二次大戰時期蘇聯政治海報中的女英雄

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(6) B nepHO,n (1941 r. - 1944 r.). repoHIDI B COBeTCKOM nOJIllTIftleCKOM [JJIaKaTe BTOpoii MHpOBOii BOHm.I. TeKCT <<PO,nHHa-Mafb 30Ber!», H 3a ee CIIHHOH, KaK 6bI 1I0BHHYHCb IIPHKa3Y, BCTaroT Om;eTHHHBIIIHeCH py>KeHHbIe IlITbIKH. Y6e,nHTeJThHbIii 06JIHK )l(eHIIUlHbI, BbIpa3HTeJThHOCTh JIHua, ero THIII{qHO PYCCKHe qeprbI, llpocToTa H TO~OCTb )l(eCTa, BepHOCTh 06m;ero COCTO.KHHH, PHTMH'IHOCTh KOMII03HUHH CJI)?ICaf BOIIJIOm;eHHlO 06pa3a Hapo,na, cTasmero Ha 3aII(HTY cBoeH PO,nHHbI. 3TO CHMBOJIuqeCKHH 06pa3 COBeTCKOHPO)l;HHbI, r.rry60KO IIOTPHC3lOII(Hi{ lIafeTHKOH CBoero 3Byqa.IIWI H repouqeCKOH IIPHIIO;:nurrOCThIO. Tpa.ztHr(HH llJIaKafa Moopa «TbI 3aIIHCaJICH ,n06poBOJIbueM?». (1919). HaxO,lVIT. 3)J;eCb ,nOcToHHoe IIpo,nOJI)I(eHHe. TIJIaKaT 1I0JIyqHJI BO BpeMJI BOHHbI mupOKoe pacllpoCTpaHeHHe. OH pa30meJICH 110 BCeH cTpaHe C TeKCTOM, HaIIeqaTaHHbIM Ha MHOrnx H3bIKax Hapo,noB CCCP. Ha TeMe PO,nHHbI-MafepH. CP.. AHTOHOB B. 1942. ro.ny TaK)I(e BbmOJIHHJI. BbmaroII(Hi{cH IIJIaKaT: «CbIH MOH! TbI BH,D.1Iillb ,nOJIlO MOIO ... rpOMH tPaIIIHCTOB B CBSITOM' 601O!», 06Pa3HbIH CTpOH KOTOporo 1I0,I{'lHHeH y>Ke HHOMY qyBCTBY.. B'. ro)l;bI. BOeHHbIX. HCllbITaHHH. COBeTCKHe. IIJIaKarHCTbI. cTPeMHJIHCb. «roBOpHTh» co 3pHTeJIeM oc06eHHo IIPOHHKoHoBeHHo, B3BOJIHOBaHHO, ropgqO, TaK, tIT06bI Ka)I()l;Oro 1I0TpHCJIO H y6e,nHJIO )'BH,neHHoe Ha pHc)'HKe. HMeHHo ::noro y.n;aJIOCb ,nOCTH%. CP.. AHTOHOBY, H306pa3HBmeMY C CypOBOH IIPOCTOTOH, HO 6e3. CeHTHMeHTaJIbHOCTH cTapYXY-MaTb B pa30peHHoM ceJIe, IIpH3bIBalOmyIO CbIHa K B03Me3,nHID. Cep,IU.1;e Ka)I()l;OrO PyccKoro qeJIOBeKa C)l(HMaJIa 60JTh IIpH BH,ne :nOH YCTaJIOH CTapymKH, cToSlID;eH C )l(aJIKHM Y3eJIKOM Ha lIelleJIHm;e PO,nHoro ,nOMa. Bo B30pe MarepH - Ha,ne)l()l;a Ha CllaceHHe, H BOT OHa y>Ke He O,nHHOKa -. C HeH, KaK. po.n;Hoii Cbm, Cep)(lJ;eM H BOJIeH Ka)I()l;bIH, KTO BH,neJI 3TOT 1I0TPHC3lOm;HH IIJIaKaT. 3TOT CHJIbHbIH llJIaKaT MO)l(HO 6bIJIO BOCllPHHHMaI'b .nsOHKO: KaK H306pa)l(eHHe CTapoH. )l(eHm;HHbI,. MOJUIII.J;eH. H3. «paIIIHCTCKOro. llJIeHa. 0. 1I0Mom;H,. H. KaK. 283.

(7) ~HB~~. ~~ 91 if6. mli;1t13. F3. CHMBOJIHqeCKOe H306pIDKHeH CTp3,[(31Om;eH MaTepH-PO,ltHHbI.. 4. 11 ,ltpyme xy,ltO>KHHKH paCKpbIBaJIH TeMY PO,ltHHbI Qepe3 iKeHCKHe 06pa3b1. .ll. IIlMapHHoB B pa60Te «BOHR, OTBeTb PO,ltHHe n06e,ltOH» (1942) BonrrOTHlI npe,ltCTaBJIeHHe 0 PO,ltHHe B 06pa3e MOJIO,ltOH iKeHm;HHbI, pacnpocTepmeH PYKH, B KOTOPbIX OHa ,ltepiKHT aBTOMaT H CHon nmemnn,.I. B. I1BaHOB B nJIaKaTe «MCTH 3a rope HapO,lta» (1943) npe,ltCTaBHJI PyccKyIO iKeHllUIHY; nponlmB31Om;yIO Bnepe,lt CiKaThIH KYJIaK, B ::lTOM iKeCTe OHa KaK 6b1 BOIIJIOm;aeT CHJIY HapO,ltHoro meBa. Bce ::lTO 6bIJIH y.n;a~ble pemeHHR, nO-pa3HoMy H, KaK rrpaBHIIO,. y6e,ltHTerrbHO. TpaKTOBaBmHe npeKpacHbIH CHMBOJI. C1:OiKeThI. nepBbIX. nrraKaTOB. BOHHbI. Ha. CaMOM. ,lterre. He. 6b1IIH. pa3H006pa3HbIMH, nOCKOJIbKY BOHHa em;e TOJIbKO HaqHHana OTKpbIBaTh CBoe nO,ltJIHHHoe JIHUO. fOTOBHOCTb yMepeTb, HO He ,ltaTb BPary npORTH, TparH3M 60Pb6b1 C rrpeBocxo.rt.st:m;eH CHJIOH OTBara, C KOTOPOH OT,ltaI:OT CBOH iKH3HH TblCj{qH COBeTCKHX JI1:O,lteR, -. BOT OCHOBHble qyBCTBa BbIpaiKeHHble B IIJIaKaTax 1941-ro. Haqana 1942 ro,lta. TaKOBbI nJIaKaTbI 1941 ro,lta: «Kperrqe y,ltap no Bpary» H. «3am;HTHM ropo,lt JIeHHHa». B.. CepoBa, «lieR Kperrqe, CbIHOK!». 11.. Cepe6pRHoro,. «liy.lth repoeM!» H «.llPYiKHHHUbI KpacHoro KpecTa! He OCTaBHM Ha norre 60R'HH paHeHOrO, HH ero opy:>KIDI». B pa60Te. B. KopeuKOro H MHome ,ltpyme.. «lieH Kperrqe, CbIHOK!». 11.. Cepe6pmoro Ha <poHe H.rty:IIl.Hx BORCK,. TaHKOB H JIeT.st:m;HX CaMOJIeTOB iKeHllUIHa C CHJIbHbIM, CTpOrHM JIHUOM nOCbIJIaeT BOJIeBbIM H 6rrarOCJIOBJIjIJ:Om;HM iKeCTOM CBoero CbIHa-60Hua Ha <PPOHT. B ero n03e pemHMOCTh H CHJIa, BHYTpeHHe OH YiKe BKJI1:OQeH B nOTOK H.lty:III.HX BOHHOB. Ha IIJIaKaTe B. KopeUKoro «Ey.lth repoeM!» (1941) MaTh npom;aeTCR C CbIHOM-KpaCHoapMeHueM, npOBOiKa.st: ero Ha <PPOHT. Ee p~, JIeiKam;a.st: Ha rpy,ltH. 4 IfcmopWl PYCCK020 uCK)'ccmeo. T.. 284. 12. c. 30..

