論羅爾斯的公共理性觀

፤ᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ

֕ᐪޚ

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ᄣ! ्

ҐНޠҭޠӶܼវ݃ᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉Ȃٯᄈϟණяϸݚᇅ ״ցȄᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂϵӔ౪ܓ࢑ҖлϵҖٙӌޠΚᆎ౪དྷȂѻ्ؒ ΢উѬ૗਴ᐄܛԥϵҖഎ૗Ӭ౪௦ڨޠ౪Ҧٿໍ՘ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠଇ ፤Ȅܼ࢑ȂϵӔ౪ܓѠпӶ࿌хՍҦަཽڏӬ౪ӼϰޠࢌۢٲᄃίȂ ߵԚ࢈ݾӔᜌޠ౱ҢȄ Ӷ೼጖Нത၈Ȃ์޲ॷӒᔯຝᛴᅮලණяޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ȄڐԪȂ ์޲஡ଇ፤ѳᆎᄈϵӔ౪ܓޠ״ຠȄಒήȂ์޲஡ϸݚᛴᅮලఐ෉ᄈ ϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ޠঔҔ࢑֐ȃпІԄե૗஋ᄈ೼ٳ״ຠ୉яӲᔗȄӶ๗ ፤Ϝ์޲஡ࡿяȂसુнڏًԂષᎵޠϵҖȂࠍᛴᅮලٸดณݳ၍؛ ထಁ౪ܓޠୱᚡȄ ᜱᗥມȈᛴᅮලȃϵӔ౪ܓȃထಁ౪ܓȃ࢈ݾӔᜌȃҖлϵҖ * _{֕ᐪޚȂᇄᢋτᏱলᏱقീςҢȄ} ׺ጉȈ97 Ԓ 2 У 20 СȇঔॐȈ97 Ԓ 10 У 12 Сȇ௦ڨёีȈ97 Ԓ 10 У 7 СȄ

On Rawls’s Idea of Public Reason

Tse-Mei Wu

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Abstract

The aim of this essay is to elucidate John Rawls’s idea of public reason and its limits. According to Rawls, public reason is an ideal of democratic citizenship, which requires that the public discussion of fundamental political questions should be conducted solely in terms of reasons all citizens can reasonably be expected to endorse. Public reason can therefore produce a political consensus given the fact of reasonable pluralism of a liberal society.

In this essay, I will begin by examining the idea of public reason proposed by Rawls. Next, I will consider four objections to this idea. Third, I will critically analyze whether and how the modified view of Rawls’s latest thoughts on public reason can reply to these objections. In conclusion, I point out that, without well-educated citizens, Rawls cannot resolve the problem of plebiscitory reason.

Keywords: Rawls, public reason, plebiscitory reason, political consensus,

democratic citizens.

፤ᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ

*

֕ᐪޚ

Κȃࠊّ

Ӷ࿌хҖлަཽ၈Ȃ΢উᄈܼөᆎަཽښ࡚ᇅϵӔឋᚡ඾ႈԥ຀ϸ ݣȃࣦՎ࢑ࣻϤᄈҴޠࣽݳȄԄݏϛՄኍߩ౪ܓܗޢҭޠཏُȂ٦ቅ೼ኻ ޠϸݣл्ٿՍঐ΢ܳࡼޠϛӤӓ८ܓᏱᇴȞcomprehensive doctrinesȟȄ ܛᒞȶӓ८ܓᏱᇴȷࡿޠ࢑Κٳۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱᏱᇴȂڐ௥ଇጓ൝ਗ਼І ΢᜹ᐍᡞҢࣁޠቌঅпІঐ΢ȃঢ়৴ᇅ๗ަᜱ߾ޠ౪དྷ๊ኅހлᚡȄҦܼ ϛӤޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴם༮яϛӤޠ੬ੇቌঅᢏȂܼ࢑ٻூҖлަཽ၈ԇӶ຀ ϸݣޠቌঅৰ౵ȄᏒᆔቌঅᢏѠп࢑ӼϰޠȂկ΢উ҇໹ᄈަཽښ࡚ᇅϵ Ӕ࢈๋םԚ࢛ᆎโ࡚ޠӔᜌȂϘ૗ᡲަًཽԂޠၽձȄӱԫȂԄեӶӼϰ ቌঅᢏϟϜᏘᆺ࢈ݾӔᜌȂ߰Ԛ࣐࿌х࢈ݾলᏱޠ२्፟ᚡȄ

ᄈԫȂᛴᅮලȞJohn RawlsȟණяȶϵӔ౪ܓȷȞpublic reasonȟޠᢏ

܉Ȅᙐ൑ٿᇴȂϵӔ౪ܓࡿޠ࢑ҖлަཽϵҖӶ௥ଇஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡਣܛ ௵ڦޠΚᆎ௱౪РԓȄѻ्ؒϵҖ҇໹਴ᐄܛԥ΢എ૗Ӭ౪௦ڨޠϵӔ

౪ҦȞpublic reasonsȟȂՅϛ૗ຨ፞өϛࣻӤȃࣦՎ࢑܅ԫፑऐޠӓ८ܓ

* _{ߩளདᗃୢӫቸࢦ΢ᄈҐНණٽࣻ࿌Ӽ᝙ີޠ࡛ឋȂ์޲୥ՄΠуউޠཏُ୉Π೩Ӽঔ׾ᇅ}

ۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱᏱᇴϟՄ໕Ȃٿໍ՘ϵӔឋᚡޠଇ፤Ȅᛴᅮලࣻ߭Ȃ ϵӔ౪ܓ૗஋ߵԚҖлަཽޠ࢈ݾӔᜌȄ ҐНޠҭޠ֊࢑्௥ଇᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏȂٯϸݚڐѠ૗᎐ႅژޠ ֩ᜳȄಒΡϊ࿾஡ᙐ౲ᇴ݃ᛴᅮලึ৥ԫΚᢏ܉ޠ౪፤नෂІႇโȇಒή ϊ࿾ࠍ஡ϸݚϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ޠϲోȃᇅϟࣻᜱޠҖлϵҖᢏȂпІѻӶȶቬ फ᠍ւӬݳܓȷ೼ঐᄃር࢈ݾឋᚡαޠѠ૗ᔗңȄӶಒѳϊ࿾၈Ȃ์޲஡ ଇ፤ѳᆎᄈϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ޠ२्״ຠȂєࢃȈȞ1ȟณݳ၍؛ϵӔឋᚡޠލ ឋȇȞ2ȟ௵ڦϛϵ҂ޠ௷ଷձݳȇȞ3ȟณݳߵԚ؂౐ቺޠӔᜌȇȞ4ȟѻܛ ច֥ޠϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍϛկϛ૗ߵໍȃЇՅཽખᚾϵӔቸឋޠࠣ፵Ȅ ᛴᅮලӶఐ෉ޠНത၈ᄈϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉୉я२्ޠঔҔȂҐНޠಒ ϥϊ࿾஡ᇴ݃уޠঔҔ२ᘉȄՅࡤȂӶಒϳϊ࿾၈Ȃ์޲஡ໍΚؐϸݚȂ ঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ࢑֐૗஋ᎍ࿌Ӳᔗѳ᜹״ຠȄ์޲஡ࡿяȂӱ࣐ঔҔ ࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϛӕӓด௷ଷӬ౪ӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠՄ໕ȂйܺతΠ൑ΚϵӔ ౪ܓޠл஼ȂٯЖΤҖл׺ಊโזٿϾ၍࢈ݾቋ׌Ȃܛпѻ૗஋ԚѓӵӲ ᔗಒΡᆎ״ຠȄՎܼಒΚڸಒήᆎ״ຠȂϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ᗷดϛ૗׈ӓϾ ၍፵ᅹȂկϬѠӶࣻ࿌โ࡚α୉яӲᔗȄϛႇȂҦܼϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉Ϭด ஁ࡼϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍȂ्ؒϵӔឋᚡޠቸឋႇโ҇໹ϵ໡࣐ܛԥ΢ޤᐏȂӱԫ ณݳᗘռϵӔ౪ܓޠᄃርၽңѠ૗ખᚾቸឋࠣ፵ޠ֩ᜳȄ

ΡȃӬ౪ӼϰٲᄃᇅϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉

ᛴᅮලӶ 1971 ԒяޏȮҔဏ፤ȯȞA Theory of Justiceȟ1ϟࡤഛ៊ึ

ߓޠΚقӗНതڸᅌᗀ၈Ȃ2ᄈڐަཽҔဏ౪፤˕˕ȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷȞjustice

1 _{John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971.} 2

as fairnessȟ˕˕୉яΚᆎȶ࢈ݾȷՍҦлဏޠᙾӪȄу஽።ȂȶҔဏ֊ ϵ҂ȷٯϛ࢑ΚᆎཏშᎍңӶө᜹࠯ަཽڸ΢᜹ᐍᡞҢࣁөᆎлᚡޠӓ

८ܓᏱᇴȂՅ࢑Κᆎ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȞpolitical conception of justiceȟȄ࢈ݾҔ

ဏᢏޠಒΚঐ੬ᘉ࢑ѻᎍңޠлᚡ༊४ܼၮ࿌хᏵ࢈ҖлަཽஆҐ๗ᄻ ԥᜱޠ࢈ݾȃަཽڸစᔽښ࡚ȂՅϛਗ਼Іঐ΢՘࣐ȃ΢Ңቌঅ๊ୱᚡޠ ௥ଇȄڐԪȂ࢈ݾҔဏᢏ࢑ΚᆎᑀҴՍࡼȞfreestandingȟޠᢏᘉȄ೼࢑ ᇴȂѻࢌϛច֥ȃҼϛຨ፞Ӊեۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴȂпІ ᇅϟࣻᜱޠםαᏱڸޤᜌ፤л஼ȂկӤਣࠔέ૗ৡףйᎍӬܼ೼᜹Ᏹ ᇴȄಒήȂ࢈ݾҔဏᢏޠϲৡΞ࢑ᙥҦᗵ֥ӶҖлަཽϵӔ࢈ݾНϾϜ ޠڎঐஆҐᢏ܉Ȉȶަཽձ࣐ΚᆎзхӬձޠϵ҂ᡞقȷпІȶ΢୉࣐Ս Ҧ҂๊ޠϵҖȷȂՅೞߓႁяٿޠȄ3 ᛴᅮල࣐եཽ୉я೼ኻޠ౪፤ᙾӪȂՅױуޠҔဏ౪፤ۢ՞ԚΚᆎ ࢈ݾҔဏᢏںȉᇑᅮලමȞWilliam A. Galstonȟᇰ࣐Ȃл्ޠ঩ӱӶܼ ᛴᅮලᜱݨ࿌хՍҦҖлަཽณݳ੒ଷޠӼϰܓȂ೼ኻޠӼϰܓϟϜє ֥຀өᆎፑऐйϛѠӔ໕ޠȞincommensurableȟ΢᜹ቌঅᢏȞпί஡ཽ ᄈԫ୉؂ໍΚؐޠᇴ݃ȟȄ4์޲п࣐Ȃᄈ೼ᆎቌঅӼϰ౫ຬޠᜱݨҔ࢑ ᛴᅮලึ৥ϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ޠ२्౪፤नෂȄ

ߓܓޠНതєࢃȈ“Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory”(1980)ȃ“Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical”(1985)ȃ“The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus”(1987)ȃ“The Priority of the Right and Ideas of the Good”(1988)ȃ“The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus”(1989)๊Ȅ1993 ԒяޏޠȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯȞPolitical LiberalismȟΚਫѠпࣽژ ᛴᅮලࡤ෉౪፤ޠ׈ᐍ८ᇽȄ၏ਫяޏϟࡤܛึߓޠНതࠍхߓΠуఐ෉ޠࡧདྷȄ

3 _{John Rawls, Political Liberalism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993): 11-15.} 4 _{William A. Galston, “Pluralism and Social Unity,” Ethics 99, 4 (1989): 711.}

ԫѵȂᗃзҖҼ෇ࡿ яȂȶ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȷ࢑ᛴᅮල࣐ΠӲᔗᏵ࢈ҖлަཽޠӼϰϸݣՅএឋޠলᏱॏฬȂуᆏ ϟ࣐ȶࡤఃᇍޠলᏱॏฬȷȄ୥ՄᗃзҖȲࡤఃᇍޠলᏱॏฬȈᛴᅮලޠ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȳȂȮΡ ΫΚзखȯಒΝΫϥ෉Ȟ2003ȟȈ14-15Ȅ

ȞΚȟ౪፤नෂȈӬ౪Ӽϰޠٲᄃ

ӶȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯȞPolitical LiberalismȟΚਫϜȂᛴᅮලߓұȂቌ অޠӼϰܓΞ࢑ӶՍҦޠښ࡚ίȂ΢᜹౪ܓၽձޠՍด๗ݏȞRawls 1993: xviȟȄ೼࢑ᇴȂҦܼҖлަཽޠښ࡚щϸߴሬঐ΢Ӷࡧདྷȃّ፤ȃ߭ӊ ๊өР८ޠՍҦڸ᠍ւȂܛпߵԚΠӼኻޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴȄ೼ٳᏱᇴഎڏ ԥ੬ੇޠ౪፤ҴൠڸםαᏱཏోȂѻউಣᙒٯߓႁяөԓөኻޠቌঅᢏ ᇅзࣩᢏȄঅூݨཏޠ࢑Ȃ೼ᆎӼኻϾ౫ຬߓႁޠϛѬ࢑ӼϰޠٲᄃҐ ٙȞthe fact of pluralism as suchȟɯ֊ԇӶ຀өᆎࡼϛӤл஼ޠۡఁȃၿ ኉ᇅলᏱᏱᇴȄ؂२्ޠ࢑Ȃѻ޼ۢ೼ٳӓ८ܓᏱᇴϟϜȂ೩Ӽഎ࢑ȶӬ

౪ޠȷᏱᇴȄ5ඳّϟȂӶ࿌хҖлަཽϜȂӬ౪ޠۡఁȃၿ኉ᇅলᏱл

஼࢑ӼϰՅߩ൑ΚޠȄᛴᅮලᆏ೼ᆎӬ౪ӓ८ܓᏱᇴІڐࣻᔗቌঅᢏޠ Ӽኻܓ౫ຬ࣐ȶӬ౪ӼϰޠٲᄃȷȞthe fact of reasonable pluralismȟȂٯ ຝϟ࣐ҖлަཽϵӔНϾޠΚঐл्੬ኊȄ ᛴᅮලᇰ࣐Ȃ౱ҢӬ౪Ӽϰٲᄃޠ਴ྜӶܼȶցᘟޠ॓ᐋȷȞthe burdens of judgmentȟȂѻࡿޠ࢑΢উӶ୉ցᘟਣཽڨژпίӱષޠኈ ៫Ȉңп୉ցᘟޠᜍᐄစள࢑ፓᚖܗፑऐޠȃϛӤ΢ᄈࣻӤᜍᐄԥϛӤ ޠᒌ໕Щ२ȃ΢᜹᐀ԥޠ྆܉Ӷ࢛ᆎโ࡚α࢑ዂጚޠйڐೞၽңӶ֩ᜳ ޠ௒ݸϜȃᄈᜍᐄڸቌঅޠຠզཽڨژঐ΢ᐍᡞҢࣁစᡜޠኈ៫ȃԇӶ ೩Ӽ྄ᆓϛӤޠ೤ጓܓՄ໕๊ȄӱԫȂ֊ٻ΢উ઎Зၗཏޠһඳཏُȃ ՍҦଇ፤ȂуউϬཽᄈӤΚӈٲ୉яϛӤޠցᘟȂՅᏳयӬ౪ޠݣُ ȞIbid.: 55-58ȟȄҦܼցᘟޠ॓ᐋٻூ΢উϛѠ૗ᄈөᆎӬ౪ޠӓ८ܓቌ 5 _{ᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂӬ౪ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴ҇໹ಓӬήঐ఩ӈȈȞ1ȟѻ࢑Κᆎ౪፤౪ܓȞtheoretical} reasonȟޠၽңȄ೼࢑ᇴȂӬ౪ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴпΚᆎΚयйᒋೲޠ౪፤ȂోᇑΠ΢᜹Ңࣁл ्ޠۡఁȃলᏱᇅၿ኉८ӪȄȞ2ȟѻ࢑Κᆎᄃ፻౪ܓȞpractical reasonȟޠၽңȄ೼࢑ᇴȂ Ӷࢆᒶ२्ޠቌঅȃ҂ᒌܗ௷ଷ२्ቌঅϟ໣ޠѠ૗ፑऐਣȂڐҼڏᔗңαޠӬ౪ܓȄȞ3ȟ ѻ឵ܼܗྜՍܼΚᆎࡧདྷڸᏱᇴޠ༉ಜȂڏԥࣻᄈޠᛨۢܓᇅഀೲܓȄ୥Մ Rawls 1993: 59.

অᢏ୉яࡋᢏޠຠЩȂܼ࢑೼ٳቌঅᢏ߰Ԛ࣐Ȟ჌ᇑᅮලමᇴޠȟȶϛѠ Ӕ໕ޠȷȄᛴᅮලࡿяȂଷߩഇႇ࢈ۻ஽ښΩޠᔇय़ܓٻңȂ֐ࠍϛѠ૗ ੒ଷ೼ᆎӬ౪ӼϰޠٲᄃȄ6ดՅȂຨ፞ᔇښޠКࢳᡘดϛಓӬަཽҔဏ ޠ्ؒȄ ୱᚡ࢑ȂӉեަཽस्ًԂၽձȂѻ൸҇໹ښॐٯࢋ՘өᆎϵӔ೤ ጓڸښ࡚ȂйܛԥަཽԚসഎ्ᒴԉ೼ٳ೤ጓȄดՅȂӶӬ౪Ӽϰޠࢌ ۢٲᄃίȂ΢উᄈϵӔ೤ጓޠϲৡ஡ܳࡼϸݣȃࣦՎ࢑ࣻϤፑऐޠཏُȄ ܼ࢑Ȃ࿌х࢈ݾলᏱ҇໹यΩ௥સٯ၍؛пίޠᜳᚡȈӶᗘռ௵ڦᔇښ КࢳޠࠊණίȂҖлަཽᔗഇႇ঻Κᆎၿ኉αѠᜍԚйᄃձαѠ՘ޠР ԓȂٿᏘᆺϵҖᄈ࢈ݾୱᚡᇅϵӔ࢈๋ޠӔᜌȉᄈԫȂᛴᅮලණяȶϵ Ӕ౪ܓȷޠᢏ܉Ȅ

ȞΡȟ௄ϵ໡ܓژϵӔ౪ܓ

ᏒᆔϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉࢑Ӷᛴᅮලࡤ෉౪፤ϜϘਜ਼౫࣐Κঐ݃ጃឋᚡ ޠȂկ਴ᐄܝኟᅮȞCharles LarmoreȟޠϸݚȂ᜹ծޠᢏ܉ԟϑя౫Ӷ уޠࠊ෉Ᏹᇴ၈ȈӶȮҔဏ፤ȯϜȂϵӔ౪ܓ࢑пȶϵ໡ܓȷȞpublicityȟ ᢏ܉ޠ८ᇽя౫Ȅ7_{ϵ໡ܓ఩ӈ࢑ᛴᅮලܛᒞȶᄈȷޠ྆܉Ȟthe concept of} rightȟޠםԓ४ښϟΚȂѻ्ؒҔဏ঩ࠍ҇໹࣐ܛԥަཽԚসܛޤᐏȂ ӉեႃЇ೼ঐ఩ӈޠҔဏ঩ࠍഎ஡ೞ௷ଷȞRawls 1971: 130, 133ȟȄ೼η ൸࢑ᇴȂϵ໡ܓ఩ӈ௷ଷܛԥ൩ஆӶᗵஞޤᜌαޠҔဏᢏȄשউϛռԂ ۊȂ೼ঐ఩ӈ࣐ϨቅӶަཽҔဏ౪፤ϜڏԥԄԫ२्ޠӵ՞Ȅ୆೪Ӷ࢛

6 _{ᛴᅮලᆏϟ࣐ȶᔇښޠٲᄃȷȞthe fact of oppressionȟȂуᇰ࣐ԫΚٲᄃ࢑ҖлަཽϵӔНϾ}

ޠѫΚঐл्੬ኊȄ୥Մ Rawls 1993: 37.

