University of Taipei:Item 987654321/72

ݺഏᖆਙ఼ݧፖ๵ᒤհᇞ࣫

ഋྙੇ

*

ኴʳ ʳ ૞

ءઔߒڱڇ൶ಘᖆऄऱ๵ᒤ૞ᆠ֗ࠡኙᖆਙ఼ݧհᐙ᥼Δ៶א༈ޣڇਙएष ᄎ᧢ᔢխΔݺഏᖆਙ᧯ࠫ࿇୶ऱױ౨৸ەֱٻΖ ء֮ઔߒຜஉΔආ࠷ᓵ෻ᤩᆠፖࠫ৫։࣫Ζଈ٣༉ᖆऄऱ๵ᒤࢤղאᓵᢞ൶ ᄭΔ։ൕഏ୮რݳΕ׌ᦞΕԳᦞፖ։ᦞ࿛૿ٻΔᓵ૪ᖆऄऱு֨ᏝଖΙڻ༉ኔᎾ ᖆਙࠫ৫܂։ֺ࣫ለΔאऄഏรն٥ࡉऱࠫ৫ሎ܂փොΔၞۖ൶ߒݺഏ᜔อፖ۩ ਙೃೃ९ऱᦞԺဠኔΔۖូ౏נᠨଈ९ࠫհ૞ᆠ֗ݺഏᖆਙ᧯ࠫհ᥆ࢤΖ ءઔߒ࿨ᓵᎁ੡Κΰԫαᖆऄऱு֨ᏝଖڶࠡഗءრොΔ܀սႊࠉٺഏਙए෼ उΕᖆਙ଺෻֗ऄ఼ݧ଺ঞۖ৬ዌΔڇᖆऄऱԫ᧯ࢤፖऄऱڜࡳࢤհەၦՀΔԫ ౳ا׌ഏ୮ऱൄኪᖆਙ᧢ᔢΔՕຟא༛ݧዬၞऱޏ଀Δזཙመሰऱ଀ࡎࢤ᧢೯Δ א܍ທګᖆਙऱլ᡹ࡳΔۖᐙ᥼ഏ୮ڜࡳፖ࿇୶ΖΰԲαݺഏऱᖆਙࠫ৫ΔءᔆՂ ԯਢ᥆࣍෗ٽࠫऱᖆਙᑓڤΔۖࠉऄഏᖆਙᆖ᧭Δ੡ޣᆵኔڼጟᠨଈ९ࠫΔؘႊ ᎖אਙ᤻ਙएऱຂٚᖲࠫΔٍܛփᎹ᜔෻ႊፖഏᄎڍᑇ᤻ٵԫਙ᤻Δࡨլીݮګ ᷐᫆ऱᠨᙰ್߫հᖆਙΖΰԿα༉ᖆਙ࿇୶ۖߢΔᖆਙ᧯ࠫԯࠠڶڍᑌࢤፖױ᧢ࢤΔ ਚࠡࠠ᧯๵ᒤᚨࠉٺਙएኔ᧯ऱषᄎᛩቼΕᖵ׾હན֮֗֏փොઌ࿨ٽΔطਢΔ ᖆਙ఼ݧऱཏ׈ᏝଖΔࠀॺ࠷ެ࣍໢ԫऱਬጟࠫ৫Δۖਢޓႊထૹ࣍ٺᇠլٵᖆ ਙ᧯ࠫऱኔᔌፖፂᥨΖ

ᣂ᝶ڗΚᖆऄΕᖆਙ᧯ࠫΕᖆਙ఼ݧΕᖆऄு֨ᏝଖΕᠨଈ९ࠫΕᦞԺ։

م

* ፕקؑمඒߛՕᖂषᄎዄֆ٥ࠃ೭ᖂߓߓ׌ٚ

ݺഏᖆਙ఼ݧፖ๵ᒤհᇞ࣫

ഋྙੇ

໸Εছߢ

ᖆਙ఼ݧΰconstitutional orderαএഏ୮ਙएࠉإൄ఼ݧΰdue processα࿇୶ऱ ഗ៕Ζࠡഗء૞ᆠڇᆖطٽऄࢤፖإᅝࢤऱഏا׌ᦞհ᧯෼Δࠫࡳԫ୚ࠠڶψࡐ ࡳࢤωऱᖆਙ๵ᒤΖࠀ׊ڇਙएषᄎऱዝ᧢መ࿓խΔ៶طࡡٚمऄΕᖆਙክࠏΕ ᖆਙᇞᤩΔ֗ᖆऄଥޏ࿛֫੄ࠌ൓଺໌๻ऱᖆऄΔս౨ፖழଟၞΔႉᚨழႨऱᏁ ૞Δۖᆵኔਙएࠫ৫հխΖڂڼΔᖆਙ఼ݧऱᄗ࢚ץܶԿጟᐋ૿Κΰԫαᖆऄऱ໌ ๻Δؘႊࠉഏا׌ᦞհ଺ঞΙΰԲαᖆऄऱփොΔؘႊࠠໂኔᔌࢤፖ෻უࢤ଺ঞΙ ΰԿαᖆऄऱ᧢ᔢΔؘႊฤٽࡐࡳࢤፖᔞᚨࢤ଺෻ΖૉྥΔڇᖆਙ఼ݧᖫم๵ᒤ Հհਙࠫሎ܂Δֱ൓ᘯ੡ا׌ᖆਙΖ ⛦壆ݺഏᖆਙ࿇୶Δ۞اഏԿԼքڣԼԲִԲԼնֲ۩ᖆא૾Δٽᖆࢤ ΰconstitutionalizationαऱᖆऄ᧯ߓΔ࠹ࠩՕຬൣႨऱዝ᧢ۖڶ೯୉ჲ႖ழཚհॺ ൄ᧯ࠫΔݮګᖏழᖆऄΰthe constitutional in war timeαऱ᥆ࢤΔࠡ৵༚ᆖ৖ᦞਙ एΰforce politicsαऱ൳ࠫΔીࠌᖆਙሎ܂ๅᠦ଺ڶᖆਙൄ૩Ζऴ۟اഏԮԼ԰ڣΔ ׹ऄೃՕऄࡴᤩڗร 261 ᇆᇞᤩΔਐຫᆄڣഏᄎհֶ౒إᅝࢤΔᇷ෡խ؇اזؘ ႊૻཚಯ៭Δࠀᆖطᐒַ೯୉ჲ႖ழཚΔึ࣍ሒګ९ՆאࠐڃូᖆऄऱཚඨΖ৵ ᖵᆖԼڣऱᖆਙޏ଀Δᖆਙ᧯ࠫ૯ڶ᧢೯Δ܀ڇਙ᤻ᔚཙ৵Δਙए෼ኔऱ෰֧Δ ᖆऄ٦ທΔא໌๻ٽழٽߪٽشऱᖆऄհࡅᜢΔᦓྥګ੡ᅝছചਙृհૹ૞ഏ୮ ࿇୶ਙ࿜Ζ ڼઔߒԯࠉᖕছ૪ᖆਙ౧೯Δᚵאᖆऄ๵ᒤ੡ᆖΔ෼ኔਙए੡ᒮΔ൶ಘᖆਙ ఼ݧऱ଺෻Δ֗ݺഏᖆਙ᧯ࠫऱംᠲΔࠀൕإᅝ࿓ݧፖრᢝᖄٻऱؿએܺቼխΔ ༈ޣآࠐᖆਙ࿇୶ऱױ౨࠷ٻΖ

၁Εᖆऄऱ๵ᒤࢤ֗ࠡওૻ

ᖆऄؾऱڇፂᥨا׌ᏝଖΔપޔਙए఼ݧΔڇڼ଺ঞՀΔᖆऄ۞ڶࠡ๵ᒤࢤΖ ᘝ壆ا׌ᖆਙऄ෻Δᖆऄऱ๵ᒤࢤΔ।෼ڇࠡψு֨ᏝଖωऱრွࢤΔא֗ψᖆ ऄ᧢ᔢωመ࿓ऱᔞᚨࢤࠟՕ׌ၗΖءᆏᚵ։ൕᖆऄு֨ᏝଖΔ᧢ᔢ෻ᓵΔא֗ݺ ഏᖆऄऱு֨ᏝଖംᠲΔ܂ރ૞ऱ։࣫Ζ

ԫΕᖆऄऱு֨Ꮭଖ

ᖆऄऱு֨ᏝଖΔԯڇᖆऄ᧯ߓխࢬᚨࠠໂऱഗء壄壀ፖࠫ৫๵ᒤΔຍࠄխ ֨৸უፖ଺ঞլᚨ࠹ࠩഏ୮᧢଀ፖᖆਙ᧢ᔢۖॿحࠡژڇऱᏝଖΔԫ؟ࢼᠦڼء ᔆցైΔᖆऄऱփොܛྤࠉॵژΔݮګ़੐֏ΔۖլࠠᖆਙრᆠΖྥۖΔլ୲ܡ ᎁچΔٺഏኙᖆऄऱு֨Ꮭଖᄗ࢚ൄഗ࣍ᖆਙႚอΕᖂ੔ᐙ᥼Δࢨਙए෼ኔΔਚ ࠡு֨რᆠΔঞᣄڶԫીհᓵរΖءઔߒᚵ։ൕ؄ଡ૿ٻ֊Եᖆऄऱு֨Ꮭଖհ ৸ፂΔץਔഏ୮რݳΕا׌ऄएΕԳᦞঅᎽፖᦞԺ։಻࿛ၞ۩ᓵਙΖ ΰԫαᖆऄፖഏ୮რݳ ᖆऄਢ๵ᒤԫଡਙएߓอΰpolitical systemαऱอࠫऄࠢΔഏ୮ঞਢڼԫਙए ߓอऱᦞૻΔ၌။ڼԫᒤᡱΔᇠᖆऄऱ๵ᒤԺԯլ༚ژڇΔڂڼΔ൶ߒᖆऄऱு ֨ᏝଖΔࢬႊಾኙࠡࢬ๵ᒤऱഏ୮᧯ߓհહནΕႚอፖ෼ኔΔۖ੡ࡳኆΖᐚഏ৸ უ୮ଫᖆऄᖂृ׬ዿΗਜയ௽ΰC. Schumittαאᐚഏ৖ᒘᖆऄ੡ࠏΔਐנψا׌ ଺ঞωΕψ٥ࡉഏ᧯ࠫωΕψᜤ߶ഏ୮࿨ዌωΕψؑاऄएഏωΔא֗ψᤜᄎอएω࿛ࠃ ႈ᥆࣍ψᖆີωΔլ൓ٚრᓳᖞଥإհΰᇀঅৄΔ1991Κ21αΔࠡխࢬᘯψᜤ߶ഏ ୮࿨ዌωΔ༉ਢൕ۞աഏ୮ᨠរࢬ൓ऱு֨ᏝଖΔڇ໢ԫഏ୮ۖߢΔࠀྤრᆠΖط ࣍ᐚഏਢԫଡႚอऱᜤ߶ഏ୮Δڇऄएݧխԯլւ๺طᜤ߶ഏ᠏᧢ګ੡ԫխ؇ႃ ᦞഏ୮Δڇ։ᦞ۞एऱࡐڶࠫ৫խΔᐚഏԳاᎁ੡۞աᖑڶኙچֱࠃ೭ऱᗑم۞ एᦞ౨Δڇ壆ڍ۞एऱٺ߶խΔ࿨ٽګᜤ߶ऱᄗ࢚Ζਜയ௽ࠉᖕᐚഏᆖ᧭א֗ഗ ءऄ֮ࣔ๵ࡳٺ߶ࠃ೭مऄᦞΔ੷۟ᎁ੡ᜤ߶ࠫ৫ԯਢᓿղٺ߶ࠠໂഏ୮ࢤᔆऱ অᎽΰຫსၺΔ1997Κ88αΔۖڇᜤ߶ᖆऄऄೃऱܒެխΔ࢏ۼנᜤ߶ഏऱګ୉ኙ ᖆऄՂ࢘ᇨऱᆠ೭Δא֗ץਔٺ߶࢖ڼၴΕٺ߶ኙ߶ᜤΔא֗ᜤ߶ኙٺ߶ઌյঅ ਍࢘ᇨፖၞ۩Աᇞऱᆠ೭ΰຫსၺΔ1997Κ89-90αΖ᜔ऱࠐߢΔຍਢᐚഏࠫᖆृ ፖᤩᖆृಾኙᖞ᧯෼ऄࠫݧऱᇭᤩऱᖆऄு֨ຝ։Δۖ඿ګ੡ᖆऄ๵ᒤ࿨ዌՂլ

