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國民教育階段融合教育政策評估指標之建構及其應用

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(2) . i.

(3) 2A. Jackie. Baggio. Jimmy. Berkeley. James. ii. Kristen.

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(6) The Construction of the Evaluation Indicators for Inclusive Education and Its Application at the Compulsory Education Level Abstract The purpose of this study was to construct the indicators of inclusive education for the compulsory education level and take New Taipei City as the case for policy evaluation. This research was conducted in three stages with evaluation research method and the data was collected through document analysis, expert interview, questionnaire survey and focus group interview. In the first stage, document analysis and interview were adopted to collect the data. Via document analysis of inclusive education relevant laws and related programs, together with the interview results with ten related stakeholders, the objectives and instruments of inclusive education policy was summarized. On to the second stage, this study used expert evaluation, which contained a preliminary examination by eight experts and scholars, importance evaluation based on measurement questions, and weight prioritization by a thirteen-expert panel, to build up evaluation indicators for inclusive education policy in Taiwan. In the third stage, this study applied the indicators to examine inclusive education policy in New Taipei City and assess the policy with quantitative and qualitative data. Regarding quantitative information, questionnaires were conducted on three-hundred-fifty-three school personnel and students' parents. Some evaluative data was obtained through official statistics. The result was analyzed through t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Meanwhile, qualitative information was collected by and examined through. v.

(7) interviews with experts and focus group interviews. The conclusions of this study were as follow: 1. The objectives of inclusive education policy in Taiwan are: "realizing zero-reject and appropriate idea of placement", "providing adaptive education and equal educational opportunity", "promoting acceptance toward people with disabilities on campuses and in society" and " "letting students with disabilities have enough ability to integrate into society." 2. The instruments of inclusive education policy in Taiwan include: "enactments of regulations and budget support", "adjustments of relevant courses,. teaching. methods,. and. examination",. "assistance. from. professionals and inter-professional collaboration", and "establishments of support services and accessible environment." 3. Based on the aforementioned objectives and instruments, this study delineates evaluation indicators. The indicators of inclusive education policy, screened by an expert panel, encompasses eight major aspects, sixteen criteria, and seventy-eight pivot questions, with "providing adaptive education and equal educational opportunity" as the primary objective and "adjustments of relevant courses, teaching methods, and examination" as the prime instrument. 4. The performance of implementing the objectives of inclusive education policy in New Taipei City, generally speaking, is above the average. As the research questionnaires indicate, "providing equal educational opportunity" indicators has the highest satisfaction. In regard to the implementation of the instruments, schools utilize a variety of means, as "inter-professional. vi.

(8) collaboration" indicators reaches the highest satisfaction. 5. The effectiveness of the objectives of inclusive education policy varies according to educational level and school scales, whereas the implementation of the instruments shows no such difference. 6. Among seven possible difficulties on executing inclusive education policy, there are five common problems both experts and personnel agree with: restrictions and differences occur due to different educational level and school scales, professional groups can not function effectively, the establishment of barrier free environment is restricted by feasibility considerations, teachers can not efficiently adjust teaching methods and courses, and mistaken educational beliefs obstruct the promotion of inclusive educational policy. 7. Among five factors influencing the effectiveness of inclusive education policy, four of them are conceded by both experts and personnel: a comprehensive system of support service, the attention, superintendence, and promotion of relevant education agency, proficient classroom management, and acceptance by the surrounding environment. Finally, based the conclusions on the research to give advice to educational administration authorities, schools, and future studies for reference in order to promote the inclusive education.. Keywords: Inclusive education, Policy evaluation, Objectives of inclusive education policy, Instruments of inclusive education policy, Evaluation indicators for inclusive education. vii.

(9) ....................................................................................................................................i ..........................................................................................................................iii ...........................................................................................................................v ................................................................................................................................viii ..................................................................................................................................ix ...................................................................................................................................x ...................................................................................................................1 ...........................................................................................1 ...........................................................................................7 .......................................................................................................8 .........................................................................................10 .........................................................................................................13 .........................................................................13 .........................................................................40 .................................................58 .........................................................................................................73 .....................................................................................................73 .....................................................................................................77 .....................................................................................................86 .........................................................................................89 .....................................................................................................95 .............................................................................95 ...........................................................................105 ...................................................114 ...............................................................139 ...................................................................................................193 ...........................................................................................................193 ...........................................................................................................198 .......................................................................................................................203 ...................................................................................................................203 ...................................................................................................................211 .................................................................................................227 .........................................................................................229 .................................................................................................231 .........................................................................................255 .................................................................265 .........................................................................275. viii.

(10) 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 Booth 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 4-21 4-22 4-23. .......................................31 ...................33 ...................................................34 ...........................................................................44 ...............................................................................56 ...........................................................................64 Ainscow ....................................................................68 .......................................78 ...........................................................80 ...............................................................................................82 ...................................................................................83 ...........................................................................84 ...........................................................85 .................................................................104 .............................................................................116 .............................126 .............................129 .........................134 Cranbach’s α .................................................................136 .....................138 .................................................141 .........................142 .........144 .........................146 .........148 .....................150 .....151 .....................153 .....155 .................................................159 .........................161 .........162 .........................165 .........166 .....................................181 .................................190. ix.

(11) 2-1 3-1 4-1. ...........................................................................................63 .......................................................................................................76 .............................................................124. x.

(12) .. (inclusive education). 2004. 7. 2008. 2011 】. & Anastasiow, 2003. 1999 Kirk, Gallagher, ˙ 7. (Armstrong, Armstrong, & Spandagou, 2010; Benjamin, 2002; Barton, 1998) 5 1967. 》. (segregated education) 2000 》 1. 1999. 》 2009.

(13) 1974 (Chen & Lu, 1994) 1978. 》. 2005. 1998. 1 2014 2016. 》. 2015 1,751. 67,543. 69,294. 2.73%. 97.47%. 7,622. 11.28%. 1984. 1997 2009. .. 18 2011. 2014. 1960 1980. 5 2.

(14) (integrated education) 5. 5. 2011. 2012. 】. 2005 2006. 2012 2010. 2015 2012. 2013. 7 》. 2002. 1998. 《. 2002 2003. 2008 2013 》. 3.

(15) (Birkland, 2005). (Russell, 1970) Anderson(2003) 1 5. 「. 1998. Hood(1983). 5 (Glasman & Nevo, 1988) (educational accountability). 5. 2000 Babbie, 1998. 》. 4.

(16) 》. 7(stakeholder). 2005 Dalton, Elias, & Wandersman, 2007; Gladding. 【 & Newsome, 2004 7 5. . 7. 2011 5 2013. 5.

(17) 2003 2009. 2011 McCrimmon,. 2015. 2009 Kozleski, Yu, Satter, Francis, & Haines, 2015;. Shogren, McCart, Lyon, & Sailor, 2015 1996. 2009. 2003; Kavale & Forness, 2000 1996. 2009 7. 6. 2011.