(8) B rrepHO.ll BTOpoli MHpoBOli BOliH:b1 (1941 r. - 1944 r.). repoHIDI B COBeTCKOM rrOJIH'fH1IeCKOM rrmllcare -. IOHOllIH, JIaCKOBhIM, HO TBep.lU)IM H Tpe60BaTeJIbHhIM .lV3H)I(eHHeM HarrpaB.JIHeT ero Bnepe.D;, B 60it B .npyroM JIHCTe. B.. Koperucoro <<,l.(pymmHUbl KpacHoro KpecTa! He OCTaBHM. Ha nOJIe 60.Sl HH paueHoro, HH ero Op)')KIDI», OnHCaH repOHlJeCKHH nO.lV3Hr Me.n;ceCTep, BbIp3.3HTeJIbHO nepe.D;aHo OII(ym;eHHe onaCHOCTH H HaBHCmeH yrpo3bl .n;pyJKHHHHUa, nO)J.,llep:>KHBaJI paueHoro B roJIOBY 60Hua H HeC.Sl ero BHHTOBKY, OTnOJI3aeT no-nJIac1j'HcKH H3 30HbI orH.Sl. IleH3a)!(, HaMelJeHHbIH TOJIbKO. o6II.UfMH. KOHTYPaMH XOJIMOB C pe,ZU(HMH CTOJI6aMH npOBOJIoqubIX 3arpa)l(.l(eHHH, nepe.D;aeT 06CTaHOBKY, noJIHYIO Harrp.Sl)l(eHH.Sl ynOpHbIX 60eB.. 5. IlpHlJeM HaH60JIee pacnpoCTpaueHHble ClO)I(eThI H BIDKHeHmHe TeMbl B nJIaKaTax. 1941. ro.D;a, nOCB.SlII(eHHbIX TblJIOBbIM TeMaM -. KOJIX03HOrO HMYmeCTBa OT nO)KapOB H xHlI(eHHH H np.. y60PKa YPO)Ka.SI, oxpaua. B. 3THX 3MOI(HOHaJIbHbIX,. HCHbIX H .D;eHCTBeHHbIX nJIaKaTax H306pa)!(eHa )l(eHIUHHa y CTaHKa, 3a pyneM TPaKTopa HJIH 3a mTYPBanOM KOM6aHHa, 3aMeHHBma.SI MY:>KlJHRY, yme.nmero Ha <PPOHT. TaKOBbI nJIaKaTbI. 1941. rO.D;a: «3aMeHHM!». B.. CepoBa, «1ioJIbme XJIe6a .D;JI.Sl. <ppoHTa H TblJIa. Y6paTb ypO)KaH nOJIHOCTblO!» H. BaTOJIHHOH H H. ):.{eHHCOBa, H T•. .n. J1HTOrpa<pH.Sl-nJIaKaT. B.. CepoBa «3aMeHHM!». (1941). H306pa)!(aeT MOJIO.nyIO. )l(eHIIJ;HHY, 3acTynalOII(yro Ha CMeRY Y CTaHKa. OHa HMeBaeT pa60lJHe PYKaBHUbI, 6poca.SI B3rmI,lJ; Ha H.D;yII1;HX MHMO uexa Ha <pPOHT 6oHuoB. P.Sl,LU)1 HX nJIOTHbl, B.D;anH BbICHTC1[ 6a.nnrn TaHKOB C nymKaMH, HM HHMH B 60eBOM CTpOIO JIeT.SlT CaMOJIeTbl. Pe3KOCTh <poHa KaK 6bl npHrnymeHa, OH H peaneH H CHMBOJIHqeH O.D;HOBpeMeHHO. Crponm: npo<pHJIb )KeHII(HHbl, CB060.D;HbIH H pemHTeJIbHbIH nOBopOT <pHrYPbl, COcpe.D;OTOlJeHHbIH B3rJISI.D; -. 5. ee CHJIbHOH. Bce 3TO BKJI10lJaeT ee B pHTM .lV3H)KeHH.Sl. B. KopetfKUU. cc.13-14.. 285.

(9) filffi~~. ~~ 91 ~ 6. mliW3. f3. 60HI{OB, CTaBHT B HX p.sm;hl. "POCCIDI CTHCHyna 3y6hl nHCaJI n03.IUiee POJlb. M.. OHa BOIOeT. ". «PPOHTa. ThIDa. 3peH6ypr.. Tp~a. ThIDOBOro. «pPOHTa,. ,l:(.JUI. e,nHHCTBO. H. no,nqepKHBaIOTCH OII()'II{eHHeM 3HatmTeJIhHOCTH npOHCXO,WUII;ero ,lleHCTBIDI. 3TO H COnOCTaBJIeHHe. Cl{eHbl. KOHKPeTHOH. TpY,lla. C. YCJIOBHhIM. H306p8.)KeHHeM. «pPOHTOBOH a:raKH, H BpyqeHHe 60Hl{aM CHap.sm;OB, naTpOHOB, p)')KeH -. CIOiKeThl. 3,lleCh npnfO roBOPHT 0 HenOCpe,llCTBeHHOH CBH3H «PPOHTa H ThIDa. B ,llPYrHX nJIaKaTax B8.)KHOCTh H. He06xo,nHMOCTh TP~OBOro nO,llBHra no,nqepKHBaeTCH. HHhIMH KOMll03Hl{HOHHO-~0:>KeCTBeHHblMH Cpe,llCTBaMH -. Cl{eHa TpY,lla KaK 6hl. npHnO,llHHMaeTCH Ha.zt 06hl,lleHHhIM. B 3THX ImaKaTax npaBHJlbHhm oroop ,lleTaJIeH, OC'rpOyMHe ClO:>KeTHOrO H KOMn03Hl{HOHHOro nOCTpoeHIDI llJIaKaTOB, ,nHHaMHKa ,llBH:>KeHIDI, l{BeTOBOe pemeHHe 6hmH oc06eHHO Ba:>KHhI. TaKOB, HanpHMep, nJIaKaT. H.. BaTOJIHHOH H. H.. ypO:>KaH nOJIHOCThlO!». ,L(eHHcoBa «IiOJIhme XJIe6a ,llJIH «PPOHTa H ThIDa. Y6paTh. (1941),. H306pIDKalOmHH MOJIO.uyro :>KeHmHHY Y mTYPBaJIa. KOM6aHHa. ]JHl{O :>KeHIIlHHbl pellIHTeJIhHO, cnOKoHHo. CHMBOJIHtffiOCTh ,lleHCTBHH repoHHH BhIp8.)KeHa n030H H xapaKTepOM :>KeCTa, a TaK:>Ke H TeM, lITO, no cymeCTBY, OTCYTCBYeT peaJIhHOe H306p8.)KeHHe KOM6aHHa, peaJIbHM 06CTaHOBKa pa60Qero MeCTa.. 6 IT. ... A.. ,t-l,HHaMHtffiO pemeH '¥OH: C~MHTeJlbHO nOe3,ll -. Bnepe,ll,. BHOCHll{HH. B. pemeHHe. nJIaKa:rHoro. 06pa3a. CHMBOJI ,llBH:>KeHIDI. :>KH3HeYTBep)K,llaIOmee. HaCTpoeHHe, YKpellJI.sIlOmHH Bepy B n06e.uy Ha.zt BparoM. IlrIaKaT. H.. Ba:rOJIHHOH. H. H.. ,L(eHHcoBa -. xapaKTepHbIH. npOH3Be,lleHHH, pacnpoCTpaHeHHbIX B nepBble MeCHl{hl BOHHhI. B 6JIH3KHMH K ypO:>KaH -. 6. HeMY 6hmH llJIaKaThl. A.. KaHeBCKOro. 1941. ro.uy. BOBpeMH BeCh. Ham 60eBOH ,llOJIr!», T. EpeMHHOH «Y6paTh YPO:>KaH ,ll0 e,nHHoro. J(eMocq,eHOBa r. C06emCKue nnaKamucmbl - rjJPOHmy. c.2S.. 286. «Y6paTh. npHMep.

