾய౨հ൶ಘ--אᚌדጻ࠹๶اฒ੡ࠏ} ຫԯጽ 2009 ਙࢌං۩ᆏ౨྇ጙհ໾տᤜᠲփ୲։࣫—אഏփ׌૞໴౐ሽ ՗ᇷற஄ΰ2008 ڣ 5 ִ~12 ִα੡ࠏ ᆏ ౨ ྇ ጙ ඒ ߛ ऱ ං ೯ ޕࡵᙩ 2010 ؀᨜ፖֲء՛ᖂං୶౨ᄭඒߛऱ෻࢚ፖֱڤհֺለઔߒ ޕጜ֮_{2003 ᘜԵڤᛩቼඒߛᓰ࿓ኙഏ՛ᖂ࿙ᛩቼై塄ᐙ᥼հઔߒ} ്ڶࠢ_{2003 อᖞڤ౨ᄭඒߛᓰ࿓ኙഏ՛ᖂسᆏપ౨ᄭኪ৫հᐙ᥼ઔߒ} ཾᙩࡵ_{2003 ᛜທጸۥᖂீءۯᓰ࿓հ۩೯ઔߒЁאᄅێؑՕྋഏ՛੡ࠏ} ്ᆣࡲ_{2004 ഏ՛೏ڣ్౨ᄭةᥛඒᖂհ۩೯ઔߒ} Ꮵଔܩ 2004 אष೴ᇷᄭၞ۩ᛩቼඒߛᘜԵഏ՛س੒ᓰ࿓հ۩೯ઔߒЁא তދᗼຼߣၢᏕ೩ഏ՛੡ࠏ ႓ᐝૣ 2006 ᚨشSTS ෻࢚ඒᖂലᛩቼඒߛᤜᠲᘜԵഏ՛۞ྥፖس੒ઝݾ հઌᣂઔߒ ᆏ ౨ ྇ ጙ ඒ ߛ ᓰ ࿓ ඒ ᖂ _ຫ೛䁿_{2009 ഏ՛քڣ్٤෺ᄊ֏ඒᖂ੒೯ፖᖂ฾ګயհ൶ಘ} ᄘ൷ॾ_{2002 ᄅێᗼխ࿛ᖂீᖂس౨ᄭᎁवፖኪ৫հઔߒ} ῥૹᄃ 2003 ೏ႂؑഏխ۞ྥፖس੒ઝݾඒஃ౨ᄭඒߛඒᖂ෼उፖ౨ᄭኪ ৫հઔߒ ࣥᙘߩ_{2006 ഏ՛೏ڣ్ᖂس౨ᄭᎁवፖኪ৫հઔߒ-א೏ৠچ೴੡ࠏ} ຫႁ॑_{2006 তຝچ೴՛ᖂඒஃጸۥ౨ᄭᎁवፖኪ৫հઔߒ} ׆ਹ༌ 2007 ጸۥ௣၄۩੡რቹ֗ࠡઌᣂڂైհઔߒЁא؀קؑਬഏխᖂ س੡ࠏ ࣥᶇܩ 2009 ഏխᖂسᆏ౨྇ጙ۩੡რቹ֗ࠡઌᣂڂైհઔߒЁא؀קᗼ ਬഏխ੡ࠏ ᆏ ౨ ྇ ጙ ኪ ৫ ፖ ۩ ੡ ພ୮ੳ 2009 Օፕקچ೴ഏխᖂسኙ࣍٤෺ᄊ֏ፖᆏ౨྇ጙवᢝΕኪ৫Ε

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ൕאՂऱᖞ෻ױवΔ२ڣࠐഏփᖂृऱઔߒڇψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱං೯ωֱ૿Δ Օڍאψ౨ᄭඒߛωࡉψ౨ᄭਙ࿜ω੡׌Δֺለ֟ਙࢌ৙ᖄψᆏ౨྇ጙωऱய౨൶ ಘΙ२ڣࠐഏփᖂृऱઔߒڇψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂωֱ૿ΔՕڍאψ౨ᄭඒߛ ᓰ࿓ඒᖂωࡉψᛩቼඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂω੡׌Δֺለ֟ᛜທψጸۥᖂீءۯᓰ࿓ωऱઔ ߒΙ२ڣࠐഏփᖂृऱઔߒڇψᆏ౨྇ጙኪ৫ፖ۩੡ωֱ૿ΔՕڍאψ౨ᄭኪ৫ω ੡׌Δֺለ֟ψጸۥ౨ᄭኪ৫ωऱઔߒΔױߠψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛω׽ڶຝ։ᓰ࿓ࢨඒ ᖂ੒೯א֗ᇖךඒޗऱ๻ૠၲ࿇ፖګ࣠ΔאՀಾኙψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂωֱ૿ ऱઔߒփ୲Δᖞ෻ګ।2-3-2 Κ ।2-3-2 २ڣࠐഏփᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂհઌᣂઔߒփ୲ ઔ ߒ ृ ڣ ٝ ઔ ߒ փ ୲ ޕ ጜ ֮ 2003 z ආ࠷ψᄷኔ᧭ઔߒऄωΔ൶ಘψᛩቼඒߛωᓰ࿓ᘜԵ۞ྥઝᓰ ࿓৵ኙᖂسऱ۞ྥઝᖂ฾ګ༉ਢܡທګऱᐙ᥼Δࠀ׊൶ಘᖂ سڇᛩቼై塄Ղऱ஁ฆΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚᛩቼඒߛᓰ࿓ऱඒᖂ৵Δᖂسऱᛩቼై塄ሒࠩࣔ ᧩ऱ༼ࣙΖՖسڇᛩቼ۩೯Ղֺߊسڶထޓړऱ۩೯ݾ౨Ζ նଡٻ৫ऱᛩቼై塄փොΔ࢖ڼၴઃڶထ᧩ထऱઌᣂΖ ് ڶ ࠢ 2003 z ආشᄷኔ᧭ઔߒऄΔ൶ಘอᖞڤ౨ᄭඒߛᓰ࿓ኙഏ՛ᖂ࿙ᆏ પ౨ᄭኪ৫հᐙ᥼Ζ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚඒᖂኔ᧭৵Δኔ᧭ิऱᖂسڇψᆏપ౨ᄭኪ৫ၦ ।ω൓։ࣔ᧩ᚌ࣍൳ࠫิΔۖڇψᆏપ౨ᄭኪ৫ၦ।ωऱ൓ ։ՂՈ᧩ထᚌ࣍ඒᖂছΖ ཾ ᙩ ࡵ 2003 z ආش࠰ٵ۩೯ઔߒऱֱڤ٥ٵಘᓵ٤ீጸۥس੒ऱኔᔌ֗ጸ ۥᖂீऱءۯᓰ࿓ऱਮዌ֗ၞ۩ֱڤΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚԫΕᛜທጸۥᖂீຍԫຑۭऱᖵ࿓ኙஃس֗ᖂس ຟਢৰ෡ࠥऱ᧯᧭ΖԲΕຘመ٤ீ۔ஃඒᖂઔߒᄎऱಘᓵኙ ױאၞ۩ऱᓰ࿓ࠐၞ۩ᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂΖԿΕᔡሖऱംᠲץ ਔΚ۔ஃറᄐऱଡܑ஁ฆΕඒᖂழၴڶૻΕᓰ࿓Ꮂ൷ംᠲΖ ് ᆣ ࡲ 2004 z ۩೯ઔߒඒᖂቸၷᒳ፹ψ౨ᄭةᥛᓰ࿓֗۩೯ᓰ࿓ωΔֺለኔ ᧭ิፖኙᅃิᖂسڇ౨ᄭةᥛᎁवΕኪ৫Ε۩੡ऱᖂ฾ګயΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚኔ᧭ิఄ్ᖂس൷࠹ඒᖂ৵ΔڇᎁवΕኪ৫֗۩ ੡Ղऱ।෼Δ݁ࣔ᧩ֺኙᅃิᖂس।෼൓ޓړΔኪ৫ޓᗨᄕΕ ׊ޓࠠ۩೯౨ԺΖڇլٵऱહན᧢ႈΔኔ᧭ิᖂسऱࢤܑࡉ ټڻኙࠡᎁवڶ᧩ထ஁ฆΖ ൷Հ଄