(18) .. .. 1. 2 .. 2. .. 1. 2. 3.. 7. 4.. 7.

(19) . 1. 2.. 2004. 2008. (Schneider & Ingram, 1997) 8.

(20) 7. 4. (Hood, 1983). 5. 7 4. 2012. ○. 》 9.

(21) 2012. 》 7 》 7. 7. 6 7 5. 7. 10. 16.

(22) .. 11.

(23) 12.

(24) .. .. 5. 2000. 7. 1999. 2009. 5. 7. Stainback. Stainback(1984). Perpoint(1989) 7 Putnam(1993). 7 Nisbet(2006). Jorgensen. (zero reject) 13. Schuh.

(25) 7 Sailor. Gee. Karasoff(1996) ○. 6. (United Nations Educations,. 5. Scientific and Culture, UNESCO). 1994. (Salamanca Statement). (UNESCO, 1994) (integration). Ysseldyke Algozzine. 14. Lindsay(1997). Thurlow(2000)5.

(26) Waldron(1996). .. 》 Fuchs. 7 2001. 2014. (full inclusion). Fuchs(2000) (partial. 》. inclusion) 》. 》 》 Waldron(1996) .. 》. 》. 2. 2. ˙ Fidana 15.

(27) Cihan. Özbeyc(2014). 1755 . 2009 5 (Janney, Snell, Beers, & Raynes, 1995). 5. 7. 2013 1944 (Educational Act) 1981. (Special Educational Needs, SEN) 4 2001. 1971. 188. 2007. 1960. (N. 118/71) 1970. 2008 1880. 1930. 1970. (Ashman & Elkins, 1998) 16.

(28) (Wolfensberger, 2000). 1980 (Forlin,. 1997; Gow, Ward, Balla, & Snow, 1988; Loreman, 1999). ˙. (Forlin & Forlin, 1998) 1970. 2. (Forlin & Bamford, 2005). 1992. (Disability Discrimination Act) (Pearce, 2009) Ashman. Elkins(1998). 7. 2005. 7 5. (The Disability Standards for Education). (Forlin, 2001). 17.

(29) .. (Carroll-Lind & Rees, 2009) (Education Review Office, 2003). 2004. 1996. 2000(Special Education 2000, SE2000) SE2000. (Brown, 1997). 1940 1944. (Educational Act) 1997. (The Green Paper). 2001 2014. (Children and Families Act 2014) (Education, Health and Care Plan). 18.

(30) (Children and Families Act, 2014) 5. 1995. (equal protection of the law). (due process of law). 1965. (The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, ESEA). 2014. 1975. (Education of All Handicap Children Act, EHA, 94-142 Act). 1990. (the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, IDEA). (Andrews & Clementson, 1997) (the Americans with Disabilities Education Act, ADA) 4 1994. 2000. 7. America Act, PL 103-227). (Goals 2000: Educate (school-link service. integration). Skrtic & Sailor, 1996. 2001. (No Child Left Behind Act, NCLB). (Browder, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Flowers, Karvonen, & Algozzine, 19.

(31) 2003) 6. 2008 Karagiannis, Stainback, & Stainback, 1996; Stainback & Stainback, 1995 1980. 1990. 1950 1990. 2000. 1970. 2000. 1950. 1970. 1980. 5. 1970. 1950. 1950. (civil rights movement) (normalization). (equality). (quality of life). 7. 6. (human right). (Renzaglia, Karvonen,. Drasgow, & Stoxen, 2003) (anti-labeling) (Falvey, 1989). 、. 1960. (the equal educational opportunity. 7 movement). (deinstitutionalization) 1968. Dunn. 1990. 20.

(32) 1970. . 1970. 1980. (mainstreaming) 1975. (the least restrictive environment, LRE) Reynolds(1962) (cascade of service). □ (regular education initiative, REI) Stainback. Stainback(1984). 1980. 1990 .. 7. 7 Taylor(1988). 7. 1980 1983 21.

(33) (National Commission on Excellence in Education) (A Nation at Risk). (Fisher & Kennedy, 2001; Hocutt, Martin, & McKinney, 1991). Reagan. Bush. 7. (Kauffman, 1995). 》. Will. (Will, 1986) 1. 1990. 2000. REI. (empowerment). (Turnbull & Turnbull, 2001) (equity). Fried. Jorgensen(1998). (excellence). 2000 22.

(34) Andrews & Clementson, 1997; Stainback & Stainback, 1995. 1990. (Kochhar & West, 1996) (Inclusive School) (Stainback & Stainback, 1990) (Whole School Approach) (Clark, Dyson, Skidmore, & Millward, 1997). 2000. 1. (Kochhar, West, & Taymans, 2000) 2001 、 4 95% (Adequate yearly progress, AYP) (Cole, 2006). 2004. IDEA. (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004) (access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom). (free appropriate public education, FAPE) (related support and services) 23.

(35) Peters(2004) (continuum of placements). 1950 7. 1990. REI. 1 (United Nations, UN) . 1948. 7. 1. (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights) 26. 77 77. 7 (UN,. 7 1948) Person). 1975. (Declaration on the Rights of Disabled 7 (UN, 1975). 1985 1993 (The Standard Rules on Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities) 24.

(36) (UN, 1993) 1994. (UNESCO, 1994) 1998. (Inclusive Education on. the Agenda) 2005 All, Jomtien Declaration). (The World Declaration on Education for 2006. of Persons with Disabilities). 7. (Convention on the Rights. 2007. (United Nations. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples). 2011. UNESCO, 2009. 5 5. 1967. 1990 2011. 2013. 2014. 25. 》. 2005. 》.

(37) 1.. 1962. 1983. 1962. 1963. 》5 1967. 1974. 》 2008. 1978. 》. 2.. 1984. 6-12. 2005. 1996. 1984. □ 26.

(38) 1990 6. 15. 》. 》. 》. ˙. 3.. 1997. 2007. 1997. 12 3. 1998 1 2014. 2014 .. 27. 2005.

(39) 4.. 2008. 2008. 2009 18. .. 5 2014 2011. 2013. 2011 1. 》 105. 2016. ˙. 》. 109 7. 7. .. 》 28.

(40) 159 1999. 6 3. 5 7. 7. 7. 4. 7. 7. 7 2014 (The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, CRPD). 24. 1984. 1997 2009 6. 2013. 2014. 2001. 2004 2014. 18. 51 1997 29.

(41) 2009 . 2014 1984 . 1995. 2009 18. 27. 19 10. . 33. 12. 28 2-1. 2-1. 5. 30.

(42) 2-1. 18. 27. 7. 7 7. 7 19. 33. . 7. 1. 12. 31.

(43) 2-1. 10. 》. .. 7 7 .. 28. 。. 。 7 2014. 1980. 1997 2007 2015 109 32. 2. 4.