(10) repOHHH B COBeTCKOM rrO.llHTlfqeCKOM IIJIaKaTe ~ B rrepHOJl BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOm.nu. (1941 r. -1944 r.). 3epHah>, «Ha TPaKTOP ,lleBym:KH Ca,Z:VrrC.SI CMeJIO, ,llaroT 60iiJ:.{aM YBepeHHbIH HaKa3 -. q,amHCTOB 6eHTe xpa6po H }'MeJIo.. A. Mbl. yx. rropa60TaeM 3a Bac»,. A.. TIaxoMO:sa «Pe6.sITa, 3aMeHHM OTUOB H 6paTheB, yme.znnHx Ha .pPOHT! iloMoxeM y6paTh' YPOXaH!» H MHorne ,llpyrne.. B. 06pa3ax H CIOXeTax IIrraKaTOB. 1941. A.. ro,lla. ilaxOMOBa -. «Pe6.sITa,. 3aMeHHM OTI:.{OB H 6paTbeB, yme,llmHX Ha .pPOHT! iloMoxeM y6paTb yPOXaH!» H «MeTaJIJIOM aTMocq.epa,. rro. .pamHCTaM!». -. HaxO}l.sIT. CBoe. BOrrJIOmeHHe. )l(H3HeHHaSI. rrOBCe,llHeBHOe TeprreHHe, oTcyrcTBHe a.p.peKTanHH B repoH3Me,. CBOHCTBeHHhle PYCCKOMY l.J:eJIOBeKY, rrpo.sIBHBillHeC.sI B ro,lUd BOHRbI H rroTP.sICillHe MHp. TaKOBbl H rrJIaKaTbI pa60TaBmHX B fleHHHrpa.ne 3a mrypBaJI KOM6aHHa, 3a pyJIb TPaKTopa!» H. C.. r. P03eH6JI1OMa <UKeHmHHbl,. MOl.J:aJIOBa «ilO,llroTOBHM K 3HMe. A.. KaJKJJ:bIH ,llOM, Kax,llyro KBaprHpy, .I(8.jJ(Jl)'IO KOMHary!» H .n;pyrHX.. ilaxOMOB, B. cymHOCTH, He rrbITaJIC.sI CTaBHTh B HHX HHKaKHX CrreI:.{H.pHl.J:eCKHX IIJIaKaTHbIX rrp06JIeM, TeM He MeHee OH ,llOCTHr arHTal:.{HOHHOH CHJIbI y6e)l(,lleHH.sI 6JIaro,llap.sI TOl.J:HOH rrepe,llal.J:e ,lleTCKO-B3POCJIOH HHTOHanHH.. B. IIJIaKaTax BoeHHoro BpeMeHH. neTH 06bll.J:HO H306paxaJIHCb 3amHmeHHbIMH OT rH6eJIH MaTepblO. O,llHaKO B IIJIaKaTe «Pe6.sITa, 3aMeHHM OTl:.{OB H 6paTbeB, yme,llillHX Ha .pPOHT! ilOMoxeM y6paTh. YPOXaH!». ,lleBOl.J:Ka,. KaK. OPaTOP,. TBep.n;o,. CHJIbHO. H. peillHTeJIbHO. rrpH3bIBaeT K TPYJlY. B. rrepHO,ll. 1941 -. 1942. ro,llOB,. rrOMHMO. BOIIJIOmeHH.sI. rep0Hl.J:eCKHX,. TpYJlOBbIX ClOxeTOB, B IIJIaKaTe rronyqHJIa pa3BHTHe TeMa CTPMaHHH COBeTCKHX mOneH, rrOrraBmHX rro,ll BpaxecKoe Hro, TeMa HerrOKopeHHhlX H rpe6yroIIUlx OTMmeHH.sI. ilJIaKaT roBOPHJI COBeTCKHM BOHHaM, rrapTH3aHaM, BceM COBeTCKHM JIIO)l.SIM 0 BpaxecKHx 3JIO,lle.sIHH.sIX, TPe6yromHx B03Me3,n;H.sI, 0 cy.zu,6ax COBeTCKHX JIIOl(eH. IIrra:KaTHCTbl B p.sI}le cnyqaeB }'MeJIH C,lleJIaTb 06pa3b1 CTPMaIOIIUlX JIIO,lleH CypOBbIMH, rneBHbIMH, C,llepXaHHbIMH, BbI3hlBaIOmHMH He qyBCTBO CJIe3JIHBOH. 287.

(11) ~~~. mliWJ. ~~ 91. 6~. )KarrOCTH, B B03MyrIJ;eHHe H Heo6xo,lUlMoCTh B03Me3,1J;ID1. To. 3HaqeHHe,. KOTOpoe. HeH36e)KHo HMeJIO. B. TPaKTOBKe ){aHHOH. TeMhI. HerrOCpe){CTBeHHO 3MOUHOHa.JIbHOe HaqarrO, rrpe){OCTaBHJIO XY){O)KHHKaM oco6yro B03MO)KHOCTh CBo6o;lth1 B rrpo.sIBJIeHHH cBoero HH){HBH,ll)'a.JIbHOro OTHomeHIDI K H306pIDKaeMoMY.. MO)KHO. HaMeTHTh. ){Ba. OCHOBHbIX. pycJIa,. rro. KOTOPbIM. HarrpaBIDIJIHCb HX rrOHCKH. O){HH IIJIaKa:rbI B CaMOM H306pIDKeHHH paCKphIBaJIH H){elO. rrpOTeCTa. rrpOHCxO){Hll(ero, OTMmeHHIO. B. H. 60Pb6bl,. rrpH3bmruI. .zwyrne -. COBeTCKHX. rrpoCTO. JIIO){eH. K. ){eMOHCTpHPOBaJIH HeMe){JIeHHOH. )1Kac. rrOMOmH. H. 060HX BapHaHTaX 6bIJIH C03){aHDI CHJIbHble rrJIaKaTHble 06Pa3hI.. O){HaKO .rryqm:HMH OKa3arrHCb B 60JIDmHHCTBe cnyqaeB Te JIHCThI, r){e CaM CTPa){aIOmHH qeJIOBeK 6bIJI rrpe){CTaBJIeH rrpoTecT)'IOmHM H 6oplOmHMC.sl.7 Y)Ke B rrJIaKaTax «<I>amH3M. -. 1941. ro){a «He 6oJITaH!» H. BaTOJIHHOH H H. ,1l;eHHcoBa,. 3JIeHmHH Bpar )KeHmHH!. Bce Ha 60Pb6y C <p8.I1IH3MOM!» H.. BaToJIHHoH Mbl BH){HM, HaCKOJIbKO o6oramJIOCb 3ByqaHHe o6pa3a 6JIaro){ap.sl B3BOJIHOBaHHOH rrepe){aqe Harrp.sl)KeHHoro 3MOUHOHarrbHoro COCTO.slHH.sl repoeB. OT. cTPororo,. BOJIeBoro. JIHua. )KeHmHHbl. Ha. rrJIaKaTe. «He. 60JITaH!». CYPOBOCTblO H CHJIOH. Tpe60BaTeJIeH H BJIaCTeH )KeCT MOJIqaHH.sl IIJIomo CTHCHyTbIM ry6aM rrarreu. JIHUO H )KeCT. BeeT. rrpH)KaTbIH K. 60JIbme H:u:qero HeT B. rrJIaKaTe, HO rrCHXOJIOrHqeCKOe COCTO.slHHe repoHHH HaCTOJIDKO. TO~O. BbIpIDKeHo,. ~o 6e30mH6o~o Bbl3bmaeT y 3pHTeJlj[ aHarro~oe rrepe)KHBaHHe. ,n;pyrOH rrJIaKaT H. BaTOJIHHOH «<I>amH3M Ha. 60Pb6y. rrJIaKamoro. C. <pamH3MOM!» -. HCKYcCTBa. Haqarra. TaK)Ke. 3JIeHmHH Bpar )KeHmHH! Bce. rrpHHa){JIe)KHT. BOHHbl,. B. KOTOphIX. K. TeM. rrpOH3Be){eHH.slM. BrrepBble. HameJI. CBOe. BbIpIDKeHHe Tpar:u:qecKHH rra<poc rrpH3bma K 3amHTe OT <pamHCTCKOro HameCTBH.sl.. 7 lfcmopUJl PYCCKOZO uCK)'ccmea. T.12. c.27.. 288.

(12) B nepHO,lJ, (1941 r. - 1944 r.). repoH.HII B COBeTCKOM nOJIHTHTIeCKOM IDIaKaTe -. BTOpoii MHpOBOii Boiffihl. OH. )')ICe. Hecer. Ha. ce6e. OTIIeqaTOK. CypoBbIX. )lHeB:. BOHHbI,. BOJIHYeT. H. 3aITOMHHaeTC51. TpeBOiKHO-51pKOe COqeTaHHe qepHoro, KpacHoro H 6eJIoro qBeTOB, BblPa3HTeJIbHbIH: Ha q,OHe .H.3b1KOB IIJIaMeHH MOHYMeHTaJIbHbIH: cHJIy'3T iKeHl.I(HHbI c pacKHHyTbIMH PYKaMH BbI3bIBaIOT B IIaMHTH rryqIIIHe IIJIaKaI'hI IIepBbIX JIeT COBeTCKOB: BJIaCTH, H OC06eHHO IIJIaKaT.n. Moopa «iloMomb>. (1919).. O,Z(Ha qePTa, XapaKTepHa5I ,l{JDI IIJIaKaTa 3IIOXH BTopoH MHpOBOB: BOHHbI, rrp05IBHJIaCb BIIepBbIe HaH60JIee IIOJIHO B IIJIaKaTax. 1942. rO,l(a. l1M:eeTc51 B BHl(y. rrOHHMaHHe H oTpIDKeHHe repoH3Ma, ero IICHXOJIOmH, xapaKTep IIpe,l(CTaBJIeHH5I 0 B03BblllIeHHOM H IIpeKpacHoM. CaMa iKH3Hb HaCTOJIbKO IIpeBOCXO,l(HJIa mo60e Boo6pIDKeHHe, qrO qeM 6JIHiKe K HeB: CTaHOBHJIC51 xy.n;OiKHHK, TeM rryqme OH Mor rrepe,l(8:rb IIOl(JIHHHbIH: repoH3M. ilpHMepOM TaKOro IIO,l(XO,l(a MOiKeT CJIYiKHTb H3BeCTHbIH IIJIaKaT <dieB: HaCMepTb» BpeMeHH. ero. (1942),. II051BJIeHH5I,. H.. )KYKOBa. B KOTOPOM IIP051BHJIHCb HOBbIe, XapaKTepHbIe ,l{JDI qepThI 06pa3a COBeTCKOro. 60ib::(a-repo51.. )Kryqa5I. HeHaBltCTb K BPary, caM03a6BeHHa5I gpoCTb 6051 H O,l(HOBpeMeHHo C03HaHHe ,l(OJIra BOHHa-OCB060,l(HTeJI5I IIpoHH3bIBaIOT 3TOT IIJIaKaT. ilrraKaT. H.. )KYKoBa <dieB: HaCMepTb!», IIOCB5Iru;eHHbIH 605IM Ha Borrre,. rrOKa3aBIIIHH: IIyneMerquKa B 6010 Ha YJIH"nax CTaJIHHrpal(a, 3HaquTeJIeH He TOJIbKO KaK CHJIbHOe, oCTpoe H IIpaB,l(HBOe oT06pIDKeHHe 60eBOB: gpoCTH H repOH3Ma COBeTCKOrO 60ib::(a, HO H IIOTOMY,. qTQ. B :nOH pa60Te xy.n;OiKHHK 5IpKO. BblPa3H'JI pOJIb IIOJI~ecKoro IIJIaKaTa B 60eBOM BOCIIHTaHHH COBeTCKOrO BORHa. C pa.36J!ITOB: CTeHbI ,l(OMa, Y KOroPOH Be,l(er orOHb rryrreM~K, B3bIBaeT K HeMY KaK roJIOC COBeCTH IIJIaKaT KopeU;Koro «BoHH KpaCHOH APMHH, CilacHh>. IhBecTHo, KaKOB: IIIHPOKOB: IIOrryJI5IpHOCTbIO B ro,l(bI BOHHbI IIOJIb30BaJIC51 rrJIaKaT B. KopeIJ;Koro «BOHH KpaCHOH APMHH, CIIaCH!». IIOMemaeT. IIJIaKaT. KopeIJ;Koro. OKOJIO. cBoero. H.. )KYKOB He crryqaHHO. repo51-rryJIeM~Ka.. ilrraKaT,. 289.