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ᥛছ଄ ઔ ߒ ृ ڣ ٝ ઔ ߒ փ ୲ Ꮵ ଔ ܩ 2004 z ආ۩೯ઔߒΔ൶ಘሎشष೴ᇷᄭၞ۩ᛩቼඒߛᘜԵഏ՛܅ڣ ్س੒ᓰ࿓ऱױ۩ࢤΕאष೴ᇷᄭၞ۩ᛩቼඒߛᄎ૿ᜯऱܺ ቼΕኔਜאष೴ᇷᄭၞ۩ऱᛩቼඒߛᓰ࿓Δਢܡڶܗ࣍ᖂ࿙ ሒګᛩቼඒߛؾᑑΔא֗೶ፖאष೴ᇷᄭၞ۩ऱᛩቼඒߛᓰ ࿓๻ૠ֗ඒᖂ৵Δඒஃऱറᄐګ९ൣݮΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚԫΕאष೴ᇷᄭ੡׌ᠲऱس੒֏ඒޗΔࠠ᧯ױ۩Ζ ԲΕᖂ࿙ኙءᓰ࿓ᖂ฾ᘋᔊ೏Δኔਜ৵ױ༼ࣙᖂ࿙ᛩቼᤚव ፖඕტ৫Εআၞᛩቼᄗ࢚वᢝऱᖂ฾Δڶܗ࣍ᖂس৬مإٻ ऱᛩቼ଩෻ᏝଖᨠΔ༼ࠎᖂ࿙۩೯ᆖ᧭Δ׊ױᏺൎᖂ࿙հ৸ ەΕ।ሒ౨Ժፖ۩೯ԺΖԿΕ૿ᜯऱܺቼץਔΚඒஃኙءඒ ޗऱറᄐլߩΕඒᖂழၴྤऄ಻ٽࡱᆏࢤऱᖂ฾փ୲Εᖂீ ࿏᧯๻ໂլߩΖ ႓ ᐝ ૣ 2006 z ආ࠷ᄷኔ᧭ઔߒऄΔ൶ಘᚨشSTS෻࢚ඒᖂലᛩቼඒߛᤜᠲᘜ Եഏ՛۞ྥፖس੒ઝݾΔኙᖂ࿙ᛩቼᎁवΕኪ৫Ε۩੡რٻ ፖᖂ฾ᘋᔊհᐙ᥼Ζ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚԫΕ൷࠹STSඒᖂऄऱᖂ࿙ڇᛩቼᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩ ੡რٻՂ݁ڶ᧩ထၞޡΔۖ൷࠹ႚอඒᖂऱᖂ࿙׽ڶᎁवֱ ૿ڶ᧩ထၞޡΖԲΕࠟิڇ৵ྒྷ۩੡რٻፖംᠲᇞެ։૿ڶ ᧩ထ஁ฆΖԿΕᖂ࿙ኙ࣍ᖂ฾փ୲Εᖂ฾֨൓Εᖂ฾ᘋᔊΕ ኙᖂ฾ֱڤऱტ࠹ፖ౨Ժഛ塄ֱ૿֘ᚨլٵΔኔ᧭ิ࿯ղለ إ૿ऱ्ࡳΖ ຫ ೛ 䁿 2009 z ൶ಘ٤෺ᄊ֏ඒᖂ੒೯ፖᖂ฾।෼Δ࿇୶נ۞ᒳऱ٤෺ᄊ֏ ऱඒᖂ੒೯Δڇඒᖂ৵ࠌشψ٤෺ᄊ֏ᖂ฾ګ༉ྒྷ᧭ωࠐ൶ ߒᖂ࿙ऱᖂ฾।෼Ζ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚԫΕψ٤෺ᄊ֏ωඒᖂ੒೯ऱኔਜΔኙᖂ࿙ऱ٤ ෺ᄊ֏ᄗ࢚֗ᛩቼඒߛऱኪ৫ڶ༼֒܂شΖԲΕլٵࢤܑऱ ᖂسΔኙ٤෺ᄊ֏ऱᄗ࢚ᖂ฾ፖᛩቼඒߛऱኪ৫ࠀ޲ڶ஁ฆΖ ᇷறࠐᄭΚઔߒृᖞ෻ ൕאՂऱᖞ෻ױवΔ२ڣࠐഏփբڶԫࠄઔߒᛀᢞ౨ᄭඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂא֗ᛩቼ ඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂऱኔਜګயΔ܀ਢψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛωথ׽ڶຝ։ᓰ࿓ࢨඒᖂ੒೯א֗ ᇖךඒޗऱ๻ૠၲ࿇ፖګ࣠Ζઔߒृݦඨ೶಼෼۩إڤᓰ࿓ඒޗᣂຑࢤΔאSTS ඒ ߛ෻࢚੡ഗ៕Δ๻ૠᔞشഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗΔᨃᖂسኙᆏ౨྇ጙ ৬مԫጟإᒔऱኪ৫Εᨠ࢚֗೚ऄΖ