(44) 2-2. 2-2. 27. 30. 7. 2015. 》5 5. 7. 7 7. 2-3. 2 33.

(45) 2-3. 》. 2013. 1. 2. 3. 2013. 2012 4 2013. 2013. 2014. 7. 2004. 2010 2013. 2014. 7. 2015. 7. 2010. 2011 2012 2013. 34.

(46) 》. . 》. 1995. 9 3. 7 》. 1995. 7. 》. 5 6 2000. 1. 2. 3. 35.

(47) 4. 5.. 7. 》. 6.. 7. 8.. 7. 7. 9.. 10. 11.. 12.. 13. 14. 15.. 2. 2008. 5 》 2008. 2009. 》. 2011. 6. 2014. 11. . 2018. .. 8. 》 2014a. . 5. 2016 36. 》. ˙. 》.

(48) 1. 105. 109 7 》. 2016 5. 2000. 2009. 5. 4. 7. 2013. 2011. 》. 37.

(49) 》 ˙. 7. 2011. 2009. 2001. 《 7. 》. 7. 2000. 5 》. 2000 43.48% 5 5% 38.

(50) 2014. 93. 8,723. 5. 99.08% 4 》 2014b. 6. ˙ 7. 7. 39.

(51) .. (Birkland, 2005). 5. 2009 1993. 1970. 5 1960. 1995. 1999 Mertens & Wilson, 2012 Guba. Lincoln(1989). (Fourth Generation Evaluation). 40.

(52) 1910. (measurement). .. .. . 1963. 1963. (description). 1974. (judgement). 1974 2009. (response) 2009 Guba & Lincoln,. 1989. Merten(2004) 1 7. — 2004. 5. Guba. 5. Lincoln. 5. . (evaluation). 5. 7. (value judgments) 2012. 41. Alkin(1972).

(53) Nachmias(1979). Leithwood. Montgomery(1982). 7 Rossi Freeman(1982) Patton(1990). Weiss(1998). Posavac. Carey(2007) 7 Dunn(2008) 2. 2005. 7. 42. 7.

(54) 2000 Babbie, 1998 Weiss(1998) assessment). (operation). (systematic. (outcome). (standards of comparison). (improvement of program and policy). 1. Dunn(2008). 1995. 7. 1. 5. (evaluation research). 2008 2-4. 7. 43.

(55) 2-4. Suchman(1967). Caro(1969). 》. 》. Poland(1977) Perkins(1979). Poister(1978) Snyder(1980) ERS (1982). Chelimsky(1989). Blingham & Felbinger (1989) Rossi & Freeman (1993) Patton & Sawicki. □. (1993) Posavac & Carey(2007) Dunn(2008). ˙. 2003 2003 2004 2012 2008. .. 64 44.

(56) 2-4. Suchman(1967) 5 1.. (effort evaluation). 2.. (performance evaluation). 3.. (adequacy of performance evaluation). 4.. (efficiency evaluation). 5.. (process evaluation) .. Poland(1974). 3E. 5. 3 1.. (effectiveness evaluation). 2. 3.. (eclectic evaluation). Chelimsky(1989). 6 1.. (front-end analysis). 2.. (evaluation assessment). 45.

(57) 3. 4.. (impact evaluation). 5.. (program monitoring). 6.. (evaluation synthesis) (Evaluation Research Society, ERS) Rossi, 1982. 1. 7. 2.. 3.. 4.. (impact evaluation). 2. 5.. (program and problem monitoring). 46. 6.

(58) 6.. (meta-evaluation). (evaluation synthesis) 2 2. 2003. 1 3 1.. 2.. 7. 7. 3.. 2012. 4. 1. 47.

(59) 5 2.. 3. 4.. social net benefit. 1 Mertens McLaughlin(2004) ˙. Mertens McLaughlin(2004). 》. . (The Program Logic Model) (Program Theory Model) evaluation). (Performance Indicators, PIs). 48. 7. (Stakeholder-based.

(60) 1983. 20. 7. (McLaughlin & Jordan, 1999) 2 (Bickman, 1987). Mindel(2002) 7. 7. , 8 McLaughlin (resources). (activities). (outcomes) the program). Jordan(1999). (input). (output). (customers reached) (key contextual factors external to. 》. 7. 》. 2004. Mindel(2002)5. 4 4 4 . Chen 49.

(61) Rossi(1980) Weiss(1998) (professional logic that underlies a program) Roger. Petrosino. Huebner. Hacsi(2000). 》 Weiss 》. 2005. 5. 7 7 (stakeholder approach) (stakeholder participation). 7. 5 (stakeholder model). 7. (stakeholder consultation). 7. 2008 7 7. Freeman(1984). 7 50. 7 7 2.

(62) 7 7. 7. 7 7 7. 7(Kerbeshian,. 1986; Weiss, 1983). 2 7. 7(Freeman, 1984). .. 7 (Kay, 1997) Gilliam Davis Barrington. 7 Lacson Uhl. Phoenix(2002). 7. 7 7. Brinkerhoff. Crosby(2002). 7 Dunn(2008). Grimble. Wellard(1997). 7. 》. 7. .. . Stake(2000). 7 5. 2006. 7 7 1 51.

(63) 7 7. Nakamura. Smallwood(1980). (Efficiency). (Policy goal attainment). (Constituency satisfaction). responsiveness). (System maintenance). (Client. 1. 4 2 2004 Carter Klein. Burningham(1992). Day(1992). (control). (development) 》 》. 52.

(64) 》. 》. 》. 》 (Carter,. 2 1989). 》. 7. 7. 2. 7. (Smith, 1993) MacRae(1985) (Policy Indicators). 》 MacRae (net economic benefit). well-being). . (problem-solving). 5. 7(stakeholders). (expert community). (political community). 2001. 1990. 53. (subjective.

(65) 7. (indicator). (Cuttance,1994; Nedwek & Neal, 1994) 2001. 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 「. 2001 5. 4. 2000. 「 2001 7. 5 7 54.

(66) 》 (Delphi Technique). (Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP). 1. 5 2-5. 7. 5. 7 5. 55.

(67) 2-5. AHP. 7 「. 2001. 13 56. 281.

(68) Starlin(1988) (efficiency). (output). (strategies). (intervention effect). (justice). (effectiveness). Vendung(1997). (cost-benefit). (productivity). (cost-effectiveness). McLaughlin(2004). Owen. Rogers(1999). (feasibility). (accuracy) Dunn(2008). (adequacy). (responsiveness). 2004 2005. 1 (political feasibility). 5 (economic feasibility) feasibility). Mertens. (American Evaluation Association, AEA) (utility). (propriety). (externalities). (compliance). Richard(1990). (appropriateness). 》. (administrative feasibility) (technical feasibility). (legal. (time feasibility). (environment feasibility) 2000 75 7 29 25 21. 57. 2007.

(69) 11. 「. 2011. 1. 5 》. 7 ○. 7. Hammeken(2000). 58.