7 _{Charles Larmore, “Public Reason,” in Samuel Freeman, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Rawls,}

ᆎᕘძίȂᙥҦ෣ᝀ૗ᡲҔဏ঩ࠍூژഷٺᄃ፻Ȃ٦ቅשউ࢑֐ᔗ၏ܨ తϵ໡ܓ఩ӈޠ४ښںȉ ࣻϤܓȞreciprocityȟޠ྆܉ᄈαख़ୱᚡ๞я֐ۢޠ๏਱Ȅ෴ᅮȞSteven P. WallȟࡿяȂҔဏަཽޠ्ષϟΚ֊࢑࢈ݾ᠍Ωޠஉ՘޲ᇅڨङ؃޲ ϟ໣ޠࣻϤܓᜱ߾ȂՅબஞ୉яޠ࢈ݾ؛ۢ஡ٻூҖಁോѷᄈ᠍Ωஉ՘ ޲ޠ߭ӉདȂܼ࢑߰ખᚾΠ܅ԫޠࣻϤܓᜱ߾ȄࣻЇӵȂस्࡛ҴԫΚ ᜱ߾ȂࠍҔဏ঩ࠍ҇໹࢑ܛԥަཽԚসഎ૗௦ߗژй૗໡ܺ௦ڨ״ց ޠȄӱԫȂϵ໡ܓ఩ӈԚ࣐ΚᆎஆҐޠᜍԚȞjustificationȟ्ؒȄ8ԫѵȂ ೄ՚࡚ȞStephen MacedoȟηࡿяȂϟܛп्ؒҔဏ঩ࠍܗަཽښ࡚҇ ໹စႇϵ໡ޠᜍԚȂΞ࢑ӱ࣐΢উ඾ႈࣻ߭ȂӶϵ໡״ցڸᔯᡜޠႇโ ၈஡ཽя౫ၷԂޠᜍԚ౪Ҧڸл஼Ȅ9 ӶȮҔဏ፤ȯϟࡤึߓޠං጖Нത၈Ȃϵ໡ܓޠᢏ܉ூژᛴᅮල؂ قಜܓޠݨཏȄуӶ 1980 ԒȲၿ኉౪፤Ϝޠஷ኉ԓ࡛ᄻлဏȳȞKantian

Constructivism in Moral TheoryȟΚНϜ݃ጃࡿяϵ໡ܓޠήঐቺԪȈӶ ಒΚঐቺԪϜȂϵ໡ܓ्ؒܛԥ΢ޤၿ܅ԫഎ௦ڨйᕤ၍ࣻӤޠҔဏ঩ ࠍȂٯйȂ΢উ࢑ӶӔٵޠ߭܉ஆᙄαȂᇰޤژ၏ަཽޠښ࡚ᅗ٘Π೼ ٳҔဏ঩ࠍȄಒΡቺԪޠϵ໡ܓ्ؒ΢উ࢑਴ᐄڐᄈ΢ܓڸަཽښ࡚ޠ Κૢ߭܉Յ௦ڨҔဏ঩ࠍޠȂ೼ٳΚૢ߭܉૗ூژᎍ࿌ޠ௥સРԓᇅ௱ ፤РݳޠМࡼȄϵ໡ܓޠಒήቺԪ्ؒשউ૗ᑀҴӵ࣐ϵӔҔဏᢏ୉я ׈ᐍޠᜍԚȂй೼ኻޠᜍԚη࢑ϵ໡࣐΢উܛޤޠȄ࿌Κঐަཽ૗஋ႁ Ԛ೼ήঐቺԪޠϵ໡ܓ्ؒਣȂѻ߰ᅗ٘Πᛴᅮලܛᒞȶщϸޠϵ໡ܓ

8 _{Steven P. Wall, “Public Justification and the Transparency Argument,” The Philosophical} Quarterly 46, 185 (1996): 502.

9 _{Stephen Macedo, “Liberal Virtues, Constitutional Community,” The Review of Politics 50, 2}

఩ӈȷȞfull publicity conditionȟȄ10שউѠпᇴȂщϸޠϵ໡ܓ఩ӈϛկ ्ؒҔဏ঩ࠍҐٙ҇໹࢑ܛԥަཽԚসഎޤၿٯ௦ڨޠȂѻ؂्ؒңп Мࡼ೼ٳ঩ࠍޠ߭܉ܗ౪Ҧη҇໹࢑ܛԥ΢എޤၿйഎѠп௦ڨޠȄܼ ࢑Ȃϵ໡ܓޠᢏ܉ໍΚؐᙾᡑԚȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯϜԥᜱȶϵӔ౪ܓȷ ޠᏱᇴȄ

ήȃᛴᅮල፤ϵӔ౪ܓ

ॷӒ҇໹஽።ޠ࢑Ȃϛᆔ࢑ϵ໡ܓᗚ࢑ϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉Ȃഎ࢑࣐Π ණٽΚᆎȶϵӔᜍԚȷޠஆᙄȈ֊ࡿяަཽҔဏ঩ࠍܗϵӔ࢈๋Ԅե૗ ஋ӶܛԥަཽԚসӔӤ௦ڨޠஆᙄαᕖூМࡼȄᛴᅮලࡿяȂȶᜍԚȷϛ Ӥܼȶᜍ݃ȷȞproofȟȄᜍ݃ȶѬߓ౫яڽᚡϟ໣ޠᡓᒯᜱ߾ȷȞRawls 1971: 580ȟȂѻ࢑௄ӗяޠөᆎࠊණ௱፤яޠԥਞ፤ᜍȄկᜍԚл्࢑ᄈ٦ٳ ϛӤཏשউл஼ޠ΢উණяޠȂȶѻ୆ۢӶ΢ᇅ΢ϟ໣ܗঐ΢ޠϛӤᢏᘉ ϟ໣ԇӶ຀ፑऐȂٯ൷ؒџᇴ݉у΢ܗٻשউՍϐࣻ߭Ȃשউޠл஼ڸ ցᘟܛٸᐄޠ঩ࠍϟӬ౪ܓȷȞIbid.: 580ȟȄस्ႁԚ೼ঐӉଡ଼Ȃࠍשউ ҇໹ȶᖃ࢑௄࢛ᆎӔᜌ຀КȂཏ֊௄שউڸڐу΢എ૗ϵӔᇰѠ࣐઎ޠ ࠊණ຀КȷȄ11ӱԫȂӶଇ፤ަཽҔဏޠୱᚡਣȂשউ҇໹௄ܛԥަཽԚ সഎ૗Ӥཏޠ࢛ٳᢏ܉яึȂໍՅ൷ؒΚयޠ๗፤Ȅ Ӷᇴ݃ϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ਣȂᛴᅮලࡿяȂΚᆎՍҦлဏԓޠ࢈ݾҔ ဏᢏଷΠє֥ᄃ፵ޠҔဏ঩ࠍȞپԄȂȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷޠڎঐҔဏ঩ࠍȟ

10 _{John Rawls, “Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory,” in Samuel Freeman, ed., John Rawls:} Collected Papers, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999a): 324-25.೼጖Нതഷԟ ёีӶ The Journal of Philosophy ԫΚ෉ёȞ1980 ԒȂಒ 77 ෉ȟϜȄ

11 _{John Rawls, “Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical,” in Samuel Freeman, ed., John Rawls:} Collected Papers, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999b): 394.೼጖Нതഷԟёี Ӷ Philosophy and Public Affairs ԫΚ෉ёȞ1985 ԒȂಒ 14 ෉ȟϜȄ

ѵȂᗚє֥Κٳ௥સࡿᏳРଭȂȶ೼ٳࡿᏳРଭၐђ೤ۢ຀ᇅ࢈ݾୱᚡࣻ ᜱޠ௱౪РԓȂпІࣻᜱၦଊޠցྦȷȞRawls 1993: 223ȟȄ೼ٳңп௥ ଇ࢈ݾୱᚡޠࡿᏳРଭ֊࢑ȶϵӔ౪ܓȷȂѻȶѬຨ፞౫ϭ࣐΢উܛ௦ڨ ޠΚૢ߭܉ڸ൩ஆӶளᜌϟαޠ௱౪םԓȂпІϛڏލឋޠऌᏱРݳڸ ๗፤ȄȷȞIbid.: 224ȟȄᛴᅮලᇰ࣐Ȃ΢উѠٸᐄ೼ٳ඾ႈೞ௦ڨޠ߭܉ ڸРݳٿցᘟᄃ፵ޠҔဏ঩ࠍ࢑֐ೞᎍ࿌ӵᔗңȂٯᒲᇰяഷц΢ᅗཏ ޠݳࡢڸ࢈๋Ȅ Ӷᎍңޠлᚡጓ൝Р८ȂϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉༊ᎍңܼਗ਼ІᏵݳ਴Ґ् ષڸஆҐҔဏޠୱᚡȞپԄᒶᖟ᠍ȃۡఁৡףȃଓ౱᠍ȃᐡְ๊ཽޠߴ ሬ๊ୱᚡȟȂ12Ҧܼ΢উ҇໹਴ᐄϵӔ౪ܓޠࡿᏳРଭٿࡧՄ೼᜹ஆҐ࢈ ݾୱᚡȂܛпѻ࣐߰ަཽѠ௦ڨޠϵӔᜍԚםԓࢋђΠ࢛ᆎ४ښȄᛴᅮ ලᆏϟ࣐ȶϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښȷȞthe limits of public reasonȟȄ

ȞΚȟϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښ

ϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښॷӒ्ؒȂӶଇ፤ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡਣȂ΢উޠ௱፤Р ԓڸණяޠ౪Ҧ҇໹࢑ܛԥ΢എ૗Ӭ౪௦ڨޠȄܼ࢑Ȃ೼ٳ౪Ҧܛٸᐄ ޠቌঅᢏѬ૗࢑ϵҖӔٵޠ࢈ݾቌঅȞpolitical valuesȟȂՅϛ૗ਗ਼ІӉե ӓ८ܓۡఁȃၿ኉ڸলᏱᏱᇴޠ੬ੇቌঅᢏȄ୉೼ᆎ४ښޠ౪ҦӶܼȈ Ӷ࿌хҖлަཽԇӶӬ౪ӼϰޠࢌۢٲᄃίȂӉեӓ८ܓᏱᇴഎϛѠ૗ ூژϵҖޠ඾ႈМࡼȄӱԫȂଷߩຨ፞ܛԥ΢എ૗Ӥཏޠ࢈ݾቌঅձ࣐ ȶϵӔ౪ҦȷȂпϟٿໍ՘ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠଇ፤Ȃ֐ࠍ๙ϛѠ૗ႁԚӔ ᜌȄ13ᛴᅮලࡿяȂϵҖӔٵ຀ڎ᜹࢈ݾቌঅȈȞ1ȟ࢈ݾҔဏޠቌঅȈє 12 ᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂϵӔ౪ܓѬᎍңਗ਼ІᏵݳ਴Ґ्ષڸஆҐҔဏޠୱᚡȂڐуپԄใݳȃ೤ጓ ଓ౱᠍ޠݳцȃᕘߴᇅ௢ښԵ࢘ޠݳ೤ȃ࡛Ҵ୾ঢ়ϵ༫ڸߴԇഐҢӵୣȃ୞ෛޑޠݳ೤๊Ȃ എϛӶϵӔ౪ܓޠᎍңጓ൝ϲȄ୥Մ Rawls 1993: 214-15. 13 ҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢࡛ឋ์޲Ӷԫۤණᒻ᠟޲ݨཏȂᛴᅮලϟܛп஽።ȃএឋϵӔ౪ܓȂᜱᗥ

ࢃ҂๊ޠ࢈ݾՍҦڸϵҖՍҦȃᐡཽ҂๊ȃަཽ҂๊ȃစᔽϤඐȃӔ๢

Ȟcommon goodȟޠቌঅȇȞ2ȟϵӔ౪ܓޠቌঅȈєࢃϵӔ௥સࡿᏳРଭ

ޠቌঅȂпІ፞ԄӬ౪ܓȞreasonablenessȟȃ൶२ϵҖܓဏଡ଼Ȟthe duty of

civilityȟޠཏ᜺๊࢈ݾ኉՘ϟቌঅȞIbid.: 224ȟȄܛᒞȶϵҖܓဏଡ଼ȷࡿ ޠ࢑ȶΚᆎᄈ٦ٳஆҐୱᚡȂ૗஋܅ԫ၍មڐܛණএܗ׺ಊ᜔Ԛޠ঩ࠍ ڸ࢈๋Ԅե૗஋ೞϵӔ౪ܓޠ࢈ݾቌঅܛМࡼϟၿ኉ဏଡ଼ȄȷȞIbid.: 217ȟ ڐԪȂϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښᄈຬєࢃȶ࿌ϵҖӶϵӔ፤ᏬϜໍ՘࢈ݾ៞ ៗਣȂйӱԫᎍңܼ࢈ឪޠԚসȃ࢈ឪӶᝰᒶࣁ୞Ϝޠ঑ᒶ΢ȂпІМ ࡼ೼ٳ঑ᒶ΢ޠڐуყᡞȄȷȞIbid.: 215ȟȂկѻࠔϛᎍңӶᄈ࢈ݾୱᚡ ޠঐ΢ࡧՄڸЇࣹȂηϛᎍңӶ፞ԄఁཽȃτᏱ๊НϾყᡞޠԚসᄈަ ཽ࢈ݾୱᚡޠࡧՄᇅّ፤Ȅᛴᅮලᇰ࣐Ȃөᆎ๗ަყᡞ឵ܼҖлަཽޠ नෂНϾȞbackground cultureȟȂӶڐϜȂӓ८ܓۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱޠՄ ໕Ѡпึදڐኈ៫ΩȄඳّϟȂӶСளҢࣁϜȂ΢উѠп਴ᐄӓ८ܓᏱ ᇴණٽޠȶߩϵӔ౪ҦȷȞnonpublic reasonsȟٿၮ܅ԫଇ፤࢈ݾୱᚡȄ ϛႇȂΚҎуউયαϵӔ፤Ꮼȃ࣐ڐМࡼޠښ࡚ܗ࢈๋୉៞ៗȂܗ޲࢑ пҴݳ޲ȃ࢈ឪԚসܗϵᙜ঑ᒶ΢ޠٙӌึߓ࢈ݾّ፤ਣȂ൸҇໹ᒴԉ ϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښȄ ᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂϵӔ౪ܓԥڎᆎѓ૗ȈȞ1ȟѻѠпᔔֆ΢উӶӼϰ ቌঅᢏϟϜ൷ؒ࢈ݾαޠӔᜌȄȞ2ȟѻ࣐࢈ݾ᠍ΩޠၽңпІ஽ښܓϵ Ӕ࢈๋ޠࢋ՘ȂණٽΠӬݳܓޠஆᙄȄಒΡᆎѓ૗֊ᛴᅮලܛᒞȶՍҦ

лဏޠӬݳܓ঩ࠍȷȞliberal principle of legitimacyȟȄ၏঩ࠍࡿяȈȶ୳ԥ

࿌࢈ݾ᠍Ωޠ՘ٻಓӬᏵݳȂՅᏵݳޠ਴Ґ्ષ࢑ܛԥϵҖഎ૗Ӭ౪෉

ޠ౪ҦϟΚӶܼᇴ݃࢈ݾҔ࿌ܓȈᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂ֊ٻءԥӔᜌȂկϵҖᙲԉϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ ښȂ߰٘пٻூڐȞٸҖлโזϟȟ໲ᡞ؛ۢڏԥ࢈ݾҔ࿌ܓȄҐНпίᄈϵӔ౪ܓޠಒΡ ᆎѓ૗ϟ፤ख़Ȃᔗԥֆܼዑఽ೼ΚᘉȄ

ࡠܛԥ΢௦ڨڐ࣐Ӭ౪ᇅ౪ܓޠ঩ࠍڸᢏ܉ਣȂשউᄈ࢈ݾ᠍Ωޠ՘ٻ Ϙ࢑ᎍ࿌ޠȃйӱԫ࢑ѠᜍԚޠȄȷȞIbid.: 217ȟ ϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ϟܛп࢑ȶϵӔޠȷȂϛѬӱ࣐ѻޠᎍңлᚡ࢑ԥᜱ ަཽҔဏޠஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡȂйڐҐ፵ڸϲৡ࢑Ӕٵޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏڸ࢈ݾ ቌঅȇ؂२्ޠ࢑ȂϵӔ౪ܓᗚࡿӪ΢୉࣐ȶϵҖȷޠӔӤٙӌȈณ፤ ࢑ӶϵӔ፤Ꮼαึߓّ፤ޠΚૢҖಁȃ࢈ឪԚসᗚ࢑ϵᙜ঑ᒶ΢Ȃуউ എ࢑пȶϵȷޠٙӌӶໍ՘፤ख़Ȃܛпуউޠ՘्࣐߰ᒴඊϵӔ౪ܓޠ ४ښȄӱԫȂᛴᅮලᇴȈȶϵӔ౪ܓ࢑ΚঐҖл΢ޠ੬ኊȈѻ࢑ϵҖޠ౪ ܓȂ࢑٦ٳӔٵ҂๊ϵҖٙӌޠ΢ޠ౪ܓȄȷȞIbid.: 213ȟඳّϟȂϵӔ ౪ܓ࢑൸΢୉࣐ҖлϵҖޠ࢈ݾ૗ΩȂՅϛ࢑ଭᄈуউ୉࣐੬ੇ๗ަყ ᡞޠԚসܗ׹ᅌڐуِՔਣڏԥޠ૗Ωٿፚ፤ޠȄ์޲ᇰ࣐Ȃᛴᅮලᄈ ҖлϵҖޠ੬፵ڸ૗Ωϟ፤ख़ၮϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ԥ຀ࣻ࿌ஞϹޠᜱ߾Ȅ

ȞΡȟϵӔ౪ܓᇅҖлϵҖᢏ

ᏒᆔϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ࣽծӬ౪ȂկשউϬϛռ፵ᅹȂϵҖ࣐Ϩቅཽ ᜺ཏഇႇϵӔ౪ܓޠ௱፤Рԓٿ൷ؒ࢈ݾӔᜌںȉᜳၿуউϛוగຨ፞ Սϐ౐߭ϛᅹޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴٿ؛ۢަཽښ࡚ᇅϵӔ࢈๋ȉᄈԫȂᛴᅮල ࡿяȂҖлϵҖϟܛп᜺ཏᒴඊϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښȂ࢑ӱ࣐уউ࢑౪ܓޠ ȞrationalȟڸӬ౪ޠȞreasonableȟȂй᜺ཏ਴ᐄࣻϤܓޠ्ؒȂӔӤ൷ ؒ೤ጓަཽӬձϵ҂఩ӈޠަཽښ࡚ᇅ࢈๋Ȅ