ױ᧢೯ऱഗء૞ైΖ ംᠲਢΔഏ୮ࠩࢍਢԫጟψषᄎऱഏ୮ᨠωΔٍࢨਢψऄ৳ऱഏ୮ᨠωΔࠉᖕ ᐚഏᖂृળࣥܓ܌ΰJellinekαऱႚอऄᖂᨠរΔૉਢছृΔഏ୮ࢬ᧩෼ऱਢԫጟ ڍᑌࢤመ࿓ऱၞ۩Δᄎᙟထழ़ۖ۞ݺዝ᧢ፖ࿇୶Δૉ᥆৵ृΔഏ୮ঞਢൕࠡփ ຝΔڇऄऱԺၦࢬ֭಻ݮګऱቸ᧯ΰຫსၺΔ1997Κ12αΖٍܛਢΔൕषᄎऱᨠរΔ ഏ୮ਢԫଡ᧢೯ऱΕױႿऱΕᐘࢤऱΕ۞ݺऱԫጟᆢრᢝΔڇڼൣउՀΔ۞ਢ޲ ڶࢬᘯு֨ᄗ࢚ऱംᠲΔۖਢᙟထषᄎऱ۞ྥዝ᧢ᓳᖞࠡݺᏝଖრᢝΖ ྥۖΔૉഏ୮ਢԫጟطփࢬขسऱࠠڶऄऱൎࠫԺࢬขسऱ๵ᒤิ៣Δঞഗ ࣍ഏ୮ऱ࢏ᥛࢤ֗ऄऱԫ᧯ࢤ଺ঞΔຍଡ٤᧯ؘႊڇԫࡳऱࠫ৫๵ᒤՀ༛ݧሎ ᠏Δאፂᥨऄ఼ݧऱءᔆΖ ڇ܌ዿسΰH.KelsonαऱొጰऄᖂᨠរխΔឈཅඵছ૪ႚอኔᢞऄᖂലഏ୮ ፖऄԲ։֏ऱ෻࢚Δ܀ࠡഗء෻ᓵԯਢ৬م࣍ऄ఼ݧऱᄗ࢚ՂΔۖᎁ੡ഏ୮ऱء ᔆᄭ࣍ऄऱެࡳΰຫსၺΔ1997Κ17-18αΔࠡኔᔆփොսլๅળࣥܓ܌ऱऄ৳ഏ ୮ᨠΖ ڇᖆਙ׌ᆠऱ෻ᓵխΔᖆऄএᆖطԫ୚೏ᦞऱऄ৳๵ᒤΔאፂ਍ਙ఼ࠫݧऱ ሎ܂ΔբྥឆܶԱऄऱެࡳԺऱᄗ࢚Δ֠ࠡڇګ֮ᖆऄऱଅᑪխΔᖆऄऱ᧢೯ؘ ႊࠉ༛ԫࡳ࿓ݧΔ׌ᦞრᢝ᧩ق෼ኔᖆਙऱ᝟ႨΔԯਢאऄ఼ݧ܂੡৬ዌഏ୮ऱ ഗء৸ፂΖᄷڼΔݺഏᖆऄছߢ֗รԫີ᜔ጼࢬ༿قऱഗء଺ঞ1Δᅝ᥆խဎاഏ ऱᖆऄு֨ຝ։Ζ ΰԲαᖆऄፖ׌ᦞ ᖆऄਢഏ୮რݳऱ᜔᧯ਐᑑΔፖᇠഏਙࠫߓอऱژڇΕ᡹ࡳΕፖ࿇୶ஒஒઌ ᣂΔڂڼΔᖆऄऱขسΔؘႊࠉᖕԳاऱრ৸੡հΔຍՈਢഏا׌ᦞ଺෻ऱ௅ء ᧯෼ΖڰڇऄഏՕ଀ࡎழזऱཎᤐΰE. Seyesαඒ඄Δܛբࠉ 1789 ڣലഏ୮ऄࠫ ೴։ᖆऄፖऄ৳հګࠏΔፖऄഏᗝබհ٤რݳ෻ᓵΔۖ೴։ψ໌๻ᖆऄհ໌ω ΰpouvoir constituantαΔא֗ψᖆऄऱ໌๻հ๻ωΰpouvior contitue’sαΔᖆऄࢬ໌๻ ऱᦞԺਢࠫᖆழࢬᓿղΔԯᇠഏم෼ኔ٤᧯ഏاኙ࣍ഏ୮ᖞ᧯ࠫ৫ژڇհ௽ܑݮ Ⴈࢬڇऱ௅ءࢤ᜔ެࡳΖڼጟ௅ءࢤ᜔ެࡳΔ๯׬ዿΕਜയ௽੺ࡳ੡ԫഏऱψᖆ ີωΰܦࢊΔ1981Κ122αΔࠡࢬז।ऱრᢝΔ༉ਢᇠഏਙए෼ኔԺၦࢨᦞ৖რݳࢬ ݮګऱഏا׌᧯հ᧯෼ΔڼԫഏاრݳެࡳԱഏ୮ᖆਙࢤᔆΔዌګԱኔᢞᖆऄऱ

1 ݺഏᖆऄছߢࢬ༿㍾ऱխဎاഏऱഏ୮ᄗ࢚Δא֗ᐚഏऱا׌٥ࡉഏΔ׌ᦞូ᥆࿛݁᥆ᖆऄհு ֨Ζ

ு֨ΰܦࢊΔ1981Κ118αΖ່ۖࠠွᐛࢤऱრᆠਢΔהګ੡ԫଡا׌ഏ୮ᖆऄհ إᅝࢤፖٽᖆࢤऱயԺࠐᄭΖᔆߢհΔٚ۶ᆖطإᅝऄ৳࿓ݧΔطԫਙएߓอԳ اࢬ໌๻ऱ଺ࡨᖆऄΔլംࠡփ୲ΔڼԫإᅝࢤᦞԺΔ૞᥆ᖆऄऱு֨ᏝଖΔլ ౨ٚრ᧢೯Ζ ڼႈ෻ᓵএܛലഏا׌ᦞऱᄗ࢚ԫ։੡ԲΔࠫᖆழऱഏا׌ᦞࡺ࣍ՂۯΔࠡ ৵ٚ۶ኙᖆऄଥޏऱഏا׌ᦞ݁᥆ՀۯΔݮګࠫᖆऱ଺ࡨഏاრݳ೏࣍ଥᖆ່ᄅ اრΖ੡ڼΔڇᐚഏܛ࿇سᣊۿऱᓵ᥯ΔᐚഏഗءऄรԮԼ԰යรԿႈ๵ࡳᖆऄ ଥإூլ൓ڶᐙ᥼ᜤ߶᧯ࠫΖรԫයഗءԳᦞΔ֗รԲԼයഏا׌ᦞ଺෻࿛հ๵ ࡳΔࠉᖕᅝழࠫᖆ෻طΔᎅࣔࠡؾऱፖრᆠڇ࣍ݦඨڇᖆऄխࠫࡳԫݙ٤լױ᧢ ޓፖլױॿحհᖆऄு֨๵ᒤΰຫსၺΔ1997Κ61αΖྥۖΔڶᖂृᎁ੡Δഗءऄ รԮԼ԰යรԿႈፖࠡࢬঅᥨऱรԲԼයխऱഏا׌ᦞ଺ঞઌյؿએΰຫსၺΔ 1997Κ62αΔٍܛڕছ૪Δ່٣ࠫࡳழऱഏا׌ᦞ๵ࡳਬࠄլױ᧢ޓऱᖆऄ଺ঞΰڕ ᜤ߶᧯ࠫαΔ܀থՈॿحԱ৵Գࢬଥᖆழऱഏا׌ᦞრݳऱᦞԺΔૻᜍڇࠫᖆृࢬ ๻ࡳऱ௃ਮփΔZΏlch ܛਐנΔഏا׌ᦞԯਢഗ࣍ψ۞طഏاრݳωऱ᧯෼ΰຫ სၺΔ1997Κ62αΔᆖطإᅝ࿓ݧΰڕᙇᜰഏᄎαΔܛױެࡳٺଡழཚഏ୮ऱਙ࿜Ζ ۖࠫᖆृࢬז।ऱࠫᖆழཚऱഏاრݳΔڕ౨ኙآࠐٚ۶ழཚऱԳاრݳቃ٣ެ ࡳፖૻᜍΔԯሔ֘Աا׌଺ঞፖഏا׌ᦞऱ଺෻Ζ ױא෻ᇞऱਢΔൕཎᤐࠩਜയ௽ऱࠫᖆᦞᚌ࣍ଥᖆᦞऱ଺ঞխΔۿڶሔا׌ ଺ঞፖഏا׌ᦞ଺෻Ζ܀ൕ׼ԫଡߡ৫৸ەΔڼԯ੡Աഏ୮ऱ᡹ࡳፖ࿇୶ࢬլ൓ լ੡ऱ֫੄Ζൕᖆਙ׌ᆠ෻ᓵխΔا׌ऄࠫഏ୮ૹ෼ऱਢᖆਙ఼ݧΔ෻ᓵ୮ԯ໌ ๻Աऄ৳ۯၸऱᄗ࢚Δലᖆऄᆜ່࣍ՂۯΔࠡהۯၸऱऄ๵ࡎח݁լ൓ࣂᤛհΔ ૉొጰ༉ഏا׌ᦞ଺෻ۖߢΔഏᄎऱمऄᦞፖଥᖆᦞΔ݁᥆ഏا׌ᦞऱ᧯෼Δ۶ אمऄᦞऱاრ܅࣍ଥᖆᦞऱاრΛࠡኔΔاრլ։ನላΔ܀੡Աऄ఼ݧΔࠡࢬ ।෼ऱীኪؘႊڶࢬ೴ሶΔନࠌഏ୮ਙ೭ႉܓං೯Ζڼొ᥆᡹ࡳਙࠫ࿨ዌࢬ໌๻ ऱᄗ࢚Δࠀॺᄭ۞۞ྥऄऱਝڶ٣᧭ژڇขढΖࠉڼΔૉᎁٵഏᄎऱمऄᦞլ൓ ማ။ᖆऄΔۖլขسഏا׌ᦞऱؿએΔঞ೴։ଥᖆᦞፖࠫᖆᦞऱاრΔאᒔঅᖆ ਙࠫ৫᡹ࡳሎ܂Δഏ୮᧯ࠫ൓אڶயፂ਍ऱऄ෻Δ۞ڶࠡٽ෻ࢤऱ᧤ᙀ৸ፂΖ լ֟Գא່ᄅاრ࠷זመװاრऱᨠ࢚ࠐ੡ଥᖆ൓א၌။଺ᖆऄऱ෻طΔኔ ॺݔᔞΔΔࢬᘯψଥᖆհംᠲၲࡨ࣍ᖆऄ᧢ᔢհױ౨ࢤբ࿨ޔழωΰຫსၺΔ1997Κ 5αΔא֗ψऄ৳ຏመழਝբመழωԯڶฆڴٵՠհᆠΔរנԱاრਢྤऄ೴։ᄅ ៱Δᣂ᝶ڇ࣍Գاڇऄ఼ݧऱપޔՀࢬ৬مऱԫ୚ࠫ৫Δࠡࢬ๯ᎁױऱ࿓৫Δۖ