(70) (Turnbull, Turnbull, & Wehmeyer, 2007). 7. (Bryant, Smith, & Bryant, 2008). (Bryant, Smith, & Bryant, 2008; Salend, 2008) 1993. 2005. 5. 2006. 7 7 2009. 6. Waldron(1996) .. 7 7. Webber(1997). 2001. 59.

(71) 2001. 2003 2009. .. Titone(2005). 5 53. 7 3 Burstein Sears Wilcoxen Cabello. Spagna(2005). 、. Fidana Cihan. Özbeyc(2014). 6 5 Booth. Ainscow. Black-Hawkins. Vaughan. Shaw(2000). 2013 98%. 2013. 60.

(72) 2014 7 77. 5 5 7. ˙. 5. 7. 5 2016. 》. 1. 》 2016 2004. 》 61. 2008.

(73) 1998. 1. 2.. 3.. 4. 7.. 5. 8.. 6. ○. 6 9. 2001 4. 2001 5 1.. . 2.. 3. 4.. 7. 5. 6.. 7. 8.. 9.. ○ 10. 11.. 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17.. 18.. 19. 20.. 2008 62.

(74) Stufflebeam (input). Shinkfield (2007) (process). CIPP. (context). (product). 2-1. 2-1 2008 97. 50. 2009 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. (IEP 5.. 6.. 2009 1.. 2.. 3.. 4. 2010 4. 8 8. 4.. 4.. 2.. 32 10. 6 63. 1. 3. 2-6.

(75) 2-6. 1.. 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8. 2.. 2-1 2-2 2-3. 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 3.. 3-1 3-2. 3-3. 7. 3-4 3-5 64.

(76) 2-6. 3.. 3-6. 3-7. 7. 3-8. 4.. 4-1. 4-2 4-3. 4-4 4-5 4-6. 2010. 2013. 1. Van. 5 Laarhoven Munk Lynch Bosma. Rouse(2007). 65.

(77) 10. Symes. Humphrey(2010) (sociometric status). 》. (bullying). (social support). 2. 2008. UNESCO(2009b). 7. 1. 2.. 1.. 3.. 2. 4.. 》 7. 2.. 》. 7. 》. 3.. 66.

(78) 4.. 5. 6. 7.. Booth. Ainscow(2002 2011). 3 2-7. Ainscow(2002 2011). 67. 6 Duke(2009)5. 44 Booth.

(79) 2-7. A.. Booth. Ainscow. A.1. A.1.1. 7. A.1.2 A.1.3. 7. A.1.4. 7. A.1.5. 7. A.1.6. 7. 7. 7. 7. A.1.7 A.2. A.2.1 A.2.2. A.2.3 A.2.4. 7. A.2.5. 7. 7. A.2.6 B.. B.1. B.1.1. 7. B.1.2. 7. B.1.3 B.1.4. 7. B.1.5 B.1.6 B.2. B.2.1 B.2.2. B.2.3 68. 7.

(80) 2-7. B.. Booth. Ainscow. B.2. B2.4. B.2.5. B.2.6. B.2.7 B.2.8. C.. C.1. B.2.9. C.1.1 C.1.2 C.1.3 C.1.4 C.1.5 C.1.6 C.1.7 C.1.8 C.1.9 C.1.10. 7. C.1.11 C.2. C.2.1 C.2.2. 7. C.2.3. 7. C.2.4 C.2.5 Booth & Ainscow(2002 69. 2011).

(81) 1996. 796. 2003. 2003. 12 2009. 81. 230. 7. 7. 》. Kavale. 2011. Forness(2000)5 7. 7 Kozleski. 7(2015). 6 Shogren. (2015). 6. McCrimmon(2015). 70. 7.

(82) 》. 5. 5 2. 5 7. 7. 。. 7. 71.

(83) 72.

(84) .. Mertens. McLaughlin(2004) 7. .. 5. 20 》 》 73.

(85) 》. 1997. 》. 》 2008. 》 2014a. .. 1. 2000. 2016. 》. 7 5. 7. 5. ˙. 。 7. ˙. 。. 74.

(86) 7 。. 7. 3-1. 75.

(87) 7. ˙. ˙. .. 。. 38. 。. 7. 3-1 76. 12.

(88) .. 7. .. Lowi(1969). 7. 5. 2. 2. 10. 3 3-1. 77. 7. 3.

(89) 3-1. L1. 60. L2. 45. P1. 67. P2. 72. A1. 69. A2. 79. A3. 75. 》 》. 51. S1 》 S2. 65. S3. 69. 。 2. 7 8 78.

(90) .. 7 2014. 》. Reza & Vassilis, 1988. 10 7. 7. 10. 15. 》 7 1. 2.. 7. 3. 3 4. 4. 5. 13 9 3-2. 79. 4.

(91) 3-2. I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 I10 I11 I12 I13. 207. 75. 282. 2015 7. 500 7. 2.6% 13. 0.3-0.5 80.

(92) 7 500 7. 7. 500-1000 7. 1000 7 20% 12. 1 50. 3-3. 81. 38. 500 7.

(93) 3-3. 12. 2. 4. 1. 4. 1. 20. 4. 1. 0. 0. 0. 4. 1. 5. 1. 2. 0. 4. 1. 13. 3. 19. 4. 0. 0. 2. 0. 7. 1. 9. 1. 15. 3. 8. 2. 8. 2. 31. 7. 2. 0. 2. 1. 7. 1. 11. 2. 11. 2. 2. 0. 6. 1. 19. 3. 1. 0. 3. 1. 2. 0. 6. 1. 0. 0. 6. 1. 17. 3. 23. 4. 0. 0. 1. 0. 12. 2. 13. 2. 13. 2. 5. 1. 2. 0. 20. 3. 1. 0. 1. 0. 3. 1. 5. 1. 11. 2. 6. 1. 21. 4. 38. 7. 1. 0. 2. 0. 10. 2. 13. 2. 22. 4. 1. 0. 0. 0. 23. 4. 3. 1. 2. 0. 0. 0. 5. 1. 0. 0. 2. 0. 12. 2. 14. 2. 0. 0. 1. 0. 7. 1. 8. 1. 86. 15. 38. 7. 83. 16. 207. 38. 9. 1. 14. 2. 52. 9. 75. 12. 95. 16. 52. 9. 135. 25. 282. 50. 50. 82.

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(146) 4-5 KMO .847. 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 6-3 6-4 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9. .722. .873 7. 7. .873 .868. .857. 135. .683 .874 .797 .654 .725 .758 .764 .822 .856 .774 .797 .739 .848 .781 .862 .879 .867 .689 .785 .792 .830 .861 .641 .764 .765 .771 .808 .783 .776 .855 .847 .753 .739 .725 .739. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √. 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 6-3 6-4 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9.

(147) 2.. 2-3. 2-4 .4 2 79 77 . ˙ .35 (Cronbach α). 》. .804~.943 .979. 4-6. .8. 4-6. Cranbach’s α Cranbach’s α .979 .804 .862 .877 .891 .861 .939 .916. 7. .943. 136.