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(14) B. repOHIDI B COBeTCKOM nOJIHTWIeCKOM fiJIaKaTe BTOpoit MHpOBOit BOitm.I. (1941 r.. nepHOn. 1944 1:). MaJIh'lllKa C rm13aMH, nOJIHhIMH cne3, He npoc.srr COlKarreHIDI, OHH rpe6yroT MeCTH. «)l(eHInHHa H Ma.JII,'llIK He npOC.SIT 0 nOMOII:Ul, OHH 60plOTC.SI CBORM op)?KHeM IIpe3peHHeM K Bpary H CTOHKOCThIO.. 11. TO, tffO OHH CaMH 60PIOTC.SI, no MoeMY. MHeHHIO, )lOnIKHO 6hillO )leHCTBOB8Th Ha 60HnOB 60nhme nI06hlX npH3hIBOB 0. IIOMO~»,. -. llHcarr. B.. KopenKHH8. qepHa.SI ryCTa.SI ThMa <pOHa, 6ecnoKoHHhm. pe3KHH 6enhm CBeT, JIOlKaII:UlHC.SI oroJIeCKOM Ha mm,a lKeHII:UlHhI H ee pe6eHKa, IIhIJIaIOII:Ule KPOBhIO CrpOKH TeKCTa -. Bce C03)lacr Hanp.SIIKeHHhIH )lpaMaTH3M. :noro JlHCTa. 3nHrpa<pOM K :noMY JIHCTY MODIH 6hI CTaTh CJIOBa A. TIJIaTOHoBa: HapO)le noH.sITH.SI MaTepH H BOHHa pO)lCTBeHHhD>. «B HameM. o6a XpaH.srr pe6eHKa OT. rH6eJIH. JIro6Y.SICh eCTeCTBeHHOH KpacoToH MaTepHHcKoro qyBCTBa, XY)lOIKHHK BOCCTaHaBJIHBarr B npasax H3BeqJJYJO neHHOCTh iKeHmHHhI-6eperHHH.9. <I>.. AHToHoBa. ThI He )lamb J1I06HMyro Ha n030p H. 6ecqecThe. PaCCMaTpHBa.SI pa3BHTHe TeMhI, CJIe.nyeT OTMeTHTh nJIaKaT «Eoen KpacHoH. ApMHH!. rHTJIepoBCKHM COJI)laTaM». (1942),. COBceM eme IOHoe cymecTBo.. Ha KOroPOM H306paiICeHa MOnO)la.SI )leBymKa,. PYKH. ee cKpyqeHhI BepeBKaMH, O)leiK)la pa30pBaHa.. Ho OHa He nJIaqeT H He C)lacrc.SI -. roJIosa ee ynP.SIMO HaKJIOHeHa, meBHhIH. B3fJIR,U Hcno,Zl)lo6h.SI BhIpaiICaeT pemHMOCTh. OHa paCnp.SIMHJIa nJIeTiH H rop)lO CTOHT Ha <pOHe 3apesa H BHCeJIHn, M)?KeCTBeHHO rJI.Sl)l.Sl B JIHnO Bpara. OTKy.na B ::nOH. MOnO)leHhKOH. rrpHrryXnOCTh,. )leBymKe;. CTOnhKO. MYlKectBeHHOCTH?. 11. ry6hI. CHnhI,. KOTOPOH. C03HaHIDI. erne. COXpaHHnH. .nymeBHoro. )leTCKyro. npeBOCXO)lCTBa,. TaK IKe TBep)lO, KaK B3rJIR,U repoHHH llJIaKaTa, 3ByqHT ero. TeKCT: «Boen KpaCHOH ApMHH! ThI He )lamb JII06HMyro Ha n030p H 6eCQeCThe fHTJIepoBCKHM COJI)laTaM».. KopeIllCH'it K., 3a.MemKU fUlaKamucma. c. 78.. CUM80Jlbl 3noxu 8 c08emCKQM fUlaKame. c. 94, 95.. 291.

(15) {ftm~~. mEW:!. ~~ 91lf: 6 J=J. )I{eHmHHhl H ,nem. B. OCHOBHble ,neiicTByIDmHe JIHua :noii IIOBecm.. HX. o6pa3ax, TaKHX xpyrrKHX H 6e33a:mHTHbIX IIepe,n CTaJIbHOii cTeHoH 4>anmcTcKoii )f(eCTOKOCTH, HamJIO cBoe BbIpaiKeHHe lIYSCTBO 6e3rpaHlflIHOii HeiKHoii mo6BH H CBilmeHHbm. na<poc. B03Me3,D;ID1.. KaiK,nbm H3. IIJIaKaTOB. HaCTOJIbKO. BOJIHYeT,. HaCTOJIbKO HCKpeHHe H iKHBO Bocco3,naer cTpamHble KapTHHbI lIeJIOBellecKoro rop.sI, lITO Tp)'.llHO Ha3BaTb. JIY'DIIlIH H3 HHX. 10. TaKOBbI eme IIJIaKaThI. JI.. fOJIOBaHOBa «3a qeCTb )f(eHbI, 3a CMeprb ,n;eTeH, 3a. ClIaCThe pO.n;HHbI CBoeH, 3a HaIIIH HHBbI H n:yra -. (1942) H. «Mcm 4>anmcTcKHM IICaM!». B IIJIaKa:I'e Hanm. HHBbI. H. y6eii 3ax.BaTllHKa-Bpara!». (1943).. «3a lIeCTh )f(eHbI, 3a cMeprb ,nereii, 3a ClIaCTbe PO,nHHbI cBoeii, 3a n:yra. -. y6eii. 3aXBaTllHKa-Bpara!». MOJIO,nag,. TporaTeJIbHO. KpacHBag )f(eHmHHa-MaTb H306paiKeHa yrraBmeii Ha 3eMmo, 6eJIOKYPbm pe6eHOK 6eCCHJIbHO. IIPHIIaJI. K. Heii;. YiKaCHbm. XHIUHHK. co. CBacmKoii. Ha. PYKaBe,. 3acyqeHHoM H OTKpbIBmeM 3BepHHyID JIarry roPHJIJIbI, HeMeUKHH y6HHua yxO.n;HT Brny6b, KOCO 03HpagCb Ha 3pHTeJIg. KaiKeTC.sI, BC.sI HeHaBHCTh, BeCb .sIpbm rHeB COBeTcKoro qeJIOBeKa, BH,n;eBmero H HCIIbITaBmero rH6eJIb pO.n;HbIX H HeBHHHbIX, BbIpa3HJIHCb B 3TOM JIHCTe. }:WyroH. IIJIaKaT. «Mcm. 4>amHCTCKHM. IICaMb) 11. 6hlJI. c,neJIaH. JI.. fOJIOBaHOBbIM Ha OCHOBaHHH 4>aKTOB, H3JIO)f(eHHbIX B ITHCbMe, IIonyqeHHoM H3 ,nOMa 60HUOM faJIKHHbIM. <pPa3ax. C006maJIOCb. 0. B IIHCbMe B HeCKOJIbKHX Cy.nb6e. ero. )f(eHbI. CKyrrbIX, HO IIOJIHbIX Tparn3Ma H. ,nereii,. OCTaBmHXC.sI. Ha. OKKyrrHpOBaHHOH <pamHCTaMH TeppHTopHH. 3To H H306pa3HJI xy.n;OiKHHK Ha CBOeM IIJIaKaTe. ,l(eBOllKa C rpy,nHbIM pe6eHKOM Ha PYK3X y6eraer OT. 10. tt. ,n;Byx. ):(eMOclPeHoBa r. C08emCKUe nJla1<amUCmbl - CPPOHmy. c.42.. IInaKaT CAenaH B 1942 fO.ny H H3AaH H3.lJ,arenbCTBOM «HcKycCTBo» B 1943 fO.ny. 06WHH THpIDK. nnaKaTa - 60nee MHnnHOHa 3K3eMnnSlpoB.. 292.