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၁ ၁Εʳ ഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհઌᣂઔߒ

२ڣࠐഏ؆ڇᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱං೯ՂΔբᆖᗨᄕՕၦދԵઌᣂᇷ८֗ઔߒΔڇ ڼᜰנຝ։ᖂृઌᣂऱᖂ๬ߠᇞΔ౿ല२ڣࠐഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛઔߒ׌ᠲՕી։੡ ՛ᖂΕഏխאՂፖඒஃԿֱ૿ऱઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠Δ։૪ڕ।2-3-3 Ε।2-3-4 ፖ।2-3-5 Κ ।2-3-3 २ڣࠐഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ-՛ᖂऱઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠ ઔ ߒ ृ ڣٝ ઔ ߒ ࿨ ࣠ Boyes & Stanisstreet 1993 z ءઔߒאം࠴ᓳ਷ࡉ๶ᓫઔߒ11۟16ᄣխ՛ᖂ৘՗ऱუ ऄڶᣂ٤෺ᄊ֏ऱ଺ڂΕ৵࣠ࡉױ౨ऱኙ࿜Ζ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚ՛ᖂسբᆖژڇԫࠄઝᖂՕڍ൷࠹ऱუऄΔ ڕϘᄵ৛யᚨϙᏺףലᖄી֚௛ᑓڤ᧢֏ऱᄗ࢚Ζʳ Francis, Boyes, Qualter, & Stanisstreet 1993 z ઔߒ 563 ۯ՛ᖂس྇֟ᄵ৛யᚨ۩೯ऱუऄऱം࠴ᓳ ਷Ζʳ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚڍᑇࠝ࿙ΰ87иα᧯ᄎཬᖫڶܗ࣍྇֟٤෺ ᧢ᄊΖڇආ๶խ࿇෼Δ৘՗ଚڇᄵ৛யᚨࡉ౬௜ᐋჾ౛ հၴ෗෤Ζʳ Boyes, Skamp & Stanisstreet 2009 z ৬ዌԫଡ ˇˇ ႈऱം࠴Δאᒔࡳ՛ᖂسऱ઎ऄᣂ࣍הଚᣋ რၞ۩ऱٺጟࠠ᧯۩೯ڕ۶ڶش౨྇֟٤෺ᄊ֏Δא֗ ຍࠟृڶڍՕ࿓৫ऱᣂຑࢤΖڇᖾՕܓࠅᄅত৖ዿՓڠ Կࢬᖂீ ˊ ࠩ ˄˃ ᄣऱᖂسΰˡЈˈ˃˃αᛧ൓ڃᚨΖʳ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚኙ࣍ԫࠄڶܓ࣍ᛩቼऱ۩೯խΔᖂس৙ጠᣋ რආ࠷۩೯ऱ࿓৫Օ࣍ቃཚऱ࿓৫Δהଚઌॾຍࠄ۩೯ ਢڶ墿ऱΖຍጟ۩೯ץܶᄕ՛ऱլঁΔࠏڕᣂຨآࠌش ऱሽᕴΔࢨڕڃگ߷ࠄ။ࠐ။༊ԵषᄎኔᔌΖኙ࣍ڶᣂ ֆ٥ٌຏऱംᠲਢᏁ૞ᎅࣚԳଚආ࠷ڶܓ࣍ᛩቼऱ۩੡ ᑓڤΖኙ࣍ࠡה۩೯ऱڶԺᣂএΔᛩቼඒߛڇຍࠄᏆ഑ ৰױ౨ਢڶயऱΔ௽ܑਢڕ࣠ՕֺࠏऱԳՑਢլਢբᆖ ᣋრၞ۩ᇠ۩೯Ζ ᇷறࠐᄭΚઔߒृᖞ෻

