從性別刻板印象威脅談學業表現上的性別差異

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(4) I¥J 8. A~~. 0. r:iJ J! llHBl159:0~U,~r:iJ j;)jjWii. ~*o~m~~~~.:t:E.~~I¥J~.m. ~1~. Steele ;fa Aronse. ~t:p%gt<.~.~o;ffl~.7G,.~m~. ~M~T.~~:t:E~. A~JI¥J~~ffi • •~• • '~~mA~. ~1!§-I¥J~~lE11i*POfflWlI¥J t:t~FIlU*Ji 11&. ~tt~~~?fE1.mI¥J'I'f!. ~1!§-~¥U!j;tt:~jIg~l¥J~ft~. ~ • • ~*Jl~ltrt1!§-*~,~¥U '[1:53 U~U tRW ~PJT. iliMAW~~~~'. rmAW~.mtt8. ,. ~¥5(1iQfr~~. jft.:fJ!$3t~FIlU*Jl. (*. ~gt<I¥J~ft'rm~~~I¥J • • gt<.~~a. rm Stone' Lyncl. ~11S'~rim t:!:53UI¥J~U t& EP .~ft.ijff~ 15. ~1¥J'[1:53U~UtREP.-:tz::'[1:I¥J • • • :fJ!~. (1999) ;fUmWlfll. -~lli1!fG.:fJ!:tz::'[1:~~1!§-frt~53U~UfR. ~o. ~:t:E~U,~J::.t!j[)Jf{~l¥Jij~~*~. lID '. '. 0. EP. (®m'WJmm) ~-?p-:JWfflJ!. 1¥J~Ib*ffi)ffi!) *~1=. 11i~$3t~FIlU*Jl*1~~( Brown & Pinel, 2003;. ~~ • • ~~m~I¥J15~'E~:tz::tt~~. .~*JlB"J 8 A fBl15~. Marx. 1!§-" ~ 17- J][ ~ jfIi ~ I¥J ~Ij,~ (diagnostic. .:;k~~Ij,~~m]' --::. Marx cW Roman (2002). ffi~~.ml¥Jm~~'~~I¥J.~.ml¥J. &. Roman,. 2002;. Keller,. 2002;. Schmader, 2002; Shih, Pittinsky, & Ambady,. test). 'Mz~*:tz::'[1:~~~:t:E.,~*Jl t:p W;;lt. ( natural athletic abil. 1999; Smith & White, 2002; Spencer, Steele,. 1if!. ~ '11:~1* (~fr~ FIlU *Jl t:p W ~ 1if!.:tz::'[1:J[I$. .fJ!1ft:t~AB"J.~. #)-~~fi • • ~~o;ffl~~~J::~;;It. ~~fBl159:0 I¥J ~'lf:l:.~. 1iQl¥J.ijff~-t*. ~IbWij~. & Quinn, 1999). 0. :$'WU*IDt ' fr Shih ~ A. ( 1999) 1¥J.ijff~t:p , 1iQfr~~*.~*JlB"J:tz:: '[1:~~1!§-:I!Jj;~-15:tcW'[1:53U~riml¥Jrl=l'j~. ?fE,~~H:B~fr~I¥J'[1:53U. EP.I¥J• • '. '. , j;J. rs'j~~*~'[1:53U~UfR. rm~FIlUml¥J:tz::'[1:~~~. ,. ~!J. '. :tz::'[1:~ltrt1!§-e[J~~n.R~. CW~'[1:~#-~~~~U,~. ,. ~pJT~f~B"J*. .lli1ft:t1J[)®;fD~1if!.:tz::'[1:~#-~~~jrr. ~~1¥J.:fJ!*1~~. 0. If:l:..:fJ!3Z::F-f], Spencer. ~~*:I!Jj;~cW't1:53U~rimB"J-~~mW\15tIDWJ. ~A (1999) I¥JIDt~. ~rl=l'j~. fi:ITcW~UfRE[J~if'§riml¥J~*. :. e[J1~~~U~~171l:. (sports in. ~1¥J.:fJ!t:tmA~~. § I¥Jfr~:fi~IbBf. ~f-.I-=:v-e:;;=a;f, R 60; § J....l.JijJC,~H::r~J l=j 1=-12). ~~*f~H. 0. ~UtREP.B"J~. ¥.11S' ' ~rim~:. %gt<-15:ttE GRE ~~t:pt*~rmgt<£U~~if'§. ~lli~§~rm~:f:ilifffr11S'-~I¥J~~'[~ij!. &Jigl¥J.~~U~. t:p , 2Jj\ r:iJ. 1f.Al¥Jil£9:0. fJ!$3t E:P. (age-associate. ,. ~1&.ijff~~~*~Wj*Jl:tz::'[1:~~. 0. ;ffl~1.m7G. ' :tz::'I1:'[1:53U. 1¥J.~*Jl~~1!§-PJT1~¥UI¥J.~gt<*.$3t~FIlU. 1997). mm threat. '. in the air (Steele,. WEffl *ffi~Ufr?fE1.m. 0. m1.mw*~~'.7G.~mt:pl¥J:tz::tt~~. RJ!!(~lE11i*). 1!§-1¥J 11i ~ ¥U ~ lID ~U tR ffi .I¥J ~ ~ --~. ~ I¥J mIG ft ' ffij 2;f ¥3Z. f!' '. IZ9rm~3&t:t~FIlU*Jl~B"J.:fJ!. ~]' iWil1bfMMCW'I1:53UI¥J.ijff~5'i-. 0. ~],:JWffl rdj~I¥J~* 15~*?fE;fH1:53U. ' ~UfR. ffi.~ft~~llifr~T.~~A·~~.. mt$~B~) ~1¥J*5. ( 1996 )ft~c:tt,~~. 1:. @~15liJj:. ~m~.·~~~·~$A·~tt.1!§-.. ;fa Park (2002). .~mt:pl¥J:tz::tt~~'fr.~%.~"~. J:: i~¥U,~~ (Gonzales, Blanton, Williams,. decision test) I¥JJ. W~~tYfr~I¥J.~~U~gt<*JHJl!~1iQAt:t$3t. , Mz. 2002; Stone, Lynch, Sjome1ing, & Darley,. ~:fJ!$~1!§- tt?fE~. 15 w:F~fr~ If:l:.. ~ ~U~:t:Ej;J- ttl¥J11m ~U;ffl ~ t:p. 1999; Levy, 1996; Chasteen, Schwarz, &. B.:fJ!~~'[1:53U~~. Park, 2002; Bosson, Haymovitz, & Pinel,. ~UfREP.5'i-. ' Schmader (2002). 0. if'§&:f:ili ' :t:E~FIlU*Jl. t:p1¥J~~1!§-~U~lf:l:.~J][cW~UfREP.~1Im1¥J. •. ~lnJf~,EHIj. 2006.7. 2004). ''WUPO: Gonzales. ~A. (2002). PJ. ,[~~~ ~. 0. 1Ei. ,. ~il£9:m. Levy (199. "~1!§-• • I¥J~:;Ii.