(16) B rrepHO,ll. BTOpoi! MHpOBOi! BOIDn.I (1941 r. - 1944 r.). repoHIDI B COBeTCKOM rrOJIHTIf1IeCKOM IIJIaKare -. lflaIillICTCKHX BO.sIK, CT01lIIUlX OKOJIO Tpyrra ee MaTepH. <l>amHCThI CMOTp.sIT BCJIe)]; .ueBOtfKe, KaK 6bI pema.sI, CTOHT JIH TpaTIITb rrymf. TOT, KTO rny60KO mo6HT Po,z:umy, He MO)KeT He rrpOHHKHyTbC.sI 6eCrrOID;a,nHOH HeHaBHCTbIO K 3axBa'flmK)'. BOCIIlITaHHIO :nOH HeHaBHCTH H 6bIJIH rrOCBJIlI(eHbI ITnaKmI, B3BOJIHOBaHHO paCCKa3bmaroI.lUle 0 Tparn:qeCKOH cy.zu,6e 3axBaQeHHblX BparoM PO)];HbIX roPO)];OB H ceJI, 0 cy.zu,6e OCTaBImIXC.sI BO BJIacm «parrmCTCKHX If3BeproB Orn;OB H MaTepeH, )];ereH, BOTIJIOID;a.rmCb. CTpaD;aHH.sI. HapO)];a,. ceCTep H BbI3bma.sI. 6paTheB.. B. CB.sIID;eHHbIH. HX CTpaD;aHH.sIX meB. H. )Ka)K)J;y. OTMIIJ;eHH.sI B cep)];n;ax COBeTCKHX BOHHOB. 3Ta TeMa rrOTp.sICJIa Bcex JIIO)];eH H BOHHOB oc06eHHO B BoeHHoe BpeM.sI. TaKoBbI, HaIIpHMep, llJIaKaTbI B. Kopen;Koro «He yHm $arrmcTCKOMY 3BepIO OT pacrrmrfbI!». (1942),. «Eoen;,. crraCH MeH.sI. OT pa6CTBa!». (1942). H. «CMepTh. .ueToy6HHu;aM!». B IIJIaKare «He yHTH «pamHcTcKoMY 3BepIO OT pacllJIaI'bI!» y CaMOH )];OpOrH, ITO KOTOPOH TOJIbKO qrO rrpOllIJIH BparH, JIe)KHT y6HTa.sI MOJIO)];a.sI )KeHIIJ;HHa. B03JIe Hee CH;nrr rrJIaqyma.sI )];eBOtfKa B H30PBaHHOM rrJIaTbe. B cTOpoHe rrbIJIaeT ceJIo. OceHHHH BeTep meT BeTBH He60JIbmOH 6epe3KH, pBeT C HHX rrOCJIe,[(HHe JIHCTb.sI. BeTep Hecer JIHCTh.sI, KJIO%.sI rrJIaMeHH H )];bIMa BCJIe)]; TOJIlle «pamHCTOB, cyeTJIHBO, He B HOry llIJIerraroI.IUIX rro PalMblTOH oceHHeH )];opore Ky.l(a-TO BHH3, rro)]; ropy. B He:\1 Bee rrO,.!J;qJ{HeHO e.D;HHOMY 3aMbICJIY: H .sICHa.sI KOMrr03Hn;H.sI, H KOJIOPHT, H 06Pa3bI JIIO)];eH.. 12. rrOKalaTb 3JIOH YMbICeJI, )KeCTOKOCTb, BapBapCKoe HaCHJIHe.... If rrpH3SaTh K OTMm;eHHIO Bcex, KTO 3TO BH,l(HT.. B. llJIaKaTe «Eoen;, crraCH MeH.sI OT pa6cTBa!» 3a KOJIIOQeH rrpo30JIOKOH. KOHn;JIarep.sI CTOHT MaJIeHbKa.sI )];eBOtfKa, C)KHMa.sI pyKaMH 6HPK)', rroBemeHHyro Ha. 12. B. KOpe1JKuii. c. 14.. 293.

(17) ~~ 91. m.liM. if: 6 fJ. ee melO. OHa CMOTpHT OKpyrJIHBIIIHMHCg OT )')ICaca H CJIe3 rJIalaMH 3a rrpoBOJIOKY, rrpH3:bIB8JI Ha rrOMOm;b H. rrpocg. OCBo6oJK)leHBj{,. CTapaTeJIbHLIM mKOJIbHbIM. rrOqepKOM Ha rrJIaKaTe BbIBe.n;eH ee rrpH3bm: «Iioen, crraCH MeBj{ OT pa6cTBaf».. B CBOHX BoeHHbIX I1JIaKarax KOpeI(KHH qaCTO o6pam;aeTcg K o6palY pe6eHKa, H 3TO eCTeCTBeHHO .l{JUI xy.n;o)J(IIHKa-aI1ITaTopa, rrpH3bIBarom;ero K 3aIIJ;HTe PO.n;HHbI, K 3am;HTe CaMoro .n;opororo .l{JUI COBeTCKOro BOHHa 6y.n;ym;ee CTpaHbI.. .n;eTeH, OJIHneTBOpgrom;ux. 13. TeMa Bpa:>KeCKOrO HameCTBBj{, CTPa)l;aHHH COBeTCKHX )KeHlI(HH H .n;ereH TaK:>Ke HamJIa CBoe BOIIJIOm;eHHe H B rrJIaKaTe H B CTaHKOBOH rpacpHKe. ,n:.. I..lIMapHHOBa. Oco6eHHO OCTaIOTCg B rraMflH 06pa3bI ero rrJIaKaTOB «OTOMcrn!». (1941. 1942), «51: :>K.n;y Te6g, BOHR oCBo6o.n;HTeJIb!» (1942) H. - .n;ymery6aM!». (1943. «CMepTh CPamHCTaM. 1944),. OrpoMHyro CHJIY ropg, O~HBj{, rrpH3hlBa cyMeJI BJIO:>KHTh xy.n;O:>KHHK B BbIpa:>KeHHe IIpOCTOro JIHI(a repoHHH I1JIaKara «OTOMCTH!». (1942). O.n;HH H3. rrepBbIX H JIyqnmx I1JIaKaTOB, pacCKalbIBalOm;HX 0 6e.n;cTBBjIX Hapo.n;a H 30BYlIlHX K 6oPb6e. Ee.n;CTBBj{ BOHHbI B COBeTCKOM rrJIaKaTe 3ByqaT He TOJIbKO rrOBeCThIO 0 CTpa)l;aHBjIX, HO O)l;HOBpeMeHHO H rHMHOM MY:>KeCTBY HerrOKopeHHbIX rOp)l;bIX JIIO.n;eH.. ,lJ;.. lliMapHROB rrpHHec B I1JIaKar rJIy60KHH rrCHXOJIOrH3M, BHHMaHHe K. BHYTPeHHeMY MHPY JIIO.n;eH BO BceM ero 60raTCTBe. Ha cpOHe KOCMaTOro rrJIaMeHH, BbmpaMHBmHCb BO BeCb POCT, H306pa:>KeHa TparuqeCKaJI cpHrypa )KeHlI(HHbl B 6eJIOH YKPaHHCKOH py6axe,. Be H3MOJK)leHHOe JIHI(O, rny60KO. rJIala, BrraJIble m;eKH roBOpgT 0. 3aI1aBmHe cKop6Hble. rrepeHeceHHbIX CTpa)l;aHHj{X, rOJIo.n;e, MYKax.. IIO)l;Hjffi roJIOBY, qyTh pal.n;BHHYB rraJIbnbI PYKH, Ha KOTOPOH rrOKOHTCg MaJIeHbKOe. 13. B. KopellKUU. c. 14.. 294.