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।2-3-4 २ڣࠐഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ-ഏխאՂհઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠ ઔ ߒ ृ ڣٝ ઔ ߒ ࿨ ࣠ Andersson & Wallin 2000 z ءઔߒאၲ࣋ڤം࠴൶ಘᅗࠢᖂسڇ9ڣ్ࡉ12ڣ్ڕ۶ ᇞᤩᄵ৛யᚨΛԲ௜֏ጙඈ࣋ၦ྇֟ᄎᐙ᥼षᄎႯΛڕ ۶ᇞᤩ౬௜ᐋ౛ጣΛ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚᖂس।ࣔԲ௜֏ጙඈ࣋ၦՕ༏྇֟ऱ࿨࣠Δࠀ լݙ٤Աᇞഗءऱषᄎ᧢ᔢᄎ࿇سչᏖΖ׼ԫֱ૿Δהଚ ઌᅝԱᇞ౬௜ᐋ౛ჾኙԳᣊऱჾ୭Ζ Hassan, Hirst, Siemieniuch & Zobaa 2009 z ૎ഏLoughboroughՕᖂڇമॐփᖂس೶ፖᏺףᆏ౨რᢝ ᑻᚐࠫ৫ጠ੡മॐऱ౨ᄭய෷ᜤᅩΖ z ڇ52֚փᇠૠቤ๻ऄ྇֟10иאՂऱ౨ᄭ௣౛Δቃૠᆏપ 9000૎᠘Ζਐᑑᖂسױܡޓࠠ᧯ऱޏ࿳ຍࠄ࿨࣠Λ༼೏ᆏ ౨რᢝױאᆏઊڍ֟౨ᄭΛ Hansen 2010 z ം࠴ഗ࣍ᐉ਷ᖂسᄵ৛யᚨࡉ౬௜ᐋᐙ᥼ऱवᢝ࿇୶Δ ˄ˌˋˌڣ۟˃ˈڣਢլឰ᧢֏ऱᓰ࿓ࡉإڤࡉॺإڤऱᖂ฾Ζ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚڇ˅˃˃ˈڣऱ᝟Ⴈਢޓڍऱᖂس෗෤ᄵ৛யᚨፖ ౬௜ᐋऱᐙ᥼Ζᣂ࣍ᄵ৛யᚨࠠ᧯ऱवᢝإڇޏ࿳Ζ Nongnapas 2011 z ئᆢ᧯੡MahasarakhamՕᖂΰڇ௠ഏα2011ᖂڣรԫᖂ ཚ35,010ۯՕᖂسΖආش១໢ᙟᖲࢼᑌΔਊᅃઔߒᏆ഑ઌ ٵऱֺࠏگႃ450ټՕᖂس੡ᑌءΖאം࠴܂੡گႃᑇᖕ ऱՠࠠΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚ࿨࣠।ࣔ࿨ዌᑓীΔᛩቼඒߛΰEEαڶ83.5и ౨ജᇞᤩֆ٥რᢝ֧ದᒷᇞ٤෺ᄊ֏ऱᛩቼ۩੡ऱඔق ᧢֏Ζ McNeill & Houle 2012 z ڇભഏൕԿଡլٵৄؑऱ೏խᖂسΔઔߒ؄ࠩքၜऱৄؑ سኪᓰ࿓ऱᐙ᥼ΖᑇᖕگႃץਔࢬڶᖂسऱছΕ৵ྒྷ஼૿ ေ۷ΰN = 75αא֗ছΕ৵ྡྷរᖂس๶ᓫΰN= 22αΔ൶ಘ ᖂسኙᄗ࢚ऱ෻ᇞΕॾٛࡉᛩঅ۩೯ޏ᧢Ζ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚᓰ࿓࿨ޔ৵Δᖂسଚڇ௛ଢ᧢֏ऱ෻ᇞڶ᧩ထ ᏺףΔՕڍᑇᖂس໴ܫהଚ෼ڇൕࠃऱ۩೯ਢૻࠫࠡଡԳ ኙ௛ଢ᧢֏ऱᐙ᥼Ζຍࠄ࿨࣠।ࣔΔઌॾઝᖂऱ෻ᓵΰڕ ௛ଢ᧢֏αਢլߩജऱᣂ᝶ઝᖂ৬ዌΔۖਢᄗ࢚ऱ෻ᇞࡉ ᎁᢝଡԳ۩੡ᐙ᥼ᖂسऱᙇᖗΖ

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।2-3-5 २ڣࠐഏ؆ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛ-ඒஃհઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠ ઔ ߒ ृ ڣٝ ઔ ߒ ࿨ ࣠ McGinnis & Simmons 1999 z ᖂ᤿ࠝ࿙ऱSTS׌ᠲඒᖂਢઝඒषᆢଠᖄ܂੡຃ઠK-12 ઝᖂඒߛऱᓰ࿓Ζڇ๺ڍൣउՀΔڇ៭ඒஃऱઝᖂඒᖂ ࠀ޲ڶૹشSTSΔڂ੡הଚᎁ੡๺ڍ׌ᠲڶञᤜࢤΖڇ ຍֱ૿Δݺଚၞ۩Ա൶౉Δࠌشषᄎ֮֏ऱߡ৫ࠐ෻ᇞ ඒஃኙඒᖂSTS׌ᠲऱᨠរΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚࠟଡ׌૞׌്௫֗ඒஃאՠ܂ڜ٤ऱᨠរࠐ ઎הଚऱ STS ᓰ࿓ެ࿜ࡉඒஃא؆੺ऱᨠរΔ။ࠐ။ฤ ٽᅝچᖂீऱ֮֏Δ૾܅ඒᖂऱञᤜംᠲΖඒஃඒߛऱ ׌૞ܶᆠਢᚨޓףૹီᐉᤜኙኔᔌृॾٛऱᐙ᥼Δᣂ࣍ הଚऱᅝچᖂீ֮֏ STS ඒᖂኔᔌΖ Glasson, Frykholm, Mhango & Phiri 2006 z ڇᐼশࢮאতॺ੊چ೴ऱ࿇୶խഏ୮ Malawian ऱ 2 ڣ ઔߒऱؾऱਢᓳ਷ඒஃڶᣂسኪةᥛ࿇୶ᤜᠲඒᖂऱᨠ រࡉ๠ᆜΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚMalawianऱཷاႚอ਍ᥛᐙ᥼ખٕཤࣥऱس ኪةᥛംᠲΖMalawianඒߛ൷࠹൶ߒᖄٻඒᖂऄࡉຑ൷ Ւထઝᖂ܂੡ࠝ࿙೶ፖᓳ਷Εެ࿜ࡉᣂ᝶ࢤᛩቼᤜᠲࢬ ڶᦞऱֱऄΖ Ratinen in press z ءઔߒᆖطၲ࣋ڤࡉ৞ຨڤം࠴ᓳ਷ࢬ࠷൓ऱ࿨࣠੡ഗ ៕Δࠐ൶ಘख़ᥞ՛ᖂඒஃऱᄵ৛யᚨ෻ᇞΖၲ࣋ڤം࠴Δ אᄗ࢚ቹ༴ᢄࠐᐉᤜ՛ᖂඒஃᄵ৛யᚨ۞࿇ऱუऄΖ z ૹ૞࿨ᓵΚ՛ᖂඒஃऱኔᎾवᢝࡉᄵ৛யᚨᄗ࢚ऱ෻ᇞ ਢլݙᖞऱΔ੷۟ᎄᖄΖ ᇷறࠐᄭΚઔߒृᖞ෻ʳ ൕאՂऱᖞ෻ױवΔ२ڣࠐഏ؆ऱᖂृઔߒψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛωՕڍආشം࠴ᓳ ਷ΔઔߒኙွՕڍאഏխאՂ੡׌ΔאՀല२ڣࠐഏ؆౨ᄭඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂऱઌᣂઔ ߒ࿨࣠ᖞ෻ګՀ।2-3-6 Κ