1ȃ౪ܓޠᇅӬ౪ޠ

ᛴᅮලࡿяȂ౪ܓޠ྆܉ᎍңӶ΢উԄե௵ڦٯ޼ۢڐܛమଢؒޠ өᆎҭޠڸւઊȂйᎍңܼКࢳޠᒶᐆȂȶӶڐϜȂѻڨژ೼ኻΚᆎ࣐΢ ዤޤޠ঩ࠍܛࡿᏳȈӶڐу఩ӈࣻӤޠ௒ݸίȂ௵ڦႁԚҭޠޠഷԥਞ

КࢳȂܗᒶᐆഷѠ૗ึҢޠᒶ໷ȄȷȞIbid.: 50ȟשউѠпᇴȂଷߩΚঐ ՘࣐޲᐀ԥ࢛ٳདྷ्ᄃ౫ޠҭޠȃւઊпІႁԚѻউޠКࢳȂ֐ࠍу൸ ءԥ୥ᇅӬձޠཏ᜺ȄӱԫȂȶ౪ܓȷܛ׹ᅌޠِՔȂ࢑ᡲ΢উ᐀ԥ୥ᇅ ަཽϵ҂Ӭձޠ୞ᐡȄ կ༊᏶ᙥȶ౪ܓȷۧϛ٘пᡲ΢উᄈ೤ጓϵ҂Ӭձޠ఩ӈםԚӔᜌȄ ೼࢑ӱ࣐Ȃȶ౪ܓ՘࣐޲ܛુнޠȂΞ࢑੬ੇםԓޠၿ኉ఄདܓȂ೼ኻޠ ၿ኉ఄདܓ዗ᙡӶ΢উ௄ٲϵ҂Ӭձȃٯ਴ᐄ٦ٳѠӬ౪෉ࡠ҂๊ޠу ΢η૗ᇰѠޠ఩ӈȂٿໍ՘ӬձޠኔగϟίȄȷȞIbid.: 51ȟ࢈ݾӔᜌस ࢑Ѡ૗ޠȂࠍϵҖᗚ҇໹࢑ȶӬ౪ޠȷȄᛴᅮලࡿяȂӬ౪ޠϵҖಓӬڎ ঐ఩ӈȈȞ1ȟණяڐуՍҦ҂๊΢η૗ᇰѠޠϵ҂Ӭձ఩ӈȂӶу΢η ࡹྲ೼ٳ఩ӈ՘୞ޠ௒ݸίࡹྲ೼ٳ఩ӈ՘୞ȄȞ2ȟᄈցᘟޠ॓ᐋϟᇰ ᜌȂ௦ڨѻᄈঐ΢ࣽࡠڐуӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠᄙ࡚ܛആԚޠኈ៫Ȃٯ௦ڨڐ ๗ݏȄ14ҦܼӬ౪ޠ΢᜺ཏ௦ڨցᘟޠ॓ᐋІڐ๗ݏȂܛп࿌уӶၮڐ уܳࡼϛӤᢏᘉޠ΢ଇ፤ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡਣȂ஡᜺ཏયӶΚঐᑀҴܼՍٙ ӓ८ܓᏱᇴᇅ੬ੇቌঅᢏޠҴൠȂ਴ᐄܛԥ΢എ૗௦ڨޠ౪ҦȂٿ൷ؒ ܅ԫϟ໣ޠӔᜌȄ ᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂस्ߵԚ΢উϟ໣ޠϵ҂ӬձȃໍՅႁԚ࢈ݾӔᜌȂ ࠍȶ౪ܓޠȷᇅȶӬ౪ޠȷ੬፵ુΚϛѠȄ೼࢑ӱ࣐ȂΚঐહᆟӬ౪ޠ ΢ુнདྷഇႇϵ҂Ӭձٿђпᄃ౫ޠҭޠȂ٦ቅу൸ϛሰ्ၮу΢Ӭ ձȇՅΚঐહᆟ౪ܓޠ΢Ҧܼϛ૗ᇰᜌژցᘟޠ॓ᐋȂܛп஡ુнϵӔ ౪ܓޠᄙ࡚ȞRawls 1993: 52ȟȄ์޲ᇰ࣐Ȃ౪ܓڸӬ౪ܓϟ໣ޠᜱ߾࢑Ȉ ަཽӬձ҇໹Ⴒ೪౪ܓޠ྆܉Ȟ֊΢উ᐀ԥуདྷ्ᄃ౫ޠҭޠܗቌঅȟȂ կӶ࡛ᄻңп೤ጓަཽӬձޠҔဏ঩ࠍܗϵӔ࢈๋ਣȂሰ्Ӭ౪ޠ྆܉ ٿ४ښ΢উ౪ܓଢؒޠҭዀȄ

2ȃࣻϤܓޠ౪དྷ

ϵӔ౪ܓߓႁяΚᆎࣻϤܓޠ౪དྷȂ֊ѻ्ؒ਴ᐄ҂๊ޠஆྦٿښ ॐަཽӬձ఩ӈܗښ࡚Ȉܛԥ΢എೞાΤՄ໕Ȃءԥ΢҇໹ӱ࣐ڐу΢ ޠւઊՅೞៃࣙȄᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂࣻϤܓ࢑Ӭ౪ϵҖϟ໣ޠΚᆎ࢈ݾᜱ ߾ȂٯйȂѻЇ࢏яȶՍҦ҂๊΢ȷޠӔٵᢏ܉пІȶࣻϤ൶२ȷޠ኉ ՘ȞIbid.: 16-17, 282ȟȄҦܼܛԥϵҖഎ࢑ՍҦй҂๊ޠȂܛпަཽښ࡚ ڸϵӔ࢈๋҇໹൩ஆӶ܅ԫഎ૗ӤཏޠϵӔ౪ҦϟαȂϵҖη҇໹ᄈՍ ϐМࡼޠ࢈ݾл஼ܗ࢈๋୉ࣻϤޠ၍មڸᜍԚȂйܛԥ΢എԥ҂๊ޠ᠍ ւȂџᔯຝڸଇ፤܅ԫණяޠ౪Ҧ࢑֐૗஋ԚҴȄ ਴ᐄᛴᅮලᄈҖлϵҖޠ౪၍ȂשউѠпᇴȂᏒᆔϵҖউӶӓ८ܓ ᏱᇴڸቌঅᢏР८Ѡ૗ԥ຀ࣻ࿌โ࡚ޠϸݣȂկуউϬด૗஋ஆܼӬ౪ ܓȃࣻϤܓڸࣻϤ൶२ޠᄙ࡚ȂՅ᜺ཏпӔٵޠϵӔ౪Ҧٿ൷ؒ࢈ݾӔ ᜌȄ೼ኻޠҖлϵҖᢏ౐ڔኈ៫຀΢উԄե೪དྷՍϐޠϵӔٙӌпІу উၮڐуϵҖϟ໣ޠ࢈ݾᜱ߾ȄԄԫȂࠍϵӔ౪ܓޠ౪དྷ஡ཽೞϲϾԚ ΚᆎȶϵҖܓޠဏଡ଼ȷȄඳّϟȂӶஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠϵӔଇ፤ϜȂϵҖ஡ ᇰ࣐ՍϐԥٻңϵӔ౪ܓޠၿ኉ဏଡ଼Ȅ ์޲п࣐Ȃᛴᅮලϟܛп҇໹ᄈҖлϵҖޠ૗Ωڸ੬፵୉Κۢޠ୆ ೪ڸ፤ख़ȂΞ࢑ӱ࣐ѻউ࢑ϵӔ౪ܓ૗֐ߵԚ࢈ݾӔᜌޠᜱᗥ्ષȄ15ၑ 15 _{ҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢ᇰ࣐ȂӶଇ፤ᛴᅮලޠলᏱਣȂഷԂ૗஋ୣϸȶ࢈ݾӔᜌȷᇅȶҔဏᢏӔ} ᜌȷȈࠊ޲ଭᄈᏵ࢈ஆҐ्ષϟၜមпІਗ਼ІަཽҔဏޠϵӔ࢈๋ڸښ࡚๗ᄻϟښॐȂࡤ޲ ਗ਼І؂ା໧ޠҔဏᢏȄᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂϵҖӶ؛ۢࠊ޲ϟឋᚡਣȂᔗ၏ຨ፞ȶԥѠ૗Ԛ࣐Ӕ ᜌᄈຬȷޠҔဏᢏȂϘڏԥҔ࿌ܓȄቸࢦ΢ᇰ࣐ȂᛴᅮලᄈܼϵҖ૗Ωڸ੬፵ޠ஽።ȂЩၷ ࢑࣐Πᇴ݃ȶҔဏᢏӔᜌԄեѠ૗ȷȄ์޲Ӥཏቸࢦ΢ᄈ࢈ݾӔᜌڸҔဏᢏӔᜌޠୣրȂկ ҦܼᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉л्ᎍңӶਗ਼ІᏵݳ਴Ґ्ષڸஆҐҔဏޠୱᚡȞ឵ܼαख़ୣϸ Ϝޠ࢈ݾӔᜌȟȂӱԫȂҐНၷ࣐୒२ᛴᅮලޠҖлϵҖᢏၮ࢈ݾӔᜌϟ໣ޠ౪፤ᜱഀȄϛ Ѡ֐ᇰӵȂҖлϵҖᢏޠጃηၮቸࢦ΢ᇴޠȶҔဏᢏӔᜌȷڏԥஞϹޠᜱ߾ȂկҐН४ܼ጖ ൾޠՄ໕ȂณݳӶԫ୉ໍΚؐޠϸݚȄ์޲࡟དᗃ೼՞ቸࢦ΢ޠ࡛ឋȂη஡Ӷґٿޠࡤ៊ः فϜȂଭᄈαख़ୣϸޠ౪፤ཏోໍ՘؂౐Τޠ௥ଇȄ

དྷȂ൸ᆘשউ૗஋೪ॏя྄ڐ׈๢ޠ࢈ݾলᏱ౪፤ڸަཽښ࡚Ȃկसુ н૗஋ᆱᛯй஽Ͼ೼ٳښ࡚ޠϵҖȂӕԂޠ౪፤ڸښ࡚η࢑ޫፚȄ16ӱ ԫȂשউѠпᇴȂ୳ԥ࿌ϵҖ඾ႈڏറ౪ܓڸӬ౪ܓޠ૗ΩȂٯ᜺ཏ਴ ᐄࣻϤܓ౪དྷޠ्ؒȂၑშ൷ؒަཽӬձޠϵ҂఩ӈਣȂϵӔ౪ܓϘ࢑ Ѡ૗ޠȄ

ȞήȟϵӔ౪ܓޠ൑Κܓᇅ׈ᐍܓ

ᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ԥΚঐࣻ࿌२्ޠ੬ᘉȈ൑ΚܓȂу݃Ҫߓ ұȈȶԥ೩ӼߩϵӔ౪ܓȂկѬԥΚᆎϵӔ౪ܓȄȷȞRawls 1993: 220ȟȄ ࠊ޲ϛᜳ౪၍Ȃӱ࣐ӒࠊϑණژȂөᆎӬ౪ޠӓ८ܓۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱ ᏱᇴೞᛴᅮලდΤनෂНϾȂڐ឵ܼߩϵӔ౪ܓޠስ஀ȂܛпߩϵӔ౪ ܓ࢑ӼϰޠȄկשউ၏Ԅեᕤ၍ȶѬԥΚᆎϵӔ౪ܓȷޠཏోںȉᄈԫȂ ᛴᅮලٯءԥఽྀޠᇴ݃Ȅ์޲п࣐ȂשউѠп௄у೏౪ቬफӬݳܓୱ ᚡޠ፤ख़ϜȂࣽя࢛ٳᆓখȄ ӶȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯޠΚঐພရ၈ȂᛴᅮලლၑױϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ ᔗңӶȶቬफ᠍ւȷ೼ঐᄃር࢈ݾឋᚡαȄуॷӒ୆೪Ȃ௥ଇ೼ঐୱᚡ ޠनෂᕘძ࢑ΚঐًזަཽȞwell-ordered societyȟȄӱԫލ፤ᚗРഎ࢑ ౪ܓйӬ౪ޠȂйܛԥ΢എ᜺ཏ௦ڨϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښȄڐԪȂᛴᅮලױ ୱᚡ४ښӶଇ፤ԚԒஐυܼҔள௒ݸίȞ֊௷ଷӱ஽ኹՅڨѺܗफڌ࿍ ם๊੬ੇ௒ݸȟ࢑֐᐀ԥቬफޠ᠍ւȄᛴᅮලࡿяȂӶ೼ኻޠ఩ӈίȂ ՎЎԥήᆎ࢈ݾቌঅѠңпցᘟቬफ᠍ւޠୱᚡȈȞ1ȟᄈ΢᜹Ңڽޠᔗ ԥ൶२ȇȞ2ȟ࢈ݾަཽߞ෉ޠًזᖆोȞ֊Մኍژঢ়৴ޠӱષȟȇȞ3ȟஐ υ୉࣐҂๊ϵҖޠ҂๊ܓȄᛴᅮලᇰ࣐ȂϵҖၽңϵӔ౪ܓޠ๗ݏѠп 16 _{ԥᜱҖл࢈ݾᇅҖлϵҖϟ໣ᜱ߾ޠଇ፤ȂѠ୥ՄݔЭܽȂȲቸឋҖлᇅϵҖᎵԚȳȂȮ୾Ҵ} ᇄᢋτᏱলᏱ፤ຠȯಒΡΫΟ෉Ȟ2005ȟȈ99-143Ȅ

ூяȈȶ೼ήᆎቌঅޠӉեӬ౪҂ᒌഎ஡ཽщϸ፮ϡΚ՞υܓᎍ࿌ޠ᠍ ւȂџ؛ۢӶԃᛅѺޠࠊήঐУ၈࢑֐्ಥЦᛅѺȄȷ౪Ҧ࢑ȂȶӶᛅѺ ޠ೼ঐߒ෉໧ࢳȂஐυ҂๊ޠ࢈ݾቌঅାܼΚϹȷȞIbid.: 243.ພ 32ȟȄӱ ԫȂϵӔ౪ܓѠпߵԚȶМࡼஐυӶᛅѺߒ෉᐀ԥቬफ᠍ւȷޠӔᜌȄ ᛴᅮල؂ࡿяȂӉեӓ८ܓᏱᇴܛூяޠ࢈ݾቌঅ௷זԄݏ௷ଷᛅѺߒ ෉ޠஐυԥቬफ᠍ւȂ٦ቅ၏Ᏹᇴ൸࢑ϛӬ౪ޠȂࣦՎȂຝڐܛඣख़ޠ ಡ࿾ϲৡȂȶѻѠ૗η࢑෥ףڸᔇय़ޠȷȞIbid.ȟȄ ਴ᐄпα፤ख़ȂשউѠпᇴȂᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂ࿌ϵҖȞѬ्уܳࡼ ޠ࢑Ӭ౪ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴȟ௵ڦϵӔ౪ܓޠᄙ࡚ٿࡧՄ፞Ԅቬफ᠍ւ೼᜹ ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡਣȂуউཽ௦ڨࣻӤޠංᆎ࢈ݾቌঅձ࣐௱፤ޠஆᙄȂٯ ᄈ೼ٳቌঅޠᓻӒ໸זܳࡼࣻӤޠࣽݳȂӱՅѠпூяΚयޠ๗፤Ȅܼ ࢑ȂᛴᅮලܛᒞޠȶΚᆎȷϵӔ౪ܓȂڐϲৡࡿਗ਼ژΚಣ੬ۢޠ࢈ݾቌ অڸᄈ೼ٳቌঅޠ௷זϟࣻӤл஼Ȅӕђαу෇ߓұȂජඬϵӔ౪ܓө ᆎஆҐ྆܉ޠ૗Ω൩ஆӶȶӔӤޠ΢᜹౪ܓȞcommon human reasonȟȷ

ϟαȞIbid.: 220ȟȄ೼ᡘұяᛴᅮලࣻ߭ȂӔӤޠ΢᜹౪ܓѠпජඬژࣻ ӤޠϵӔ౪ܓϲৡȄ կѫΚР८Ȃᛴᅮලη෇ᇴȈȶ௦ڨϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ڸѻޠӬݳܓ঩ ࠍᡘดٯϛཏک຀௦ڨ࢛Κᆎ੬ੇޠՍҦлဏҔဏᢏȂΞՎܼ४ۢڐ঩ ࠍϲৡޠഷಥಡ࿾ȷȞIbid.: 226ȟȇуη஽።ȂȶϵӔ౪ܓٯϛ्ؒשউ௦ ڨ׈ӓࣻӤޠҔဏ঩ࠍȷȞIbid.: 241ȟȄ೼ᡘұяᛴᅮලܜᇰȂ࿌хҖл ަཽѠпԥӼᆎӬ౪ޠҔဏᢏȂ೼ٳҔဏᢏޠл஼എࣻৡܼϵӔ౪ܓޠ ᢏ܉ȄसԫȂࠍשউ၏Ԅեױ೼ኻޠᢏᘉાΤуܛᒞȶѬԥΚᆎϵӔ౪ ܓȷᇅȶӔӤޠ΢᜹౪ܓȷϟᇴݳȂՅםԚΚयޠᕤ၍ںȉ ์޲ᇰ࣐Ȃ࿌ᛴᅮලᇴȶѬԥΚᆎϵӔ౪ܓȷਣȂуࡿޠ൸࢑ࠊख़൩ ஆӶӔӤ΢᜹౪ܓϟαޠࣻӤϵӔ౪ܓϲৡȄ؂२्ޠ࢑ȂуᗵดႲ೪Π

ȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏ૗஋щϸߓႁя೼ኻޠϵӔ౪ܓϲৡȄ17೼ ࢑ӱ࣐Ȃ࿌ϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ೞᔗңӶቬफୱᚡαਣȂᛴᅮලңٿ௱፤я ȶஐυӶᛅѺߒ෉᐀ԥቬफ᠍ւȷޠ౪Ҧ˕˕ܛԥӬ౪ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴഎ ཽ፮ϡȶஐυ҂๊ȷ೼ঐ࢈ݾቌঅᓻӒӵ՞˕˕ၮȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷ௄ȶ΢ ୉࣐ՍҦ҂๊ϵҖȷޠࠊණяึϟஆҐҴൠ࢑ΚयޠȄٯйȂԫΚл஼ щϸ৥౫я၏࢈ݾҔဏᢏᄈڐᄃ፵Ҕဏ঩ࠍޠ᜞ڑԓ௷זȞlexical orderȟȈӶȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷϜȂ҂๊ՍҦ঩ࠍᓻӒܼ೤ጓަཽڸစᔽښ ࡚ޠಒΡҔဏ঩ࠍȄ18ԫѵȂᛴᅮලӶȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯΚਫޠ೩Ӽӵ Рഎϛᘟ஽።ȂՍϐޠȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷձ࣐ΚᆎᑀҴՍࡼޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȂ ஡ѠᕖூܛԥӬ౪ӓ८ܓᏱᇴڸҔဏᢏޠӤཏ˕˕ѻѠпԚ࣐೼ٳᏱᇴ 17 ҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢ࡿяȂᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂ૗஋Ԛ࣐Ᏽ࢈ҖлަཽӔᜌᄈຬޠҔဏᢏϛ૗࡛Ҵ ӶཽЖึލឋޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴϟαȂ೼ኻޠҴൠءԥ௷ଷȶԥѠ૗Ԛ࣐ӔᜌᄈຬȷޠҔဏᢏԥ ೩ӼঐȄᛴᅮලϛሰ्֐ᇰ೼ٳӬ౪Ҕဏᢏܛএឋޠ࢈ݾቌঅѠп࢑ϵӔ౪ܓޠȞഌϸȟϲ ৡȂӱԫȂቸࢦ΢ᇰ࣐ȂҐНߒጉࡿᆏȶӶᛴᅮලޠࣻᜱ፤ख़नࡤȂႲ೪Π೼ᆎ൑ΚޠϵӔ ౪ܓܗࣻӤޠϵӔ౪ܓϲৡȂ൸࢑уޠȺҔဏ֊ϵ҂Ȼޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȷծоၮᛴᅮලޠᇴݳ ϛࣻৡȄٯйȂቸࢦ΢ηᇰ࣐Ȃᛴᅮලᄈܼቬफୱᚡޠຠ፤ٯϛ٘пᜍ݃ул஼ϵӔ౪ܓޠ ൑ΚܓȄ์޲Ӥཏቸࢦ΢ܛᇴȂᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏٯϛ௷ଷӬ౪ޠҔဏᢏԥ೩ӼᆎȂՅѻ উܛএឋޠ࢈ݾቌঅѠп࢑ϵӔ౪ܓޠഌϸϲৡȄկ์޲Ӷ೼၈ၑშ्௥ଇޠ࢑Ȃ೼ᆎϱ೩ ӼϰҔဏᢏޠ፤ख़ȂԄե૗஋ၮуܛᒞȶѬԥΚᆎϵӔ౪ܓȷޠᇴݳ୉Κयޠ౪၍Ȅ์޲ޠ ၜម࢑ȂᏒᆔᛴᅮලܜᇰӬ౪ޠҔဏᢏϛѬΚᆎȂկуᇰ࣐೼ٳҔဏᢏഎ૗ӤཏȞܗࣻৡܼȟ ȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȂӱԫȂϵӔ౪ܓޠϲৡѬԥΚᆎȄҐН߰࢑Ӷ೼ኻޠཏဏί ٿᕤ၍ϵӔ౪ܓޠ൑ΚܓȂӶпίᄈ೼ᆎၜមޠᇴ݃ϜȂᛴᅮලԥᜱቬफୱᚡޠຠ፤༊࢑М ࡼޠէᜍϟΚȂ์޲ᗚ஡ණяڐуޠМࡼᜍᐄȄկ์޲ηݨཏژҐНߒጉϜޠ፤ख़Рԓৡܿ ആԚ᠟޲ޠᇳ၍Ȃࢉᄈԫ୉Πঔ׾ٯቩ఻ࣻᜱޠᇴ݃Ȅ 18 _{ӶȮҔဏ፤ȯᇅȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯϜȂᛴᅮලᄈڎঐҔဏ঩ࠍޠඣख़౲ԥϛӤȂկڐ᜞ڑԓ} ௷זޠ्ؒٯґ׾ᡑȄॷӒȂ҂๊ՍҦ঩ࠍ࢑ȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷޠಒΚঐҔဏ঩ࠍȂѻ्ؒȈ ȶؑঐ΢ᄈܼ҂๊ޠஆҐ᠍ւڸՍҦϟщϸᎍ࿌ᡞقȂ᐀ԥΚᆎ҂๊ޠ्ؒȂ၏ᡞقࣻৡܼ ܛԥ΢᐀ԥޠࣻӤᡞقȂӶ೼ঐᡞقϜȂ҂๊ޠ࢈ݾՍҦй୳ԥ೼ٳՍҦޠϵ҂ቌঅூژጃ ߴȄȷಒΡঐҔဏ঩ࠍᎍңӶ೤ጓަཽڸစᔽښ࡚αޠϛ҂๊ϸପȂѻєࢃڎঐഌϸȈȶॷ ӒȂ௄឵ܼѻউޠӵ՞ڸᙜ՞ᔗӶϵ҂ޠᐡཽ҂๊఩ӈίȂᄈܛԥ΢໡ܺȦᐡཽ҂๊঩ࠍȧȄ ڐԪȂѻউ्ᄈഷϛւޠަཽԚসഷԥւȦৰ౵঩ࠍȧȄȷȞRawls 1993: 5-6ȟڐԪȂڎঐҔ ဏ঩ࠍޠ᜞ڑԓ௷זࡿޠ࢑Ȃަཽ҇໹Ӓᅗ٘҂๊ՍҦ঩ࠍȞಒΚҔဏ঩ࠍȟϟࡤȂϘ૗൷ ؒಒΡҔဏ঩ࠍޠᅗ٘ȞRawls 1971: 42-43ȟȄԫΚ௷ז्࣐ؒޠ࢑ጃߴঐ΢ޠஆҐՍҦڸ ᠍ւϛཽೞၷτޠစᔽڸަཽւઊܛៃࣙȄ

ڸҔဏᢏϟ໣ޠΚᆎ२᠓ӔᜌȞoverlapping consensusȟȄसԫȂࠍࣻӤ ޠϵӔ౪ܓϲৡ߰࢑Ѡ૗ޠȄ์޲п࣐Ȃस्ᄈᛴᅮලԥᜱϵӔ౪ܓᢏ ܉ޠ፤ख़୉Κयޠ౪၍Ȃࠍשউ҇໹ױуᇴޠȶѬԥΚᆎϵӔ౪ܓȷᕤ ၍ԚᄈܼΚಣ੬ۢ࢈ݾቌঅІڐ௷זޠࣻӤϲৡȂՅ೼൑ΚޠϵӔ౪ܓ ϲৡѠҦȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏܛߓႁȄᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂҦܼܛ ԥӬ౪ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴഎ૗ӤཏȞܗࣻৡܼȟ೼ᆎ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȂܛпณ፤ ΢উܳࡼޠ࢑঻ΚᆎᏱᇴȂуউӶଇ፤ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡܗϵӔ࢈๋ਣȂ߰ ૗ຨ፞ࣻӤޠ࢈ݾቌঅІڐᓻӒ໸זȂձ࣐Ӕٵޠ౪ҦȂໍՅႁԚӔ ᜌȄ ஆܼϵӔ౪ܓޠ൑ΚܓȂᛴᅮලໍΚؐл஼ϵӔ౪ܓڏ׈ᐍܓȄ೼ ࢑ᇴȂѻڏᡞ೤ۢޠөᆎ࢈ݾቌঅ૗஋ᎍ࿌ӵႁژ҂ᒌܗಜᐍȂשউѬ ्਴ᐄ೼ٳቌঅ൸ѠпᄈܛԥȞܗৰϛӼܛԥȟਗ਼ІᏵݳ਴Ґ्ષڸަ ཽҔဏޠୱᚡȂ๞яӬ౪ޠ๏਱ȞIbid.: 225ȟȄ19ࣦՎȂᄈܼΚٳަཽҔ ဏޠ۾իܓୱᚡȈєࢃ΢উᄈґٿзхޠဏଡ଼ȃ୾ርݳڸөҖఋ໣ޠ࢈ ݾᜱ߾ȂпІښॐᚃᕜߴୋ঩ࠍ๊ȂϵӔ౪ܓηѠпණٽӬ౪ޠ၍๏Ȅ20

ѳȃ״ຠᇅࢆ᏾

ᛴᅮලණяϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉࣐ޠ࢑्Ӷ࿌хҖлަཽޠӬ౪Ӽϰٲ ᄃίȂණٽᜍԚϵӔ࢈๋ڸަཽښ࡚ޠӬݳܓஆᙄȂٯߵԚ࢈ݾӔᜌޠ 19 _{ԥᏱ޲ᇰ࣐ȂᛴᅮලϟܛпױϵӔ౪ܓޠᎍңлᚡࠂ४ӶᏵݳ਴Ґ्ષڸஆҐҔဏޠୱᚡȂ} ౪ҦϟΚ֊࢑ӱ࣐у஁ࡼϵӔ౪ܓޠ׈ᐍܓȄҦܼᛴᅮලוగϵӔ౪ܓ૗ᄈᎍңጓ൝ϲޠܛ ԥୱᚡ๞яӬ౪ޠ๏਱Ȃկ्ѻԥ૗Ω၍๏ܛԥ࢈ݾୱᚡᡘด࢑಍ᛥᜳ՘ޠȂӱԫȂஆܼѠ ՘ܓޠՄ໕Ȃᛴᅮල߰஡ϵӔ౪ܓޠᎍңጓ൝४ښӶᄈ΢᜹Ңࣁഷڏኈ៫ΩޠஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡ αȄ୥Մ T. M. Scanlon, “Rawls on Justification,” in Samuel Freeman, ed., The Cambridge

Companion to Rawls, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003): 163. 20

ҐНณݳໍΚؐଇ፤ϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ᄈ೼ٳ۾իܓୱᚡޠᔗңȂᛴᅮලޠࣻᜱ፤ख़፝୥Մ Rawls 1993: 244-46.

я౫ȄดՅȂ೩ӼᏱ޲ࠔᄈᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏණя஽੩ޠ״ຠȂл् ѠпϸԚпίѳᆎȈ

ȞΚȟႇ࡚Љ઎Ȃณݳ၍؛ލឋ

ᄈϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ഷளُޠ״ຠ࢑ȂӶቌঅᢏڸདྷݳԄԫӼϰȃϸݣ ޠަཽϜȂ༊ຨ፞ܛᒞȶӔٵޠȷ࢈ݾቌঅՅ෉ࡠ΢উᄈ྄ڏލឋޠϵ ӔឋᚡႁԚӔᜌȂᄃӶ࢑ЋႇЉ઎ޠདྷݳȄଷΠቬफ᠍ւޠୱᚡѵȂԬ Әԇኁȃх౪ѺҕᇅՔ௒ਫᝳޠѠϱ೩ܓ๊ލឋȂഎ࢑״ຠ޲စள਍ٿ ࢆ᏾ᛴᅮලޠپφȄ״ຠ޲ᇰ࣐Ȃ൸ᆘܛԥ΢എӤཏ௦ڨϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ ښȂկуউᄈࣻᜱ࢈ݾቌঅޠᓻӒԪזϬԥ຀ϸݣޠࣽݳȂܛпณݳႁ Ԛ࢈ݾӔᜌȄ21пᛴᅮලᄈቬफୱᚡޠ፤ख़࣐پȂуᇰ࣐ϵӔ౪ܓޠၽ ңཽᡲܛԥ΢എӤཏȶஐυ҂๊ȷ࢑ഷ२्ޠ࢈ݾቌঅȂկࠔءԥໍΚ ؐᇴ࣐݃եԄԫȄᄈ೩Ӽ΢ٿᇴȂл஼ȶᄈ΢᜹Ңڽޠᔗԥ൶२ȷ؂࣐ २्ٯߩϛӬ౪ޠȄ ൸ᆘஆܼ፤ᜍޠҭޠȂשউӤཏȶஐυ҂๊ȷ࢑ഷ२्ޠ࢈ݾቌঅȂ կ଼ᅮۋຆȞPeter de MarneffeȟࡿяȂϵӔ౪ܓϬดณݳӲ๏Ȃ࣐Ϩቅ ቬफ᠍ւᄈஐυ҂๊ٿᇴ࢑Κᆎ्҇ޠ᠍ւںȉᄈԫȂᛴᅮලѠ૗ཽ ᇴȂଷߩஐυ૗஋ජ௢ڐҢ෦ᒶᐆȂ֐ࠍԃউ൸ณݳ᐀ԥ҂๊ޠᐡཽȄ ୱᚡ࢑Ȃ೼ኻޠӲᔗϬϛ٘пӶᐡཽ҂๊ڸቬफ᠍ւϟ໣࡛Ҵၿ኉αޠ ๙ᄈᜱഀȄ೼࢑ӱ࣐ȂԄݏשউϛՄኍ஽ኹޠ௒ݸȞ೼ಓӬᛴᅮලޠ፤ ᜍ௒ძȟȂ٦ቅஐυ౴ഥѠпᙥҦ׈ӓᗘռܓ՘࣐ٿජ௢ԃউޠҢ෦ᒶ ᐆȄܼ࢑Ȃᛴᅮලᗚ҇໹ໍΚؐᇴ݃Ȃณ໹८ᖞᛅѺޠѠ૗Յԥܓһޠ ᐡཽ࢑Κᆎၿ኉αԥቌঅޠᐡཽȂܛп्ؒஐυܺతܓ՘࣐࢑ϛӬ౪

21 _{Philip Quinn, “Political Liberalisms and Their Exclusions of the Religious,” Proceedings and} Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 69, 2 (1995): 37-38, 42-44, 46. David Reidy,

ޠȄܗ೩Ӽ኶΢ϛཽЇᄈ೼ΚᘉȂϛႇϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉्ؒ΢উȶѬ૗ȷ п࢈ݾቌঅٿ࣐ՍϐޠҴൠ៞ៗȂկשউӶ೼၈ࠔ࡟ᜳ׳ژ೼ኻޠӔٵ ቌঅȄ22ӱԫȂ༊ຨ፞࢈ݾቌঅณݳᜍԚȶМࡼஐυӶᛅѺߒ෉᐀ԥቬ फ᠍ւȷޠҴൠȄ ଷΠڏލឋޠϵӔឋᚡѵȂݱ୦ȞJames BohmanȟໍΚؐࡿяȂᛴ ᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏηϛ૗၍؛ҖлަཽϜԇӶޠΚٳ౐ቺፑऐȂ೼ኻޠ ፑ ऐ ਗ਼ І ژ ң п ນ ؛ ލ ឋ ޠ ၷ ା ז ঩ ࠍ Ȅ پ Ԅ Ȃ Ӷ ஆ ࿝ ऌ Ᏹ ఁ ࣃ ȞChristian Scienceȟ߭৷ܣ๙ݾᕜޠ਱پϜȂЯҕᒒܣ๙ᚃ৲࣐ڐφυ ණٽ्҇ޠᚃᕜȄݱ୦ࡿяȂӶ೼၈Ȃፑऐޠ౐ڔϟ೏ٯϛӶܼЯҕᒒ ޠȶ᠍ւȷڸ࢈ۻޠȶւઊȷϟ໣ޠፑऐȂՅ࢑࿌ၑშໍ՘ນ؛ਣȂ΢উ ࣦՎᄈ੾੿ޠȶٲᄃȷȞfactsȟ࣐եȂഎԥ຀౐ڔޠݣُȈᚃᏱαᄈ੾੿ ܛᇰۢޠٲᄃȂढ़౵ܼ೼ٳ߭৷ޠၿ኉߭܉Ȃ௦ڨࠊ޲൸๊ܼ֐ۢࡤ޲Ȅ ݱ୦ᇰ࣐ȂӶԫΚ਱پϜȂၿ኉౪Ҧڸޤᜌ፤ޠ౪ҦࣻϤޮ๗ӶΚକȂٻ ூשউ࡟ᜳᄈஆ࿝ऌᏱఁࣃ߭৷φυޠݾᕜୱᚡႁԚӉեӔᜌȂӱ࣐Ӷ೼ ၈ٯϛԇӶܛԥ΢എ૗௦ڨޠϵӔஆᙄȂѠңпໍ՘ນ؛Ȅ23 ਴ᐄ଼ᅮۋຆڸݱ୦ޠ״ຠȂᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏޠᓀᇳӶܼȈӶ ઎ᄃޠަཽҢࣁϜٯϛԇӶ൑ΚޠϵӔ౪ܓϲৡȂ༊ຨ፞࢈ݾቌঅณݳ ᡲ΢উᄈөᆎڏލឋޠϵӔឋᚡႁԚӔᜌȄसԫȂࠍϵӔ౪ܓڏ׈ᐍܓ Ȟ֊ѻѠпᄈܛԥਗ਼ІᏵݳ਴Ґ्ષڸަཽҔဏޠୱᚡȂ๞яӬ౪ޠ๏ ਱ȟޠл஼ծоη࢑ᜳпԚҴޠȄ

22 _{Peter de Marneffe, “Rawls’s Idea of Public Reason,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 75 (1994):}

234-35.

23

James Bohman, “Public Reason and Cultural Pluralism: Political Liberalism and the Problem of Moral Conflict,” Political Theory 23, 2 (1995): 253, 256-57.ԫѵȂᆌࣅࠥջȞPred Frohockȟη пஆ࿝ऌᏱఁࣃ߭৷ܣ๙ᚃᕜޠپφȂ״ຠᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉Ȅ୥Մ Pred Frohock, “The Boundaries of Public Reason,” The American Political Science Review 91, 4 (1997): 833-44.

ȞΡȟϛϵ҂ޠ௷ଷձݳ

ԥᜱϵӔ౪ܓ௷ଷӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠ४ښȂᏒᆔᛴᅮලϱ೩࢛ٳپѵȂ پԄ 1830 Ԓхޠज୾ኁѸၽ୞пІ 1960 ԒхޠϵҖ᠍ၽ୞ຨ፞ӓ८ܓ Ᏹᇴᢏᘉޠձݳ࢑Ѡೞ௦ڨޠȞRawls 1993: 249-51ȟȂկ״ຠ޲ᇰ࣐Ȃ ൸ᐍᡞՅّȂϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉௵ڦޠ࢑௷ҍܓޠᢏᘉȄւۼලȞGary C. LeedesȟࡿяȂȶӶᛴᅮලޠᢏᘉϜȂ२᠓Ӕᜌޠᛨۢܓٸᒧ຀ױ೩ӼᏱ ᇴ௄ϵӔፚ፤Ϝђп௷ଷȄȷ24пӓ८ܓޠۡఁᏱᇴ࣐پȂᛴᅮල௷ଷ ۡఁՄ໕ޠ౪Ҧ࢑ȂءԥӉեΚᆎӓ८ܓޠۡఁᏱᇴѠпூژܛԥϵҖ ޠᇰѠȂܛпஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠଇ፤ϛᔗ၏ຨ፞ۡఁՄ໕Ȅ೩ӼᏱ޲״ຠ ೼࢑Κᆎϛϵ҂ޠ௷ଷձݳȄ સঘȞLawrence B. SolumȟࡿяȂӶϵӔ፤Ꮼ၈௷ଷۡఁՄ໕ᄈܼ ૶ၗޠۡఁ߭ӊ޲ٿᇴ྄ϛϵ҂Ȃӱ࣐࿌ѻ௷ଷԥઢ፤޲ޠۡఁՄ໕ ਣȂ๊ܼѬϱ೩ณઢ፤ޠ߭܉Ѡп࿌ձϵӔ౪ҦȄپԄȂᄈܼ࢈ۻ࢑֐ ᔗ၏ၦֆۡఁᏱਯޠୱᚡȂ਴ᐄϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښȂڏۡఁ߭ӊ޲ϛ૗ஆ ܼۡఁଌጜᄈڌ่ԥઊޠ౪ҦȂ्ؒ࢈ۻၦֆۡఁᏱਯȄկୱᚡ࢑Ȃณ ۡఁ߭ӊ޲ࠔѠпຨ፞уউᄈۡఁޠᄙ࡚ȂЇᄈၦֆۡఁᏱਯȄસঘᇰ ࣐Ȃ೼ᡘด࢑пᚗ२ዀྦٿᄈࡠԥۡఁ߭ӊ޲ڸณۡఁ߭ӊ޲Ȅ25Ҧܼ ϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ਗ਼Іϛϵ҂ޠ௷ଷձݳȂܛп࢑౪፤αѠЇᄈޠȄ

24 _{Gary C. Leedes, “Rawls’s Excessively Secular Political Conception,” University of Richmond Law} Review 27 (1993): 1103.