ॺاრ۞ߪऱംᠲΖ ΰԿαᖆऄፖԳᦞ ᖆऄऱؾऱڇ࣍ލࠫᗑဪറࠫΔֱࠡऄڶԲΚലਙࢌऱᦞԺፖԳاऱᦞܓף א೴։Δഏ୮ऱֆᦞԺ۩੡Δ଺ঞՂլ൓ॿحଡԳ۞طऱᒤ໮Δٍܛਢਙࢌऱᦞ ԺᚨڶࢬૻࠫΔ៶אঅᎽԳاഗءᦞܓΙԲਢലഏ୮ऱอएᦞ։طլٵᗑمᖲᣂ ۩ࠌΔࠀࠌࠡઌյࠫᘝΔא߻ַറឰᗑဪΔڼհᘯψᦞܓ։م଺ঞωΔ່ۖࠡึؾ ऱΔঞڇאঅᎽԳᦞ੡ᡉऱΖ ฒࢬࡌवΔԳᦞऱഗءᨠ࢚ᄭ࣍۞ྥऄ৸უΔਢ٣᧭࣍ഏ୮ۖژڇऱ۞ྥᦞΔ ܀Գᦞऱଠᖄঞਢ৵࣍อएᦞۖနॕ૏݇Δᄭ࣍റࠫਙࢌᚘ዇ԳاΔ෻ᓵ୮ԯቔ ܬԳاسۖܛڶऱᦞܓլ୲ٚ۶ਙࢌॿحΔ૎ᕢᙥؒཎΰThomas Hobbesαፖ੖܌ ΰJohn Lockαܛᎁ੡ڇݮګഏ୮հছΔԳᣊ๠࣍۞ྥणኪΔԫ֊س੒݁࠹۞ྥऄ ࢬ๵ᒤΰ്ᘃ஼Δ1994Κ289-294αΔ܀ڇഏ୮ิ៣հᘯګمছऱࢬᘯψऄωΔࠡኔ ਢႉᚨψ۞ྥωऱྤ੡णኪΔԳᣊᣂএऱ๵ᒤ੷੡ᜳஇΔ࢖ڼઌյॿحڇࢬᣄ܍Δ ੡ڼΔ੖܌༼נषᄎৈપᓵΰsocial contractαऱᄗ࢚Δᎁ੡ԳᣊڰཚऱषᄎΔਢ ᆖطྤݮऱৈપאપޔ࢖ڼΔ៶ڼঅᎽଡԳᦞܓΔࠡ৵ิ៣ഏ୮ΕګمਙࢌΔٍ ਢطԳاࢬٵრΔ᡽પৈપᨃྀຝ։ᦞܓΔղอएृΔؾऱڇࠌࠡ౨ሎشԳا඄ ፖऱᦞԺΔאપࠫഏاΔݮګषᄎ఼ݧፖ๵ᒤΰ്ᘃ஼Δ1994Κ295-296αΖ੖܌ ऱ৸უΔᆖطᗝබΰJ . J. Rousseauα࿛Գऱ࿇ཆΔࠌԳᦞᨠ࢚ڇषᄎৈપᓵऱഗ ៕ՂΔ৬ዌګᖆਙ׌ᆠऱ৸ᑪΔطاഏԳاऱრݳΔࠫࡳᖆऄऱৈપΰ፠᜹ᏕΔ 1979Κ276-277αΖطਢΔᖆऄխᓿղਙࢌٽऄऱᦞԺΔ܀Ո๵ᒤࠡᦞԺऱ۩ࠌΔ ່ึؾऱڇࠌԳاऱᦞܓΔ౨ᛧ൓ᒔኔऱঅᎽΖڂڼΔᖆऄऱ௅ءᏝଖΔ༉ਢڇ অᎽԳاऱ۞طፖᦞܓΖ່ڰലԳᦞঅᎽݮ壆֮࣍ڗृΔᚨ᥆ԫԮԶ԰ڣऄഏԳ ᦞ৙ߢรԼքයΔ֮ࣔ๵ࡳటإڶᖆऄऱषᄎΔؘႊཬഗ࣍ԳᦞঅᎽऱᆵኔፖ։ ᦞ։مऱഗ៕հՂΖΰޕព᛼Δ1991Κ250α ᖵᆖᑇଡ׈זऱዝ᧢ΔԳᦞऱᨠ࢚բൕ۞طऱഗءԳᦞΔດዬឩᏺ۟षᄎᦞΙ ൕ௣ᄕԳᦞߨٻᗨᄕԳᦞΙൕ۞ྥऄ৸უߨٻᖆऄऄࡳ৸უΙൕ٣᧭࣍ഏ୮ߨٻ ࣍مᖆࠫ৫ऱขढΖឈྥڕڼΔԳᦞॺ੡ഏ୮ࢬ໌๻ऱᄗ࢚ΔսྥྤױࢳᄰΖڂ ڼΔᓵृԯᓵΔԳᦞऱഗء௽ࢤΔץਔࡐڶࢤΕլױॿحࢤ֗ཏሙࢤ࿛ԿՕ௽ࢤΔ ࠡխࡐڶࢤΔܛਢਐࠡ੡ፖسଟࠐऱԳࢤ༇ᣤፖᦞܓۖլৱᖆऄࢬᓿղΰ๺ݳႂΔ 1993Κ55-56αΔྥ੡ᒔঅຍࠄԳᣊࡐڶᦞԺऱኔᔌΔԯᆖطᖆऄ֮ࣔঅᎽΔאم ᖆ׌ᆠհ଺ঞףאᒔᎁΔࠌࠡګ੡ኔࡳऱᦞܓΰ๺ݳႂΔ1993Κ56αΖᅝྥՈګ෼

זᖆऄऱᏝଖு֨Ζ ΰ؄αᖆऄፖ։ᦞ ᇨڕছ૪Δ๵ᒤਙࢌᦞԺΔؾऱڇঅᎽԳاᦞ墿Δਚ२זრᆠհᖆऄץܶࠟ Օຝ։Δԫ੡ᦞܓࠢີΔԲ੡อएᖲዌΔࠟृڶࠡؾऱፖ֫੄ऱᣂএΔอएᖲዌ ഗ࣍ፂᥨᦞܓࠢີհኔ෼ऱছ༼ՀΔֱڶژڇऱ෻طΔڼᄭ࣍षᄎৈપᓵ৵ऱ۞ ط׌ᆠഏ୮ᨠΔۖ੡ᖏ৵ٺا׌ഏ୮ࢬආ۩ᙅൕΔല࡚ࠡ੡ᖆऄհഗء଺ঞΔڂ ੡ૉႛൎᓳ۞ྥऄऱഗء۞طፖᦞܓऱᏝଖΔۖྤࠠ᧯অᎽհࠫ৫ፖᖲዌΔലլ ౨࿇سኔᎾயԺΔ࣍ਢΔ੡অᎽഗءԳᦞհլ࠹ॿ୭Δԯႊထณፖૻࠫ֗֘ኙᦞ ԺհႃխΔۖڶᦞܓ։مፖࠫᘝऱ৸უขسΰޕព᛼Δ1991Κ255αΖᦞܓ։مऱ ෻ᓵٍᄭ۞࣍੖܌Δፖषᄎৈપऱݮګԫ᧯ࠟ૿ऱய࣠ΔڇԳاᨃྀຝ։ᦞܓፖ ਙࢌऱٵழΔ੡ᝩ܍ਙࢌᦞԺ஌რ੡հΔԯڇৈપխࣔࡳਙࢌᦞԺؘႊڶࢬᆏࠫΔ ڼܛݮګۖ৵ऱᖆਙ׌ᆠ։ᦞ଺ঞΖ టإല։ᦞ଺ঞ᤭૪൓່੡ࠠ᧯ۖᐛृΔ૞᥆࡯ᐚཎቑΰMontesguieuαΔࣔ ᒔലਙࢌᦞԺ։੡۩ਙᦞΕمऄᦞፖ׹ऄᦞΰ๺ݳႂΔ1993Κ89αΖࠡءრএمഗ ࣍ᦞԺࠌԳፍ֏Δ࿪ኙऱᦞԺࠌԳ࿪ኙፍ֏ऱԳࢤஇរՂΔ੡ࠌᦞԺլી๯௫شΔ ԯ৸ψאᦞԺލࠫᦞԺωΰޕព᛼Δ1991Κ250αΔਚ࡯ּലԿᦞ։مΔ׊ࠌࠡઌյ ࠫᘝΰcheck and balanceαΔཚࠌԳاᦞ墿Δڂ੡ਙࢌऱᦞԺ๯પࠫۖᛧ൓অᎽΖ ኙڼԳࢤऱ຅ഢፖ۞ߏऱލࠫ֫੄Δભഏၲഏցᕬຽ૭᎝ΰJames Madisonα ڶ壄᥸ऱ࣫ᓵΔהᎁ੡߻ַٺጟᦞԺႃխऱঅᎽΔ૞ࠌٺଡຝ॰ࠠڶࣂݼࠡהຝ ॰ॿحऱٽऄ֫੄Δ֗شᖆऄऱԺၦࠐ൳ࠫਙࢌΔࠌ،լીᛒشᦞԺΔڂ੡Գլ ਢ֚ࠌΔਚطԳࠐอएԳΔ༉ؘႊڶփڇፖ؆ڇऱ൳ࠫΰዧᚦዿቅΔ1966Κ288αΖ ભഏᜤ߶ᖆऄΔڇ࡯ᐚཎቑऱ෻ᓵ৬ዌΔא֗ຽ૭᎝࿛Գऱࠫ৫๻ૠՀΔڂᚨۖ سΔګ੡ኔਜԿᦞ։م່ګפΔՈ່ࠠז।ࢤऱ෼זᖆऄΖ ط࣍Գࢤऱء඿Δ༳༽ᦞԺृᄕ࣐ಮ؈۞աΔۖ࣋ඵ෻უΔڂڼΔᆖطᖆऄ ऱ๵ᒤΔᨃਙࢌऱᦞԺڶૻΖ։مፖࠫᘝΔᇨ੡مᖆ׌ᆠ৬ዌอएᖲዌऱഗء଺ ෻Δۖ੡ᖆऄऱᏝଖு֨Δ੃ྤጊᆠΖྥۖΔᦞԺऱ։مਢܡ׽ڶψԿᦞωԫଡ ᙇႈΛ٦ृΔਙࢌऱᦞԺਢܡױאኲྥܒ։Λԯਢଖ൓ᖆऄᖂ୮٦෡Ե৸ەऱᓰ ᠲΖࠃኔՂΔ༉ᖂ෻։࣫Δ׈੺ՂආԫᦞΕԲᦞΕԿᦞΕ؄ᦞΕնᦞऱഏ୮݁ڶ հΖؾছආԫᦞ່ࠫᑑᄷऱഏ୮༉ਢ٥᤻ഏ୮Δࠡ٤ຝࠃ೭݁طԳՕ૤ຂΔࠀط ڼᦞԺᖲᣂᙇנഏ೭ೃא֗጑ᅮΕᛀኘᖲᣂፖ׹ऄᖲዌऱ׌૞૤ຂԳΔڂڼΔה լਢاრᖲᣂۖਢᦞԺᖲᣂΔՈլᓫᦞԺ։مΔڼ੡ԫᦞࠫΖ

૎ഏঞ᥆ࠟᦞࠫഏ୮Δڂ੡הऱ׹ऄᗑمΔۖمऄፖ۩ਙঞٽԫΔᎹ୉ਢط ഏᄎᤜ୉נٚΔࢬאٵழࠠڶمऄፖ۩ਙࠟጟߪ։ΔױᎅਢԫጟԿᦞቤ։լ堚ऱ ࠟᦞࠫΖ۟࣍ԿᦞঞڶࠟጟΔԫጟਢ᜔อࠫڕભഏΔԫጟਢփᎹࠫڕ๛ᥞΔڂ੡ ๛ᥞᖆऄࣔૡഏᄎᤜ୉լ౨ଫٚਙࢌᎹ୉Δࢬאፖ૎ഏࢨֲءࠟᦞڤऱփᎹࠫլ ٵΖۖආ؄ᦞ່ࠫࠠז।ࢤऱഏ୮੡վ֚ऱᅗࠢΔڂ੡ᅗࠢೈ۩ਙΕمऄΕ׹ऄ Կᦞ؆Δᝫ௫ڶԫଡᗑمऱ጑ኘᦞΔឈྥ᥆ഏᄎΔ܀ᗑمሎ܂Ζख़ᥞՈਢൕԫ԰ ԫԶڣၲࡨ๻مᗑمऱ጑ኘࠫ৫Ζڼ؆Δվ֚ऱंᥞፖতឌՈຟբ։ܑ๻ڶᗑم ऱ጑ኘࠫ৫Δຍࠄຟਢආ۩؄ᦞऱഏ୮Ζ۟࣍ݺഏঞԾᏺףԱԫଡەᇢೃΔګ੡ նᦞࠫऱഏ୮ΰࡌၺ՞Δ1994Κ40-41αΖطਢΔ։ᦞऱীኪլॺ໢ԫᙇႈΔۖਢ ڶ壆ڍױ౨Δࠡࠠ᧯ࠫ৫ΔᅝױࠉᖕٺഏഏൣહནΔਙएᛩቼ֗Գاრߠۖ੡ެ ࡳΖ ࠡڻΔط࣍ਙࢌऱᄗ࢚ਢԫ᧯ऱΔࢨਢڇਙएሎ܂Ղઌ੡յᚨΔۖྤऄኲྥ ቤ։ΔڂڼΔലᦞԺࣔᒔ։مΔאঅᎽԳᦞऱ෻უΔࠀॺؘྥΖᜰࠏۖߢΔԿᦞ ։مאᤜᄎ۟ՂΔՕՅمऄᦞΕᐘ࠭ᦞΕ጑ᅮᦞΕٚࡎᦞΕቃጩᦞΕᒬ࿨යપΕ ৙ᖏΕ჏ࡉ࿛ΔྤԫլႊᆖመᤜᄎհຏመΔڼጟࠫ৫Δ۩հ࣍փᎹࠫΔط࣍փᎹ ۩ਙمऄຑ᠙ΔኔڇਢԲᦞਙएΔഏᄎᗑဪ۞ਢᣄ܍Ι۩հ᜔࣍อࠫΔڂ጑ኘᦞ ូᤜᄎ༳༽Δ࢓࢓ᖐشڼᦞΔ஠਍۩ਙᖲᣂΔࠌ،լ൓լଏଈᦫࡎΖطڼױߠΔ ྤᓵփᎹࠫࢨ᜔อࠫऱזᤜਙएΔٵᑌຟᄎທګᤜᄎᗑဪऱ෼ွΖ ڇڼൣउՀΔ࡯ּऱᦞԺ։مΔઌյࠫᘝऱ෻უۿլ༚ژڇΔࢬᘯ։ᦞΔױ ౨Ո׽ਢᓵ੡෻უ׌ᆠऱୃᖂ৸ەΔඡ२๺ڍᖂृ݁լᘨߢਙࢌऱᦞԺਢྤऄ࿪ ኙ։مऱΰ៳࡯ࣳΔ1988Κ229-231αΖ܀Ոࠀॺڂڼۖᎁ੡։ᦞ෻ᓵլࠠኔᔆრ ᆠΔױאቃறΔآࠐऱا׌ᖆਙհሎ܂Δսྥ૞א։ᦞ੡׌૞ᑓڤΔ܀ࠡ։ᦞऱ փොΔஎᣄאԿᦞ։م੡ᗑ༇ΔۖᏁޓ੡壄าΔޓ੡ࠠ᧯ऱ๵ᒤΔאࠌᦞԺލࠫ ᦞԺऱ෻࢚Δ൓אᆵኔΔۖլਢೖఎڇ༓ᦞ։مऱݮڤञᤜۖբΖ