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।2-3-6 २ڣࠐഏ؆౨ᄭඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂհઌᣂઔߒ࿨࣠ ઔ ߒ ृ ڣٝ ઔ ߒ ࿨ ࣠ Keser 2003 z ڇመװ20 ڣऱڶᣂઔߒቃྒྷΔ౨ᄭඒߛലګ੡ڇၲ࿇խࡉ բၲ࿇ഏ୮խऱԫ॰ᄅᖂ๬Ꮖ഑Ζ z ၲ࿇խഏ୮ޓਢᏁ૞ലຍࠄઌᣂઔߒ౏ԵەၦΔא܂ګᣂ ࣍౨ᄭΕᛩቼא֗ඒߛਙ࿜հެࡳΖ Dias, Mattos & Balestieri 2004 z Գᣊ࿇୶ਢऴ൷ࢨၴ൷ፖ౨ᄭࠌشڶᣂΔא֗౨ᄭऱࠌش ڇመװਢݙ٤אየߩԳᣊऱᏁ૞נ࿇Δ܀ࠃኔ᧩قΔ౨ᄭ ऱױܓشࢤਢڶૻऱΔᝫڶ౨ᄭऱၲ࿇Ε๠෻֗ࠌشኙᛩ ቼ൅ࠐᄕՕऱᓢᚰΔۖ׊ؾছࡸآڶԫଡߓอױאլੌ؈ ౨ᄭࢨլທګᛩቼऱ᧢֏Ζ z ౨ᄭঅᥨ௫֗ᚨش࣍۞ྥፖ౨ᄭऱױܓشࢤ֗ࠌشၴةᥛ ؓᘝऱઔߒᄗ࢚ፖ۩೯Ζ z Գᣊ૞ڇ౨ᄭ๠෻ംᠲՂ࿯ղޓڍऱᣂࣹΔ׌૞Ꮑ૞ຘመ ඒߛΔ،ז।ထ९ཚऱދᇷΔۖඒߛਢ᠏֏ڇ٤ഏࢤ౨ᄭ ࠌشऱԳᣊ۩੡Ղऱ່ࠋֱڤΖ Yucel 2007 z ෼վऱ౨ᄭਙ࿜׌૞ፋྡྷڇةᥛऱ౨ᄭ᧯ߓፖ٦سऱ౨ᄭ ᇷᄭΖ z ֏ᖂፖ౨ᄭ٦سΕ౨ᄭᣊীΕ٦س౨ᄭΕ۞ྥ─౨ᄭյ೯ ஒஒઌᣂΔڂڼ෼ڇؘႊ᠆༄֏ᖂઝؾऱఄ్ඒᖂΔփ୲ ౏Ե٦س౨ᄭᄗ࢚֗ࠡઌᣂऱᛵᇞΖ

z ᖂس۞ݺᖄٻᖂ฾ᄷໂ৫ΰstudents’ self-directed learning readinessαΕփڇଡԳ࠷ٻΰinner-individual orientationα ፖྡྷᐞ࠷ٻԿႈڂైኙ࣍ᖂ฾٦س౨ᄭڶ᧩ထऱய࣠Δױ אאڼףא࿇୶ઌᣂᓰ࿓Ζ ᇷறࠐᄭΚઔߒृᖞ෻۞႓ִొΰ2009α ൕאՂऱᖞ෻ױवΔഏ؆ᖂृઔߒՕڍאᛀᢞψ౨ᄭඒߛᓰ࿓ඒᖂωऱኔਜګ யΔ܀ਢᣂ࣍ψᆏ౨྇ጙᓰ࿓ඒᖂωথ֟ڶઔߒΖאՀ٨ᜰഏ؆ڇᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱ

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್ࠐ۫ࠅ෻ઝՕᖂ࣍2000 ڣګمԱ٦س౨ᄭፖ౨ᄭய෷ඒߛಝᒭ֗ઔߒխ ֨ΔIbrahim ፖHilmeΰ2007αਐנΔຍԫଡॺᛜܓิ៣ऱ׌૞ٚ೭ਢ๠෻ທګ್ࠐ ۫ࠅ٦س౨ᄭፖ౨ᄭய෷ᒷኬګ९ऱംᠲፖܺᣄΖڼԫխ֨ࡉ್ࠐ۫ࠅਙࢌڇկຽ ഏᎾၲ࿇གܗิ៣ऱᢥܗፖ֭਍ՀΔբᆖയ֊ᚨشሀᖂઝඒߛֱऄፖຜஉ׊ᔞش࣍ ್ࠐ۫ࠅऱ٦س౨ᄭፖ౨ᄭய෷ऱඒᖂΔࠀ׊ൕࠃ༼ࠎറᄐԳ୉ᣂ࣍౨ᄭऱᓰ࿓Δ א֗ຘመՕฒႚ໾ၞ۩৙ᖄΰ֧۞႓ִొΔ2009αΖ ᑛᅩٺഏڇ2006 ڣ9 ִ״ၲऱᑛ੊౨ᄭඒߛઔಘᄎխΔٺഏז।݁༼נଡܑኔ ਜ౨ᄭඒߛګפऱூࠏΰ࿓८অΕ്ფᆗΔ2007αΖጵٽڼڻઔಘᄎऱૹរ੡Κ ԫΕʳ౨ᄭඒߛऱ່ึؾऱਢ૞֧࿇৘࿙ऱ౨ᄭრᢝΖ ԲΕʳٽ܂ፖᇷᄭ٥ࠆਢ༼֒౨ᄭඒߛऱڶயֱऄΖ ԿΕʳᖞٽ౨ᄭᤜᠲᚨᔞழ٨Եඒߛᓰ࿓Ζ ؄Εʳ౨ᄭඒߛஃᇷऱഛಝፖᖿᚐΖ