(148) 103. 77. 77. 6. 2-1 2-2 1-1. 1-2. 6-1 6. 6-2 71. 1. ○. 4 13 C.R. C.R.. .075. ). C.R.. FAHP. .079. .1. 4. 》. (40.29%) (28.69%) (17.25%). (13.76%) (42.79%). 》 (27.94%) 7 (13.76%). (17.25%) 4-7. 137.

(149) 4-7. 7. 28.69%. 2. 40.30%. 1. 17.25%. 3. 13.76%. 4. 27.94%. 2. 42.79%. 1. 18.29%. 3. 10.98%. 4. 》. 》 2003 Sears. 2001. 2001. Burstein. 7, 2005; Fidana, Cihan, & Özbeyc; Titone, 2005; Waldron, 1996; Webber,. 1997. 5. 138.

(150) 181. 7. 172. 》 7. 4. 2-1 2-2 2-1. 》 2016. 》 5,323. 6 5,317. 99.89%. 3,600. 12. 3,588 5 99.80%. 99.67% 2-2 139.

(151) 558 10.49%. 507. 14.13% 11.96% 5 》 2016 97.47%. 11.28%. 5 Waldron(1996). .. 》. 8. 》 43. 3. 11. 14. 32.56. 3.98 4.16 4.15. 8 3.78 2. 4. 4-8. 140.

(152) 4-8. (N=353) M. SD. 4.15. .56. 4.03. .70. 3.99. .55. 4.16. .56. 3.95. .53. 3.87. .61. 3.94. .57. 3.78. .59. 3.98. .46. 4-8. 7. 28 (3.59) (3.64) (3.68). (4.29) (4.27) (4.26) 141.

(153) 》. .. 3 2 d. Cohen’s 4-9. 4-9 (n=247). d. .2. (n=106). t. Cohen’s d. M. SD. M. SD. 4.16. .56. 4.14. .58. .27. .03. 4.08. .68. 3.90. .74. 1.96. .25. 4.02. .54. 3.95. .60. 1.02. .12. 4.20. .55. 4.06. .60. 2.00*. .24. 3.98. .51. 3.87. .57. 1.72. .20. 3.85. .62. 3.92. .56. -.81. .12. 3.93. .57. 3.98. .57. -.68. .09. 3.73. .60. 3.95. .56. -3.00***. .38. 3.99. .46. 3.95. .47. .60. .09. .5. .8. 142. *p<.05; ***p<.001.

(154) 4-9. 28. 》 4-10. t=2.56*,. p<.05, d=.30, t=2.15*, p<.05, d=.26, t=3.50**, p<.01, d=.43, t=2.78**, p<.01, d=.34, t=-2.30*, p<.05, d=.30, t=-2.54*, p<.05, d=.32, t=-5.05***, p<.001, d=.66, 7. t=-2.01*, p<.05, d=.26, 》. 2003 5. 7. 2011 5. 143.

(155) 4-10 (n=247) M SD 4.29 .68. (n=106) M SD 4.29 .69. 4.02. .67. 3.99. 4.08. .68. 4.12. t. Cohen’s d. .07. .09. .67. .38. .04. 3.90. .74. 1.96. .26. .67. 4.01. .74. 1.26. .15. 4.16. .60. 4.05. .73. 1.42. .16. 3.91. .78. 3.83. .82. .82. .09. 3.87. .72. 3.89. .68. -.25. .03. 4.21. .72. 3.98. .79. 2.56*. .30. 4.31. .66. 4.18. .70. 1.52. .18. 4.09. .72. 3.99. .84. 1.11. .13. 4.18. .66. 4.08. .66. 1.14. .13. 3.79. .76. 3.85. .75. -.58. .07. 4.05. .66. 3.98. .79. .87. .10. 4.26. .62. 4.18. .70. .94. .11. 4.09. .70. 3.89. .85. 2.15*. .26. 4.00. .68. 4.07. .69. -.78. .09. 3.74. .85. 3.36. .91. 3.50**. .43. 3.87. .78. 3.58. .93. 2.78**. .34. 4.02. .65. 4.00. .79. .28. .03. 144.

(156) 4-10 (n=247) M SD 3.68 .75. (n=106) M SD 3.89 .66. 3.89. .77. 3.83. 4.00. .67. 4.17. t. Cohen’s d. -2.30*. .30. .76. .55. .06. 4.02. .64. -.33. .04. .68. 4.11. .70. .73. .08. 4.09. .68. 4.06. .68. .39. .05. 3.53. .77. 3.77. .73. -2.54*. .32. 3.55. .85. 4.07. .73. -5.05***. .66. 3.89. .75. 3.86. .71. .36. .04. 3.74. .69. 3.92. .70. -2.01*. .26. 7 d. .2. .5. .8. *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001. 4-11. 145.

(157) 4-11 (n=64). (n=59). (n=230) F. M. SD. M. SD. M. SD. 4.18. .61. 4.04. .59. 4.17. .54. 1.34. -. 4.17. .75. 3.97. .67. 4.01. .69. 1.66. -. 4.17. .51. 4.03. .43. 3.94. .59. 4.54*. 4.28. .54. 4.06. .52. 4.16. .58. 2.53. -. 4.08. .57. 3.90. .45. 3.93. .54. 2.27. -. 4.04. .59. 3.80. .62. 3.84. .60. 3.13*. -. 4.12. .46. 3.81. .58. 3.93. .58. 4.60*. 3.92. .55. 3.67. .54. 3.77. .62. 2.80. 4.11. .45. 3.91. .42. 3.96. .47. 3.68*. *p<.05. 4-11. 2009. 7. 2003 Kozleski 7, 2015; Shogren. 2. 7. 146. 7, 2015. -.

(158) 28. 》 4-12. F=3.63*,. p<.05,. F=4.47*,. p<.05,. F=6.27**, p<.01, F=4.05*, p<.05, F=3.78*, p<.05, F=3.60*, p<.05, F=3.35*, p<.05 F=3.18*, p<.05. F=7.06**, p<.01, F=6.45**, p<.01, F=3.28*, p<.05,. 147. 11.

(159) 4-12 (n=64) M SD 4.36 .80. (n=59) M SD 4.1 .71. (n=230) M SD 4.32 .63. 4.00. .71. 3.98. .66. 4.02. 4.17. .75. 3.97. .67. 4.27. .65. 4.17. 4.16. .67. 4.13. F 2.83. -. .66. .10. -. 4.01. .69. 1.66. -. .56. 4.02. .72. 3.63*. 4.07. .55. 4.14. .65. .38. .70. 3.97. .59. 3.8. .85. 4.47*. 4.14. .56. 3.9. .61. 3.79. .76. 6.27**. 4.38. .68. 4.02. .63. 4.13. .78. 4.05*. 4.41. .53. 4.22. .62. 4.25. .73. 1.56. -. 4.19. .73. 3.9. .74. 4.08. .76. 2.34. -. 4.16. .76. 4.08. .65. 4.17. .63. .41. -. 4.03. .69. 3.8. .74. 3.74. .78. 3.78*. 4.17. .70. 3.9. .48. 4.03. .74. 2.39. 4.38. .60. 4.07. .45. 4.24. .69. 3.60*. 4.09. .83. 4. .62. 4.04. .75. .25. -. 4.14. .56. 3.92. .57. 4.01. .75. 1.70. -. 148. -. -.