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ԫΕٺഏᖆਙࠫ৫ऱᑓী

ݺഏᖆऄऱխ؇ਙࢌ᥆ࢤٻڶञᤜΔڶԳᎅ،ਢփᎹࠫΔڶԳᎅਢ᜔อࠫΔ

ଥᖆ৵Ծ๯ࡳۯ੡෗ࡉࠫΔຍਢڂ੡ݺഏᖆऄਢԫଡᘜٽֱ۫ᖆਙ׌ᆠ֗խ՞٣ سնᦞᖆऄऱႃٽ᧯ΔۖࠡࠫࡳહནԾ᥆ڍ᤻੔ࣉᙰհֲΔࠡփ୲ᇨ᥆ڍֱݔ࠰Δ ୲ݴऱމ಑ขढΰ౸वոΔ1986Κ14-15αΖڂڼΔૉൕֱ۫ऱᖆਙ৸ᑪۖᓵΔݺ ଚऱᖆਙ๵ᒤΔ໰ጠ௘ฆΔ֧ۖದᖂृ֗षᄎऱ壆ڍᓵ᥯Ζຫֽਇ٣سڇ༉៭ร Լԫ᜔ٚอழ৙قං೯ᖆਙޏທΔᎁႊ᠖堚ߒᚨආ᜔อࠫࢨփᎹࠫΔഗءՂ༉ਢ ࠹ֱࠩ۫ਙࠫऱਝࡳᨠ࢚հᐙ᥼Ζ ࠃኔՂΔ٤׈੺֟ڶਙࢌ᧯ࠫݙ٤ઌٵऱഏ୮Δ༉෼זਙࠫۖߢΔऱᒔਢא ૎ഏऱփᎹࠫፖભഏऱ᜔อࠫ੡׌૞ऱഗ៕ࠢᒤΔ܀խၴڶޓڍऱഏ୮ࠡኔਢᘜ ٽԱࠟृࢨࠡהࠫ৫ࢬዌګΖࢨױڕਢᎅΔփᎹࠫፖ᜔อࠫਢ଺ীΔࠡխঞ૜س נլٵऱ᧢᧯ΖڂڼΔ߷ጟॺ AΰփᎹࠫαܛ Bΰ᜔อࠫαऱ᧤ᙀᑓڤΔஎֶ෻ ࢤ৸᥯Δᄕ࣐ະԵᖆਙᝎ৸Ζ ฒࢬࡌवΔڶᣂᖆޏࠫ৫ऱᑓীᄗ࢚Δࠡኔຟਢא۩ਙᦞូ᥆ۖࡳۯΔڂڼΔ ૉ੡փᎹࠫΔᄗਐ۩ਙᦞᢀ࣍փᎹ֫ՂΔᘯ᜔อࠫΔ।۩ਙᦞូط᜔อΙٵ෻Δ ᘯᠨଈ९ࠫΔঞ।ق۩ਙᦞ։໊طցଈ֗փᎹ᜔෻ᖑڶΖᒔ֊ऱᎅΔփᎹࠫፖ᜔ อࠫΔਢࠟጟᄕጤऱᑓীΔছृցଈဠۯΔྤኔᎾਙएᦞԺΔ৵ृցଈ༳༽࿪ኙ ऱ۩ਙᦞΔۖڇࠟଡᄕጤխၴΔঞطԫය٠ᢜࢬຑ൷Δࠡ۩ਙᦞհ᧢֏Δԯڶྤ ૻױ౨Ζ౿אቹقԫᎅࣔհΚ ቹԫΕٺጟᖆਙ᧯ࠫقრቹ

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ଈ

ࠫ

ൕቹقխΔխၴ९ݮֱჇ೴഑ז।۩ਙᦞΔ඙ᒵՂጤᔾؐႜ඙ຝ։।قցଈ ༳ڶऱ۩ਙᦞΔ඙ᒵՀጤٻ׳ឩ୶ຝ։ঞូ᥆࣍փᎹ᜔෻ऱ۩ਙᦞΔ඙ᒵءߪঞ ڇ᧩ق۩ਙᦞऱ௣९ᣂএΔ။ؐցଈऱ۩ਙᦞყՕΔऴࠩিऴᒵᢰՂΔցଈ༳༽ ່ՕऱᦞԺΔਚጠհ੡᜔อࠫΔ။࢓׳ฝ೯ցଈ۩ਙᦞࠉݧᎠ྇Δऴࠩᄕ׳ᢰΔ ᜔෻ԯױ٤ᦞ൳ࠫ۩ਙᦞΔ۟࣍ڇؐ׳ᢰᒵאփ೴Ⴧऱٚ۶ۯᆜΔ۩ਙᦞຟ๯։ ໊طցଈ᜔֗෻։ܑᖑڶΔܛਢࢬᘯ෗ٽࠫΔࠡխီࠡᆵរࢬڇΔۖڶೣ᜔อࠫ ऱ෗ٽࠫΔࢨೣ࣍փᎹࠫऱ෗ٽࠫΔࡺխृΔڇ෻ᓵՂᅝ᥆݁Ⴈऱᠨଈ९ࠫΔྥ ڼႛ᥆࣍෻ᓵऱංዝΔࠃኔՂΔڂᦞԺլ౨ݙ٤ऱၦ֏Δਚڇࠠ᧯ऱࠫ৫ՂΔՈ ৰᣄᘝၦנցଈփᎹ᜔෻ݙ٤݁ႨऱኪᑌΔԫ౳ࢬᘯऱᠨଈ९ࠫΔᄗਐڇ᜔อࠫ ፖփᎹࠫऱᑓীհ؆ऱ᧢᧯ࠫΖ ᆖطאՂᎅࣔΔ෼۩׈੺ٺഏਙࢌ᧯ࠫՕીאփᎹࠫΕ᜔อࠫ੡ഗء଺ীΔ ܀ڂլٵഏ୮ऱᖆਙࠫ৫๻ૠ݁ڶࠡਙएषᄎહནΔ֠ࠡᖆऄ᥆ਙएࢤऄ৳ΰܦ ࢊΔ1976Κ6αΔڂڼڇᖆਙ᧯ࠫՂΔٺഏভڶݙ٤ઌٵृΖྥߒຶլٵࠫ৫հၴ ഩᚌഩ٭Λឈྥᓵ૪ᏅڍΔ܀᧩ྥࠀآኔᔆᐙ᥼ٺഏࠫ৫ऱ৬ዌፖਜ۩Ζངଡߡ ৫৸ەΔٺጟࠫ৫ຟڶࠡᚌរፖ౒រΔڕ۶࠷ඍΔஎࢢᝫਢਙएऱ෰֧Օ࣍Գا ऱ۞࿇ࢤހᖗΖ

ԲΕऄഏรն٥ࡉऱᖆਙሎ܂

ૉᓵᖆਙ᧯ࠫΔڍᑇԳᄎᎁ੡ݺഏऱխ؇ਙࢌࠫ৫๻ૠլᅝΔࢨᘯਙࠫ᥆ࢤ ๵ࡳլࣔΔࢨᘯ᜔อڶᦞྤຂΕ۩ਙೃڶຂྤᦞΔࢨᘯնᦞ։مڶሔا׌ᖆਙ৸ ᑪ࿛࿛ΖྥঞΔݺഏऱਙࢌ᧯ࠫΔਢܡటڕԫ౳ࢬߢΔؘႊղאኧࢍޏ଀ΛאՀ ᚵ༉ᖆऄፖᏺଥය֮ऱ෼۩๵ᒤ܂ԫᛀီΔאᗭߒຶΖ ෼זا׌ഏ୮Δ݁ൎᓳᦞຂቤ։ؘႊ堚ᄑΔԫֱ૿ࠌਙ೭ං୶ႉܓۖࠠய෷Δ ׼ֱ૿ࠌհ౨᠖堚ਙएຂٚΔאኙԳا૤ຂΖփᎹࠫഏ୮ΔցଈဠۯΔਙएᦞܓ ࣍ഏᄎሎ܂Δଈઌطചਙ᤻ऱ່Օ᤻Ꮖ๱נٚΔאิګਙࢌΔࠀኙഏᄎ૤ຂΔࠡ ᦞຂቤ։Δຂٚូ᥆ᣄᘯլࣔΙڇ᜔อࠫഏ୮Δ᜔อᗑ༳۩ਙᦞΔऴ൷ኙԳا૤ ຂΔլኙഏᄎ૤ຂΔۖਢઌյࠫᘝΔڕഏᄎຏመऱऄ৳ூΔ᜔อױא៿ᤜܡެΔ ڼጟਙࠫ᥆ࢤ૮ฆ࣍փᎹࠫΔڇਙएሎ܂ڶױ౨ທګ۩ਙፖഏᄎኙمऱᏜݝΔ܀ ڂ۩ਙΕمऄᦞຂࣔᒔቤ։Δਙएຂٍٚ୲࣐᠖堚Ζ ֺለᓤᠧऱਢᠨଈ९ࠫΔڂࠡ۩ਙᦞ։੡᥆᜔อ᜔֗෻Δ᜔ۖ෻Ծኙഏᄎ૤ ຂΔࢬאהױ౨ݮګᠨૹᏜݝΔԫਢ۩ਙᦞհၴΔܛ᜔อፖ᜔෻ऱ։ՠംᠲΖऄ

ഏڇรԫڻؐ׳٥एཚၴΔམ࿇س᜔อז।Ԯഏ೏୽ᄎᤜΔᙟ৵᜔෻ٍࠩᄎ໱। قהթਢז।ਙࢌऱ۩ਙଈ९հञᤜΰຫᄹ௧Δ2002Κ257αΖԲਢ۩ਙፖഏᄎհ ၴΔ׌૞ਢ᜔อፖഏᄎૉ։᥆լٵ᤻੔ழΔࠡࢬขسऱਜਙ᫆௑ΖྥۖΔऄഏԳ ሎشԱا׌ై塄ፖਙएཕᐝΔאψؐ׳٥एωऱਙएክࠏΔ֏ᇞԱױ౨ऱᖆਙٲ ᖲΖ ࢬᘯؐ׳٥एΔ༉ਢԲց᧯ߓऱਙएᦞԺհ։಻Δᅝ᜔อፖഏᄎڍᑇٵ᤻੔ ழΔ᜔อ෻ࢬᅝྥٚࡎٵ᥆᤻੔ऱԳנ᜔ٚ෻Ζط᜔࣍อءߪڍ੡ഏᄎڍᑇ᤻ऱ ኔᎾᏆᖄԳΔ۞൓אଡԳრᣋٚࡎ᜔෻ΔڕڼΔ᜔෻ऱٚࡎኔ৬مڇ᜔อΔۖॺ ഏᄎऱॾٚഗ៕ՂΰؐႁੳΔ1994Κ59αΔ܀ڂ੡ഏᄎڍᑇ᤻੡ࠡࢬᏆᖄΔ᜔อऱ ਙए෻࢚ᄕ࣐ڇഏᄎᛧ൓಻ٽΖڇڼൣउՀΔ᜔อኙ۩ਙᦞᅝྥױאݙ٤༳൳Δ ᜔෻ګ੡᜔อऱኟቛ९Δݙ٤ᦫࡎאച۩᜔อਙ࿜Δࠡழ᜔อऱᦞԺ൷२᜔อࠫΔ ڂڼΔឈྥᖆऄႛ๵ࡳ᜔෻ٻഏᄎ૤ຂΔ᜔෻੡٤ഏاრ᜔ז।հԫΔ᜔อԾऴ ൷ٚࡎ᜔෻Δڇࡸآנ෼ؐ׳٥एऱ෼ွհছΔ९ՆאࠐΔ᜔อٻ᜔อ૤ຂԫऴ ਢᚮ೏ᑗ੔հԫ຃׌്ΰ႓୺ࣙΔ1994Δ160αΔٍܛਢΔ᜔෻ؘႊٻഏᄎ᜔֗อ ᠨૹ૤ຂΔਚ᜔อऱᦞຂ੷۟၌။᜔อࠫऱ᜔อΖᅝྥΔऄഏڂڶ᤻੔ᣂএΔܛ ࠌٵ᤻Δ܀ڂەၦ੔ߓؓᘝΔ᜔อױ౨ٵ᤻܀լٵ੔ऱԳנ᜔ٚ෻Δഗ᜔࣍อᚌ Ⴈऱᖆਙ࠷ٻΔڼழ᜔෻սྥא᜔อრݳ੡ࠉូΔྤᓵڕ۶Δ׽૞᜔อፖഏᄎڍ ᑇٵ᤻Δ᜔෻ؘྥٵ᥆ԫ᤻Δݮګԫ᤻ചਙΔᖆਙሎ܂෻ࢬᅝྥچႜٻא᜔อ੡ ு֨Ζ լመΔᅝ᜔อፖഏᄎڍᑇ։᥆լٵਙ᤻ழΔ࠹ࠩਙ᤻ਙएऱᐙ᥼Δא֗ᖆऄ խ᜔෻ኙഏᄎ૤ຂऱ๵ᒤΔ᜔อڇ༼ټ᜔෻ழ֗լ౨אଡԳრᣋ۞طٚࡎΔۖႊ ࠉഏᄎڍᑇ᤻౨ജ൷࠹ऱԳנٚհΔڼܛݮګ᜔อظ᤻Δ᜔෻ፖഏᄎڍᑇ੡Ԭ᤻ ऱψؐ׳٥एωݝ૿Ζڂ᧯ࠫխ๵ࡳ᜔෻໢ٻഏᄎ૤ຂۖլႊ׼ٻ᜔อ૤ຂΔ᜔ ෻ഗ࣍ᖆऄรԲԼයऱ๵ࡳΔګ੡ኔᎾࠫࡳٍച۩ഏ୮ਙ࿜ऱ۩ਙଈ९Δאฤٽ ᤜᄎڤຂٚਙएऱሎ܂ীኪΰؐႁੳΔ1994Κ61αΖڼጟԲց᧯ߓऱ۩ਙᦞԺյ೯Δ ഗءՂጤီഏᄎڍᑇऱൣउۖڶࢬ௣९Δ౿אቹԲقհΖ