25

Lawrence B. Solum, “Inclusive Public Reason,” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 75 (1994): 221-22. ԫѵȂዊड़ȞRobert Audiȟȃأᅮ੬ලԝЊȞNicholas Wolterstorffȟȃ݁਀ȞPhilip Quinnȟ ڸፐල୦ȞPaul Weithmanȟ๊Ᏹ޲ηᄈᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ௷ଷӓ८ܓۡఁᏱᇴՄ໕ޠձ ݳණя״ցȄ୥Մ Robert Audi & Nicholas Wolterstorff, Religion in the Public Square, (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997): 67-120. Quinn, 1995: 35-56. Paul Weithman, “The Separation of Church and State: Some Questions for Professor Audi,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 20, 1 (1991): 52-65. Paul Weithman ed., Religion and Contemporary Liberalism, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997. 139-67.

Ȟήȟႇ࡚ڨ४ȂณݳߵԚ؂౐ቺޠӔᜌ

ࠊख़ಒΚ᜹״ց፵ᅹޠ࢑ȂᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ༊ຨ፞࢈ݾቌঅޠ ձݳณݳᡲ΢উᄈϵӔឋᚡޠލឋםԚӔᜌȄԥ״ຠ޲ໍΚؐࡿяȂϵ Ӕ౪ܓϟܛпณݳϾ၍೼ٳލឋȂ਴Ґޠ঩ӱӶܼȈѻܛ௷ଷޠӓ८ܓ ۡఁȃၿ኉ᇅলᏱл஼Ҕ࢑ލ፤ޠᜱᗥܛӶȄپԄȂӶቬफ᠍ւޠލឋ ϜȂМࡼڸЇᄈቬफޠଳᕋഎޤၿȃηഎ௦ڨԥᜱफڌึيڸҕᒒᛅѺ ႇโޠܛԥऌᏱٲᄃȂуউηഎӤཏȶϛᔗ၏యড়ณ່ޠ΢ȷ೼ঐஆҐ ၿ኉঩ࠍȂկᚗРϟܛпϬᙠณݳڦூӔᜌΞ࢑яՍуউᄈȶफڌ࢑ϛ ࢑Ⱥ΢Ȼȷ೼ঐםαᏱୱᚡޠᄈҴл஼Ȅᒶᐆ᠍ၽ୞ȞPro-ChoiceȟޠМ ࡼ޲ᇰ࣐ȂफڌȞ੬ր࢑ήঐУпϲޠफڌȟѬ࢑ᛅѺஐυٙᡞޠΚഌ ӌȂࢉᔗҴݳߴሬஐυԥ೏ဋՍϐٙᡞȞቬफȟޠ᠍ւȇկᛴ଼Љлఁ ཽڸҢڽ᠍ၽ୞ȞPro-LifeȟޠМࡼ޲ࠍᇰ࣐ȂफڌՍڨѺ໡ۗ൸࢑ȶ΢ȷȂ ቬफณ౵ܼᒘయȂࢉᔗҴݳ࿲ЦቬफȄӶ೼၈ȂᚗР౱Ңݣُޠ਴ྜӶ ܼϛӤޠӓ८ܓۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱл஼Ȃଷߩ૗ᄈ೼ٳӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠл ஼ႁԚ؂౐ቺޠӔᜌȂ֐ࠍϛѠ૗઎ҔϾ၍΢উᄈϵӔឋᚡޠލឋȄ

ѡ኉୦ȞAmy Gutmannȟڸ෾඾ීȞDennis ThompsonȟࡿяȂӶ፞ Ԅቬफ᠍ւȃԬӘԇኁ๊ލឋϜȂМࡼڸЇᄈޠଳᕋഎԥӬ౪ޠ਴ᐄѠ пܣ๙ᄈРޠҴൠȂӱԫȂуউޠᄈҴл஼Ѡᇴ࢑Κᆎቸឋޠϸݣ Ȟdeliberative disagreementȟȄ೼ਣ঑҇໹ϱ೩΢উຨ፞өᆎӬ౪ޠӓ८ ܓۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱᏱᇴІڐࣻᔗޠቌঅᢏȂٿᄈ೼ٳލឋ୉я؛ۢȄ26 ᛴᅮල׈ӓ௷ଷӓ८ܓᏱᇴՄ໕ޠձݳϛկณֆܼލឋޠ၍؛Ȃѻᗚᝓ २४ᕼΠߵԚ౐ቺӔᜌூпя౫ޠϵӔቸឋޫ໣Ȅؖ۰ᅮȞMichael. J. SandelȟηࡿяȂ؂໡ܺޠϵӔቸឋޫ໣ᄈܼᔯᡜөᆎӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠӬ

26 _{Amy Gutmann & Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard}

౪ܓȂ֊ᇴ݉ր΢௦ڨשউၿ኉౪དྷޠᓻᘉȂܗЇႇٿೞу΢ᇴ݉ȃ௦

ڨуউၿ኉౪དྷޠᓻᘉՅّȂΞ࢑्҇ޠȄ27ٯйȂ೼ᆎڏ؂τޫ໣ޠ

ϵӔ౪ܓၽңٯϛཽӱԫៃࣙ௭ᛴᅮලএឋޠৡףᇅࣻϤ൶२๊࢈ݾ౪ དྷȄпࣻϤ൶२࣐پȂؖ۰ᅮ࡛ឋ௵ڦѫΚᆎᢏᘉɯуᆏϟ࣐ȶቸឋޠ

൶२ᢏȷȞdeliberative conception of respectȟȈ֊ᙥҦᄈڐуϵҖණяޠၿ

኉ڸۡఁ߭܉ϟ୥ᇅȂٿߓႁשউᄈуউޠ൶२Ȅԥਣ঑שউཽᄈ೼ٳ ӓ८ܓᏱᇴл஼ණяࢆ᏾ڸЇሼȂԥਣ঑ࠍ་᠚ٯ௄ϜᏱಭȞSandel 1998: 217-18ȟȄ ਴ᐄ״ຠ޲ޠࣽݳȂ࿌хӼϰަཽܛሰ्ޠ࢈ݾӔᜌΞ࢑ྜՍөᆎ ӓ८ܓۡఁȃၿ኉ܗলᏱᏱᇴϜޠ፤ᜍ༙ᆺȂܗ࢑ٿՍөᆎӓ८ܓᏱᇴ ޠМࡼ޲ϟ໣ȃґڨ४ښޠᄈၘՅਜ਼౫яٿޠ౐ቺӔᜌȄ״ຠ޲ᇰ࣐Ȃ ؂໡ܺޠϵӔᄈၘޫ໣૗ߵٻ΢উџᕤ၍ϛӤޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴᇅቌঅᢏȂ ٯᄈՍϐܳࡼޠᏱᇴڸ߭܉୉؂щϸޠЇࣹȂӱԫЩၷѠ૗౱Ңኅހй ౐ቺޠӔᜌȄ

ȞѳȟϵӔ౪ܓᗚ࢑ထಁ౪ܓȉ

਴ᐄᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏȂӶϵӔ፤ᏬϜ҇໹пܛԥ΢എ૗௦ڨޠ ࢈ݾቌঅȂϵ໡ӵ࣐ՍϐМࡼޠަཽ࢈๋ܗ࢈ݾҴൠ୉៞ៗȄӶ೼၈Ȃ ϵӔ౪ܓܛច֥ޠȶϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍȷѠпᄈϵӔឋᚡޠቸឋழٿ࢛ٳًԂ

ޠਞݏȂ֊ȶᙐ൑ථ៪ޠਞݏȷȞthe simple exposure effectȟȈϵ໡ܓѠп

ථึΚૢϛཽೞݨཏژޠϛҔဏȃᆼంڸߩݳһܿȄܼ࢑ϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍߵ ٻ΢উ҇໹ܺతՍؾޠ౪ҦȂՅ௵ڦϵӔ౪ܓޠᄙ࡚ȄดՅȂᓁճල ȞSimone ChambersȟණᒻשউȂϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍηڏԥ།ড়ܓޠኈ៫ȈѻѠ

27 _{Michael. J. Sandel, “A Response to Rawls’ Political Liberalism,” in Michael. J. Sandel, Liberalism} and the Limits of Justice, 2nd _{ed., (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1998): 211.}

૗७մ࢈ݾቸឋޠࠣ፵Ȅ೼࢑ӱ࣐Ȃ࿌࢈ۻۣসܗϵᙜ঑ᒶ΢དញژу উ҇໹пܛԥ΢എ૗௦ڨޠ౪ҦܗϵӔւઊޠ௪᜞Ȃٿചख़ڐ࢈ݾл஼ ਣȂ߰ԥѠ૗ٻூ঩ҐңཏًԂޠϵӔ౪ܓቬΤထಁ౪ܓȞplebiscitory reasonȟ28_{ϟϜȄܛᒞȶထಁ౪ܓȷࡿޠ࢑Κᆎጴ఼ޠϵӔ౪ܓၽңȈӶ} ϵ໡ܓޠᔇΩίȂึߓّ፤޲ຨ፞ޠᗷด࢑ӔӤޠܗϵӔޠቌঅȂկ೼ ٳቌঅѬ࢑Κٳ೵нȃߓ८ޠቌঅܗ΢ܓӔ೾ޠ॓८ӱષȂڐҭޠ࣐ޠ ࢑्ூژഷӼ኶΢ޠМࡼȄ29 ٲᄃαȂܛԥҖлަཽഎཽ८ᖞژထಁ౪ܓޠୱᚡȄӶхឋҖлښ ϜȂϵҖٯϛޣ௦୥ᇅ࢈๋ܗݳࡢޠቸឋڸښॐႇโȂՅ࢑׺ಊᒶяу উޠхߓȞєࢃᖃಜȃҴݳېস๊ȟȂҦ೼ٳхߓٿښॐٯࢋ՘өᆎ࢈๋ ڸݳࡢȄΚҎϵҖ඾ႈુнᄈϵӔឋᚡޠᕤ၍Ȃуউ߰࡟ৡܿڨژᓀᇳ ၦଊڸᅪ୞ܓّ፤ޠᐈךȄુн౪ܓ״ցڸቸឋ૗ΩޠϵҖηѠ૗ೞ঑ ᒶ΢ණяޠጴ఼ᇷӱܗ೵н௱፤ܛ֝ЖȂՅኈ៫ژуউޠ׺ಊᒶᐆȄӶ ᒶᖟ෉໣ȂשউစளѠпࣽژထಁ౪ܓޠ॓८ኈ៫Ȉ࣐ؒാᒶȂ೩Ӽ঑ ᒶ΢Іڐܛ឵࢈ឪτ໡࢈ݾМಊٿߕӬᒶҖޠ୒ԂȄܼ࢑ȂӶਗ਼ІᏵݳ ਴Ґ्ષڸަཽ࢈๋ޠҴݳР८Ȃϵ໡ଇ፤ޠഷτୱᚡӶܼထಁ౪ܓȈ ึߓّ፤޲וగᅿѠ૗ڦਈഷӼ኶ޠ΢Ȃуউණяޠ౪Ҧᗷ࢑Ӽ኶΢ཽ ௦ڨޠȂկڐϲৡࠔณֆܼަཽᐍᡞւઊȄ30؂ӡᓏޠ࢑Ȃထಁ౪ܓԥ 28 _{์޲঩Ґױ“plebiscitory reason”ΚມᙛណԚȶҖಁ౪ܓȷȄҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢࡛ឋណ࣐ȶထಁ} ౪ܓȷȂӱ࣐਴ᐄᓁճලޠᇴݳȂ“plebiscitory reason”ޠཏోಓӬϜНᇮძϜȶຨ፞ထಁȷޠ ᇴݳܛច֥ϟߩ౪ܓȃࢆ୞ಁ΢൑હమؒޠཏဏȂܛпȶထಁ౪ܓȷޠណݳ؂࡭࿌Ȅ์޲Ӥ ཏቸࢦ΢ޠࣽݳȂٯᐄԫ୉ΠঔҔȄ 29

Simone Chambers, “Behind Closed Doors: Publicity, Secrecy, and the Quality of Deliberation,”

The Journal of Political Philosophy 12 (2004): 390-93.

30 _{ӶԥᜱᏵݳ਴Ґ्ષޠቸឋР८ȂՕᅮල੬ȞJon Elsterȟ෇Щၷ 1787 Ԓज୾пબஞቸឋР}

ԓໍ՘ޠຳ࠳ښᏵཽឋȞthe Constitutional Convention of Philadelphiaȟڸ 1789 Ԓݳ୾пϵ໡ Рԓໍ՘ቸឋޠښᏵཽឋȞthe Assemblée ConstituanteȟȄуᇰ࣐ࠊ޲௵બஞଇ፤Рԓூяၷ Ԃޠቸឋࠣ፵Ȅ୥Մ Jon Elster, “Strategic uses of Argument,” in Kenneth J. Arrow et al. ed.,

Ѡ૗ٻூލឋᚗР൸ᆘӶଇ፤ႇโϜೞᄈРଳᕋණяޠ౪Ҧܛᇴ݉Ȃη ϛ᜺ཏ׾ᡑՍϐޠҴൠȂпռೞҖಁܗ൭ᡞ״ຠ࢈ݾҴൠ཯ᘜȞGutmann & Thompson 1996: 115-16ȟȄӱԫȂӶϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍϟίȂϵӔ౪ܓޠቸឋ ᆡઢϛඉԇӶȂଇ፤ႇโη࡟ᜳึදཏُһඳڸࣻϤᇴ݉ޠਞݏȄ

ϥȃᛴᅮලޠՍשঔҔ

Ӷ 1993 ԒяޏȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯࡤȂᛴᅮලึߓޠНതϛӼȄঅூ ݨཏޠ࢑ȂуӶఐ෉ޠං጖፤Н၈ȂଭᄈϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉୉я२्ޠዑ ఽڸঔҔȄ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂᛴᅮලޠՍשঔҔєࢃڎঐ२ᘉȈȞ1ȟϱ೩ྜՍ ӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠՄ໕Ӷᅗ٘Κۢ఩ӈޠ௒ݸίȂѠпໍΤஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠ ϵӔଇ፤ϜȂٯܜᇰӬ౪ޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓϛѬΚᆎȄȞ2ȟ࿌᎐ႅณݳϾ ၍ޠ࢈ݾቋ׌ਣȂп൩ஆӶϵӔ౪ܓϟαޠҖл׺ಊโזٿ୉࢈๋؛ ۢȄ31пί஡ϸրᇴ݃೼ڎঐഌϸȄ

ȞΚȟӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠᎍ࿌ાΤᇅӼϰޠϵӔ౪ܓ

ᛴᅮලܛ୉ޠಒΚঐ२्ঔҔ֊࢑ԥ఩ӈӵાΤӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠՄ ໕ȄӶȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯ1996 Ԓ҂၇ޏޠȲᏳ፤ȳ၈Ȃуණяȶቷኅޠ

ϵӔ౪ܓᢏȷȞwide view of public reasonȟȄѻϟܛп࢑ȶቷኅޠȷȂΞӱ

31

ٲᄃαȂଷΠܜᇰӼϰޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓϟл஼ѵȂԥᜱᎍ࿌ાΤӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠՄ໕ܗ࢑п൩ ஆӶϵӔ౪ܓϟαޠҖлӼ኶؛โזٿϾ၍ቋ׌ޠࣽݳȂӶȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯϜ߰ϑя౫Ȉ ᛴᅮල෇ୣϸȶ௷ҍܓᢏᘉȷȞexclusive viewȟڸȶєৡܓᢏᘉȷȞinclusive viewȟȂࡤ޲ȶϱ ೩ϵҖӶ࢛ٳ௒ݸϜȂණяуউᇰ࣐࢑ෛஆܼڐӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠ࢈ݾቌঅޠஆᙄȂѬ्уউ࢑ ᙥҦΚᆎ஽ϾϵӔ౪ܓ౪དྷҐٙޠРԓٿණя೼ٳᢏᘉޠȄȷȞRawls 1993: 247ȟࣻᜱ፤ᘉ Ѡ୥Մ၏ਫಒϳᗀಒΥ࿾ȄԫѵȂᛴᅮලηࡿяȂשউѠпᄈஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡໍ՘׺ಊȂȶԄ ݏ࢑ຨ፞࢈ݾቌঅٿލ፤೼ঐୱᚡйϵҖ׺ಊߓႁΠуউ઎ၗޠཏُȂ٦ቅ೼ঐ౪དྷ൸Ѡп ೞᆱࡼίџȷȞRawls 1993: 241ȟȄҦ೼ঐِ࡚ٿࣽȂשউηѠпᇴȂᛴᅮලఐ෉ᄈϵӔ౪ܓ ᢏ܉ܛ୉ޠϛ࢑ȶঔҔȷȂՅ࢑ױуӒࠊޠᢏ܉୉؂ఽྀȃ؂قಜϾޠᇴ݃Ȅ

ڐܺቷΠϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښȂϱ೩ϵҖѠпӶଇ፤ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠӉեਣ ঑Ȃຨ፞ӓ८ܓۡఁȃၿ኉ᇅলᏱᏱᇴޠ౪ҦȄ୳Κޠ఩ӈ࢑ᛴᅮලܛ ᒞޠȶկਫȷȞthe provisoȟȈȶӶҦΚᆎӬ౪࢈ݾᢏܛ፮ϡޠᎍ࿌ϵӔ౪ ܓႇโϜȂसϵӔ౪ܓ٘пМࡼณ፤࢑঻Κᆎӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠၘȂࠍѠЖ

Τ၏ӓ८ܓᏱᇴձ࣐МࡼȄȷ32_{Ӷ 1997 ԒึߓޠȲӕ፤ϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ȳ}

ȞThe Idea of Public Reason RevisitedȟΚНϜȂᛴᅮලᄈ೼ঐկਫ୉Π

؂ఽྀޠᇴ݃ȄуᇴȈȶӬ౪ޠۡఁܗߩۡఁޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴѠпӶϵӔ࢈ ݾଇ፤ϜޠӉեਣ঑ೞЖΤȂѬ्Ӷᎍ࿌ޠਣ঑Ѡпණя࡭࿌ޠ࢈ݾ౪ Ҧ˕˕Յϛ༊༊࢑Ҧӓ८ܓᏱᇴܛ๞яޠ౪Ҧ˕˕ڐѠщϸМࡼೞЖΤ ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴܛ्МࡼӉեݎ՚Ȅȷ33ԫѵȂᛴᅮලηңӗᖟޠРԓȂ ؂ڏᡞӵᇴ݃Ϩቅ࢑࢈ݾቌঅȈєࢃΚᆎ؂׈ӓޠಜӬȃҔဏȃ୾ϲޠ ԋᄀȃӔӤ٪ᑖȃΚૢᆌइڸՍҦȄӶ೼ٳቌঅϟίᗚԥڐу࢈ݾቌঅȂ پԄӶȶҔဏȷ೼ঐ࢈ݾቌঅϟίȂ΢উᗚ᐀ԥ҂๊ޠஆҐՍҦȃᐡཽ ޠ҂๊ܓȃԥᜱܛூڸ፮ใϸପޠ౪དྷ๊ȞRawls 1999c: 584ȟȄܼ࢑Ȃ ቷኅޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϛӕ஁ࡼ௷ଷܛԥྜՍӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠ౪ҦȂѬ्೼ٳ ౪Ҧ૗஋ூژ࢛ٳ࢈ݾቌঅޠМࡼȂѻউ൸Ѡпя౫ӶϵӔ፤Ꮼ၈Ȅ ؂२्ޠ࢑Ȃᛴᅮල౫ӶܺతΠϵӔ౪ܓޠ൑ΚܓȄуᇴȈȶ࢈ݾՍ ҦлဏٯϛၑშпΚᆎೞ୒Ԃޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏםԓȂՅ஡ϵӔ౪ܓΚԪй ҘεӵڿۢίٿȄ٦஡ϛ࢑ΚᆎӬ௒౪ޠᢏᘉȄȷȞIbid.: 582ȟᛴᅮලࡿ яȂଷΠуޠȶҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȷȂᗚԥڐуՍҦлဏޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏηѠп࢑ Ӭ౪ޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓȄѫѵ჌ࠥճᅵලȞJürgen HabermasȟᄈӬݳܓܛ ௵ڦޠ፤ᘉȂпІЉлఁп࢈ݾቌঅРԓߓႁӔӤቌঅڸყ๗ޠᢏᘉȂ 32

John Rawls, Political Liberalism, (New York: Columbia University Press, c1996): li-lii.