ᜤٽഏ௛ଢ᧢ᔢᄎᤜΰThe United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, COP15α࣍2009ڣ࣍կຽୂءশ௅ᜰ۩ΔՈٵழၞ۩ඒߛറூψ௛ଢᤜᠲඒᖂ2009ωΔ ༼ࠎඒஃڇඒ৛ၞ۩௛ଢᤜᠲઌᣂऱඒᖂᇷᄭא֗ةᥛඒߛΔڇՕᖂඒߛֱ૿ᝫං ೯ઌᣂवᢝऱઔߒ֗ૹ૞ᨠរऱႚᎠΙڇᖂீூࠏֱ૿ঞਢڶᆏ౨ᑻհቇ࿇ΰޕᖠ ፚΔ2010αΖ ભഏ۞˄ˌˋ˅ʳ ڣܛၲࡨኔਜ౨ᄭඒߛΔڕ৖ཎൈ߬ڠΔޓਢભഏᛩቼඒߛඔ່፞ ڰऱԫڠΔಾኙ౨ᄭඒߛᤜᠲڶԼڍڣऱᓰ࿓ֱٻፖᓰ࿓ኔਜऱᆖ᧭Ζ˞˘˘ˣʻ˄ˌˌˆʼʳ ਢԫଡᆖመԼڣऱઔߒ࿇୶Δʳ طભഏ৖ཎൈ߬ڠمՕᖂʻ˨́˼̉˸̅̆˼̇̌ʳ ̂˹ʳ ˪˼̆˶̂́̆˼́ˀʳ ˦̇˸̉˸́̆ʳ ˣ̂˼́̇ʳ ʼ ֗ ৖ ཎ ൈ ߬ ڠ ᛩ ቼ ඒ ߛ խ ֨ ʻʳ ˪˼̆˶̂́̆˼́ʳ ˖˸́̇˸̅ʳ ˹̂̅ʳ ˘́̉˼̅̂́̀˸́̇˴˿ʳ ˘˷̈˶˴̇˼̂́ʼࢬ׌ᖄΔ࿨ٽ౨ᄭറ୮ΕᛩቼඒߛᖂृΕ२ۍۯڇ៭ඒஃ೶ፖಘᓵΕ๵ቤΕ ࠌشΕڃ墅ऱ౨ᄭඒߛඒޗ֗ٺᖂ฾ၸ੄հ౨ԺਐᑑΖຍႈૠ྽ऱؾᑑਢ੡Ա༼֒ ౨ᄭய෷א֗ࠌش٦س౨ᄭΕ༼֒ᛩቼ঴ᔆΔࠀᒔঅ৖ཎൈ߬ڠآࠐऱ౨ᄭࠎ࿯Ζ ۖ؀᨜ڇ˅˃˃ˉʳ ڣၲࡨط؀ሒሽ՗֮ඒഗ८ᄎፖՕچளԳՠ܂৛٥ٵٽ܂Δ֧ၞભഏ ˞˘˘ˣʳ ඒޗΔࠀၲࡨڇ؀᨜ഏխ՛֗೏խංᐖᛩቼඒߛΰ܇⢮ྦྷΔ˅˃˃ˊαΖʳ

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೶

೶Εʳ ՛࿨

ൕءᆏᖞ෻ऱ֮᣸ࠐ઎Δױא൓ࠩאՀࠟរ࿨ᓵΚ ԫΕʳഏփբڶԫࠄઔߒᛀᢞ౨ᄭඒᖂऱኔਜګயΔ܀ਢψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛωথ׽ڶ ຝ։ᓰ࿓ࢨඒᖂ੒೯א֗ᇖךඒޗऱ๻ૠၲ࿇ፖګ࣠Ζ ԲΕʳഏ؆ڇᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛऱං೯ՂΔೈԱᖂृऱઌᣂઔߒհ؆Δբנ෼ࠠ᧯ऱਙ ࿜ፖൻਜΔࠏڕ್ࠐ۫ࠅ෻ઝՕᖂհ٦س౨ᄭፖ౨ᄭய෷ඒߛಝᒭ֗ઔߒխ ֨Εկຽඒߛറூψ௛ଢᤜᠲඒᖂ2009ωא֗ભഏຘመਙࢌፖᖂீቸ᧯ऱٽ ܂ፖ࠰ܗΔ༼ࠎᖂீޓݙໂऱᆏ౨྇ጙઌᣂඒޗࡉګפऱං۩ᆖ᧭Ζ ʳ

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ร

ร೶ີ ઔߒֱऄፖޡᨏ

ءઔߒऱ׌૞ؾऱڇ൶ಘڕ۶אਝڶᓰ࿓ፖᛩቼΕᖂسኙᆏ౨྇ጙհਝڶᄗ࢚ ፖॾ࢚੡ഗ៕Δ๵ቤ๻ૠٽᔞհഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗΔࠀᛀီኔਜ ګயא܂੡ᛀಘଥإᓳᖞհ೶ᅃΖᇡาऱઔߒֱऄല։੡אՀնᆏࠐᎅࣔΔรԫᆏ ᎅࣔઔߒֱऄऱᙇᖗፖਮዌΙรԲᆏ១૪ઔߒ໱഑ፖኙွΙรԿᆏᎅࣔઔߒऱኔਜ ፖੌ࿓Ιร؄ᆏᎅࣔඒᖂ੒೯๻ૠΙรնᆏᎅࣔઔߒՠࠠփ୲ץܶԿଡຝٝΚψᆏ౨ ྇ጙඒߛം࠴ωΕ๶ᓫՕጼא֗ڃ墅।Ι່৵ԫᆏᎅࣔᇷறᖞ෻ፖ։࣫ऱֱऄΖ