ቹԲΕψऄഏؐ׳٥एωᑓীقრቹ ڕቹࢬقΔؐᢰ᜔อፖഏᄎڍᑇٵ᤻Δਚ᜔෻ٍ᥆ٵ᤻Δ᜔อႉ෻ګີګ੡ ਙ࿜ެ࿜ृΙ׳ᢰঞഏᄎڍᑇ׳੔Δឈྥ᜔อ੡ؐ੔Δսႊٚࡎ׳੔ԳՓנ᜔ٚ ෻Δڼழਙएެ࿜ᦞط᜔෻֗ࠡ૤ຂऱഏᄎ༳൳ΔطਢΔᓴ࠷൓ഏᄎڍᑇΔᓴ༉ ਢചਙ᤻Δګ੡ऄഏรն٥ࡉऱഗءᖆਙᏝଖு֨Ζ ऄഏؐ׳٥एऱᆖ᧭Δࠡኔ׽ਢኔᎾਙएሎ܂ऱψክࠏωΔۖॺᖆऄऱ๵ࡳΖ ᖆऄ׽๵ࡳ᜔อᦞԺΕ᜔෻ऱ۩ਙᦞຂਢᄗਔࢤऱΖڶᣂ᜔อऱᦞԺΔऄഏรն ٥ࡉᖆऄ๵ࡳΔԫጟႊᆖഏᄎ೫ᆟΔԫጟঞਢᗑم۩ࠌΔץਔٚࡎ᜔෻ΔലૹՕ ᤜூ༼ٌֆاᓤެΕᇞཋഏاᤜᄎΔ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחΔٻഏᄎ༼נপ֮ΔലഏᎾය પհփ୲༼ᓮᖆऄࡡ୉ᄎᤩᆠΔٚࡎԿۯᖆऄࡡ୉ᄎհࡡ୉֗ࠡ׌ஂΔ༉ࡸآֆ ؒհऄ৳༼ᓮᖆऄࡡ୉ᄎᐉᤜ࿛៭ᦞΔՅڼ݁ྤႊ᜔෻հ೫ᆟΖڼ؆Δ௅ᖕ 1964 ڣ 1 ִ 14 ֲऱ۩ਙࡎחΔ᜔อࠀᖑڶެࡳு՗ࣳᕴऱψਊၨᦞωΔޓᒔمԱ᜔อ ڇഏ୮ڜ٤Ղऱ່೏ެ࿜ᦞΰ്؀᧵Δ1995Κ5-6αΔឈྥڕڼΔ໢༉ٚࡎ᜔෻ۖ ߢΔᖆऄ๵ࡳ੡᜔อऱᗑم۩ࠌΔ܀ڇኔ೭ՂΔ،ࠀլਢ࿪ኙऱᦞԺΔڂ੡ऄഏ ऱਙࠫΔսྥאᤜᄎਙए੡ᖄٻΔ᜔෻Գᙇڕլ๯ഏᄎࢬ൷࠹Δຂٚڤऱᤜᄎਙ एܛسޝ௑Ζਚᅝڣ׳੔᜔อڇചਙཚၴ૿ᜯᤜᄎޏᙇழΔঁٻᙇاլឰقᤞΔ ૉᙇנאؐ੔੡׌ऱᤜᄎΔഏ୮ਙ೭ܛྤऄං೯ΰਜ౨ໃΔ1990Δ24αΖࠩԱԫ԰ Զքڣؐ੔᜔อയ௽ிழཚΔഏᄎޏᙇ׳੔ᜤᅩᛧ൓໏ᙇΔᕣጥႛאԲปհ஁࠷

ഏᄎ

ΰؐ੔α

ഏᄎ

ΰ׳੔α

ٵ᤻੔

ٵ᤻੔

᜔อ

ΰؐ੔α

᜔෻

ΰؐ੔α

᜔෻

ΰ׳੔α

ٚࡎ

ٚࡎ

ؐ׳٥ए

൓࿪ኙڍᑇऱஂڻΔ܀യ௽ிսྥ༇ૹഏᄎऱسኪΔۖٚࡎ׳੔ᜤᅩऱᏆ๱ஂࢮ ܌੡᜔෻ΔၲඔԱؐ׳٥एऱ٣ࠏΔࠡ৵༚ᆖࠟڻ࿇س᜔อፖ᜔෻լٵ᤻੔ழΔ ᜔อ݁౨༇ૹഏᄎΔٚࡎࠡױ൷࠹ऱԳᙇΔݮګؐ׳٥एऱክࠏΖᔆߢհΔऄഏ ຍጟԲց᧯ߓऱᖆਙሎ܂Δॺᖆऄऱࠫ৫ۖਢᖆਙऱክࠏΖ

ԿΕݺഏᖆਙࠫ৫ऱᛀီ

༉ছႈ։ᣊΔᛀီݺഏ෼ᖆਙ᧯ࠫΔᅝॺփᎹࠫΔٍॺ᜔อࠫΔۖਢտ࣍ຍ ࠟृհၴΔڂ੡Δᖆऄ๵ࡳΔ۩ਙೃ੡ഏ୮່೏۩ਙᖲᣂΔࠀኙمऄೃ૤ຂΔۖ ׊۩ਙೃೃ९ڶ೫ᆟᦞΔࠉڼ๵ࡳΔፖ᜔อࠫऱ௽ᐛլฤΔ֘ଙਢڶփᎹࠫऱ᥆ ࢤΙ٦ृΔᖆऄՈࣔૡΔ᜔อڶԳࠃ༼ټᦞΔڶጹ৺ࡎחᦞΔڶอ১૨ၷհᦞΔ ڶ৙ؒݹᣤᦞΔڶ៿ᤜுױᦞΔᕣጥຍࠄᦞԺհ۩ࠌΔՕຝ։ຟႊᆖ۩ਙೃᄎຏ መΔࢨψࠉऄω۩ࠌ៭ᦞΔ܀᧩ॺψဠۯωցଈࢬױֺᚵΖ طਢΔݺഏऱᖆਙ᧯ࠫ৫ᅝਢڇփᎹࠫፖ᜔อࠫຍࠟጟ଺ীհၴऱ෗ٽ᧯Δ ംᠲڇ࣍،ߒຶೣٻփᎹࠫΔ᜔อࠫΔࢨਢ݁ᘝڤऱᠨଈ९ࠫΔֺለཏሙऱᎅऄ ᎁ੡଺ᖆऄֺለႜٻփᎹࠫΔاഏԶԼքڣᖆޏհ৵Δঞೣٻ᜔อࠫΖڼႈᨠរΔ ׌૞ထณ࣍ଥᖆছፖଥᖆ৵ڇ۩ਙᦞՂऱԫࠄޏ᧢Κ ΰԫαଥᖆ৵᜔อޏ੡طԳاऴ൷ᙇᜰΚԫ౳ᎁ੡Δ᜔อऴ൷طԳاᙇᜰΔࠠ ڶൎՕऱاრഗ៕ΔڇڼൣउՀΔૉࠡ៭ᦞս᥆ဠۯΔ᧩ፖऴᙇؾऱլ ٽΔਚاᙇऱ᜔อ෻ᅝࠠڶኔᔆऱᦞԺΔګ੡෼۩ᖆਙ੡᜔อࠫऱ׌૞ مᓵഗ៕Ζ ΰԲαଥᖆ৵ऱ᜔อጹ৺ࡎחᦞለ੡ឩ്Κ଺ᖆऄ๵ࡳ᜔อ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחհය ٙႛૻ࣍ഏ୮ሖڶ֚ྥ߀୭Ε៏੽Δࢨഏ୮ತਙᆖᛎՂڶૹՕ᧢ਚࠟጟ ൣउΖᖆऄᏺଥය֮ঞਢऎ᦭೯୉ჲ႖ழཚයཱིጹ৺๠։ऱ૞ٙΔೈԱ ڶᣂತਙᆖᛎՂڶૹՕ᧢ਚհ؆Δ׽૞੡ψᝩ܍ഏ୮ࢨԳاᔡሖጹ৺ٲ ᣄωऱᄗਔࢤ଺ঞΔܛױ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחΔۖլૻ֚࣍ྥ߀୭ࢨ៏੽Δڂ ڼΔ壆ڕاഏքԼԶڣխભឰٌ֧࿇ऱݝႨլ᡹Δٍ൓܂੡࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎ חऱයٙΖ׼؆Δᖆऄ๵ࡳ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחؘႊڇمऄೃٖᄎཚၴΔ׊ႊ ࠉᖕጹ৺ࡎחऄΔ܀ᏺଥය֮࠷௣ຍࠟጟૻࠫΔ׽૞ᆖط۩ਙೃᄎᤜຏ መΔܛ൓࿇ؒΔ׽լመല༼ٌمऄೃಳᎁऱழၴطᖆऄऱԫଡִᜍ࿍੡ ԼֲΔ܀ྤᡶ᜔อጹ৺ࡎחᦞऱឩ്Ζᓵृԯࠉڼᎁ੡Δᖆऄᏺଥය֮ ڶཛٻ᜔อࠫᓳᖞऱႜٻΖ

ΰԿαଥᖆ৵᜔อڶެࡳഏ୮ڜ٤ڶᣂՕਙֱಾհᦞΚᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԲයร ؄ཱིΔ๵ࡳ᜔อ੡ެࡳഏ୮ڜ٤ڶᣂՕਙֱಾΔ൓๻ഏ୮ڜ٤ᄎᤜ֗ࢬ ᥆ഏ୮ڜ٤ݝΔࠡิ៣אऄ৳ࡳհΖڼႈ๵ࡳٍڂ᦭۞ᜯழයཱིΔຍਢ ଺ᖆऄࢬྤհ๵ᒤΔۖᏺଥය֮ࣔૡΔലࠡٽᖆ֏֗ऄࠫ֏ΔਚՕຟٍ ᎁ੡ຍਢଥᖆߨٻ᜔อࠫऱૹ૞៭ᦞΖ ΰ؄αଥᖆ৵᜔อऴ൷ٚࡎ۩ਙೃ९Κ଺ᖆऄ๵ࡳ۩ਙೃೃ९ط᜔อ༼ټΔᆖ مऄೃٵრٚࡎΔᏺଥය֮࠷௣مऄೃٵრᦞΔԫ౳ܛאڼ܂੡ଥᖆ৵ ݺഏ᥆᜔อࠫऱૹ૞෻ᓵΖ ᆖመᖆऄᏺଥଥය֮ऱᏺૡΔݺഏ᜔อऱᦞԺऱᒔֺ଺ᖆऄऱᦞԺൎ֏๺ ڍΔྥۖΔૉܛࠉڼᎁࡳ੡ݺഏ෼۩ਙࠫೣٻ᜔อࠫ੷ࢨ᥆᜔࣍อࠫΔኔԯ࢙ฃ Աݺഏᖆऄऱᖞ᧯๵ᒤࢤփොΖࠃኔՂΔ։࣫ᖆਙ᧯ࠫΔؘႊ৬مᖆऄऱᖞ᧯ࢤ ৸ەΔܡঞΔലྤऄጐᗭᦞԺ࿨ዌऱ٤ᎎΖאՀԯ༉᜔อፖ۩ਙೃೃ९ڇᖆऄፖ ᏺଥය֮ࢬᓿղऱߡۥխΔᛀီࠡ៭ᦞऱૹ૞ࢤፖܡΔא֗۩ࠌழऱᗑمࢤΔ܂ ੡։࣫ܒឰ࢖ڼհၴᦞԺऱ࿨ዌፖ௣९Ζڼႈ։࣫Δԯএഗ࣍Հ٨༓ႈഗء଺ঞ ۖࡳΖ ΰԫαٺႈ۩ਙᦞऱᔆࢤլԫΚࠏڕ᜔อጹ৺ࡎחᦞፖ࠰ᓳնೃհᦞΔছृ᎛ ֺ৵ृࠐऱૹ૞Δਚྤऄאၦ֏ܧ෼Δᘯ᜔อڶ༓ႈ៭ᦞΔ۩ਙೃೃ९ ڶڍ֟៭ᦞΖڂڼΔء֮ᇢቹലٺႈ۩ਙᦞԺऱૹ૞ࢤΔ։੡ψ׌૞៭ ᦞωΕψڻ૞៭ᦞωΔא֗ψွᐛࢤ៭ᦞω࿛։ܑאᨠΖ ΰԲαٺႈ៭ᦞऱ۩ࠌ࿓ݧլٵΚڇᖆਙ๵ᒤխΔڶࠄ៭ᦞࢨ᥆ছ૪ࢬጠհૹ ૞៭ᦞΔ܀ࠀॺցଈࢨ۩ਙଈ९ࢬ౨໢ᗑ۩ࠌΔۖႊ࠹ࠩ،ֱࠫᘝΔڇ ڼൣउՀΔࠡࢬᖑڶ៭ᦞܛॺ࿪ኙࢤΔᜰࠏۖߢΔ᜔อֆؒऄ৳Δ࿇ؒ ࡎח৵Δႊᆖ۩ਙೃೃ९հ೫ᆟΔڕڼԫࠐΔ᜔อڼႈ៭ᦞࠀॺኔᔆᦞ ԺΖء֮ࠉᖕլٵ៭ᦞऱյ೯ᣂএΔലհូᣊ੡ψኔᔆᦞԺωΕψ࠰ٵᦞ ԺωΔא֗ψݮڤᦞԺωԿጟΖ ΰԿα۩ਙᦞᔆၦംᠲ࣍ᦞԺऱֺૹፖ۩ࠌ࿓ݧլٵΔ׊ᖆऄᓿղցଈፖ۩ਙ ᦞऱࠃႈٍॺ݁࿛ΔڂڼΔਙࢌᦞԺᣄאၦ֏Δ܀ױאലࠡ᠏ངᄗ࢚ࢤ ऱਐᑑΔ༉ٺႈ۩ਙᦞऱփොղאࠠ᧯֏Δۖބנࠡխऱᔆࢤፖၦ֏஁ ฆΖ