33 _{John Rawls, “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited,” in Samuel Freeman, ed., John Rawls:} Collected Papers, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999c): 591. ೼጖Нതഷԟё ีӶ The University of Chicago Law Review ԫΚ෉ёȞ1997 ԒȂಒ 64 ෉ȟϜȄ

ηഎ࢑Ѡϱ೩ޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓȄӱԫȂࣻၷܼӒࠊл஼ȶѬԥΚᆎϵӔ ౪ܓȷȞRawls 1993: 220ȟȂᛴᅮල౫ӶܜᇰȂȶѠϱ೩ޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓᖃ ࢑ԥԂංᆎȷȞRawls 1999c: 583ȟȄ ᏒᆔԄԫȂկ೼ٯϛߓұӉե࢈ݾҔဏᢏഎ࢑Ѡϱ೩ޠϵӔ౪ܓם ԓȄᛴᅮලࡿяȂѠϱ೩ձ࣐ϵӔ౪ܓםԓޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏԥڐӔ೾ϟ೏Ȉ ѻউࣲ፮ϡөᆎஆҐ᠍ւȃՍҦڸᐡཽᓻӒޠӵ՞ȂጃߴܛԥϵҖഎ૗ ᐀ԥԥਞၽңڐՍҦޠᎍ࿌ӓР՞КࢳȄѻউηഎᇰѠȶϵҖ୉࣐ՍҦ ҂๊΢ȷпІȶަཽձ࣐зхӬձޠϵ҂ᡞقȷϟᢏ܉ȄϛႇȂӱ࣐ϛ Ӥ࢈ݾҔဏᢏпϛӤРԓٿၜម೼ٳᢏ܉Ȃܛп߰ூяҔဏ঩ࠍޠϛӤ ߓख़ڸϵӔ౪ܓޠϛӤϲৡȄٯйȂ೼ٳ࢈ݾҔဏᢏޠৰ౵ηߓ౫Ӷѻ উпϛӤРԓٿ௷זܗ᠍ᒌөᆎ࢈ݾ঩ࠍڸ࢈ݾቌঅޠ२्ܓȞIbid.: 581-82ȟȄկณ፤ԄեȂ೼ٳ࢈ݾҔဏᢏםԚΚঐӬ౪ޠ࢈ݾᢏঢ়ఋȞa family of reasonable political conceptionsȟȂȶณ፤ȺҔဏ֊ϵ҂ȻԥϨቅ ᓻᘉȂկѻѬ࢑ڐϜޠΚᆎȷȞIbid.: 581ȟȄӶໍ՘ஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠଇ፤ ਣȂϵҖѠпຨ፞೼ঐঢ়ఋϜޠӉեΚᆎ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȂձ࣐МࡼՍϐҴ ൠޠ౪ҦȄ ਴ᐄ೼ኻޠঔҔȂϵӔ౪ܓޠϲৡ࢑ҦᐍঐӬ౪࢈ݾҔဏᢏޠঢ় ఋȃՅߩ൑Κޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏܛ๞ۢޠȄٯйȂҦܼᓎਣഎѠ૗ԥུޠ࢈ ݾҔဏᢏೞණяȂᙠޠᢏ܉ηѠ૗ോѷМࡼ޲ȂܛпϵӔ౪ܓޠϲৡ࢑ ໡ܺȃՅߩڿۢϛᡑޠȄ

ȞΡȟЖΤҖл׺ಊโזϾ၍࢈ݾቋ׌

֊ٻঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ৡાΠ؂ኅހޠᏱᇴл஼ڸᢏᘉȂկᛴ ᅮලη݃ҪȂ೼Ϭดϛ૗ߴᜍᄃርα҇ดཽя౫࢈ݾӔᜌȄЇՅȂӶ೼ ᆎቷኅޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϜȂҦܼ΢উѠпຨ፞ޠӬ౪࢈ݾҔဏᢏϛѬΚ

ᆎȂϛӤҔဏᢏѠ૗ᄈөᆎ࢈ݾቌঅޠࣻᄈ२्ܓ୉яϛӤ௷זȂӕђ αԄϭϱ೩ӓ८ܓᏱᇴӶಓӬկਫޠ௒ݸίѠпໍΤஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠଇ ፤Ȃܼ࢑ȂӶ८ᄈΚٳڏା࡚ލឋޠϵӔឋᚡਣȂ΢উѠ૗؂ϛৡܿڦ ூӔᜌȄᛴᅮලٯϛ֐ᇰԥѠ૗ึҢ೼ᆎ࢈ݾቋ׌ȂуࣦՎߓұȈȶ೼࢑ ΚᆎҔள౫ຬȈᢏᘉޠӓᡞΚयϛ࢑ೞႲ෉ޠȄӬ౪ޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏٯϛ ᖃ࢑ᏳयࣻӤޠ๗፤ȇࡼࣻӤᢏ܉ޠϵҖηϛᖃ࢑ᄈ੬ۢឋᚡԥΚयޠ ࣽݳȄȷȞIbid.: 605-06ȟ ᏒᆔѠ૗౱Ң࢈ݾቋ׌Ȃկᛴᅮලٯϛ҉ᆘܺతϵӔ౪ܓޠ׈ᐍܓ л஼Ȅ೼࢑ӱ࣐Ȃښॐݳࡢܗ࢈๋൸ၮݳۣց਱ΚኻȂณ፤Ԅեഎ҇໹ ୉яΚঐ؛ۢȄ࿌ቸឋᇅଇ፤ޠႇโณݳϾ၍ϛӤϵӔ౪ܓםԓϟ໣ޠ ፑऐਣȂ׈ᐍܓޠл஼ٯϛཏک຀ϵӔ౪ܓ૗஋ᡲܛԥϵҖᄈڏލឋޠ ϵӔឋᚡȂםԚΚयޠࣽݳȂՅѬ࢑ȶᄈܛԥ΢๞яΚঐӬ౪ޠϵӔ๏ ਱ȷȞRawls 1993: 225ȟȄӶঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϜȂᛴᅮලл஼пҖл Ӽ኶؛ޠ׺ಊโזٿ๞я೼ኻޠӬ౪๏਱Ȃձ࣐࢈๋؛ۢޠٸᐄȄуᇴȈ ȶӬ౪ޠϵҖޤၿȂӶ࢈ݾҢࣁϜޠΚयӤཏ࡟Ўя౫ȂܛпΚঐӬ౪ ޠҖлᏵ࢈ᡞښ҇໹є֥Ӽ኶؛ܗڐу׺ಊโזȂпႁԚ؛ۢȄȷȞRawls 1999c: 613ȟϛႇᛴᅮලη஽።ȂҔԄӤݳۣ҇໹਴ᐄցپȃೞᇰѠޠݳ цၜមпІڐуࣻᜱ਴ᐄȂՅϛ૗ຨ፞ঐ΢ᢏᘉٿց਱ΚኻȂ࿌Ᏽݳ਴ Ґ्ષڸஆҐҔဏୱᚡޠଇ፤ടΤቋ׌ਣȂϵҖη҇໹਴ᐄϵӔ౪ܓٿ ୉௱፤ȞIbid.: 605ȟȄ೼࢑ᇴȂܛԥϵҖഎ҇໹઎ၗӵٸྲуᇰ࣐ഷӬ౪ ޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓٿ׺ಊȄ Ӷጃߴ࢈ݾ᠍Ωޠၽңڸ஽ښܓϵӔ࢈๋ޠࢋ՘ϟӬݳܓஆᙄР ८ȂᛴᅮලࡿяȂ௵ڦхឋҖлښޠަཽϜȂȶѬ्ܛԥ࢈ۻۣসӶڐу Ӭ౪ϵҖޠМࡼίȂ઎ၗӵ਴ᐄϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ໍ՘׺ಊȂ٦ቅ׺ಊޠ ๗ݏ൸ೞࣽձ࢑ӬݳޠȷȞIbid.: 606ȟȄٯйȂ਴ᐄ׺ಊ๗ݏٿښॐޠ࢈

๋ᄈܛԥϵҖࣲڏ೤ጓਞΩȄپԄȂӶቬफ᠍ւޠލឋϜȂ34ԄݏӼ኶ ϵҖȞܗҴݳхߓȟٸᐄϵӔ౪ܓ׺ಊޠ๗ݏȂМࡼஐυԥቬफޠ᠍ւȂ ٦ቅЇᄈቬफ޲ȞپԄЉлఁ৷ȟ߰ᔗ൶२׺ಊޠ๗ݏȄуউӶՍϐޠ ҢࣁϜѠпϛ՘ٻቬफޠ᠍ւȂйη᐀ԥ᝸៊Їᄈቬफޠّ፤ՍҦ ȞRawls c1996: lvi-lviiȟȄܛԥ΢എ҇໹ଅூȂȶӶϵӔ౪ܓϜޠ௱፤ٯϛ ࢑ΚԪйҘεࡍഗକٿޠȷȞRawls 1999c: 606ȟȂӱԫȂЇᄈቬफ޲Ѡп ᝸៊ᇴ݉ڐу΢௦ڨуউޠл஼ȄկӶۧґᕖூӼ኶МࡼпࠊȂуউ҇ ໹൶२Ӽ኶؛ޠ๗፤Ȅ ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ؂౐ڔӵᡞᇰژ࿌хҖлަཽޠӬ ౪ӼϰٲᄃȈ೼ኻޠӼϰϛ༊ߓ౫ӶӬ౪ӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠቺ८Ȃ؂৥౫Ӷ ձ࣐ϵӔ౪ܓםԓޠӬ౪࢈ݾҔဏᢏޠቺ८Ȅ

ϳȃᔯଇᇅЇࡧ

ᛴᅮල෇ߓұȂуϟܛп௵ા೼ᆎ؂࣐ቷኅޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏȂΞ࢑ڨ ژ࢛ٳᏱ޲ޠኈ៫Ȅ35ӕђαуӶ፤ख़ϜϛਣණІ೩Ӽ״ຠ޲ޠᢏᘉȂ שউܼ࢑ѠпӬ౪ޠ௱ขȂᛴᅮලఐ෉ᄈϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ܛ୉ޠዑఽڸঔ ҔȂΞᆻӱܼԫΚл஼ܛ᎐ڨژޠ״ຠȄୱᚡ࢑ȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ 34 ᄈܼԥᏱ޲ױȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯಒ 243-44 ॳພ 32 ޠϲৡ၍᠟࣐МࡼஐυᛅѺߒ෉ԥቬफ᠍ ւޠ፤ᜍȂᛴᅮලዑఽȂуޠཏშٯߩԄԫȂȶѻጃᄃߓႁΠשޠཏُȂկשޠཏُٯϛ࢑ Κঐ፤ᜍȷȄуߓұȂቹ೼ঐພရޠҭޠѬ࢑࣐Πᇴ݃ϲНϜܛᇴȂȶ୳ΚၮϵӔ౪ܓࣻፑऐ ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴ࢑٦ٳϛ૗Мࡼө࢈ݾቌঅޠΚᆎӬ౪҂ᒌϟᏱᇴȷȞRawls 1993: 243ȟȄ୆೪ ӶϵӔ౪ܓϜԥΚঐӬ౪ޠ፤ᜍМࡼቬफޠ᠍ւȂկࠔءԥΚᆎӤኻӬ౪ޠ࢈ݾቌঅϟ҂ᒌ ܗ௷זȂМࡼ֐؛၏᠍ւȄ٦ቅᛴᅮලᇰ࣐ȂӶ೼᜹௒ݸϜȂйѬԥӶ೼᜹௒ݸϜȂܣ๙ቬ फ᠍ւޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴϘ࢑ၮϵӔ౪ܓࣻፑऐޠȄ୥Մ Rawls 1999c: 605-06 ພ 80Ȅ 35 ӶȮ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȯ1996 Ԓ҂၇ޏȲᏳ፤ȳޠΚঐພရ၈ȂᛴᅮලࡿяȂ೼ᆎ؂ቷኅޠϵ Ӕ౪ܓᢏ࢑സւȞErin Kellyȟ๞уޠ࡛ឋȄԫѵȂસঘȞLawrence Solumȟණяޠ᜹ծᢏᘉ ηึදΠ२्ޠኈ៫ȄҦԫѠُȂᛴᅮලޠՍשঔҔጃᄃڨژڐуᏱ޲ޠኈ៫Ȅ୥Մ Rawls c1996: liiພ 25Ȅ

࢑֐૗஋ᄈөᆎ״ຠ୉яԚѓޠӲᔗںȉ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂѻԚѓӵӲᔗΠಒ Ρᆎ״ຠȂй૗஋ᄈಒΚڸಒήᆎ״ຠ୉яഌϸȞᗷߩᄖۼȟޠӲᔗȂ կѻϬดณݳᗘռಒѳᆎ״ຠܛ፵ᅹޠထಁ౪ܓୱᚡȄпί஡ϸրᄈ೼ ѳঐഌϸໍ՘ᔯଇᇅЇࡧȄ

ȞΚȟϾ၍࢈ݾቋ׌ȃᗛӪӔᜌ

਴ᐄঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏȂಓӬկਫ఩ӈޠӬ౪ӓ८ܓᏱᇴՄ໕Ѡ пໍΤϵӔଇ፤ޠႇโȄԫѵȂѻηϛӕ஁ࡼϵӔ౪ܓޠ൑ΚܓȂՅܜ ᇰҖлަཽԇӶ຀ӼᆎӬ౪ޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓᇅϛӤޠϵӔ౪ܓϲৡȄӶ ೼ᆎቷኅޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϜȂϵҖ૗஋ຨ፞өᆎӬ౪ӓ८ܓᏱᇴܗϛӤޠ ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȂձ࣐៞ៗޠ౪ҦȄ೼ᡲ΢উ૗஋౐Τލឋਗ਼ІޠਰЗᢏ܉Ȃ щϸ֖౫ѠңпМࡼՍϐҴൠޠᜍᐄڸՄ໕Ȃٯ൸у΢ණяޠϛӤཏُ ໍ՘ࡧՄᇅ״ցȄӶ೼ᆎ؂ኅހޠཏُһඳᇅଇ፤ႇโ၈ȂϵҖѠ૗ཽ ᇴ݉ڐу΢௦ڨՍϐޠл஼Ȃܗ׾ᡑՍϐ঩ٿޠࣽݳՅ௦ڨу΢ޠཏ ُȂܼ࢑஡Ѡණା΢উႁԚ࢈ݾӔᜌޠѠ૗ܓȄ Ԅݏ΢উစႇщϸଇ፤ϟࡤϬดณݳϾ၍ލឋȂ٦ቅঔҔࡤޠϵӔ ౪ܓᢏ܉्ؒຨ፞Җл׺ಊโזȂпӼ኶؛ޠ๗ݏٿښॐ࢈๋ȄดՅȂ ೼ᆎձݳٯϛ࢑Κᆎ൩ஆӶւઊ׃ڟᇅ᠍ۤՄ໕αޠኸॐڟឋȞmodus vivendiȟȄ36೼࢑ӱ࣐ȂҖлӼ኶؛Ϭೞ्ؒ൩ஆӶϵӔ౪ܓޠ౪དྷϟ αȈϵҖ҇໹ױᒶಊ׺๞уউᇰ࣐ഷӬ౪ޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȂՅϛ૗ຨ፞ঐ ΢ܗყᡞւઊޠՄ໕Ȅܼ࢑Ȃ׺ಊ๗ݏЇ࢏яٿޠϛ࢑ঐ΢ւઊܗ࢈ݾ ᠍Ωޠࣻᄈӵ՞ȂՅ࢑хߓ঻ΚᆎӬ౪ޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏᕖூഷӼ኶΢ޠМ 36 _{ȶኸॐڟឋȷޠڑ࠯ңݳ࢑ڎঐ୾ঢ়ϟ໣਴ᐄՍٙւઊՅႁԚޠ؛ឋȂڟឋөРഎᇰޤژԉ} ङᄈՍϐԥԂ೏Ȅϛႇ࿌ᚗР࢈ݾ᠍ΩޠࣻϤӵ՞ԥܛᡑ୞ਣȂ᐀ԥၷτ᠍Ωᓻ༗ޠΚР஡ ϛӕ᜺ཏᒴԉڟឋޠ๗ݏȄ୥Մ Rawls 1993: 147-48.