รԫᆏ ઔߒֱऄऱᙇᖗፖਮዌ

ءઔߒᙇᖗආ࠷۩೯ઔߒऄΔઔߒृءߪՈਢඒᖂृΔڇኔᎾऱඒᖂൣቼՀΔ ၞ۩ඒᖂ੒೯ऱ๵ቤΕኔᔌΕᛀಘፖଥإΔא֗ေ۷ڶயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΖ ઔߒհॣലᓳ਷՛ᖂฅᄐسհᆏ౨྇ጙᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ऱൣݮΔࠀ൶ಘٺઌ ᣂ᧢ႈၴհઌյᣂএΔא܂੡๵ቤഏاխ՛ᖂၸ੄ᖂீᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛհ೶ەΖ٦೶ ಼෼۩إڤᓰ࿓ඒޗᣂຑࢤΔאSTS ඒߛ෻࢚੡ഗ៕Δ๻ૠᔞشഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗΔᨃᖂسኙᆏ౨྇ጙ৬مԫጟإᒔऱኪ৫Εᨠ࢚֗೚ऄΖ௅ᖕء ઔߒհؾऱΔ྽נઔߒਮዌڕቹ3-1-1 ࢬقΖ

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ቹ3-1-1 ઔߒਮዌቹ

๵ቤЁ

ඒᖂ੒೯๻ૠ

ኔᔌЁ

ၞ۩ᇢ᧭ඒᖂ

ᛀಘЁ

ေ۷ګ࣠

ေ۷ʳ

ڶயऱඒᖂ࿜ฃ

ڶய

ඒᖂ

࿜ฃ

࿇෼ፖ

ᇞެംᠲ

ଥ

إ

ڃ

墅

ऱ

༛

ᛩ

STS ඒߛ෻࢚

։࣫൶ಘ ᆏ౨྇ጙ٣ໂᆖ᧭

೶಼إڤᓰ࿓

ᆏ౨྇ጙव౨ം࠴ ᓳ਷ದរ۩੡

ᎁ

व

ኪ

৫ ۩

੡

(39)

ร

รԲᆏ ઔߒ໱഑ፖኙွ

໸Εʳ ઔߒ໱഑

ءઔߒ٣א؀խ֮ؑဎഏխΰೳټα੡ઔߒ໱഑ࠐᓳ਷՛ᖂฅᄐسհᆏ౨྇ጙ ᎁवΕኪ৫ፖ۩੡ऱൣݮΔ٦א؀խؑᆏ౨ഏ՛ΰೳټα੡ছᖄࢤઔߒ໱഑Δ๵ቤ ๻ૠٽᔞհഏ՛೏ڣ్ᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛᓰ࿓ፖඒޗࠀၞ۩ᇢ᧭ඒᖂΔ່৵א؀խؑ྇ ጙഏ՛ΰೳټα੡ၞ۩รԲڻᇢ᧭ඒᖂऱઔߒ໱഑Ζ ԫΕʳ ֮ဎഏխΰೳټα ڼீۯ࣍؀խؑΔམዊᛧᆖᛎຝψਙࢌᖲᣂ֗ᖂீ٤૿ᆏ౨྇൶ൻਜωᤁ᝛ ᜎᚌᖂீא֗ᘣ՗֚Հᠧ፾঴ᐚඒߛං֫ᖂீΖᖂீ෼ڶீچ 3.4 ֆຸΔ٤ீ٥ 39 ఄΔᖂسᑇ 1237 ԳΔඒ៭୉ՠ 99 ԳΖڼீհᣋནፖ௽ۥ੡Κ ʻԫʼ ᣋནֱ૿ΚڼீࠠڶࣔᒔऱᣋནЁμݶᑗس੒Δ೜ൈګ९Δ٤ֱۯᖂ฾νΔ ׊ᖂீऱᣋན౨ജ۩೯֏ࠀᘜԵඒᖂګ੡ᖂீऱ௽ۥհԫΖ ʻԲʼ ௽ۥֱ૿Κ(1)ڼீඒᖂ௽ۥൎᓳڍց੒ᑣΔڶܓ࣍ᖂسຘመڍց֏ऱඒᖂ ᑓڤΔሒࠩᔞᚨᖂ฾ऱؾᑑΖ(2)ૹီᖂسଡܑ஁ฆᖂ฾ፖ᎖ᖄΖ(3)ᘜٽᖂ ೴Δၞ۩࿜ฃᜤᅩፖᇷᄭ։ࠆᖂ฾Ζ ԲΕʳ ᆏ౨ഏ՛ΰೳټα ᆏ౨ഏ՛ۯ࣍؀խؑΔམዊᛧψፕխؑഏا՛ᖂீႼ྇ጙᤁ᝛ૠ྽ωᜎᚌᖂீ א֗ፕխؑ঴ᐚඒߛᚌߜᖂீΖᖂீ෼ڶீچ1.7ֆຸΔ٤ீ٥34ఄΔᖂسᑇ886ԳΔ ඒ៭୉ՠ62ԳΖڼீհᣋནፖ௽ۥ੡Κ ʻԫʼ ᣋནֱ૿ΚڼீऱᣋནЁμݶᑗ۞ॾΔ༇ૹᣂᡖΔၞޡ࠱။νΔאᖂீऱᣋ ནࠐഛ塄ᖂس࿇୶ഗ៕ᖂԺΕᛩቼᓳᔞ౨ԺΕઝݾሎش౨ԺΕԳ֮ᣂᡖ౨ Ժא֗٤ԳඒߛΔګ੡ࠠڶᤁञԺऱ෼ז֏ഏاΖ ʻԲʼ ௽ۥֱ૿Κ(1)ං୶ᖂீᢌ֮੒೯ΔᛜທஃسᚌႁԳ֮௛ᔆΖ(2)༼ଠψխဎ ෡ౙ ᔹᦰس௅ω੒೯Δ஼ଉ੉ᄨየீႼΖ(3)ᗨᄕං೯ீႼጸ֏ભ֏ՠ܂Δ ࠌᖂீګ੡ψष೴՛ֆႼωΖ