।ԫΕݺഏ᜔อፖ۩ਙೃೃ९ऱᖆਙᦞԺ։࣫

z ֆؒऄ৳ z ࿇ؒࡎח z ٚ܍ࡴٴ z ᒬ࿨යપፖ৙ᖏ჏ࡉ z ඄ፖዊࠢ z ຈ܍ᦞ z ᓳᇞمೃञᤜ z ٻمऄೃ༼נഏൣ໴ ܫ z ެࡳഏ୮Օਙֱಾ z ٌבֆاދป z ݹᣤᦞ z ᇞཋمऄೃ z ៿ᤜுױᦞ

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״ႃمೃᜯழᄎ z Կ૨อ১ z ٚࡎ۩ਙೃೃ९ z ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎח z ༼ټᦞ z ܧᓮ᜔อᇞཋمऄೃ z ᤜެጹ৺ࡎח z ೫ᆟᦞ z ٚ܍ຝᄎଈ९ z ٻمऄೃ૤ຂ z ז෻᜔อ z ༼ᓮ៿ᤜ

᜔อࠫ

փᎹࠫ

ွᐛΰDα ڻ૞ΰSα ׌૞ΰFα ׌૞ΰFα ڻ૞ΰSα

ᓁ௚

Җ߆ੰੰܜ

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࠰ ٵ

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ݮ ڤ

I

ڕ।ԫࢬقΔڇᠨኔᒵՂ੡᜔อ៭ᦞΔࠡՀ੡۩ਙೃ៭ᦞΔٺ۞೴։੡׌૞ ៭ᦞΕڻ૞៭ᦞፖွᐛࢤ៭ᦞΖ׼।խؐ׳ٻΔঞ։ܑࠡᦞԺऱဠኔΔ᜔อຝٝΔ طؐ۞׳Ζ۩ਙೃೃ९ຝٝΔঞط׳۞ؐΔ٥ڶԿଡ೴ჇΔٺז।ኔᔆᦞԺΕ࠰ ٵᦞԺΔא֗ݮڤᦞԺΔڂ່ؐᢰিऴᒵז।᜔อࠫΔ່׳ᢰিऴᒵז।փᎹࠫΔ ࠡ៭ᦞყೣٻؐᒵ೴ჇΔܛז।ყ൷२᜔อࠫΙ༉۩ਙೃೃ९ۖߢΔঞ֘հΖࠡ ៭ᦞყೣٻ׳ᒵΔঞז।۩ਙೃೃ९ᦞԺყՕΖ א᜔อߢΔהਢԿ૨อ১Δڼႈ៭ᦞΔܛ᥆ૹ૞ΔԾਢኔᔆᗑم۩ࠌհᦞԺΔ ٚࡎ۩ਙೃೃ९Δឈ੡׌૞៭ᦞΔ܀ࠉଥᖆრڱߢΔڼႈ៭ᦞսႊࠉمऄೃਙए سኪΔ༼ټمऄೃױ൷࠹հԳᙇΔਚڇᖆਙሎ܂ՂΔ،ࠀॺኔᔆᦞԺΔۖਢ࠰ٵ ࢤᔆΔ༉ڕٵऄഏรն٥ٽऱؐ׳٥एΔឈॺᖆऄࣔૡΔ܀ڇᖆޏრොՂΔᚨ᥆ ᜔อؘႊ۞ݺ๻ૻऱᦞԺΔۖլױٚრ੡հΖጹ৺ࡎחᦞΔٍ᥆ᖆਙհ׌૞៭ᦞΔ ܀᜔อ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחհছΔႊᆖ۩ਙᄎᤜհᤜެΔ࿇ؒհ৵ΔԾႊ༼ٌمऄೃಳ ᎁΔمऄೃլٵრழΔᚨܛ؈யΔڂڼΔڼႈ៭ᦞٍូᣊ੡ FCΰ׌૞Ζ࠰ٵࢤᔆαΖ ᜔อ࿇ؒݹᣤΔႊψࠉऄω੡հΔԾႊ۩ਙೃᄎᤜ֗مऄೃຏመΔ࠹ࠩڍૹࠫᘝΔ ਚኙ᜔อۖߢΔڼႈᦞԺ׽౨ጩਢڻ૞ᦞԺΰSCαΖ ᜔อऱ༼ټᦞΔٍ᥆׌૞ᦞԺΔ܀ڼႈᦞܓፖભഏऱ᜔อ༼ټᦞսڶլٵΔ ׌૞ਢݺഏႊڶ᜔อ༼ټऱԳ୉լڍΔ᜔ૠપքԼ؄Գ2Ζઌለભഏ᜔อኙਙࢌࡴ ୉۟֟ڶԫᆄڍԳऱ༼ټᦞΔኔڇլ౨ઌֺΔࢨ੡᜔อ༼ټᦞΔႊᆖഏᄎຏመΔ ঞഏᄎࠠڶࠫᘝ᜔อऱԺၦΔڂڼΔ༼ټᦞყڍΔᦞԺყஇΖྥঞΔભഏ᜔อኙ ࠡהᜤ߶ࡴ୉ࠠڶኔᔆٚࡎᦞΔঞਢאٺೃೃ९੡׌Δ᜔อऱٚ܍ࡴΔঞႊࠉऄ ੡հΖڼ।ق᜔อऱွᐛࢤᦞԺΔۖॺኔᔆᦞԺΖ ۟࣍ᖆऄᏺଥය֮ڶᣂ᜔อ੡ެࡳഏ୮ՕਙֱಾΔ൓๻ഏ୮ڜ٤ᄎᤜ֗ࠡࢬ ᥆ഏ୮ڜ٤ݝΔ઎ۿ᜔อڶኔᎾެࡳഏ୮ՕਙֱಾհᦞΔྥۖ،ࠀآ๻ڶࠡה಻ ୚ൻਜᨃڼႈψᦞԺωګ੡ኔᔆᦞԺΔࠡ෻طڕՀΚ ΰԫαاഏԶԼքڣร؄ڻଥᖆழΔᦸ࣍ψاᙇ᜔อᚨڶኔᎾᦞԺωΰഏ୮࿇ ୶ᄎᤜኔᙕΔ1997Κ2037-2137αऱଥᖆூΔഏا᤻ऱ᤻ठଥᖆ༼ூܛ༼ נψ᜔อ൓ެࡳ؆ٌΕഏ߻Εࠟࡾਙ࿜Δࠀٌط۩ਙೃച۩հωΰຫᄹ ௧Δ2002Κ260αऱଥᖆூΔ܀ࠀآᛧຏመΔຍ।ق଺࣍اഏԶԼԫڣ

2 ࠉᖕᖆऄ๵ࡳႊᆖ᜔อ༼ټΔمऄೃٵრٚࡎऱࡴ୉Δץਔ׹ऄೃՕऄࡴԼնԳΔەᇢೃೃ९Ε ೫ೃ९Εەᇢࡡ୉Լ԰ԳΕ጑ኘࡡ୉ԲԼ԰ԳΔא֗ᐉૠຝᐉૠ९ԫԳΔ٥քԼ؄ԳΖ

รԲයຏመऱ෼۩ය֮Κψ᜔อ੡ެࡳഏ୮ڜ٤ՕਙֱಾΔ൓๻ഏ୮ڜ ٤ᄎᤜ…..ωհය֮ΔլࠠኔᔆࢤΔۖ᥆৙قࢤΕွᐛࢤհრᆠΔܡঞΔ ኔྤଥᖆᇖൎհؘ૞Ζ ΰԲαᖆऄรնԼԶය֗քԼԿය๵ࡳΔڶᣂऄ৳ூΕቃጩூΕݹᣤூΕՕຈ ூΕ৙ᖏூΕ჏ࡉூΕයપூ֗ഏ୮ࠡהૹ૞ࠃႈΔ݁ႊᆖ۩ਙೃᄎᤜ ᤜެΔڇಬٌمऄೃᐉ਷ΔࢬאΔᖞ᧯ഏ୮ਙ೭ૹ֨ኔᎾڇ۩ਙೃፖم ऄೃऱյ೯Ղΰຫᄹ௧Δ2002Κ260αΔڶᣂഏ୮ڜ٤ՕਙֱಾΔኔբץ ਔڇছ૪٨ᜰܛᄗਔऱ۩ਙೃፖمऄೃऱյ೯៭ᦞխΔࢬᘯ᜔อ੡ެࡳ ഏ୮ڜ٤ՕਙֱಾΔᚨ᥆ࠡࡺ࣍ցଈچۯኙຍࠄࠃ೭ऱԫጟԱᇞፖཚ ෼Δۖ൓״ႃઌᣂ໢ۯԳ୉א੡ᘬᇬΔլ౨ီհ੡إڤհެ࿜ᖲࠫΖ ֘ᨠ۩ਙೃೃ९֗ࠡᝤ᥆۩ਙೃΔঞ༳༽Ա壆ڍഏ୮ૹ૞۩ਙ៭ᦞΖ ΰԫα۩ਙೃ੡ഏ୮່೏۩ਙᖲᣂΚ ᖆऄ๵ࡳΔ۩ਙೃ੡ഏ୮່೏۩ਙᖲᣂΔऄ֮֮ᆠ੷ࣔΔઌॾڍᑇԳ෻ᇞڼ ႈྤ๵ᒤհრොΔ܀Ծۿ׏ࠥრ࢙ฃΔທګࢬᘯψ۩ਙೃೃ९ਢ᜔อऱኟቛ९ω ऱᙑᎄᇞᦰΖڇڼΔኔڶؘ૞ၞԫޡ᠖堚Ζ ۩ਙᦞऱ່ᐖᆠᄗ࢚Δԯਐഏ୮ء࣍อएᦞऱ܂شΔࢬ࿇೯ΔංၞΔࢨኔ۩ ऱԫ֊ࠃ೭ΰᇀ࿴ଆΔ2000Κ298αΔڇآ৬م։ᦞ෻ᓵհছΔ۩ਙೃፖอएᦞٵ ԫᄗ࢚Δڼԯ᥆࣍ψܩ׌ᦞωऱ଺ࡨਙएᦞԺΖ܀ڇᖆਙ׌ᆠᘋದΔൎᓳᦞԺ։ مऱ෻ᓵΔא֗ࠉऄ۩ਙऱٺႈ෻ᓵഗ៕ՀΔඡ२ऱ۩ਙᦞঞڶլٵऱრොΖ ༉ᦞԺ։ԺۖߢΔ۩ਙᦞᄗڱڇᖆऄऱ๵ᒤՀΔഏ୮อएᦞऱԫຝ։Δۖॺ ٤ຝΔڇԿᦞ։مऱഏ୮ΔऑਐೈԱمऄΕ׹ऄא؆ऱԫ֊อए܂شΙڇݺഏΔ ঞਢೈԱمऄΕ׹ऄΕ጑ኘΕഏاՕᄎհ؆ऱਙࢌ܂شΔץਔ᜔อΕ۩ਙೃ֗ە ᇢೃ࿛ᦞԺڇփ݁᥆ΰܦࢊΔ2001Κ2αΔլመΔૉ༉ݺഏᖆऄรնԼԿයΚψ۩ਙ ೃ੡ഏ୮່೏۩ਙᖲᣂωऱψ۩ਙᦞωۖߢΔঞਢਐڇᖆऄ๵ࡳऱ᜔อ៭ᦞፖە ᇢೃ៭ᦞհ؆Δറ᥆࣍۩ਙೃऱψ۩ਙᦞωΔࠡრොᅝץਔՀ٨ᄗ࢚Κ 1.۩ਙެ࿜ᦞΚ ࠉᖕᖆऄรնԼԶය๵ࡳΔ۩ਙೃೃ९Εٺຝᄎଈ९ႊᚨ۩༼נ࣍مऄೃऱ ऄ৳ூΕቃጩூ……֗ࠡהૹ૞ࠃႈΔ༼נ࣍۩ਙೃᄎᤜᤜެհΖطڼױवΔ۩ ਙೃऱ۩ਙᦞΔࠠڶಾኙऄூઔᚵΕمऄΕቃጩΕᒳ٨֗ഏ୮ૹ૞ࠃႈऱ٣۩ެ ࿜ᦞΔࠏڕ壂ܓਙ࿜Δ࿔گࠫ৫Δڇا׌ᖆਙ࿓ݧխΔឈྥႊᆖഏᄎمऄຏመ৵