(160) 4-12 (n=64) M SD 3.83 .97. (n=59) M SD 3.78 .67. (n=230) M SD 3.55 .90. 3.89. .84. 3.78. .74. 3.77. 4.06. .66. 3.92. .68. 3.89. .80. 3.64. 4.05. .77. 4.17. F 3.35*. -. .85. .50. -. 4.03. .70. .85. -. .71. 3.71. .72. 2.00. -. 3.86. .68. 3.82. .78. 2.14. -. .63. 3.88. .70. 3.99. .66. 3.18*. -. 4.44. .59. 4.07. .61. 4.09. .71. 7.06**. 4.34. .54. 3.95. .63. 4.04. .71. 6.45**. 3.56. .79. 3.42. .79. 3.65. .75. 2.06. 3.73. .82. 3.42. .88. 3.74. .85. 3.28*. 4.05. .68. 3.86. .60. 3.84. .79. 2.01. -. 3.97. .64. 3.71. .70. 3.75. .71. 2.85. -. 7 d. .2. .5. .8. 7. 3 7 149. *p<.05; **p<.01. -.

(161) 2. Cohen’s d 4-13. 7. 》. 4-13 (n=181). d. .2. (n=172). t. Cohen’s d. M. SD. M. SD. 4.17. .53. 4.13. .59. .62. .07. 4.01. .68. 4.06. .72. -.58. .07. 3.98. .50. 4.02. .60. -.77. .07. 4.17. .53. 4.16. .60. .14. .02. 3.92. .49. 3.99. .57. -1.15. .13. 3.94. .58. 3.80. .63. 2.11*. .23. 4.03. .50. 3.86. .62. 2.73**. .30. 3.80. .53. 3.76. .65. .65. .07. 3.98. .40. 3.97. .52. .28. .02. .5. .8. 28. 》 4-14. 150. *p<.05; **p<.01.

(162) 4-14 (n=181) M SD 4.36 .68. (n=172) M SD 4.22 .68. t. Cohen’s d. 1.84. .20. 3.98. .66. 4.04. .68. -.83. .09. 4.01. .68. 4.06. .72. -.58. .06. 4.12. .68. 4.07. .70. .64. .07. 4.12. .63. 4.15. .65. -.47. .05. 3.82. .77. 3.98. .81. -1.81. .19. 3.85. .69. 3.90. .73. -.59. .06. 4.16. .72. 4.14. .78. .24. .03. 4.30. .66. 4.24. .69. .81. .09. 4.05. .76. 4.09. .75. -.49. .05. 4.15. .66. 4.16. .66. -.06. .01. 3.74. .73. 3.87. .79. -1.51. .16. 3.97. .70. 4.10. .69. -1.69. .18. 4.24. .64. 4.23. .65. .12. .01. 3.99. .76. 4.09. .73. -1.22. .13. 3.96. .66. 4.08. .71. -1.55. .17. 3.7. .79. 3.58. .97. 1.24. .13. 3.75. .81. 3.85. .84. -1.12. .12. 3.97. .71. 4.07. .67. -1.30. .14. 151.

(163) 4-14 (n=181) M SD 3.85 .66. (n=172) M SD 3.61 .79. 2.94**. .33. 3.92. .77. 3.82. .76. 1.25. .13. 4.04. .66. 3.96. .66. 1.08. .12. 4.3. .58. 4.00. .75. 4.05***. .45. 4.21. .63. 3.95. .70. 3.56***. .39. 3.57. .77. 3.62. .77. -.61. .07. 3.66. .90. 3.70. .81. -.42. .05. 3.94. .68. 3.82. .79. 1.51. .16. 3.81. .64. 3.76. .76. 0.58. .06. t. Cohen’s d. 7 d. .2. .5. 4-14. .8. 7. t=-2.94**, p<.01, d=.33, t=4.05***, p<.001, d=.45, t=3.56***, p<.001, d=.39,. 152. **p<.01; ***p<.001.

(164) 1. 4-15. 4-15 (n=97). (n=42). (n=89). (n=83). F. M. SD. M. SD. M. SD. M. SD. 4.10. .57. 4.16. .50. 4.16. .60. 4.10. .59. .21. -. 4.05. .66. 3.73. .72. 4.10. .77. 4.01. .66. 2.76*. -. 3.93. .48. 3.84. .49. 4.07. .62. 3.97. .58. 1.93. -. 4.15. .53. 4.06. .51. 4.18. .64. 4.13. .57. .42. -. 3.94. .49. 3.71. .41. 3.97. .60. 4.00. .54. 2.95*. 3.84. .61. 3.93. .44. 3.83. .66. 3.77. .61. .68. 3.95. .50. 4.06. .46. 3.96. .67. 3.75. .54. 3.37*. 3.77. .54. 3.76. .55. 3.80. .70. 3.71. .60. .29. -. 3.95. .41. 3.88. .30. 4.00. .55. 3.94. .49. .63. -. *p<.05 153. -.

(165) 4-15. 3. 》 1996 Kavale. 5. Forness(2000). 28. 》 4-16. F=3.14*,. p<.05,. F=2.97*,. p<.05, F=6.27***, p<.001,. ,. , F=6.27***, p<.001,. ,. 4 1996 Kavale & Forness, 2000. 154.

(166) 4-16 (n=97) M SD 4.25 .66. (n=42) M SD 4.43 .78. (n=89) M SD 4.23 .67. (n=83) M SD 4.21 .70. .97. -. 3.96. .68. 3.90. .67. 4.08. .70. 4.00. .65. .84. -. 4.05. .66. 3.73. .72. 4.10. .78. 4.01. .66. 2.75*. -. 4.04. .65. 4.00. .75. 4.06. .74. 4.08. .66. .12. -. 4.07. .63. 3.98. .66. 4.28. .63. 4.01. .64. 3.23*. -. 3.80. .64. 3.58. 1.01. 3.99. .82. 3.96. .80. 3.02*. -. 3.79. .68. 3.80. .72. 3.96. .74. 3.83. .72. 1.00. -. 4.11. .71. 4.05. .78. 4.19. .77. 4.09. .78. .41. -. 4.23. .63. 4.23. .77. 4.33. .70. 4.16. .67. .83. -. 4.10. .73. 3.88. .88. 4.07. .79. 4.10. .70. .95. -. 155. F.