(40)

Կ ԿΕʳ ྇ጙഏ՛ΰೳټα ྇ጙഏ՛ۯ࣍؀խؑΔམዊᛧፕխؑ঴ᐚඒߛᚌߜᖂீΔא֗೶ףፕխؑψ౨ ᄭ֨ٱွωඒޗΕඒࠠዄᢌ֮໌܂ᤁ᝛ዊᛧψ౨ᄭ֨ٱွᢄ྽ᖂسิω௽ᚌ 1ٙΕ ᚌ࿛ 1ٙΕࠋ܂ 2ٙΕԵᙇ 7ٙא֗ψ౨ᄭ৙ᖄ௧໴ᖂسิωᚌ࿛ 2ٙΖᖂீ෼ڶ ீچ2.1ֆຸΔ٤ீ٥64ఄΔᖂسᑇ1748ԳΔඒ៭୉ՠ109ԳΖڼீհᣋནፖ௽ۥ੡Κ ʻԫʼ ᣋནֱ૿Κᖂسਢᖂீऱ׌᧯ΔݺଚܘԺᛜທԫଡᄵᤲΕ೜ൈΕڜ٤ऱீ ႼᛩቼΔאഛߛഏ୮آࠐऱརᑚΖڇ࿏᧯ֱ૿Δ೭ޣݙ࿳ऱ़ၴΔ೯ٻආ Գ߫։ሐΔࣹრᖂ࿙ڜ٤ፖ๻ໂΙڇຌ᧯ֱ૿ΔאԳءᨠ࢚੡ഗ៕Δ೭ޣ ޢԫۯᖂسຟ౨ݶᑗچᖂ฾ፖګ९Ζ ʻԲʼ ௽ۥֱ૿Κ(1)༼ࠎ୮९ڍց೶ፖऱᖲᄎΔףൎፖ୮९ᄎհߜࢤյ೯Ζ(2)࿨ ٽფ֨ݳՠհԺၦΔڶயิ៣ං୶ψఄᘣᄎωΔ٥໌ᘣஃسԿᤢΖ (3)আၞ ᘣஃٽ܂Δթ౨࿨ٽᖂீፖष೴ᇷᄭΔሒګψᖂீष೴֏Εष೴ᖂீ֏ω ऱ෻უΔ٥໌ԫଡ٤ਢᤢ୮ऱᖂீΖ

၁Εʳ ઔߒኙွፖൣቼ

ءઔߒ٣א؀խ֮ؑဎഏխऱ10 ଡఄհ՛ᖂฅᄐس٥ 324 Գ੡ઔߒኙွΔၞ۩ ψᆏ౨྇ጙඒߛം࠴ωᓳ਷Δ࣍99 ᖂڣ৫ᄅسཔཚ᎖ᖄཚၴ։࿇ം࠴Δڃگڶயം ࠴ ˅ˌˌ ٝΖ՛ᖂฅᄐسࠐ۞ᖂ೴փٺഏ՛ΔᖂسଡࢤొᖦΔೈԱᓰᄐᎁటհ؆Δ໛ ړᔹᦰᓰ؆஼ᤄࠀᑷ಑ٺጟ੒೯Δױᘯ౨ᙩ౨೯Ι୮९៭ᄐڍאՠΕ೸੡׌Δኙ՗ Ֆऱᓰᄐ૞ޣᝫጩૹီΖছᖄࢤઔߒኙွ੡؀խؑᆏ౨ഏ՛նڣ్ਬఄΔߊس 13 ԳΔՖس15 ԳΔ٥ 28 ԳΔڼఄऱ్ٚඒஃൄ๵ጥ෻ߜړΔᖂسՂᓰښ఼ݧΕڶ៖ ᎎΖఄ్௽ᔆ੒ᑣΕᗨᄕ೶ፖ੒೯Ιᖂس࣍Ղᓰழ໛ᦟ࿇ംΔᖂ฾ᘋᔊᖺদࠀ୶෼ נ೏৫ऱޣवᐥΖᇢ᧭ඒᖂઔߒኙွ੡؀խؑ྇ጙഏ՛քڣ్ਬఄΔߊس17 ԳΔՖ س14 ԳΔ٥ 31 ԳΔڼఄऱ్ٚඒஃ൅ఄڶයլేΔ๠ࠃլჩլڦΔఄ్௽ᔆᎁటΕ ޣवᐥ೏Δஃسᓰഘյ೯ߜړΔ׌೯ᜰ֫ჿ࿠ԳڻመתΙᖂس࣍ՂᓰழॺൄറࣹΔ

(41)

ၞ۩ฆᔆ։ิΔ೴։੡քิΔ٦ൕٺิਗᙇፖઔߒृյ೯ߜړΕՂᓰ֘ᚨለࠋऱԫ ิګ୉Δ٥6 ۯᖂسၞ۩ᓰ৵๶ᓫΔ፦ႃᇷறࠀᖞ෻։࣫ូ౏࿨࣠Δ܂੡ઔߒေ۷ ګ࣠Εᓳᖞ৵ᥛኔਜઔߒհ೶ەΖඒᖂ෼໱಻ᆜڕቹ3-2-1 ࢬقΚ ቹ3-2-1 ඒᖂ෼໱಻ᆜቹ Ϥሽᆰ ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ᖂس ދᐙؒኟ ႕ࣨ Ϥ᥊ᐙᖲ