(18) B nepHO,l( (1941 r. -1944 r.). repoHH1l B COBeTCKOM nOJIHTlflIeCKOM IIJIaKaTe BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOmn.I. TeJIbue y6HTOH CBeTJIOBOJIOCOH )];eBOqJ(H C 3aneKIIIeHcjJ CTPyHKOH KpOBH Ha BHcKe, HeCqaCTHM. Ma:rb. XOTjJ. 6e3MOJIBHa,. HO. KaK. 6y.llTO. cnpanrnBaeT:. «3a. qrO. IIPWIHHHlIH 60JIb ee pe6eHKY, 3a qrO npH~HHJlH rope eH?». Ha,zJ. HeH Ha qepHOM cpoHe ropHT TO JIH KpOBbIO, TO JIH nJIaMeHeM BhlBe)];eHHbr.H: npH3bm «OroMcm!» pa3ManmCTbr.H:, KpaCHbr.H:, KaK 6j'.l(TO cneillHO HanHCaHHbr.H: npH3bm K MeCTH.. ,n;. IIlMapHHoB qaCTO HCnOJIb3yeT BbIpa3HTeJIbHYIO cHJIY qepHoro. q,OHa, Ha. KOTOPOM oco6eHHo qeTKO Bbl,IleAAeTCjJ CHJIY3T q,HryPhl, gpqe 3B~ UBeT H TeKCT,. 3Hepr~o HanHCaHHhlH KHCThIO. [(BeT H q,opMa IllpHq,Ta opraHHqeCKH CBjJ3aHbI C H306pIDKeHHeM, HecYT B ce6e 06pa3HYIO Harpy3Ky. MO)KHO CKa3aTh, qrO B IIJIaKaThI. BHec. OH. HaCbnneHHOCTh, II03~OCTb,. B 1943. npHCy:rIJ;He. ero. nCHXOJIOfHqecKyro. MaCTepCTBO. TBOpqecmy. CHJIY. peaJIHC~eCKOro. o6pa3a,. KaqeCTBa. H)];eHHyro. 3MOUHOHaJIbHOCTb. H. PHCYHKa.. ro)];y 3TY TeMY npo)];OJIiKaIOT H MHorne .1lPyrne xy,n;OiKHHKH B CBOHX. IIJIaKaTaX. TaKOB, HanpHMep, JIHCT H3BecTHoro iKHBonHcua Ii. HOraHCOHa «Iioeu, OCBo6o)];H. OT. $anrncTcKoro. fReTa». (1943). B. 3TOM. nJIaKa:re. 3a. KOJIIOQeH. rrpOBOJIOKOH q,anmcTcKoro JIarepjJ CTOfi, npHiKaBIllHCb )];pyr K )];pyry, nOiKHJIM )f(eHllXHHa H )];eBO~a, OCTaBJIjleT HeH3rJIa,zJ.HMOe BneqaTJIeHHe. llpOCThle, nOJIHble ropbKoro TepneHIDI JIHUa, JIOXMOTbjJ PYKH n:eiicTBHjJ. O)];e~I,. H3MO)K,l(eHHble JIHUa, HaTPYiKeHHble. TaKOBa XapaKTepHCmKa repOHHb Ii. HOraHCOHa. Ho rJIaBHM CHJIa nJIaKaTa. B. ero. KOJIOpHCTHqeCKOM. peIlleHHH.. HeCMOTPjJ. Ha. rrOJIHrpaq,HqeCKHe orpaHHqeHHjJ, xy,n;OiKHHKY y)];aJIOCb nepe)];aTb B TPeBoiKHoM rJIy6oKOM KOJIOpHTe, B 3JIOBeII:{HX oroJIecKax nOiKapHIIJ;a, B CMfieHHOH Hrpe CBeTOTeHH BCro CHJIY CBoero cocTPa,zJ.aHHjJ TPafHqeCKOH cy.zn,6e JIIO)];eH. rrJIaKa:!' H BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeT B naMfiH nJIaKaTbI H. )KyKOBa H. 14. .D.eMOCc:peHOBa. r. C06emCKue fUlaKamucmbl -. B.. 14. JTOT. KrrHMarnHHa. t/JPOHmy. c.65.. 295.

(19) ~im~ffi. ~1iJm. ~liJ 91. 6 F.!. «lioeo;, YKpaHHa )l(',[(eT Te6.sI!» H «lioeo;, cnaCH MeIDl OT pa6cTBah> KopeO;Koro. TeMa BpIDKecKoro HameCTBH.H paCKpbIJla BO MHOrHX nJIaIGn'ax H «OKHa TACC», BbmOJIHeHHbIX. B.. MBaHOBblM. IInaKcm.,I. B.. MBaHOBa pa3Ho06pa3Hb! no. cBoeMY co,nep)KaHHIO H HCnOJIHeHHIO. Oc06eHHo TporaTeJIbHb! Y xy.nmKHHKa 06pa3b! ,neBOqeK-no.npocTKOB B llJIaIGn'ax «.Doeo; KpacHoH ApMHH! CMeJIO H CTOHKO 6eHC.H C BparoM 3a :>KH3Hb ,neTeH, 3a qeCTh )KeHb!, 3a PO.l(HOH ,nOM, 3a. (1943). Po.l(HHy». H «bJIH30K 'lac paCllJIaThI C c}>anrnCTaMH 3a Bce HX 3JIo,nemH.H!. CMej)'fb c}>amHCTaM-,neroy6HHrtaM!» IIrraKaT BparOM. B.. (1944).. MBaHOBa «boeo; KpacHOH ApMHH! CMeJIO H CTOHKO 6eHC.H C. 3a :>KH3Hb ,neTeH, 3a qeCTb. )KeHb!, 3a PO.l(HOH ,nOM, 3a PO,nHHY»,. BbmOJIHeHHbrH COBMeCTHO C O. 5YPOBOH, CHJIbHO BbITIJlIYT no seprHKaJIH, ero nponopIUlH nO'ITH COOTBeTCTByroT nponopIUI.HM qeJIOBeqeCKOH c}>HrypbI. ;:::(a H nOMemaeTC.H Ha HeM, B CYII:UiOCTII, O.l(Ha TOJIbKO ,neBO'lKa C MaJIeHbKHM pe6eHKOM Ha PYKax, 6eryrn;aJI np.sIMO Ha 3pHTeJI.H. fOJIeHaCTaJI, no-,neTCKH yrJIOmITaJI c}>HrypKa. ,neBO'IKH. Ha. qepHOM. 3JIosemeM. c}>OHe. oc06eHHO. TporaTeJIbHa. H. 6eCnOMOmHa.. B. nJIaKaTe «bJIH30K 'lac paCnJIaThI C c}>anrnCTaMH 3a Bce HX 3JIo,ne.HHH.H!. CMepTh. c}>anmCTaM-,neToy6HHo;aM!». 3eJIeHOBaTO-qepHbrH. OrpOMHbIMH 3JIOBemHMH TeIDIMH Ha CTeHe. ,neBO'IKa. B. KpaCHOM. nJIaTbHl(e.. MpaK. B JIeBOM HH:>KHeM yrny. OnamyBmeec.H. Ha3M. Ka3eMaTa -. JIHo;O. C. MaJIeHbKaJI BbIpIDKaer. HeqeJIoseqeCKOe CTpMaHHe. 3acyqHB PYKaBa Ha BOJIOCaTbIX PYKax, 3,nopoBeHHbIH c}>anrnCT BbmycKaer eH B CIIHHY oqepe.l(b H3 aBTOMaTa.. Ero. rJIa3 He BH,l(HO, OHH. CKpbITb! KaCKOH. TOJIbKO nJIomo C)KaTb!e B JIHHHIO TOHme ry6b!, B yrny pra .l(bIMHTC.sI narrHpoca. JIuo;o C npaBHJIbHblMH qepTaMH, HO O'ITaJIKHBaIOmee B CBoeH XJIa.l(HOKPOBHOH 3JIOBemee. 296. nOKa3HOH. OCBemeHHe. )KeCTOKOCTH. nOMoraroT. Harrp.sI)KeHHaJI. xy.nO:>KHHKY. O;BerOBa.H. nepe,naTb. raMMa,. KpaHHIOIO.