ࡼȄԫѵȂҦܼөᆎ࢈ݾҔဏᢏҐٙഎ࢑೤ጓܓޠၿ኉ᢏ܉Ȃܛпשউ ϛ૗ױϵӔ౪ܓп׺ಊٿϾ၍ቋ׌ޠձݳຝ࣐ΚᆎኸॐڟឋȄѻ्ؒޠ ࢑ӶލឋടΤቋ׌ਣȂ࣐Πަཽޠࡼ៊ၽձȂ΢উ҇໹ኸਣᔥဋލឋȂ пᕖூഷӼ኶΢Мࡼޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏٿ୉ഷࡤޠ࢈๋؛ۢȄ37_{ޠጃȂഇႇ} ׺ಊٿ؛ۢ࢈๋ϛ૗ᡲܛԥ΢എញூᅗཏȂկשউ҇໹ܜᇰȂٲᄃαء ԥӉե࢈๋૗஋ᅗ٘ܛԥ΢ޠདྷݳȂ࿌ލឋᚗРຨ፞ޠϛӤ࢈ݾҔဏᢏ ടΤቋ׌ϟርȂ׺ಊ஡࢑ഷ૗ᡲ΢௦ڨޠРԓȄ38 ᄈϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ޠಒΚᆎ״ຠ፵ᅹޠ࢑ȂϵӔ౪ܓ༊ຨ፞࢈ݾቌঅ ޠձݳᄃርαณݳ၍؛ϵӔឋᚡޠލឋȄ൸ԫՅّȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓ ᢏϛӕᇰ࣐ܛԥ΢ຨ፞ޠ࢑ࣻӤޠ࢈ݾቌঅІ௷זȂѻηϛ૗ߴᜍΚۢ ѠпϾ၍ލឋȄܼ࢑Ȃ״ຠ޲ޠ፵ᅹϬดԚҴȄկୱᚡ࢑Ȃԥ঻Κᆎ࢈ ݾলᏱ౪፤ܗᄃር௪ࢋ૗஋Ӷ࿌хҖлަཽޠӼϰቌঅϟϜȂ҇ดߴᜍ ࢈ݾӔᜌޠя౫ȉ์޲ᇰ࣐Ȃ״ຠ޲्ؒϵӔ౪ܓ҇໹૗஋Ͼ၍Җлަ ཽϜȶܛԥȷԥᜱϵӔឋᚡޠލឋȂ೼ኻޠ्ؒᄃӶЋାȂٲᄃαءԥ Ӊե౪፤ѠпႁԚȄඳঐِ࡚ٿདྷȂԄݏשউϛ्ؒ٦ቅᝓੀޠዀྦȂ ٦ቅϵӔ౪ܓϬ࢑Κᆎঅூ޼ۢޠ౪དྷȄ೼࢑ӱ࣐ȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓ ᢏ૗஋ৡા؂ኅހޠᏱᇴڸՄ໕ȂٯߵԚ౐ΤޠቸឋڸཏُһඳȂܛп 37 _{ҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢ᇰ࣐Ȃᛴᅮලຨ፞ҖлӼ኶؛ٿϾ၍࢈ݾቋ׌ޠձݳٯءԥᄃር၍؛ϵӔ} ឋᚡޠލឋȄ֐ࠍ൸ϛ૗၍មу࣐Ϩቅཽᇰ࣐ȂӶ׺׈ಊࡤȂԄݏӼ኶ϵҖМࡼቬफ᠍ւȂ ࠍЇᄈቬफ޲ᗷೞ्ؒ൶२׺ಊ๗ݏȂկϬߴԥЇᄈቬफޠّ፤ՍҦȄ൸ԫՅّȂᛴᅮලޠ Ӳᔗծо؂჌࢑ΚᆎӶቌঅᢏαޠኸॐڟឋȂՅߩםԚӔӤޠُ၍ȄᄈԫȂ์޲Ӥཏቸࢦ΢ ܛᇴȂпӼ኶؛Ͼ၍࢈ݾቋ׌ޠձݳޠጃءԥȶ၍؛ȷ঩ӒᄈϵӔឋᚡޠލឋ˕˕Ҕ࢑ӱ࣐ ϛӤ࢈ݾҔဏᢏϟ໣ޠϸݣณݳϾ၍ȂܛпϘ҇໹ຨ፞Ӽ኶؛ȄկၗԄҐНϜࡿяޠȂױ೼ ᆎձݳᆏ࣐ΚᆎȶኸॐڟឋȷȞՎЎӶᛴᅮලᄈ೼ঐᇮມޠ౪၍ϟίȟٯϛᎍ࿌ȄԫѵȂ์ ޲ηᇰ࣐Ȃᛴᅮලл஼׺ಊ๗ݏޠЎ኶ΚРϬԥ᝸៊Їᄈޠّ፤ՍҦȂϛկᡘұяϵӔ౪ܓ ٯϛࡈᆏڐѠᄃርϾ၍ܛԥލឋȂйԫΚл஼ၮᛴᅮලᇰ࣐ȶܛԥѠϱ೩ձ࣐ϵӔ౪ܓםԓ ޠӬ౪࢈ݾҔဏᢏഎਜፐөᆎஆҐ᠍ւᇅՍҦȷϟҴൠ࢑ΚयޠȄ 38 _{ݔЭܽҼ෇ණя᜹ծޠࣽݳȂуᇰ࣐Ӷ೼ኻޠ௒ݸϜȂпӼ኶؛ձ࣐؛๋ޠٸᐄΞ࢑Җл୾} ঢ়୳ΚӬ౪ޠᒶᐆȄ୥ՄݔЭܽȂȲϵӔ౪ܓޠѓ૗Іڐ४ښȳȂȮ࢈ݾᇅަཽলᏱຠ፤ȯಒ Υ෉Ȟ2004ȟȈ67Ȅ

ѻՎЎ૗஋ߵٻ΢উ්ӪӔᜌࠊໍȄ39ٯйȂѻᗷຨ፞ҖлӼ኶؛ٿϾ ၍࢈ݾቋ׌ȃկϬߴሬЎ኶ཏُ᐀ԥࡼ៊ߓႁޠّ፤ՍҦȂ؂ᡘұяϵ Ӕ౪ܓޠၽң࢑Κᆎϱ೩ϛᘟᔯᡜڸЇࡧޠ໡ܺႇโȄӶ೼ኻޠ໡ܺܓ ϟϜȂϵӔ౪ܓԥֆܼߵԚ΢উޠࣻϤ൶२ᇅᕤ၍Ȃܼ࢑ηණାΠႁԚ ࢈ݾӔᜌޠѠ૗ȄӱԫȂ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂᏒᆔঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϛ૗׈ӓ Ͼ၍ಒΚᆎ״ຠܛණяޠࢆ᏾ȂկѻϬ࢑ҖлަཽϵҖӶᗛӪ࢈ݾӔᜌ ޠႇโϜঅூ޼ۢޠ౪དྷȄ

ȞΡȟϵ҂ᄈࡠܛԥӓ८ܓᏱᇴ

ڐԪȂᄈܼᏱ޲״ຠϵӔ౪ܓ௵ڦϛϵ҂ޠ௷ଷձݳȂᛴᅮලዑఽȂ ϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ٯґᄈԥۡఁ߭ӊ޲ڸณۡఁ߭ӊ޲๞ϡৰրࡠႅȄп ȶ࢑֐ϱ೩ӶϵҴᏱਯ୉ᛦ֚ȷ೼ঐୱᚡ࣐پȂࡹྲ״ຠ޲ޠࣽݳȂϵ Ӕ౪ܓޠᢏ܉஡ЇᄈӶϵҴᏱਯ୉ᛦ֚Ȃӱ࣐ԫᖟਗ਼Іӓ८ܓۡఁᏱ ᇴȄկᛴᅮලޠӲ๏࢑Ȉȶ࣐Ϩቅ࢑Ԅԫںȉשউ҇໹Մ໕Ѡೞຨ፞ңٿ ၍؛೼ঐୱᚡޠܛԥ࢈ݾቌঅȂпІ؛ۢܓޠ౪ҦفഥဤӶ঻ΚРȄȷ ȞRawls 1999c: 601ȟ೼࢑ᇴȂМࡼڸЇᄈӶϵҴᏱਯ୉ᛦ֚ޠ΢Ѡпຨ ፞өᆎ࢈ݾቌঅٿ࣐ՍϐޠҴൠ៞ៗȄٯйȂ਴ᐄঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏȂ Ѭ्ಓӬկਫޠ೤ۢȂᚗРࣦՎѠпຨ፞ۡఁܗলᏱޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴȂձ ࣐МࡼՍϐҴൠޠ౪ҦȂՅഷࡤޠ؛ۢڦ؛ܼ঻ΚРޠ౪ҦЩၷڏԥᇴ ݉ΩȄ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϱ೩ۡఁޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴڸߩۡఁ ޠзߺᏱᇴȂഎѠпձ࣐ϵӔଇ፤ޠ៞ៗ౪ҦȂйѻᄈܛԥ΢Ȟณ፤у ԥءԥۡఁ߭ӊȟ௵ڦޠ࢑ӤΚ৉ዀྦȈӉե౪Ҧഎڨژկਫޠ४ښȄ 39 _{ҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢ණᒻ์޲ᔗᚅఽȂ״ຠ޲፵ᅹޠفഥ࢑ᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏᄃርαณݳႁ} Ԛ࢈ݾӔᜌȂᗚ࢑ณݳᡲөР්Ӫ෉ࡠϜޠӔᜌࠊໍȉቸࢦ΢ޠཏُᡲ์޲ݨཏژՍϐӶ፤ ख़αޠዂጚϟ೏ȂӱՅ૗஋୉؂ఽྀޠវख़Ȃߩளདᗃ၏՞ቸࢦ΢ණٽޠ᝙ີཏُȄ

ҦܼϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ࢌءԥ୒Ԃߩۡఁޠзߺ౪ҦȂηءԥᄈӉեϵӔ ឋᚡܗ࢈๋Ⴒ೪ҴൠȄӱԫȂѻٯءԥ௵ڦϛϵ҂ޠ௷ଷձݳȄ Վܼݱ୦ණژޠஆ࿝ऌᏱఁࣃޠپφȂ์޲ᇰ࣐ڐณݳᄈϵӔ౪ܓ ޠᢏ܉ᄻԚᄃ፵ޠࢆ᏾Ȅ೼࢑ӱ࣐Ȃஆ࿝ऌᏱఁࣃ߭৷ᄈȶ੾੿ȷޠٲ ᄃܛ௵ڦޠۡఁ߭܉ȂѠ૗ཽӡІڐφυޠҢڽȄ೼ٳ߭৷ޠφυᗷ୉ ࣐ڐঢ়৴ڸۡఁަထޠԚসȂկуউᗚ᐀ԥѫΚঐ२्ޠٙӌȈґٿϵ ҖȄ์޲ӤཏᛴᅮලޠࣽݳȈӉեѠೞϱ೩ޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴഎϛ૗ႃЇϵ ҖޠஆҐ᠍ւڸՍҦȄӶ೼ኻޠ௒ݸίȂଷߩשউ֐ᇰҢԇ᠍࢑Κᆎϛ ѠদჵޠஆҐ᠍ւȂܗܜᇰφυѬ࢑Яҕᒒޠଓ౱ȃѠӉڐ೏ဋȂ֐ࠍ Ӷݾᕜஆ࿝ऌᏱఁࣃ߭৷φυޠୱᚡαȂשউٯϛሰ्ΚᆎԄӤݱ୦ᇴ ޠȃܛԥ΢Ȟєࢃஆ࿝ऌᏱఁࣃ߭৷ȟഎ૗௦ڨޠᄈ੾੿ٲᄃޠࣻӤࣽ ݳȂ൸Ѡпᄈ೼ঐୱᚡໍ՘ນ؛Ȅ40ӱԫȂᏒᆔ࿌хަཽጃᄃԇӶ຀჌ ஆ࿝ऌᏱఁࣃ೼ᆎۡఁޠӼϰٲᄃȂկ೼ኻޠӼϰٯϛ࢑ΚᆎȶӬ౪ޠȷ Ӽϰȇӱ࣐೼ᆎۡఁᏱᇴϛ૗щϸߴሬґٿϵҖޠஆҐ᠍ւڸՍҦȂܛ пѻԇӶޠٲᄃϛ૗Ԛ࣐ЇᄈϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ޠԥΩٸᐄȄ

Ȟήȟ౐ቺӔᜌޠਜ਼౫

״ຠ޲ණяޠಒή໷፵ᅹ࢑ȂϵӔ౪ܓޠ४ښณݳᡲ΢উᄈލឋᜱ ᗥܛӶޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴл஼ȂႁԚ؂౐ቺޠӔᜌȄᄈԫȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ ܓᢏӤཏȂϵҖѠпӶϵӔ፤Ꮼ၈ණяȞಓӬկਫ఩ӈޠȟӬ౪ӓ८ܓ ᏱᇴϟՄ໕ٿᇴ݉у΢Ȃ೼ᡲ΢উ૗஋ರ᠚ȃЇࡧٯ״ցөᆎӓ८ܓᏱ 40 _{ҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢ණᒻ์޲ݨཏݱ୦ޠ״ຠ࢑֐ᎍϹȂߵٻ์޲ᄈԫ୉ΠໍΚؐޠЇࡧȂӶ} ೼၈໹ᄈ၏՞ቸࢦ΢ߓұདᗃȄԫѵȂ҇໹஽።ޠ࢑Ȃ์޲Ӷ೼၈ࡧՄޠ࢑ΚҎܣ๙φυ௦ ڨݾᕜ൸Ѡ૗ӡІڐܓڽޠ௒ݸȄՎܼӶڐуޒݸίȂЯҕᒒ࢑֐ԥ࣐ڐφυ୉ᚃᕜ؛ۢޠ ᠍ւȂпІЎ኶НϾܗۡఁަထӶեᆎ఩ӈίᔗூژՍҦлဏ࢈ۻޠ੬ੇߴሬ๊ୱᚡȂ٠ϭ ϑԥ೩ӼᏱ޲౐Τ௥ଇٯණяᙵ൳ޠःفԚݏȂҐНณݳᄈ೼ٳឋᚡ୉ໍΚؐޠଇ፤Ȅ

ᇴл஼ޠ౪፤਴ᐄȄӤኻӵȂ൸ၮࠊख़ᄈಒΚᆎ״ցޠӲᔗΚኻȂঔҔ ࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏӶ೼၈Ϭดณݳߴᜍ΢উΚۢ૗ᄈ೼ٳӓ८ܓۡఁȃၿ ኉ܗলᏱ߭܉ႁԚ౐ቺӔᜌȄկ์޲ᇰ࣐Ȃ೼ᆎ؂࣐໡ܺޠଇ፤ᇅࣻϤ ᇴ݉ޠႇโȂԥֆܼණାႁԚ౐ቺӔᜌޠѠ૗ȄၗԄᛴᅮලܛᇴȂ൸ᆘ ഷࡤϬณݳႁԚӔᜌȂկȶϵҖউӶލ៞ڸ፤ᜍϟϜԥܛᏱಭᇅᕖઊȂ й࿌уউޠ፤ᜍᒴඊΠϵӔ౪ܓਣȂᏒᆔณݳႁԚΚयӤཏȂկуউϬ ࡿᏳΠަཽޠ࢈ݾНϾȂٯђ౐Πуউᄈ܅ԫޠᕤ၍ȄȷȞRawls 1999c: 607ȟӱԫȂᏒᆔঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏٸดϛ૗ߴᜍ౐ቺӔᜌޠᄃርႁ ԚȂկѻණٽΠΚᆎ؂࣐໡ܺޠϵӔቸឋޫ໣ȂՎЎ૗஋ᔔֆ΢উ්Ӫ ೼ኻޠӔᜌࠊໍȄ ࿌ดȂ״ຠ޲ܗ೩ϬϛᅗཏᛴᅮලޠঔҔȂуউཽ஁ࡼഀկਫޠ४ ښη҇໹ڦ੒ȂՅ௵ڦ׈ӓ໡ܺޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏȄկୱᚡ࢑Ȃ೼ኻޠձݳ ൸Щၷ૗஋ߵԚ౐ቺӔᜌ༞ȉ์޲ᇰ࣐๏਱࢑֐ۢޠȄ೼࢑ӱ࣐Ȃשউ ҇໹ܜᇰȂ࿌хҖлަཽԇӶޠөᆎӓ८ܓᏱᇴϟ໣ޠϸݣȂΞ࢑౐ڔ йᜳпϾ၍ޠȂ֐ࠍ΢᜹ޠᐤѭϛཽ੽ί೼ቅӼՎϭٸดณݳ၍؛ޠލ ឋȄᐤѭޠٲᄃМࡼΠᛴᅮලޠདྷݳȈ΢᜹౪ܓޠՍҦၽңᏳयޠ࢑ቌ অᢏᇅ߭܉ޠӼϰȂՅϛ࢑ᄈӉե੬ۢӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠΚयМࡼȞଷߩຨ ፞஽ښܓޠᔇښКࢳȟȄԄݏ჌״ຠ޲ܛ्ؒޠȂөᆎӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠՄ໕ എѠпໍΤஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡڸϵӔឋᚡޠଇ፤Ȃ٦ቅ์޲ା࡚፵ᅹ೼ᆎర ณ४ښޠᄈၘԄեཽ࢑ႁԚ౐ቺӔᜌޠၷᎍ࿌РݳȄࢡ՝ȞJoshua Cohenȟ෇ࡿяȂณ४ښޠଇ፤РԓѠ૗ֺཽᛥ΢উ਴ᐄࣻϤ൶२ޠ఩ ӈٿໍ՘ަཽӬձȂ੬ր࢑࿌ލ፤Ϝޠөᆎᢏᘉഎೞᇰ࣐࢑ஆҐйӬ౪ ޠᢏᘉਣȂ௒ݸ؂࢑ᝓ२Ȅ41ӱԫȂԄݏഀկਫޠ४ښηڦ੒Ȃϱ೩΢ উຨ፞өԓөኻȃ׈ӓءԥӔӤᘉޠ౪Ҧٿໍ՘ଇ፤Ȃ٦ቅഷࡤޠ๗ݏ

ЩၷѠ૗࢑؂ӼޠϸݣȃՅߩӔᜌȄՎܼؖ۰ᅮණяޠȶቸឋޠ൶२ᢏ ܉ȷᗷดࣽծ౪དྷȂկѻӶᄃձαԄե૗஋ߵԚ΢উᄈϵӔឋᚡޠލឋ ܛਗ਼Іޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴл஼ϟ౐ቺӔᜌȂٯϛΫϸఽྀȄ ์޲ӤཏᛴᅮලܛᇴȂ࿌שউ्ၮϛӤཏשউл஼ޠ΢ණяᜍԚȃ וగуউ௦ڨשউޠࣽݳਣȂȶᖃ࢑҇໹௄࢛ᆎӔᜌ຀КȷȞRawls 1999b: 394ȟȄկשউϛሰ्჌ᛴᅮල঩Ӓл஼ޠ٦ኻȂᇰ࣐೼ᆎձ࣐ଇ፤ࠊණ ޠȶӔᜌȷ൸࢑࢛ᆎȶӔӤޠ΢᜹౪ܓȷܗ׈ӓࣻӤޠϵӔ౪ܓϲৡȄ ਴ᐄঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏȂڐ्ؒޠ࢑ӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠՄ໕҇໹ூژ࢛ٳ ࢈ݾቌঅޠМࡼȂҦԫٿໍ՘ϵӔଇ፤Ȅ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂҦܼᛴᅮලܛӗᖟ ޠ࢈ݾቌঅഎ࢑ΚٳഷஆҐޠቌঅȞپԄҔဏȃΚૢᆌइȃ҂๊ޠஆҐ ՍҦᇅᐡཽޠ҂๊ܓ๊ȟȂܛпڐѠձ࣐ഷକጇޠӔӤяึᘉȂᡲ΢উᗛ Ӫ౐ቺޠӔᜌȄ42ӱԫȂࣻၷܼ״ຠ޲ܛණឋޠరณ४ښޠ໡ܺଇ፤Ȃ ์޲ᇰ࣐ঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏЩၷѠ૗Ȟᗷϛ૗҇ดߴᜍȟߵԚ౐ቺ ӔᜌȄ