(167) 4-16 (n=97) M SD 4.15 .67. (n=42) M SD 4.10 .50. (n=89) M SD 4.14 .68. (n=83) M SD 4.17 .64. 3.71. .76. 3.70. .72. 3.93. .78. 3.81. 4.02. .65. 3.73. .78. 4.08. .70. 4.30. .66. 3.98. .53. 4.25. 3.98. .76. 3.78. .73. 3.96. .68. 3.83. 3.67. .73. 3.80. F .11. -. .80. 1.36. -. 4.12. .69. 3.14*. .62. 4.21. .68. 2.50. -. 4.04. .76. 4.16. .69. 2.45. -. .50. 4.10. .76. 4.06. .66. 1.81. -. 3.45. .88. 3.54. 1.10. 3.62. .83. .69. -. .79. 3.45. .93. 3.77. .93. 3.94. .73. 2.97*. 4.02. .73. 3.78. .58. 4.06. .72. 4.08. .60. 2.03. -. 3.73. .70. 3.90. .59. 3.59. .83. 3.64. .76. 1.77. -. 3.79. .81. 3.95. .64. 3.90. .76. 3.73. .76. 1.14. -. 156.

(168) 4-16 (n=97) M SD 3.99 .71. (n=42) M SD 3.95 .50. (n=89) M SD 3.99 .65. (n=83) M SD 3.94 .68. 4.18. .55. 4.43. .55. 4.11. .78. 3.88. .71. 6.27***. 4.09. .64. 4.30. .61. 4.05. .73. 3.84. .65. 4.40**. 3.57. .64. 3.45. .96. 3.71. .79. 3.52. .74. 1.39. -. 3.65. .85. 3.60. .98. 3.75. .87. 3.65. .74. .36. -. 3.88. .70. 3.88. .72. 3.88. .82. 3.75. .76. .52. -. 3.78. .65. 3.80. .61. 3.78. .83. 3.74. .68. .08. -. 7 *p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001. 7 4. 157. F .13. -.

(169) 4. 1-1. 1-2. 6-1. 6-2. 1. 1-1. 4 4. 4. 5. 1-2. 5. 6-1. 6-2. 》. 6-1 702. 662 509. 73.28% (80-89%). 94.30% 373 85.47% 》 158. 4 2014b.

(170) 96.08%. 83.62%. 90.73% 6-2 2014. 23. 1,317 7. 5. 19. 7 8. 》. 》. 181. 7 3.94. 5. 4.30 4.08. 8 3.82 4-17. 7. 4-17. (N=181). 7. 159. M. SD. 3.95. .61. 3.96. .69. 3.86. .48. 4.08. .51. 4.30. .52. 3.90. .68. 3.84. .56. 3.82. .58. 3.94. .43.

(171) 4-17. 48 (3.46) (3.48) (3.60). ○. (4.35). 7 (4.35). 7 (4.30). 7. .. 7 4. 》. 4-18. 160.

(172) 4-18 (n=127). 7. d. .2. (n=54). t. Cohen’s d. M. SD. M. SD. 3.94. .58. 3.96. .68. -.16. .03. 4.00. .68. 3.86. .69. 1.14. .20. 3.89. .45. 3.78. .55. 1.40. .22. 4.07. .48. 4.11. .58. -.45. .08. 4.32. .52. 4.25. .53. .71. .13. 3.86. .67. 4.02. .71. -1.35. .23. 3.83. .57. 3.88. .55. -.54. .09. 3.86. .58. 3.70. .58. 1.59. .28. 3.95. .41. 3.90. .48. .70. .11. .5. .8. 43. 》 4-19. 》. p<.05, d=.43, t=2.49*, p<.05, d=.43, t=-2.30*, p<.05, d=.41,. 161. t=2.49*,.

(173) 4-19 (n=127) M SD 3.81 .71. (n=54) M SD 3.80 .80. 3.88. .76. 3.95. 4.14. .71. 3.84. t. Cohen’s d. .12. .02. .83. -.53. .09. 4.14. .67. .04. .01. .78. 3.77. .71. .52. .09. 4.16 3.60. .76 .78. 3.95 3.59. .81 .82. 1.50 .05. .25 .01. 3.76. .73. 3.73. .79. .28. .05. 3.91. .73. 3.70. .82. 1.52. .25. 4.10. .69. 4.00. .72. .84. .14. 3.90. .63. 3.68. .77. 1.85. .30. 4.09. .61. 3.98. .70. .99. .16. 3.78. .60. 3.70. .77. .66. .11. 4.02. .60. 3.91. .71. 1.04. .17. 3.96. .61. 3.80. .63. 1.54. .25. 3.83. .63. 3.68. .71. 1.27. .21. 4.05. .69. 3.95. .81. .74. .12. 4.08. .63. 3.95. .71. 1.09. .18. 4.18. .66. 4.20. .77. -.20. .03. ○. 162.

(174) 4-19 (n=127) M SD 4.02 .62. (n=54) M SD 4.11 .72. 4.02. .73. 4.32. 4.33. .62. 4.34. t. Cohen’s d. -.87. .14. .74. -2.30*. .41. 4.39. .66. -.51. .08. .65. 4.18. .66. 1.38. .23. 4.36. .66. 4.30. .67. .58. .09. 4.31. .62. 4.23. .61. .74. .12. 4.26. .62. 4.18. .69. .70. .11. 3.80. .77. 3.95. .83. -1.10. .18. 3.92. .75. 4.09. .71. -1.31. .21. 3.83. .81. 4.00. .75. -1.25. .20. 3.87. .68. 3.93. .85. -.52. .09. 3.83. .83. 3.89. .78. -.36. .06. 4.17. .73. 4.25. .69. -.67. .11. 4.00. .72. 3.86. .80. 1.05. .17. 3.65. .79. 3.64. .72. .13. .02. 3.44. .82. 3.59. .84. -1.04. .17. 3.52. .83. 3.27. .95. 1.65. .27. 7 ). (. 7. 7. (7 ). (. ). 163.

(175) 4-19 (n=127) M SD 4.03 .72. (n=54) M SD 3.70 .82. 2.49*. .43. 3.72. .84. 3.52. .88. 1.36. .22. 3.65. .82. 3.50. .85. 1.01. .16. 3.65. .82. 3.73. .76. -.58. .09. 3.89. .66. 3.86. .77. .22. .04. 4.01. .65. 3.70. .82. 2.49*. .43. 4.13. .69. 4.05. .68. .67. .11. 4.17. .77. 3.98. .66. 1.51. .25. t. Cohen’s d. 》. d. .2. .5. .8. 4-20. 164. *p<.05.

