行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告
二技電機系學生實務能力提昇之教育課程設計與研究─子計畫四
自動控制教材、實習、教具之研訂與改善
Research and Improvement of the Contents and Experimental
Equipments of Automatic Control Courses
計畫編號: NSC 90-2516-S-151-005
執行期限: 90 年 8 月 1 日至 91 年 7 月 31 日
主 持 人:李慶祥副教授
國立高雄應用科技大學電機系
共同主持人:方俊雄教 授
國立高雄應用科技大學電機系
一、中文摘要
本計劃在第一年和第二年之中,具体
地編寫教材及製作教具,來改善實習教學
效 果 。 其 內 容 包 括 內 部 模 型 法 則 、
diophantine equation and frequency domain
pole-placement、Grownwall-Bellman 不等
式、Almost time-invariant systems 等,學
生接受情形良好。第三年更繼續將前二年
所教的知識,在非線性系統方面予以應用
和推廣,以及加強自動控制實習的基礎經
驗,編製教材,將自動控制方面之新成果,
納入教材內容之中。
自動控制教學對電機系學生之理論
與實作能力影響極大,在世界電機電子工
程學會(IEEE)中,專家學者都一再重申自
動控制教學的重要[39]。自動控制理論和
技術進步甚快,許多自動控制方面簡明有
效之新成果,如何讓學生早一點接觸與熟
悉,並兼顧理論的銜接和應用,是很有意
義的重大教學挑戰。
關鍵詞: Diophantine equation,適應控
制 , Non-autonomous Systems ,
Highly nonlinear systems
Abstract
The theories and technologies of
automatic control are very important to
the students of the department of electrical
engineering. The theories such as the
internal model principle, diophantine
equation
and
frequency
domain
pole-placement,
Grownwall-Bellman
inequality, and almost time-invariant
systems etc. had been taught during the
first two years of this project. The
applications of them to adaptive control
and
nonlinear
systems
control
are
demonstrated in the third year.
Many effective and elegant new results
which come from different books of
different levels have been combined and
12
control
experiments
have
been
developed to meet the requirement that the
student must catch up with new research
results and pay attention to the real world
applications.
二、緣由與目的
的樂趣和潛力,並兼顧連貫與應用。因為
學生的能力很難評估,吾人大致上只能說
優秀的畢業學生必須能為工業界做趕得上
國際水準的設計,能閱讀國際水準的著
作,能瞭解專業技術的進步,以及能分辨
理論和苦工(brute force)的差別。
本計劃在第一年和第二年之中,已具
体地編寫教材及製作教具,來改善實習教
學 效 果 。 其 內 容 包 括 內 部 模 型 法 則 、
diophantine equation and frequency domain
pole-placement、Grownwall-Bellman 不等
式、Almost time-invariant systems 等,學
生接受情形良好。第三年更繼續將前二年
所教的知識,在非線性系統與適應控制方
面予以應用和推廣,以及加強自動控制實
習的基礎經驗,編製教材,將自動控制方
面之新成果,納入教材內容之中 [1~6]。
同 學 已 經 知 道 Grownwall-Bellman
不等式、Almost Time-invariant Systems、
還有 Lyapunov function 的道理,將這三個
道理結合起來,應用到非自動運行系統
(Non-autonomous),確實可引起同學很大
的興趣。
另 一 方 面 , 同 學 也 已 經 知 道
Diophantine equation 可以在已知的線性系
統 中 , 解 決 frequency domain pole
placement 的問題,因此進一步想瞭解它在
更複雜系統中的應用。在線性系統的適應
控制中,控制器的架構和其理想參數之存
在,正好也是用 Diophantine equation 來說
明。根據教學經驗,同學對這個問題很有
興趣,不會覺得它很複雜。
在自動控制實習方面,吾人在實驗十
二非線性方程式中,加入兩個題目。一個
題目是負電阻振盪器,它的 limit cycle 可
以用 Lyapunov function 來說明。另一個題
目是簡單的適應控制實驗。學生對這些擴
充相當喜歡。雖然這些原理都必須經過同
學消化吸收,才能推廣至專題應用上,吾
人相信它能大幅提高自動控制之教學成
效,達到提升電機系學生理論與實作能力
之目標。
三、內容與結果
除 了 原 先 已 經 開 始 教 授 的 課 程 之
外,新增的教材包括:
(一)Non-autonomous系統 [1]
試問下列系統有何重大不同?
)]
(
[ t
x
f
x
和
x
f
[
t x
,
(
t
)],
t
0
後者平衡點之穩定性如何判斷?再者,
te
x
x
x
(
1
sin
)
若
x
h
(t
)
,則
h
(
t
)
?
在第二年之中, 吾人講解了Almost
Time-invariant Systems、Lyapunov function
和Grownwall-Bellman 不等式,現在正好
將這三個道理結合起來,應用到上述非自
動運行系統,它確實引起同學很大的興趣。
(二)學生必須繳交十題作業,企圖心比
較強的同學可以先自研究 [1]:
1. (Linearization)
cT
b
a
sin
Control the system to maintain the
equilibrium at
.