ᤜެۖ੡հΔ܀ਢΔݺഏᖆਙሎ܂መ࿓խΔ۩ਙೃڶᦞ༼נࠡਜਙֱಾፖࠠ᧯ਙ ࿜Δ֠ࠡڇഏ୮ತਙᄗጩֱ૿Δޓࠠڶᚌ٣ݮګਜਙެ࿜ऱ׌ᖄᦞΖ 2.۩ਙച۩ᦞΚ ഗ࣍ᦞԺ։م଺ঞΔ੡ᝩ܍ᦞԺመ࣍ႃխΔਙࢌԫ֊อए܂شΔᚨࠉᖕഏᄎ ຏመऱऄ৳੡հΔڶᣂ٩ࠃ֗اࠃऄ৳Δ᥆࣍׹ऄᐉܒᦞΔڶᣂ۩ਙ܂شऄΔঞ ٌط۩ਙຝ॰ച۩ΔᜰՅփਙΕഏ߻壂ܓΕषᄎΕᆖᛎΕ໎ՠΕิ៣Δԯ۟ഏᎾ ऄՂհයપΕ჏ࡉ࿛Δࠡച۩ᦞ݁᥆۩ਙೃհ៭ᦞΖ 3.۩ਙဪၦᦞΚ ۩ਙဪၦᦞऱොრᏅᐖΔԫ౳এਐڇլᒔࡳऄ৳ᄗ࢚խΔ۩ਙຝ॰ച۩ऄ৳ ऱဪၦᦞΔڼ๠ࢬᘯ۩ਙဪၦᦞΔঞਐऄ৳๵ᒤհ؆ऱໍ塒ᦞΔط࣍۩ਙࠃ೭ᆖ ᒮᆄጤΔྤऄݙ٤طഏᄎمऄΔڂڼΔ۩ਙຝ॰ڇլሔહऄ৳ᚌ။ऱ଺ঞՀΔԯ ൓אಾኙഏ୮Ꮑ૞Δᐘࢤං೯ਙ೭Ι׼ֱ૿Δط࣍ऄ৳ڍ᥆଺ঞࢤය֮Δۖഏ੡ ٍྤऄಾኙޢႈمऄ೚าᆏࢤ๵ᒤΔڂڼΔൄڶمऄ඄ᦞऱൣउΔ۩ਙຝ॰ٍ൓ ࣍ڇ඄ᦞᒤ໮փΔ۞۩ဪၦאሑ۩ഏ୮ࠃ೭Ζ ࠉᖕছႈ۩ਙᦞऱᄗ࢚Δٱᢞݺഏᖆऄऱ๵ࡳΔ۩ਙೃ੡۩ਙެ࿜Εച۩ፖ ဪၦऱ່೏ᖲᣂΔ੃ྤฆᤜΔ۟ࠡᒤ໮ڕ۶ΔೈԱ૨ၷਐཀᦞ᥆່೏อ১—ցଈ հ؆Δࠡהץਔഏ߻ਙ࿜Ε؆ٌΕࠟࡾࠃ೭Δא֗ࠡהփਙΕᆖᛎ࿛ΖՅ᥆ഏ୮ ਙ೭Δ݁ᚨូ᥆࣍۩ਙೃೃ९հኔᎾ៭ᦞΖ ΰԲα۩ਙೃ९ࠠڶ೫ᆟᦞ ೫ᆟࠫ৫ದᄭ࣍૎ഏΔࠡ৵ګ੡փᎹࠫऱԫႈؘ૞යٙΔڂ੡ڇຂٚփᎹࠫ ՀΔဠۯցଈլ૤ኔᎾຂٚΔۖطփᎹٻഏᄎ૤ຂΔ܀ഗ࣍ഏ୮᧯ࠫΔֆؒऄ৳ սᚨאഏ୮ցଈټᆠ੡հΔਚࠌኔᎾ૤ຂਙ೭ං۩հփᎹ᜔อ೫ᆟհΔאࣔࠡຂ ٚΔ።ॵ᥆ء૤ຂհءՈΰᇀ࿴ଆΔ2000Κ251αΖ೫ᆟऱ׼ԫଡ෻طΔԯڇփᎹ ࠫഏ୮ΔփᎹ᜔෻Օຟ੡ഏᄎڍᑇ᤻Ꮖ๱ΔփᎹᎹ୉ٍڍطڍᑇ᤻ᤜ୉ଫٚΔڇ ਙ᤻ਙएऱሎ܂ՀΔഏᄎຏመऱऄூΔࠡኔ༉ਢചਙ᤻ऱެ࿜Δڂڼऄூطڍᑇ ᤻᤻Ꮡ೫ᆟΔՈਢڶചਙ᤻ऱຂٚ।قΰᇀ࿴ଆΔ2000Κ251αΖطਢΔॵ᥆ࢬז ।ऱრᆠΔܛਢ૤ኔᎾਜਙຂٚऱ᧯෼Ζឈྥڇຝ։᜔อࠫഏ୮Δਬࠄਙחٍႊ ᆖഏ೭୉೫ᆟΔ൫ࠡ೫ᆟհࢤᔆΔլመٛࢭցଈრڱΔᡪݠ྽ᘭۖբΰ്वءΔ 1964Κ346αΖ ۖݺഏᖆऄ๵ࡳΔ᜔อࠉऄֆؒऄ৳Δ࿇ؒࡎחΔႊᆖ۩ਙೃೃ९հ೫ᆟΔ

ࢨ۩ਙೃೃ९֗ڶᣂຝᄎଈ९հ೫ᆟΔߒຶਢψᡪݠ྽ᘭωΛᝫਢψ૤ኔᎾਙए ຂٚωࡋΛൕᖆრڱۖᓵΔᖆऄದ౻Գ്ܩ⭥མ।قլᢥګല۩ਙՕᦞٌב᜔อΔ ۖא೫ᆟࠫ৫੡հΔࠌ᜔อհ؆Δ׼ڶ૤ຂऱਙࢌΰ്ܩᚐΔ1971Κ48α്ּࢬ ߢΔᚨਢಾኙψննᖆ౻ωऱਙࠫۖڶࢬტΔ።ննᖆ౻א᜔อᗑ᧹۩ਙᦞΔ܀ սڶ೫ᆟࠫ৫Δլመএطᣂএೃೃ९੡հΔࠡ೫ᆟऱრᆠΔڶܑ࣍૎ഏऱփᎹࠫΔ ڱڇࣔᒔٺႈऄ৳հᦞຂቤ։ۖբΔࠀॺאڼທګဠۯցଈհයٙΖྥঞΔاഏ ԿԼնڣഏاਙࢌ״ႃհਙए࠰೸ᄎᤜΔط࣍ٺ᤻੔հრߠ։ݡΔܛ৸চஇ᜔อ ៭ᦞΔۖᗑ᝻ֱ࣍۫փᎹࠫΰᏥ஡㋦Δ1960Κ196αΖਚڇࠫᖆழΔଥޏط۩ਙೃ ೃ९ࢨࠡຝᄎଈ९೫ᆟհΔࠡؾऱྤॺࠌ۩ਙೃೃ९֗ࠡຝᄎଈ९ᗑ૤ਙएຂ ٚΖ٦઎്ܩ⭥׼ߢΚψ……ਙࢌࢬࡎחႊᆖփᎹ᜔෻ࢨڶᣂհ೫ᆟΔ೫ᆟհԳΔ ܛ੡૤ຂհԳΰ്ܩᚐΔ1971Κ144αωຍጟψ೫ᆟհԳΔܛ੡૤ຂհԳωᨠ࢚Δ ᎅࣔԱࠫᖆृނ೫ᆟऱᦞԺٌط۩ਙೃೃ९ࠆڶΔܛਢ૞ףૹהऱຂٚګ੡ֱ۫ ऱփᎹ᜔෻Δۖ੡ኔᎾ૤ᖜਙएຂٚΔᖑڶኔᦞऱ۩ਙଈ९Ζ ڶᣂ೫ᆟࠫ৫ΔឈྥڇاഏԶԼԿڣรԿڻᖆਙޏ଀ழڶࢬଥإΔ๵ࡳᆖഏ ᄎٵრٚࡎԳ୉հٚ܍ࡎחΔྤႊ۩ਙೃೃ९հ೫ᆟΔڼᜰྤॺ׽ਢല೫ᆟհࠫ ৫ٽ෻֏3ΔࠀॺڇᖆਙრොՂ༉೫ᆟࠫ৫܂ءᔆՂऱ᧢ޓΖڂڼ۩ਙೃೃ९ऱ೫ ᆟᦞΔኔګ੡ࠡ૤ڶኔᎾਙएᦞԺΔՈᖜ૤ኔᎾਙएຂٚऱૹ૞ᖆऄ๵ᒤΖ ΰԿα۩ਙೃኙمऄೃ૤ຂ ۩ਙଈ९ኙഏᄎ૤ຂऱᖲࠫΔٍ᥆փᎹࠫऱ௽ᐛհԫΔ።ڇփᎹࠫഏ୮Δփ Ꮉਢمऄᖲᣂፖ۩ਙᖲᣂऱᑐోΔ،ԫֱ૿༼נਙ࿜Δګ੡مऄᖲᣂಘᓵऱૹ૞ ኙွΔ׼ԫֱ૿Ծച۩مऄᖲᣂࢬຏመऱऄ৳ΰም֮௧Δ1996Κ253αΔ֠ࠡփᎹ ࠫऱփᎹאഏᄎڍᑇ᤻Ꮖ๱נٚᎹ༸ΔڇڼൣउՀΔլᓵഏᄎᐉᤜऄ৳հਙ࿜Δ ࢨփᎹച۩ऄ৳հ۩ਙ౨ԺΔ݁ፖഏᄎஒஒઌᣂΔڂڼૉլࠌփᎹٻഏᄎ૤ຂΔ ঞᤜᄎհਙ࿜Δ௘ᣄݮګԫીհֱٻΖ ۖ༉ຂٚਙएΔփᎹ༼נਙ࿜࣍ᤜᄎΔڕਙ࿜լ੡ᤜᄎऱڍᑇԳࢬᢥٵΔܛ ᚨ᢯៭Δ༉ᤜᄎߢΔᤜᄎኙྤ౨ࢨਜਙᙑᎄऱփᎹΔ൓אլॾٚऱֱڤΔ૰ࠌփ ᎹՀ؀ΰም֮௧Δ1996Κ255αΖ۟ࠡ૤ຂٚऱሎ܂ֱڤΔঞץਔՀ٨ٺႈΚΰԫα ૞ޣփᎹ༼נਜਙ໴ܫΙΰԲαኙփᎹհਜਙ༼נᔆᇬΰUnterpelltionαፖᇬം

3 ط࣍ᖆऄ๵ࡳ׽૞ਢ᜔อ࿇ؒऱࡎחΔֆؒऱऄ৳Δ݁ႊᆖط۩ਙೃೃ९೫ᆟΔࠀྤࠏ؆ױߢΔ ທګ܍ೈ۩ਙೃೃ९ऱࡎחΔࡸႊࠡءԳ೫ᆟΔ௘լٽ෻Ι׼؆Δኙ᜔࣍อ༼ټΔᆖഏᄎٵრٚ ࡎԳ୉ഗ࣍ᦞԺ։Ժ଺ঞ෻ᚨ༇ૹഏᄎհٵრᦞΔਚ݁ലհඈೈڇ؆אฤऄ෻Ζ