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(12) &. Gray, H, M. (2002). Stereotype performance. izing the determinants of academic choice and task performance across social groups. In C. Stangor & J.. boosts: The impact of self-relevance and the man ner of stereotype activation. Journal of personality. K.. <34lSteele, C. M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype. and social psychology, 83(3), 638-647. (3~Shih,. M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Ambady, N. (1999).. Stereotype susceptibility:. Identity. threat and the intellectual test performance of Afri can Americans. Journal of Personality and Social. salience and. shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological. Psychology, 69(5), 797-811. (35) Steele,. Science, 10,80-83. (3D Smith, J. L., & White, P. H. (2002). An examina. C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How. stereotypes shape intellectual identity and perform. ------. -----~--====~. ance. American Psychologist, 52,613-629.. tion of implicitly activated, explicitly activated and. (36)Stone, J., Lynch, C. r., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J.. nullified stereotypes on mathematical performance: It's not just a womans' issue. Sex Roles, 47,. M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and. 193-198.. White athletic performance. Journal of Personality. (32) Spencer,. and Social Psychology, 77, 1213-1227.. S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M.. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math per. (37)Oswald, D. L., & Harvey, R. D. (2003). A. formance. Journal of Experimental Social Psy. Q-methodological study of women's subjective. chology, 35, 4-28.. perspectives on mathematics. Sex Roles, 49(3-4),. 133-142.~. (33)Stangor, C. & Sechrist, G. B. (1998). Conceptual. r1Z:~t(~ J. !ijHJ'iI:.~~i¥J~. A±'~7~1E1'If ~§ r±l J. OO*i5MPlG: 1fi ~ -- jJ00 OSJi'i'U'3I m.l¥Jfi~~. f!tB. ,. ~t~r. r ~±ffHIj15t. ~I¥JXaJl1t, ±.:~~·m~ ~IH.I. ••~~~:~~~m~~~mI~W. : 20061f, 7 .F3. 10-13. B. ,. ~),~. ~WF*BtEB'J1f· 4. ffff~j~III~~ ~ tta. tl!!1!i : iBl:m*~B1f,:fIx:~~~;fJff~a ±m.flL:. (t=r~trtJx~li~Hi§J¥j~=t~ 64 ~). ~~ff~:&' :@i-W~ rfJjI. ~I¥JJI&mw~.~. 1*~1*. ' :Mz~JE~ OOt6bJ:lfJ~§jfj{~ffl ;. iJf~.~~:. l.x~X:1t. ; 2.iBl:m. ; 3.~W ; 4.PJUI ; 5jffiG~~gj~. .M15it:. •. : (02)29387267. ~1nJf~F.lflj. 2006.7. {$~:. mfJ~. , :Mz t6b J:lfJ~. ( 1Z:~;fX~Jf~~. E-mail: tailit@nccu.edu.tw ~§j§. ~ , ~--jJOO~'. (02)29387534. l1fff~7Yt£ 95. 1f:J3. ~W$ffl~If'F. '.

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