2. (Gain scheduling)
2 1 1tan
x
x
x
2 1 2x
u
,
y
x
x
Using r as the scheduling variable to
control the output y to track r.
3. (Input-output linearization)
Stabilize the following system:
u
x
x
x
x
2 3 2 3 1 11
2
,
3 1 2x
x
u
x
2 2
3
x
,
y
x
x
4. (Feedback linearization)
Stabilize the following system:
2 1
x
x
)
(
sin
1 1 3 2a
x
b
x
x
x
4 3x
x
du
x
x
c
x
4
(
1
3)
5. (Partial linearization)
Stabilize the following system:
3 2
)
1
(
2 1
v
2
6. (Sliding mode control)
Stabilize the following system:
2 1 1 2 1
x
x
sin x
x
u
x
x
x
2
2 2
1
b
a
2 1,
7. (Nonlinear damping)
Stabilize the following system:
)
(
2t
x
u
x
x
8. (Backstepping)
Stabilize the following system:
2 3 1 2 1 1
x
x
x
x
3 2x
x
u
x
3
9. (Passivity-based control)
Stabilize the following system:
T
S
I
(
)
2
1
3
u
M
S
M
(
)
0
0
0
)
(
1 2 1 3 2 3x
x
x
x
x
x
X
S
10. (High gain observer)
Assume
2 1x
x
))
,
(
,
,
(
1 2 1 2 2x
x
x
x
x
be stable. Stabilize the following
system:
2 1x
x
1 2 1 2(
x
,
x
,
u
),
y
x
x
(三)
在自動控制實習方面,吾人在實驗
十二非線性方程式中,加入兩個題
目:
(1) 負電阻振盪器
電磁閥驅動之控制系統常有 limit cycle
發生,但是在下列系統中,它的 limit
cycle 可以用 Lyapunov function 來說
明:
2 1x
x
2 2 1 1 2x
(
1
x
)
x
x
2 2 3 1 1 2 1[
(
x
x
/
3
)
x
]
x
V
1
0
)
3
/
(
2
1
13 1
1
x
x
x
for
x
V
另一方面,(0,0)是
x
1
x
2,
x
2
x
1之不
穩定的平衡點。因此,非線性振盪會存
在。
(2) 簡單的適應控制實驗 [2]
大三以上學完 B. C. Kuo(或相同等級)自
動控制的同學,對
適應控制就會開始好
奇。他們想要瞭解連系統參數都不知道
的系統,要如何控制?
事實上,在線性系統的適應控制中,控
制器的架構和其理想參數之存在,通常
是用 Diophantine equation 來說明的。
另一方面,在系統參數的判別中,Persistent
excitation 的條件非常重要。
最後,要證
明 完 整 的 適 應控 制 系統 能 穩 定 的 工
作,也非常不簡單。下列適應控制系統
模擬實驗,能滿足同學的好奇心,發揮
良好的解說效果:
)
1
)(
2
(
1
s
s
s
W
p1
1
s
W
mr
s
W
y
u
s
W
y
p
p(
)
,
m
m(
)
py
u
1
1
2
2
0u
1 1
py
2 2
m py
y
e
1
0
,
1* 1 1 1
e
6
,
2* 2 1 2
e
5
,
0* 1 0
e
y
pt
t
t
r
(
)
0
,
10
,
5
cos
10
sin
respectively.
t
t
t
r
(
)
5
cos
10
sin
時具 備 PE 的條
件,因此,最後
* 0 * 2 * 1 0 2 1,
,
,
,
。
四、討論
由於人權提昇和工資高漲的關係,現
今之產業界,「自動化」的需求與日俱增,
因此,和自動化直接相關的電機專業人才
也就更顯現出重要性,可以說,欲使產業
升級的根本辦法,就是從提昇電機系學生
之實作能力著手。在高雄捷運及全國高鐵
興建中,這些專業人力,必須扮演重要第
一線工程先鋒。
本計劃並有七個子計劃,大致可分為
電力電子、信號量測及處理、自動控制、
馬達驅動,彼此有密切關連性,故需整合
互相合作,以達到訓練學生整合技術之目
的,經由計劃推動,配合課程安排及進行,
期望二技電機系學生在二年學習過程,可
以真正具備目前產業界急需之電力電子、
數位信號處理器應用,自動化技術及馬達
驅動控制之實務人才,以改善產業體質,
提昇競爭力。本計劃之其他子計劃以及本
系其他教師同仁的相關計劃中,含有電動
機控制、機械手臂控制、磁浮球控制、倒
單擺控制和驅動不足系統(under actuated
systems) 控制等實驗,這些都是非線性系
統,配合本子計劃的基礎實驗,對同學的
自動控制教學,應有良好的啟發。
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