(20) repOHIDl B COBeTCKOM nOJIHTWleCKOM lTJIaKaTe BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHm,I. B. nepHO.Il. (1941 r. -1944 r.). B3BOJIHOBaHHOCTb, IIOTPHCeHHe OT cOBeprnaro:m;erocH 3JIo,neHHHH.. B,1943-44. r. B repOHqeCKOM IIJIaKaTe JKeHCKHe 06pa3bI BOIIJIO:m;aroT HOBbIe. THIIbI, . OIIpe,neJIeHHbIe KOpeHHbIM IIepeJIOMOM B xo,ne BOHHbI. O~:m;eHHe PO,nHOH 3eMJIH. 3axBaTqHKOB,. OT. MOTHBbI. pa.nOCTHOH. BCTPetm. COBeTCKOH. APMHH. B. oCBo6oJK)1;eHHbIX pailOHax BbIpa3HJIHCb B IIJIaKaTax B. I1BaHOBa «TbI BepHYJI HaM )1<Il3Hbb>. (1943),. illMapHHoBa. B.. KopeQKoro. «CJIaBa. oCBo6o,nHTellilM. (1943). 3aXBarQHKaM!». «BOHHY-OCBo6o,nHTemo. H. ,np.. YKPaHHbI!. IiO,nPbIH. CJIaBa!». CMePTb. IIacpoc. (1943), ,[(.. CParnHCTCKHM. o6pa3a. COBeTcKoro. corr,naTa-IIo6e,nHTeM, ysepeHHocTb B OKOHqaTeJIbHOM pa3rpoMe Bpara, pa.nOCTb IIo6e.rtb1 OTPa3HJIHCb B 60JIbIllHHCTBe IIJIaKaTOB. 1944-1945. ro,nOB. B. 3TOT. JKe. IIepHO,Z( 3Ha~TeJlbHOe MeCTO 3aHHJIH IIJIaKaTbI, IIpH3bIBaJ9ID;He K BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO HapO,nHoro X03HHCTBa, pa3pyrneHHbIX ropO,nOB H ceJI (<<A HY-Ka, B3j1JIH!» Cepe6pmoro,. MOTHB. M.. 1944; «OTCTpOHM Ha CJIaBY!» B. I1BaHOBa, 1945).. IIpHBeTCTBHH COBeTCKHM BOHHaM-II06e,nHTellilM y,na~o pa3pa60Tarr. B. I1BaHOB B IIJIaKaTe. 1943. ro,na «TbI BepHyJI HaM JKH3Hb!», KOTOPbIH Hec HOBbIe. CBeTnbIe HOTbI B CBoeM 3MOnHOHarrbHOM CTpoe, 3Byqarr KaK BecenbIH IIpa3,nHHK •. B'. 3TOM. IInaKaTe. BOHHa'-OCB06o,nHTeM. uenOMy,npeHHbIH y6e,[(HTeJlbHbIH •. JKeCT. COBeTCKaH. CMYJI(eHHaH C03,naroT. lliHpOTa. JKeH:m;HHa. YJlbI6Ka. 60Hna,. xy.n;OJKeCTBeHHbIH. Ha6mo,neHHH,. pa.nOCTHO ero. 06pa3,. TeMaTWIeCKoe. 06HHna. c,nepJKaHHbIH. 06aHTenbHbIH. H. pa3Hoo6pa3He,. 3MOnHOHarrbHaH HaCbIIIJ;eHHOCTb, YMeHHe IIPOqyBCTBOBaTb, 0606ID;HTb H IIepe,naTb THIIHQeCKHH 06pa3 60Hna OTnJ{qaroT TBOpqeCTBO B.I1BaHOBa. Y6e,nHTeJlbHbIH 06pa3 C03,narr B CBoeM IInaKaTe OCBo6o,nHTellilM YKpaHHbI!. cI>.. lliMaHHPOB «CnaBa. CMepTb cpamHCTCKHM 3axB~aM!», IIpe,nCTaBHB. Mono.nyro YKPaHHCKyro JKeH:m;HHY C xy.nDIM, H3MOJK,neHHbIM JIHnOM, KOTOPaH, 3aKpbIB rna3a, B IIopbIBe cHnbHoro qyBCTBa IIpHnbHYna K rp)'tUI COBeTCKOro 60Hna.. 297.

(21) fftm*~. ~E.M. ~!!II911f: 6 f3. IIpaB,IlHBO H306pIDKaJIHCb COBeTCKHe BOHHbI (H 3.necb H B .npyrHX JIHCTax) YCTaJll:de,. 3aJIbmeHHble,. B. 6y.nHlfllHOM. 6oeBOM. o.ne.H:HHH;. HX. P3J];oCTHble nHI(a 06pHCOBbIBaJIHCb 6e3 BC1I.Koii HapoqwroCTH -. cypoBble. HJIH. eCTeCTBeHHO H. npoCTO. Cne.nYeT OTMeTHTb, lJTO C CaMoro Haqana TpaKTOBaHH.H: TeMbI n06e)l;bI rrnaKaTHCTbI. He. 60.H:JIHCb. H306pIDKaTb COBeTCKHX rpa>K.n;aH. OCB06o)K.neHHbIX. PaHOHOB C neqaTblO YCTanOCTH Ha JIHIJ:ax (HarrpHMep, rrnaKaT «06ecneqHM BblCOKHii ypO)KaH B npo.noBOnbCTBH.H:b>, cep.neqabIH. 1944). B. nopbIB,. 1944. ,n.. rrnaKm'e. KOTOPbIH. ro.ny!. ,n3,L{HM. B. KOpeI(Koro. <ppomy H cTpaHe 60nbIIIe. lllMapHHOBa OC06eHHO TporaeT TOT. qyBCTByeTC.H:. B. n03e. YKPaHHKH,. Mono.noii. npH)KaBIIIeii ronOBY K rpy,IlH KpaCHoapMeiiI(a )l;BH)KeHHeM, BbIpIDKalOIIJ;HM noqm HHCTHHKTHBHO. MOnb6y. 0. If. 3a1I{HTe.. HeCnbIXaHHble. CTp3J];aHH.H:,. KOTopble. nepeHecna 3Ta )KeH1I{HHa BMeCTe C TblC.H:qaMH .npyrHX 6e33a1I{HTHbIX )KeHIIJ;HH H .neTeii,. 3aMyqeHHbIX. MblCneHHbIM. B. B30POM. <pamHCTCKHX 6oiiua,. Ha. 3aCTeHKax, mru;e. KaK. KOToporo. 6b1. npOXO.n;gT. 3aJIeqarneHa. nepe.n CB.H:TM,. TOp)KeCTBeHHM Kn.H:TBa.. MB. CIO)KeTHOM ,H B 3MOUHOHanDHOM OTHOIIIeHHH lllMapHHoBCKOMY nnaKary. OqeHb 6JIH30K rrnaKar. B.. KopeUKoro. 15. «BOHHY-OCB06o,IlHTenro -. cnaBa!». B. BblpIDKeHHH JIHua BOHHa-OCBo6o.nHTeM, B )KeCTe ero PyKH, rna,z:vru:J;eii no ronOBe npHnbHYBrnyID K HeMY rrnaqymyro OT cqaCTb.H: )KeHnumy, CTonbKO 6parcKOii nro6BH, He)KHOCTH, cTp3J];aHH.H: H P3J];OCTH, lJTO 3pHTenro HeBOnbHO nepe.nafuc.SI C03HaHHe. 15 B. Bceii. HeH3MepHMOCTH. cTp3J];aHHii,. nepeHeceHHbIX. MHpHbIMH. 3TOT lIepHO,ll; B. KopeIUWii MHOro pa60TIlll .Il1UI HCIIOJIKOMa KpacHoro KpeCTa H KpacHoro. 1I0JIYMecxUB.. Ern IIJIaKaThI «BCTaoaA B p.ll,ll;hI 60eBbIX 1I0.npyr, .np)I)KHHHHUB. 60Auy IIOMOIIJ;HHK H .npyr!», «BC'rYII~Te B mKOJIbI Me,ll;Cecrep!» H .np. HHCTPYICTHBHhI 110 cBOeMY cO,ll;ep){(aHHlO. Ho 1I0qrn B Ka){(,ll;OM H3 HHX XY,ll;O){(HHK, xopomo BJIa,ll;eromHA 06pa3HhIM X3blKOM, HaxO,ll;HT CaMOCTOXTeJIbHOe pemeHHe. B. KopeZlKUu, c. 18.. 298.

(22) B. repOHIDI B COBeTCKOM rrOJlH'I1f1leCKOM IIJIaKaTe BTOpOtt MlfPOBOH BOIDILI. rrepHO.ll. (1941 r. - 1944 r.). COBeTCKHMH mo,zu,MH, H paCTeT )K~a crrpaseJ(JIHBOrO B03Me3,lUUI. B rrepHO.n; HaCT)'llneHIDl COBeTCKHX BOHCK KOpeUKHH c03.n;aeT PM rrnaKaTOB, HaIIOnHeHHbIX Hey.n;ep:JKHMOH pa.n;OCThIO oCoBo6o)K,lJ;eHIDl OT «i>amHcTcKOrO Hra. l1HOH acrreKT TpaKTOBKH o6pa3a BOHHa-rro6e.n;HTeIDI MbI BHJJ;HM B rrnaKaTe A. KOKOpeKHHa «BOHHy-rro6e.n;HTemo liTO IIpHBneKaeT B rrnaKaTe, -. BCeHapO,n;HaR nI060Bb!». (1944).. fnasHoe,. 3TO rrCHXOnOmqeCKH OqeHb BepHOe COqeTaHHe B. JIHue'repm[ pa.n;OCTH H YCTanOCm,. ~. rr03BOIDIeT OTHeCm noT IInaKaT K. ~cny. HaH60nee TO~O OTpIDKruomHX O.n;HH H3 3TaIIOB BTOPOH MHPOBOH BOHHbI. K KOHUY. 1944. ro.n;a Be.n;ymeH TeMOH rrnaKaTa OKOHqaTenbHO CTana TeMa. rro6e,zu,I. 06pa3bI HaIIOnHmoTC.sI ysepeHHOCThIO H orrmMH3MOM. TaKOBbI rrnaKaTbI. JI. fOnOBaHOBa «Cnasa KpacHoH APMHH, OTCTO.sIBmeH 3asoeBaHH.sI OKT.sI6p.sI!», «PO)U:lHa, BCTpeqaH repoeB!». (1945).. Ko )];HIO rro6e,zu,I Ha.n; jIrroHHeH 6bIDH. BblrrymeHbI nHCThI «Cnasa HameMY BenHKoMY Hapo.n;y, Hapo.n;y-rro6e.n;HTemo!» B. oCBo6o.n;HTenbHHue!» 11. fOnOBaHOBa.. HBaHoBa H «Cnasa KpacHoH APMHH B. 1944. 1945. oCBo6o)K,lJ;eHHbIX. OT. ro.n;ax. rrpH3bIB. OKKYIIaIJ;HH. K BOCCTaHOBneHHIO ropo.n;oB. Heo.n;HoKpaTHO. pa3BHBanH. H cen,. neHHHrpa.n;cKHe. xy.n;O)KHHKH. H3 ~cna rrpOH3Bo.n;cTBeHHbIX rrnaKaTOB, C03.n;aHHbIX B JIeHHHrpa.n;e, MO)KHO OTMeTHTb eme pa60TY B. CepoBa «MbI OTCTO.sInH JIeHHHrpa.n;, MbI BOCCTaHOBHM ero». (1944).. B 3TOM rrnaKaTe, HcrronHeHHOM B. 1944. ro.n;y, HOBaR. 3MoqHonanbHaR OKpaCKa. HeT rrpe)KHerO Tpa~eCKoro HaIIp.sI)KeHH.sI. CTporoe, BoneBoe, lliHPOKHM. CHnbHoe nHUO, )KeCTOM. B03pO)K,lJ;aeMOrO. crrOKOHHbIH. repOHH.sI. ropo.n;a.. B3rnM,. rrpHrnamaeT. ConHe~oe. yTpO,. YCTpeMneHHbIH Ha 3pHTeIDI. rromo60BaTbC.sI o3apmomee. rraHOpaMOH. 3aMeqaTenbH)'lO. apxHTeK'I'YPY ropo.n;a, .n;OMa H 3asO.n;bI, ManeHbKHH TpaMBaH, 6erymHH rro MOCTY, C03.n;aIOT omymeHHe KHrryqeH )KH3HH. nnaKaT BbIrronHeH B )KHBOIIHCHOH MaHepe 11 BMeCTe C TeM COXpaH.sIeT rrnaKaTHyID o606meHHocTb, rrpe)K,lJ;e Bcero 6naro.n;ap.sI. 299.