Ȟѳȟထಁ౪ܓޠᜳᚡ

ഷࡤ्ࡧՄޠ࢑ȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ࢑֐૗஋ԚѓӵϾ၍ಒѳᆎ ״ຠණяޠࢆ᏾˕˕֊ϵ໡ܓޠᔇΩѠ૗ٻϵӔ౪ܓቬΤጴ఼ޠထಁ౪ 42 _{ҐНޠΚ՞ቸࢦ΢ࡿяȂ਴ᐄঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϟȶկਫȷȂࠍ࢈ݾ౪ҦծоϬ࢑ӓ८ܓ} Ᏹᇴ೼᜹ߩϵӔ౪Ҧޠα՞঩ࠍȄ٦ቅȂᛴᅮලޠঔҔ࢑֐Ѭ࢑ӶѵӶםԓαӤཏߩϵӔ౪ Ҧ૗஋ໍΤϵӔ፤ᏬȂկᄃርαᗚ࢑Ⴒ೪٦ঐೞ״ຠ޲፵ᅹٯϛԇӶޠȃᄈ࢈ݾҔဏᢏޠӔ ᜌȉᄈԫȂ์޲Ӥཏቸࢦ΢ܛᇴȂկਫޠ्ؒጃᄃٻூ࢈ݾቌঅೞႲ೪࣐өᆎѠϱ೩ໍΤϵ Ӕ፤Ꮼޠӓ८ܓᏱᇴՄ໕ϟα՞঩ࠍȂկၗԄ์޲ӶНϜࡿяޠȂ೼ኻޠ्ؒԥڐӬ౪ܓᇅ ्҇ܓȄԫѵȂ์޲ᇰ࣐ঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏٯءԥႲ೪΢উᄈȶ൑Κޠȷ࢈ݾҔဏᢏԇԥ ӔᜌȂӱ࣐ᛴᅮලϵ໡ܜᇰ೩ӼՍҦлဏޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏȂпІࠥճᅵලᇅᛴ଼Љлఁޠᢏ ᘉȂഎ࢑Ѡϱ೩ޠϵӔ౪ܓםԓȄٯйȂԄݏᛴᅮලႲ೪Π΢উᄈ࢛Κᆎ࢈ݾҔဏᢏԇԥӔ ᜌȂ٦ቅу൸ϛሰ्ӶঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϜђΤҖлӼ኶؛ޠโזȄӱԫȂ์޲ᇰ࣐ᛴᅮ ලޠঔҔٯϛѬ࢑םԓαޠȂՅ࢑ᄈӼᆎӬ౪ޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏڸӓ८ܓᏱᇴՄ໕ϟᄃ፵௦ાȄ

ܓ˕˕ںȉ์޲ᇰ࣐๏਱࢑֐ۢޠȂ঩ӱԥΡȈȞ1ȟঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ Ϭดءԥܺతϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍȇȞ2ȟѻ൩ஆӶȶًזᏵ࢈Җлަཽȷޠ୆೪ࠊ ණϟαȂՅ೼ঐ୆೪Ӷ઎ᄃзࣩϜۧґᄃ౫Ȅпί஡ϸրଇ፤೼ڎঐ঩ӱȄ

1ȃထಁ౪ܓޠ਴ྜȈ

ॷӒȂঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϬด஁ࡼϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍȂ೼ٻூѻณݳᗘ ռထಁ౪ܓޠࡅૐȄ์޲п࣐Ȃᛴᅮලϟܛпϛ૗ܺతϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍȂڐ ঩ӱӶܼȂΚҎܺత೼ঐ঩ࠍȂ஡ޣ௦ܱដϵӔ౪ܓޠਰЗᆡઢȈᏵݳ ਴Ґ्ષᇅަཽ࢈๋ޠښॐ҇໹ூژȶϵӔޠȷᜍԚȄܛпᏒᆔᛴᅮල ᄈϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉୉Π೩ӼঔҔȂկуϬดءԥȞηϛ૗ȟܺతϵ໡ܓ ঩ࠍȄӶ೼၈Ȃ์޲Ӥཏᛴᅮලߴ੽ϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍޠձݳȂӱ࣐ၗԄӒࠊ ܛࡿяޠȂϵ໡ޠቸឋᇅ؛๋ႇโϛկѠпᡲ΢উ࡛Ҵᄈ࢈ݾ᠍Ωஉ՘ ޲ޠ߭ӉདȂпІ܅ԫϟ໣ޠࣻϤܓᜱ߾ȂᗚѠп౱Ңථ៪ϛҔဏڸߩ ݳ௒ٲޠًԂਞݏȄࣻЇӵȂഗߟஞፚࠔѠ૗Ᏻयؾ΢ܗ࢈ឪޠւઊһ ඳڸଇቌᗚቌޠ؂ᝓ२ࡤݏȂӱԫȂᄈܼਗ਼ІᏵݳ਴Ґ्ષڸަཽ࢈๋ ޠୱᚡȂ஁ࡼϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍϬ࢑ၷᎍ࿌ޠȄܼ࢑ȂӶঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ ϜȂထಁ౪ܓޠᜳᚡࡼ៊ԇӶȂϵӔ౪ܓޠᄃርၽңณݳߣЦ࢈ۻۣস ܗϵᙜ঑ᒶ΢࣐ߕӬထಁȂՅຨ፞ጴ఼ȃࣦՎԥড়ܼަཽᐍᡞᆌइޠ ౪ҦȄ ڐԪȂ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂᛴᅮලޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϟܛпณݳᗘռထಁ౪ܓޠ ୱᚡȂѫΚঐ؂਴Ґޠ঩ӱӶܼȂԫΚᢏ܉൩ஆӶΚঐ२्ޠ౪፤ࠊණ ϟαȈᛴᅮල࢑ӶȶًזᏵ࢈Җлަཽȷޠ୆೪ίȂ௥ଇϵӔ౪ܓޠၽ ңȞRawls 1999c: 573ȟȄᄈᛴᅮලՅّȂًזᏵ࢈Җлަཽ࢑ڨڎঐҔ ဏ঩ࠍԥਞ೤ጓޠަཽȂӶڐϜȂϵҖೞȶ୆೪ȷ᐀ԥڎᆎၿ኉૗ΩȈ ֊᐀ԥΚᆎҔဏདޠ૗ΩȂпІםԚȃঔҔᇅ౪ܓଢؒΚᆎቌঅᢏޠ૗

ΩȞRawls 1993: 19ȟȄӶ೼၈Ȃ᐀ԥҔဏདޠၿ኉૗ΩІڐࣻᔗޠӬ౪ ܓٻூϵҖ૗஋щϸ৥౫ϵӔ౪ܓޠቸឋᄙ࡚ȂٿࡧՄஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡȄ կୱᚡ࢑ȂءԥӉե౫ԇަཽ࢑઎ҔًזޠަཽȂ᐀ԥҔဏདڸӬ౪ޠ ૗Ωٲᄃαۧґ౐ෛ΢ЗȄܼ࢑ȂϵӔ౪ܓӶᄃርަཽҢࣁϜޠၽң߰ Ѡ૗ඍϾ࣐ထಁ౪ܓȄܗ೩Ȃ೼η൸࢑࣐ϨቅᛴᅮලཽᇴȂϵӔ౪ܓȶඣ ख़ޠ࢑Ѡ૗ޠڸ૗஋ႁژޠ౪དྷȂկࠔ࡟Ѡ૗࢑ҘሊณݳႁԚޠ౪དྷȷ ȞIbid.: 213ȟϟ঩ӱܛӶȄ

2ȃϵҖఁيᇅထಁ౪ܓȈ

ᗷดϵӔ౪ܓӶᄃ፻αѠ૗౱Ңထಁ౪ܓޠୱᚡȂկשউᔗ၏൸ԫ ܺతϵӔ౪ܓޠ౪དྷ༞ȉ์޲ٯϛ೼ቅᇰ࣐Ȅ೼࢑ӱ࣐ȂၗԄᓁճලܛ ࡿяޠȂӉեҖлަཽޠϵӔስ஀ᖃ࢑ԇӶ຀ထಁ౪ܓޠኈ៫Ȉ࿌᠚ಁ ΢኶ቩђਣȂቸឋޠ״ցࠣ፵ཽ߰७մȞChambers 2004: 398ȟȄ೼ηߓ ұȂထಁ౪ܓٯߩϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ᑀԥޠ֩ᜳȂӉեл஼ϵӔឋᚡቸឋႇ โ໹௵ϵ໡ܓ঩ࠍޠ౪፤എѠ૗८ᖞ೼ኻޠᜳᚡȄԫѵȂၗԄӒࠊϑࡿ яޠȂӶቌঅᢏԄԫӼϰȃϸݣޠ࿌хҖлަཽϜȂϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ጃ ᄃණٽΠΚᆎ೤ጓܓޠ౪དྷȂՅ࣐࢈ݾӔᜌޠႁԚࡿяѠ૗ޠРӪȄԄ ݏӶӼϰϟϜ൷ؒ࢈ݾӔᜌΞ࢑࿌хҖлަཽณݳଠᗘȃηϛѠ૗ଠᗘ ޠ२्Ӊଡ଼ȂՅϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉૗ᄈԫ୉я२्ଔᝧȂ٦ቅשউϛ૗༊ ӱထಁ౪ܓޠ౫ຬ൸ܺతϵӔ౪ܓޠ౪དྷȄЇՅȂשউ्୉ޠ࢑೪ݳ७ մထಁ౪ܓޠࡅૐȂп්ӪԫΚ౪དྷࡼ៊ᗛໍȄ Ҧܼ࿌хҖлަཽ΢πಁӼȂܛпхឋҖлښϬ࢑ቸឋஆҐ࢈ݾୱ ᚡڸϵӔ࢈๋ޠၷѠ՘ښ࡚ȄӶ೼ᆎ௒ݸίȂ์޲ᇰ࣐Ȃस्၍؛ထಁ ౪ܓޠᜳᚡȂࠍשউ҇໹ױᜱݨޠฑᘉܝӲҖлϵҖٙαȈ୳ԥ࿌ϵҖ ඾ႈڏറୋӓޠષᎵᇅ૗ΩȂϘ૗஋७մထಁ౪ܓᄈϵӔቸឋࠣ፵ޠѠ

૗།ড়Ȅ൸ԫՅّȂ׈๢ޠϵҖఁيѠпึද२्ޠኈ៫ΩȈҖлަཽ ᔗयΩஊᎵϵҖ᐀ԥщϸޠҔဏདڸӬ౪૗ΩȂڏറᄈϵӔឋᚡࣻᜱၦ ଊޠ्҇ᇰᜌȂпІ౪ܓ௱౪ڸ״ց૗ΩȄ43ԄԫȂܛԥϵҖ߰૗Ӷ౐ ࡧዤኍϟࡤϸᒲяϵӔ፤ᏬϜޠ౪Ҧ঻ٳ࢑ಓӬϵӔ౪ܓᆡઢޠ౪ҦȂ ঻ٳѬ࢑ጴ఼ޠထಁ౪ܓϟ৥౫ȂٯໍΚؐױ೼ኻޠցᘟЇ࢏Ӷ׺ಊ՘ ࣐αȄၗԄᛴᅮලܛᇴȈȶϵҖຝуউՍϐ࣐౪དྷҴݳ޲ٯܣ๙ႃЇϵӔ ౪ܓޠ࢈ۻۣসڸϵᙜ঑ᒶ΢ϟ੊፵་ӪȂ஡࢑Җлᡞښޠ࢈ݾڸަཽ ਴ྜϟΚȂйᄈҖлᡞښޠࡼ៊Ω໕ᇅࣁΩ྄࣐२्ȄȷȞRawls 1999c: 577ȟΚҎӼ኶ϵҖܣ๙ױᒶಊ׺๞٦ٳຨ፞ထಁ౪ܓޠۣসڸ঑ᒶ΢Ȃ ߰ԥѠ૗ӶஆҐ࢈ݾୱᚡޠϵӔଇ፤Ϝ२ུ࡯ඉϵӔ౪ܓޠᆡઢȄ

Νȃ๗፤

ՍҦлဏޠ༉ಜӪٿ޼ۢঐ΢ޠஆҐ᠍ւڸՍҦȂٯਜፐӼϰቌঅ ᢏȇܼ࢑ȂԄեӶϸݣޠӼϰቌঅϟϜ൷ؒ࢈ݾӔᜌȂᡲ΢উ૗஋܅ԫ ӬձȃӔӤҢࣁȂ߰Ԛ࣐ՍҦлဏ࢈ݾলᏱ౪፤ޠ२्፟ᚡȄ44ᛴᅮල ϛկܜ᝸ΠՍҦлဏ२ຝӼϰቌঅޠ༉ಜȂу؂ໍΚؐᡞᇰژȂ࿌хҖ лަཽԇӶޠӼϰ࢑ΚᆎȶӬ౪ӼϰޠٲᄃȷȄ೼ঐٲᄃཏک຀ྜՍϛӤ ӓ८ܓۡఁȃলᏱᇅၿ኉ᏱᇴޠቌঅᢏഎѠп࢑Ӭ౪ޠȂկѻউࠔѠ૗ ࣻϤፑऐȂй܅ԫϟ໣ޠϸݣ࢑ณݳ።၍ޠȄܼ࢑ȂӬ౪Ӽϰޠٲᄃп ؂ԍᎡޠРԓ֖౫яࠊख़፟ᚡޠࡩय़ܓȄ࣐ԫȂᛴᅮලණяϵӔ౪ܓޠ 43 _{ᄈܼҖлϵҖሰ्঻ٳ૗Ωڸ኉՘ޠୱᚡȂѠ୥ՄݔЭܽȂ2005Ȉ124-32Ȅ} 44 _{೩ӼᏱ޲എ஽።ԫΚ፟ᚡᄈܼՍҦлဏ࢈ݾলᏱޠ२्ܓȄپԄȂܝኟᅮࡿяȂՍ௄ՍҦл} ဏࡧདྷึྜпٿȂڐयΩ൷ؒ၍๏ޠڎঐஆҐୱᚡϟΚ൸࢑Ȉ΢উഃᅛཏᜌژȂӬ౪ޠ΢ᄈ ܼजԂ΢ҢޠҐ፵Ȃԥ຀ϛӤйϸݣޠࣽݳȂࢉᔗ೪ݳ׳яΚٳРݳᡲ΢উ૗஋ӶӤΚঐ࢈ ݾᡞقϜӔӤҢࣁȄ୥Մ Charles Larmore, “Political Liberalism,” Political Theory 18, 3 (1990): 339-40.

ᢏ܉ȄดՅȂ਴ᐄҐНޠϸݚȂуഷߒණяޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ׈ӓ௷ଷӓ८ ܓᏱᇴՄ໕ޠձݳȂпІϵӔ౪ܓޠ൑Κܓᇅ׈ᐍܓл஼ȂӶ౪፤ᇅᄃ ձޠቺ८αࣲ८ᖞ፞Ӽ֩ᜳȄ Ӷᛴᅮලఐ෉ޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϜȂуᡞᇰژ࿌хҖлަཽޠȶӼϰȷ ϛկߓ౫࣐ӓ८ܓᏱᇴᇅቌঅᢏޠӼኻܓȂ؂৥౫ӶӬ౪ޠ࢈ݾҔဏᢏ ᇅϵӔ౪ܓםԓη࢑ȶӼȷՅϛ࢑ȶΚȷȄӶ೼ᆎᄈӬ౪Ӽϰٲᄃޠ؂౐ ڔᡞᇰίȂᛴᅮලܺతΠ൑ΚϵӔ౪ܓϲৡޠл஼ȂٯӤཏӶΚۢޠ఩ ӈίȂӓ८ܓᏱᇴޠл஼ѠпໍΤϵӔ፤ᏬȄԫѵȂஆܼϵӔ౪ܓӼϰ םԓޠՄ໕ȂᛴᅮලӶϵӔ౪ܓޠஆᙄϟαђΤҖл׺ಊޠโזȂٸᐄ Ӽ኶؛ޠ๗ݏٿϾ၍࢈ݾቋ׌Ȅᛴᅮලఐ෉ޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏ໡ఃΠ࿌х࢈ ݾলᏱᄈȶቸឋԓҖлȷȞdeliberative democracyȟޠःفȄ45ቸឋԓҖл ౪፤ܛयΩ௥ଇޠ፟ᚡȂ߰࢑Ԅե஡Ӽ኶؛ޠҖл׺ಊโזၮϵӔ౪ܓ ஽።ࣻϤණٽᜍԚڸ౪ܓᄈၘޠᆡઢђпᎍ࿌๗ӬȄ ҦᛴᅮලЇ᙮ᄈՍϐޠᢏᘉڸߓႁРԓໍ՘ࡼ៊ޠঔҔȂשউࣽژ Πуࠎܼ८ᄈ״ຠࢆ᏾ȃᆡઊؒᆡޠᏱ޲ॴጓȄ46ดՅȂҐНࡿяȂ֊ ٻ࢑ঔҔࡤޠϵӔ౪ܓᢏϬดณݳᘜ಴ထಁ౪ܓޠࡅૐȄ์޲ᇰ࣐ȂԄ ݏхឋҖлښޠϵӔስ஀ᖃ࢑ԇӶ຀ထಁ౪ܓޠኈ៫Ȃ٦ቅשউܗ೩ᔗ ၏ױѻᕤ၍Ԛ࿌хҖлަཽޠѫΚঐࢌۢٲᄃȂՅϛ࢑ϵӔ౪ܓᢏ܉ᑀ ԥޠयڽુടȄӶ೼ኻޠᕤ၍ίȂԄݏȞңᛴᅮලޠၘٿᇴȟȶထಁ౪ܓ ޠٲᄃȷ൸჌Ӭ౪ӼϰٲᄃΚኻȂ࢑ӉեҖлަཽഎϛѠ૗׈ӓ੒ଷޠȂ 45 _{ᛴᅮලఐ෉෇݃ጃࡿяቸឋԓҖлޠήঐஆҐ्ષȈȞ1ȟϵӔ౪ܓޠᢏ܉ȄȞ2ȟᏵ࢈Җлښ} ࡚ޠ࢝ᄻȂѻڏᡞᇴ݃ΠቸឋޠҴݳყᡞϟᕘძȄȞ3ȟϵҖΚૢᒴඊϵӔ౪ܓйӶуউޠ࢈ ݾ՘୞Ϝᄃ౫ѻޠ౪དྷޠޤᜌڸኔగȄ୥Մ Rawls 1999c: 580. 46 ᗃзҖᇰ࣐ȂҔ࢑ӱ࣐ᛴᅮලӶȮҔဏ፤ȯяޏࡤȂᇰ઎ӵӲᔗу΢ޠ״ຠȂໍՅঔ׾ȃዑ ఽՍϐޠ౪፤ȂϘ૗ತᑗя྄ڏӌ໕ޠࡤ៊຀ձȄӶ೼ᆎࡼ៊Ӳᔗ״ຠȃঔ׾౪፤ޠႇโϜȂ ࡛ᄻΚ৉ᎍңܼᏵ࢈Җлަཽޠ࢈ݾলᏱԚΠᛴᅮලޠȶಥٙॏฬȷȄ୥ՄᗃзҖȂ2003Ȉ 10-11Ȅ

٦ቅשউᔗयΩ७մѻޠ॓८ኈ៫ȄᄈԫȂҐН஽።ϵҖఁيޠ२्ܓȈ ᙥҦஊᎵҖлϵҖᄈࣻᜱၦଊޠщϸජඬпІ౪ܓ״ցޠ૗ΩȂ஡Ѡԥ ਞ७մထಁ౪ܓᄈቸឋࠣ፵ޠѠ૗།ড়Ȅ

୥Մਫҭ

ݔЭܽȲϵӔ౪ܓޠѓ૗Іڐ४ښȳȂȮ࢈ݾᇅަཽলᏱຠ፤ȯಒΥ෉Ȟ2004ȟȈ 47-77Ȅ ˕˕ȲቸឋҖлᇅϵҖᎵԚȳȂȮ୾ҴᇄᢋτᏱলᏱ፤ຠȯಒΡΫΟ෉Ȟ2005ȟȈ 99-143Ȅ ᗃзҖȲࡤఃᇍޠলᏱॏฬȈᛴᅮලޠ࢈ݾՍҦлဏȳȂȮΡΫΚзखȯಒΝ Ϋϥ෉Ȟ2003ȟȈ10-17Ȅ

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