(176) 4-20 (n=38). 7. (n=30). (n=113) F. M. SD. M. SD. M. SD. 3.99. .53. 4.00. .50. 3.92. 0.66. .33. 4.20. .51. 4.07. .63. 3.85. 0.73. 4.13*. 3.90. .49. 3.94. .45. 3.83. 0.49. .80. -. 4.11. .48. 4.16. .41. 4.04. 0.55. .68. -. 4.36. .47. 4.21. .64. 4.31. 0.50. .70. -. 3.95. .63. 3.87. .74. 3.90. 0.69. .12. -. 3.82. .59. 3.97. .54. 3.81. 0.55. .92. -. 3.96. .61. 3.86. .63. 3.76. 0.56. 1.83. -. 4.00. 0.42. 3.99. .43. 3.90. 0.43. .99. -. *p<.05. 43. 》 4-21 F=4.28*, p<.05,. F=4.00*, p<.05, F=4.56*, p<.05,. 165. -.

(177) 4-21 (n=38) M SD 3.84 .79. (n=30) M SD 3.80 .61. (n=113) M SD 3.80 .75. F .06. -. 3.97. .64. 3.93. .79. 3.86. .83. .30. -. 4.16. .59. 4.27. .45. 4.10. .79. .70. -. 4.11. .56. 3.90. .66. 3.70. 0.83. 4.28*. 4.29. .61. 4.23. .77. 4.00. .82. 2.48. -. 3.61. .72. 3.73. .58. 3.55. .86. .61. -. 3.74. .64. 3.87. .57. 3.73. .82. .42. -. 3.82. .69. 3.97. .72. 3.83. .79. .41. -. 4.03. .68. 4.10. .71. 4.09. .70. .13. -. 3.95. .61. 3.97. .67. 3.77. .69. 1.64. -. 4.03. .59. 4.03. .67. 4.08. .64. .12. -. 3.89. .65. 3.77. .57. 3.71. .67. 1.15. -. 4.00. .52. 4.13. .57. 3.95. .68. .98. -. ○. 166.

(178) 4-21. 7. (n=38) M SD 3.95 .61. (n=30) M SD 3.97 .56. (n=113) M SD 3.89 .64. F. 4.00. .62. 3.90. .55. 3.68. .68. 4.00*. 4.05. .73. 4.00. .64. 4.02. .74. .05. -. 4.05. .57. 4.03. .67. 4.05. .68. .01. -. 4.37. .59. 4.30. .54. 4.09. .74. 2.88. -. 4.16. .59. 4.17. .46. 3.96. .70. 2.01. -. 3.92. .75. 4.30. .70. 4.11. .74. 2.24. -. 4.50. .56. 4.17. .65. 4.34. .64. 2.43. -. 4.29. .73. 4.27. .64. 4.31. .63. .06. -. 4.47. .56. 4.23. .82. 4.33. .65. 1.17. -. 4.26. .55. 4.20. .71. 4.32. .61. .47. -. 4.29. .57. 4.20. .71. 4.23. .65. .18. -. .22. -. (. ). 7. 167.

(179) 4-21 (n=38) M SD 3.87 .78. (n=30) M SD 3.77 .90. (n=113) M SD 3.85 .76. F .17. -. 4.03. .64. 3.97. .81. 3.94. .77. .18. -. 3.89. .83. 4.00. .64. 3.83. .82. .58. -. 3.87. .74. 4.10. .48. 3.83. .77. 1.69. -. 3.97. .92. 3.93. .79. 3.78. .79. 1.00. -. 3.97. .68. 4.37. .62. 4.21. .75. 2.73. -. 4.03. .75. 3.97. .67. 3.94. .77. .18. -. 3.53. .83. 3.77. .73. 3.66. .76. .84. -. 3.45. .80. 3.63. .81. 3.45. .85. .62. -. 3.68. .84. 3.53. .82. 3.35. .87. 2.27. -. 4.11. .73. 3.97. .72. 3.88. .78. 1.19. -. 3.87. .74. 3.70. .95. 3.59. .86. 1.48. -. 3.87. .74. 3.60. .93. 3.51. .82. 2.58. -. 3.82. .69. 3.63. .89. 3.62. .82. .84. -. 3.87. .70. 3.87. .78. 3.89. .66. .03. -. 7. (7 ). ( ). 》. 168.

(180) 4-21 (n=38) M SD 4.21 .62. (n=30) M SD 3.97 .62. (n=113) M SD 3.82 .74. F. 4.11. .76. 4.23. .57. 4.07. .69. .67. -. 4.13. .84. 4.27. .52. 4.08. .76. .75. -. 4.56*. *p<.05. 2. 13. 7. 283 7 80.17% 256 7 72.52%. 191 7 54.11%. 231 7 65.44% 267 7 75.64%. 7. 258 7 7 56.94%. 176 7 49.86%. 169. 73.09%. 201.

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(215) 2005. 1. 1993 2004 6-34. 2005. 136. 2011. 28-42 ○. 199-220 2013 129 11-18 2008. . 1998. 「. —. 85 1(1). 64-85. 2013. 15 20-32. 1998 1999. 188. 2004 2001 2004 1999 2009. .. 204. 6-11.

(216) 1995 3. 161-179. 45(1). 1-20. 2004 2014. 1998. -. 1997. 3. 2014. —. 51-73. 1. 2009. 2008 2012. 》. 2001. ○ 11-36. 2008. 40. 147-177 2000. 1. 1999 《. 》. 2001 21. 1-26. 2005 29. . 205. 95-112.

(217) 2015. — 49(1). 79-106. 2011 206. 35-48. 2011 206. 35-48. 2001 2012. 221. 2014. 13-24. — 103. 21-31. 2010 115. 1-13. 2008 97. 31-56 2009. 1. 2001. ○ 1-25. 2012. 1. 1990. 4. 35 1-8. 2009. 60(4). 8-18. 》 1995. 》. 》 2005. 》. 》 2008. 》 206.

(218) 》 2014a. 》. .. 》 2014b 》 2016. 》 》. 1. 》 2016. 》. https://www.set.edu.tw/Stastic_WEB/sta2/default.asp 2008. .. 2001. 32. 451-484 「. 2001. 13. 2004. 257-285. 1. 2007. 39. 2004 1993 2008. —. 2000. 2011. -. (2011. 4. 13 2000 26(6). 671-681. 207. 11. 25. ).

(219) 2008. 7. —. 1-22. 2006 19(2). ○ 1. Stake 1-26. 2015 2009. 6 .. 275-306. ○. 1. 2010 》 2013. 33(1). 67-69 2013. 156. 9-14 2011 2000 2009 11. 31-52. 2000. 2004. 2000. 47(2). 12-17 208.

(220) 2009 48 13-22 2009. —. 60(4). 20-31. 2012. 】. — 124. 21-28. 1999. 】. 6(1). 1-4 1996. 2011 119. 1-6. 2013 .. 2011 http://web.fg.tp.edu.tw/~tispa/blog/epaper/03/word/d1-2.pdf 2012 【. 2005. .. 2006 8. 1-20. 2006 30. 53-73. 209.

(221) 2000. —. 2003 24. 39-62. 210.

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