ΰQuestionαΙΰԿαኙփᎹ༼נլॾٚூΖۖլॾؘٚႊ᎖אᇞཋഏᄎऱᖲࠫΔ թ౨ขسઌյࠫᘝऱய࣠Ζ ݺഏڇࠫᖆհছऱ࠰೸ᄎᤜΔམ܂ګආ۩ᇞཋᦞፖଙᎹᦞऱ଺ঞΰᜏ٤ٳΚ 1989Κ591-594αΔא৬مԫଡփᎹࠫऱᖆਙ᧯ߓΔ܀ࠀآኔᎾԵᖆΖ׌૞ਢڂ੡ ຍጟଙᎹፖᇞཋᦞױ౨֧ದਙݝऱլ᡹ࡳΖ່৵থא᜔อࠫऱ៿ᤜࠫ৫Δזཙᇞ ཋᦞፖଙᎹᦞΔ৵ڶᓵृᎁ੡ڼԯഗ࣍៿ᤜএ᥆ኙࠃլኙԳΔۖڶᝩ܍֒೏ਙए ᓢડհ܂شΰڹᘳΔ1997Κ4αΖૉࠉ᜔อࠫऱ๻ૠΔ៿ᤜᦞڇ᜔อΔ܀ڂݺഏᖆ ऄ๵ࡳ່೏۩ਙᖲᣂ੡۩ਙೃΔਚ๵ࡳ៿ᤜூऱ࿇೯ᦞڇ۩ਙೃೃ९Δ܀ႊᆖ᜔ อுױΔՈ᧩قᖆऄڇਙࢌ᧯ࠫΔਢආ࠷މ಑ऱਙࠫႜٻΖ ڕվᖆऄᏺଥය֮ፂ਍Ա៿ᤜࠫ৫4ΖٵழԾലࠫᖆছञᤜբՆΔ଺᥆փᎹࠫ ऱଙᎹᦞፖᇞཋᦞղאԵᖆΖ܀ط࣍ݺഏᖆऄࠀॺొጰऱփᎹࠫΔਚᇞཋᦞԯ๵ ࡳڇ۩ਙೃೃ९ڇ๯ଙᎹ৵Δط᜔อ࿇೯ΔۖॺطփᎹ᜔෻۩ࠌհΖᕣጥ۩ਙೃ ኙمऄೃऱ૤ຂֱڤڶฆ࣍փᎹࠫΔ܀ຍጟ۩ਙኙمऄऱ૤ຂᖲࠫΔ᧩قԱݺഏ ਙࠫխΔ۩ਙೃೃ९ऱ۩ਙଈ९ߡۥΔսྥਢࡺ࣍ᣂ᝶ࢤچۯΖ

ᆥΕ࿨ᓵ

ᖆਙ׌ᆠհ壄ᆠڇ࣍ࠡࠠڶᣤ᠃ऱ๵ᒤ఼ݧΔൕᖆऄᚌۯΕு֨Ꮭଖࠩࠫ৫ ๻ૠΔݮګᖞ᧯Ε݁ᘝΕ᡹ࡳऱᖆਙ᧯ߓΖᖆऄᚌۯ֗ᖆਙᏝଖு֨ڕٵ壆ڍष ᄎઝᖂ෻ᓵΔڶࠡဠᚵऱᄗ࢚Δ܀ԫ؟ݮګ๵ᒤΔܛ᠏᧢੡ؘႊᣤښ࡚۩ऱऄ৳ ࠫ৫Ζ ཎᤐऱψ໌๻ᖆऄհᦞωፖψᖆऄࢬ໌๻ऱᦞԺωΔך։ᇭᤩԱᖆऄऱᚌۯᏝ ଖΖء֮ൕᖆऄፖഏ୮რݳΔᖆऄፖ׌ᦞΕᖆऄፖԳᦞΕᖆऄፖ։ᦞΔ෍ฃ։࣫ ᖆऄऱ๵ᒤ֗ওૻΖូ౏ۖߢΔൕᖆऄऱԫ᧯ࢤۖߢΔԫ୚ႚࢭ෼۩ऱᖆਙ᧯ߓ ؘႊڶࠡഗءऱ࢏ᥛᏝଖ๵ᒤΖڇԫ౳ൄኪऱଥᖆመ࿓խΔຍࠄץਔഏ୮ټᇆΕ ቹᤴΔא֗׌ᦞ଺ঞΕԳᦞঅᎽΔא֗ਙࢌࠫ৫࿛Δ݁լࡵ᧢೯መሰΔאᝩ܍ທ ګᖆਙլ᡹ࡳΔۖٲ֗ഏ୮ऱژڇፖڜ٤Ζ ༉ࠠ᧯ᖆਙࠫ৫ۖߢΔᅝছ׈੺ٺഏࢬ۩ऱࢬᘯփᎹࠫΕ᜔อࠫፖᠨଈ९ࠫΖ

4 ᖆऄᏺଥය֮ଥإ៿ᤜࠫ৫Δല៿ᤜऱ॰ា૾੡Բ։հԫΔ܀ࠀլᐙ᥼۩ਙኙمऄ૤ຂऱኔᔆრ ᆠΖ

༉ࠫ৫೴։ᐋ૿Δࠠڶᖂ෻ऱᙃᢝפ౨Δ܀ࠀॺ੡ࡳ৳ڤऱլ᧢ᏝଖΖٍܛਢΔ ᖆਙࠫ৫ԯਢڍᑌࢤΕױ᧢ࢤΔࠡࠠ᧯๻ૠؘႊ಻ٽٺଡլٵਙएᛩቼڂైΕᖵ ׾હནא֗षᄎ֮֏ऱփڇ๵ᒤ૞ٙΔၞۖ᠏֏੡ᒔ֊ऱ؆᧩ኔᔆ᧯ࠫΔ׊౨ᆵ ኔ࣍෼ኔਙएሎ܂ऱױ۩ࢤΔࡨࠠڶრᆠΖ۟࣍ᖆਙ׌ᆠ౨ܡᆵኔΔጤီ᧯ߓփ ऱެ࿜ृΔ׌ᦞࢬڇृਢܡᙅښԫ୚٥ٵऱᏝଖ๵ᒤΔۖॺొጰࠉᘸൎᓳࠫ৫ء ߪΖฅຶΔࠫ৫׽ਢԫଡՠࠠΔڕ۶ሎشࠫ৫Δאআၞਙए᡹ࡳΕഏ୮࿇୶Εष ᄎڜ٤א֗ԳᦞঅᎽթਢᖆਙࠫ৫ऱࠠ᧯ؾऱΖ ਢਚΔፖࠡൎᓳᖆਙऱڕ۶᧢଀ΔլڕႜԺ࣍෼ڶᖆਙ఼ݧऱኔᔌፖፂᥨΔ ࢨ๺ޓ౨᧯෼ᖆਙ׌ᆠऱཏ׈ᏝଖΖ

೶ە֮᣸

ᇀঅৄΰ1991αΖଥᖆ੺ᒵհ൶ಘΖᖆᖆਙழזΔ17(2)Δ21Ζ ຫსၺΰ1997αΖᖆᖆऄ๵ᒤࢤፖᖆਙ෼ኔࢤΖ؀קΚᘃᤓΖ ܦࢊΰ1981αΖਙਙएऱᄅ௡ደ׌ᆠΖ؀קΚնতΖ ്ᘃ஼ΰ1994αΖ۫۫੉ਙए৸უ׾Ζ؀קΚ؀᨜೸೭Ζ ፠᜹Ꮥΰ1979αΖ۫۫੉२זਙए৸ᑪΰՂםαΖ؀קΚ؀᨜೸೭Ζ ޕព᛼ΰ1991αΖᖆᖆऄፖԳᦞΖ؀קΚ؀᨜Օᖂ؀ᖂហ஼ᒳᙀࡡ୉ᄎΖ ๺ݳႂΰ1993αΖᖆᖆऄհഗ៕෻ᓵΖ؀קΚᒟكΖ ዧᚦዿቅΰAlexancler Hamiltonα࿛ထΙ᝔ිཌྷ᤟ΰ1966αΖᜤᜤ߶ᓵΖଉཽΚվֲ׈ધΖ ഏاՕᄎఽ஼๠ᒳΰ1994αΖഏഏاՕᄎᖆਙஆᓫᄎຒಖᙕΖ؀קΚᒳृΖ ៳࡯ࣳΰ1988αΖਙਙएᖂΖ؀קΚԿاΖ ຫᄹ௧ΰ2002αΖᖆᖆਙޏ଀ፖਙएᦞԺΖ؀קΚնতΖ ؐႁੳΰ1994αΖψ۩ਙᦞԲց֏ፖؐ׳٥एᆖ᧭ωΔऄഏรն٥ࡉऱᖆਙሎ܂Ζ؀קΚᄐ ൎΖ ႓୺ࣙΰ1994αΖψ۩ਙᦞፖمऄᦞհᣂএЁٽ෻֏ऱᤜᄎࠫωΔऄഏรն٥ࡉऱᖆਙሎ܂Ζ ؀קΚᄐൎΖ ്؀᧵ΰ1995αΖऄऄഏਙࢌፖਙएΖ؀קΚնতΖ ਜ౨ໃΰ1990αΖψऄഏรն٥ࡉऱਙए᧯ࠫωΔխഏᓵᕽΖ ౸वոΰ1986αΖᖆᖆਙᓵᘝΖ؀קΚ؀᨜೸೭Ζ

ܦࢊΰ1981αΖਙਙएऱᄅ௡ደ׌ᆠΖ؀קΚնতΖ ՛ࣥऴᖫΰ1976αΖᖆᖆऄᝑᆠΰՂםαΖࣟࠇຟΚࣟࠇՕᖂΖ ഏᚘ࿇୶ᄎᤜኔᙕᒳᙀࡡ୉ᄎᒳΰ1997αΖഏഏ୮࿇୶ᄎᤜኔᙕΰՀᙀαΖ؀קΚᒳृΖ ᇀ࿴ଆΰ2000αΖխխഏᖆऄፖਙࢌΖ؀קΚထृ۞ٱءΖ ܦࢊΰ2001αΖ۩۩ਙऄऱ෻ᓵፖኔشΖ؀קΚထृ۞ٱءΖ ്वءΰ1964αΖᖆᖆऄᓵΖ؀קΚԿاΖ ്ܩ⭥ΰ1971αΖխխဎاഏᖆऄԼᝑΖ؀קΚ؀᨜೸೭Ζ Ꮵ஡㋦ᒳထΰ1960αΖխխഏᖆਙ׾ᇩΖ؀קΚխഏᖆਙΖ ም֮௧ΰ1996αΖਙਙएᖂΖ؀קΚԿاΖ ᜏ٤ٳᒳထΰ1989αΖխխഏࠫᖆ׾ᇷறნᒳ—ᖆऄᒳΖ؀קᗼΚഏ׾塢Ζ ڹᘳΰ1997αΖഏ୮९एՆڜऱഗ៕—รԲၸ੄ᖆਙޏ଀խ؇ਙࢌࠫ৫ஃऄรն٥ࡉᖆਙ ᧯ࠫΖ२२זխഏΔ118Δ4Ζ

Analysis On The Constitutional Order and

Normal

Chen, Tsang-Hai

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Abstract

The purpose of the study lies in identifying a feasible direction in discerning Taiwan’s constitutional development amid the rapidly changing society by examining the significance of constitutional governance and the underlying ramification how it comes to affect the constitutional order.

The study’s research approach takes to theoretical interpretation and system analysis. It first begins to validate theoretically the origin of constitution governance by dividing it into the aspects of national census, sovereignty, human rights and division of government power, to elaborate on the core value of the constitution. Next follows a analysis and comparison on the existing constitutional systems broaching from the essence of France’s Fifth Republic system to examine the empowerment of Taiwan’s president and premier of the Executive Yuan, and to recapitulate the significance of a duo administrative governance system and the characteristics of Taiwan’s constitutional system.

The study findings conclude, (1) The core value of the constitution, though with its rudimentary significance, still need to be developed depending on a nation’s political state and under the principle of a constitutional framework and legal enforcement system, which often calls for a gradual reform as seen in routine constitutional evolvement among the democratic countries, instead of drastic revolutionary changes in the past, so to avoid leading to political instability and impairing a nation’s stability and development; (2) Taiwan’s constitutional system, though essentially a combination constitutional mode, would need to be supported by a

political party-oriented administrative responsibility mechanism in order to fully enforce this duo administrative system by examining Taiwan’s past experience in constitutional administration, meaning the premier and the majority parliament would need to be in the same party so to avoid a jigsaw constitutional administration; (3) As far as constitutional development is concerned, the diversity and flexibility of the constitutional system itself would compel that its tangible guidelines be built upon the social environment, historical background and cultural heritage of a political entity; to extrapolate from which, the true value of a constitutional order lies not in choosing any given system, but rests more on how best to enforce and maintain such a constitutional framework that a state chooses.

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Key words: constitution, constitutional system, constitution order, value of

the constitution, semi-presidential system, separation of

powers