(23) ~~~~. mliWl. ~m 91 ~ 6. J:J. onpe,n;eneHHOH CHMBOJIWIHOCTH KOMrro3HD;HH, rrp.SIMoMy KOHTaKTY co 3pHTeneM. IT03TH3Hpy}{. TaKHM. 06pa30M. >KeHIIJ;HHhl-T}J)')KeHII1l>I,. ,n;yxOBHyro. xy.n;O>KHHK. H. o,n;HoBpeMeHHo. .n;ymeBHyro paCKpbIBaeT. KpacoTY He. TOJIbKO. YBepeHHOCTh B rro6e,n;e, HO H Te HeHMOBepHO T}{>Kenhle HCrrhITaHH}{, KOTophle rrpHIDnOCh BhIHeCTH Ha CBOHX rrneqax COBeTCKHM >KeHIIJ;HHaM. H3BeCTHOCTh rrpH06pen H rrnaKaT H. Cepe6p}{HOrO. «A. HY-Ka, B3gnH!», B. KOTOPOM 3Ha~TeJIbHag, BOnHyromag, a .n;ng neHHHrpa..n:n;eB oc06eHHo Ba>KHM TeMa 6hilla HeO>KH)J,aHHO H OCTPOYMHO pemeHa C OTTeHKOM nHpH3Ma H cBeTnoro IOMopa. 3TOT. rrnaKaT. rrpH3hmaeT. HaceneHHe. JIeHHHrpa.n;a. K. BOCCTaHOBneamo. rrocT}Ja.n;a.Bmero BO BpeM}{ 6nOKa.n;hI X03mCTBa ropo,n;a. BrrpoqeM CMhlcn 3TOro nHCTa ,n;OCTaTO~O mHpoKHH. Pe% B CymHOCTH H,n;fu' 0 MOII(HOM Hapo,n;HoM ,n;BH>KeHHH, HarrpasneHHoM Ha BOCCTaHOBneHHe Bcero x03mCTBa cT}JaHhl rrocne H3rHaHH}{ q-arrmCTcKHX. rro~. ,I1;eBymKa, rrpHrro,znIHMaIOmag 0.n;HH KOHen;. HOCHnOK C KHprrHqOM, o6pamaeTc}{ K 3pHTenIO:. «A. HY-Ka B3}{llHh). 3TO . 06pameHHe K qyBCTBY rpa>K,n;aHCKOrO ,n;onra. He B3}{Th rr030pHo, rrpecryrrHo.. HeJIb3}{!. Bce. 6hInO 6hI. TIPH3hm HOC}{T 3,n;eCh He pHTOpHqeCKHH xapaKTep, a. rrpaKT~eCKHH, rrp.SIMOH. ITo CRne B03,ll;eHCTBH}{ nOT nHCT CBOeM po,n;e.. 3To. e,n;HHCTBeHHhIH B. 16. 3TO. CBH,n;ereJIbCTBaBnO. 0. TOM,. qro. C. HaqanOM. OCBo60>K,n;eHH}{. TeppHTopHH CT}JaHhI >KeHIIJ;HHhI BKnIO~Ch B pa60TY rro BOCCTaHOBneHHIO Hapo,znIoro X03mCTBa. COTHH ThlCA >KeHmHH yqacTBOBanH B BOCCTaHOBneHHH rrpOMhmmeHHOCTH,. cenhCKoro. X03mCTBa. B. cpamHCTCKHX 3axBaTqHKOB.. 16 JIe6e)];eB r. Hocu¢ AneKcaHop06UlI Cepe6pllHblu. c. 33.. 300. PaHOHax,. OCB060>K,n;eHHhIX. OT.

(24) repOHIDI B COBeTCKOM nOJIHTIllleCKOM IIJIaKaTe - B nepnoL( BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOmu,1 (1941 f. -1944 r.). 3aKJIIOqeOHe. MOII(Hoe opyJKHe arHTau;HH rocy,n;apCTBa, COBeTCKHH lIOJIlfI1l1IeCKHH lIJIaKaT HMeHHO B TH)I(CJIbIe ro~bI BTOPOH MHPOBOH BOHHbI ~ocTHr 3aMeqareJIhHbIX xy,n;O)I(eCTBeHHbIX BbICOT, BCTaJI lIO rnyfiHHe cBoeH H,Z:(eHHOCTH H MacTepcTBY B PH,[( C ,n;pyrnMH BH,Z:(aMH COBeTCKoro H306pa3HTeJIbHoro HCKYccTBa H lIPH06pCJI ,n;a)I(e. OIIpe~eJICHHbIe lIpeHMymeCTBa 6JIarO~apH cBoeH olIepaTHBHOCTH H llHpOTe TeMarHqeCKoro OXBara )I(H3HH.. 17. 3~aqa COBeTCKoro lIJIaKaTa B 3TOT lIepHo~ 6bma TaKOBa. fJIaBHaH. . Mo6HJIH3au;HH Bcex CHJI COBeTCKOrO Hapo~a Ha pa3rpOM cpamHCTCKHX OKKYIIaHTOB. DJIH30CTb K )I(H3HH, HelIocpe~CTBeHHoe yqacTHe BO BceHapO~HOH 60Pb6e C <iJaIlIH3MoM, lIaTpHOmqeCKOe Boo~ymeBJIeHHe, 60JIbmOH HHTepeC K BHyrpeHHeMY MHPY. COBeTCKoro. qeJIOBeKa,. pacKpbmmeMycH. C. HeBH~aHHoH. HpKOCTblO. BHMMaTeJIbHoMY rJIa3Y xy~O)l(1lHKa B 3TH TII)I(CJIbIe ro,[(bI. l1MeHHo 3TO ~aBaJIO rrnaKaTHOMY. HCKYCCTBY. H. TOtUlYIO. OCTPOTy, H repoeB )I(HBbIX H CaMYIO. CypOBYIO. TaKTHqeCKHe OCTaBaJIaCb. lIpaB,IJ;y. 3~a~. ueJIeHarrpaBJIeHHOCTb,. mlI~eCKHX,. 3pHTeJIlO.. lIJIaKaTa,. HeH3MeHHoH ~o. y~BHTeJIhHOe. H. OHa. B6HpaJIa. B03HHKaBI1IHe. lIOJIHOrO. B. B. H. CaTHpHqeCKYIO. YMeHHe rOBOpHTb. ce6H. Bce. qaCTHbIe. xo~e BoeHHbIX C06hITHH, H. oCBo6o~eHHH COBeTcKoro COlO3a H. pa3rpOMa cpamH3Ma. I1PH paccMorpeHHH OT~eJIhHbIX )I(eHCKHX 06pa30B B pa3HbIX lIO cBoeMY )KaHpy IIJIaKarax 3Toro BpeMHH MbI MomH y6e~HThCH, tffO CaMa lIPaB~a xaprucrepa, 06meCTBeHHaH. 3Ha~MOCTb repOHHH,. ee. HpaBCTBeHHbIH MHp HCCJIe,n;yIOTcH B. cOBeTcKoM lIOJIHTHqeCKOM lIJIaKaTe Pa3JIHtUlbIMH KOHKpeTHbIMH TBOpqeCKHMH rrpMCMaMH. )KeHcKHe 06pa3bI B COBeTCKOM lIJIaKaTe 3MOI(HOHaJIbHbI H rucrHBHbI:. 17. ,neMociI>eHoBa r., HypOK A., lliaHTblKO H., C06emcKuu nOJlUmUileCKUU nJlllKam. c.134. 301.

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