論新聞記者及新聞事業的專業地位

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(4) Debate, Ever ette E . Dennis and John C . Merrill, ' Ne w York: Ma cmilla n. 3 . Er n est Greenwood (1957) Work, J ul y , Vol. 2 . "Attributes of a Profes Sion , " So ~ia1. M ~chae1. Singletary, "Commentary:. pp. 45-55, cited from. w.. Are Journalists ProfesSional s ?" 3 , No.2, 1985, pp . 75-87 .. Newspaper Resea rch Journal, Vol .. 1976, p.98.. & William W. Bowman ( 1976). 6 . John W. C ., Edward J . Slawski. Th e News PeopJe, Urbana, Il . ( 1968). l inois : University of Illinois press .. 7 . Richard H. Hall. "P r ofessio n alizat i o n and. Bureauc ra t izat ion, " American. Sociological Re v i ew , " Vol.33, pp . 92 -1 04.. 8 . ibid . ,. Hawle y Jr.. 9. Jack M. Mcleod l Searle E.. logy of Pro f essions , " Dae. "Profession a lization Among. (19 6 4) dalu e , Vol. 92 , pp . 669-8 8 ,. Newsmen ," Journalism Quart er ly,. 11. Dan L. Lattjm o r e. 10. ibid . ,. & Oguz B. Nayman (1974). letary, "Comme ntar y: Are Journalists Professionals? " Vol . 3 , No . 2 , 1985 , pp .. A Communicator. "Profe.ssio nal ism of Colorado ' s. Anal y sis ,". Daily Newsmen :. 1\ 0 , 1 , pp . 1 -10.. Gazette, Vol . 20, "The Professionalh:ation o J. & Garrett J .. (1977). "Pro fe ssio nal.ism and Pe rfo r. mance of Te levision Journalists"~ Journa l of Broadcasting, Vol.. 21 , No . 1 pp. 97 - 109 .. 14 . Thomas Coldwell (1974). "Professionalism and Perfor. mance Among Newsp a per Photo. graphers," Gazet te, Vol. 20 , . pp. 73 -81.. 15. Jack M. McLeod & Ramo na R. Rush (1969 ). "Profe ssiona J i z ation of Latin. and Part II , Journalism. Amer i can and U •. S . Journalists ;. Pari I. Qu arte rl y , Vol . 46, NO . 4 , pp .. 784-89; NO. 3 , pp . 583-90 .. Ogu Z B . Nayman, Charles K.. At kin & Garret t J . O'K eefe 1 973). "Journal ism as a Profession. in a De velop ing Societ y:. Metropoli1:an Turkj s h Ne wsme n,". Journalism Quarterl y , Vol, 50 , NO . 1 , pp. 69 -76 .. O'Keefe .1 r . (197 4) . 12 . Donala S. Wsinth a l. 17 . Mi c hael W. Singletary ( 1 985). pp. 137 - 5. 16 . Barb e r , 1963.. S~p .,. "Professional Among Broa d cast. LXX, No. 2,. ,. ~. .. .. " • '. ~ ~ ~~~~ o ~F rie dr j c h(l9521'. ~. 3,. o ~ I~III -N • liSE b u r e a u ~:!f? ~ 1 I!!~Ml ~ ~ ~H ~~~~~~~ ~~~~ -H- :@ -< ~ ~~W. .. b ure a u .. ~~ ~ ~~ e ~~ ·~~:ffl. ff~ . ~t«ImI~~~:ffl ~mtr. ~~ ~~~~ ~. ,g:o. 0. ~~~ ~. -H-~1~~ ~ ~~ ·~~ ~ :@ 1 ~. J 'lfiH _ Je.\a Bu r e a u of Land Man a g e me n t 1a' f,g ~ -H ~tplMin@ ). ~~~~~.~ ~ ~£' 1 ~ ~ ~ ~. · ~1 ~. ~ ~ ~~.~N~. . ~l~ ~~ ~ ~£'~ H e~. m ~~~*. ~~ ~~.~ I iW:~E~ J. ~~~ ~l~~~ ~~ ~~:@"~~~ o *~ ~ ~~m~ .. ~~~ ~~~m ~ :@~~ ~l $ ~a:MlIll: ... ~ ~ ~~1KB-*~,* {lJ :@ i!.JIW~;W ·.. ~~~~ ~$:!fi ~~m~Ml~ .. ~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ... ~${~ f§~~i't~.~~t::~~. .. ~ .:@~ ~~. .~.~ :@~~~ m .. * -<Ia'~ .~~~ ~1l~~~£'~~ · · liSlllmi 1 ~~IlI~ J .. ~~. 1 ~:ffl~.~~ .gfL-~ ~ ~~:ti ~ ... ~~~~~. n ~~~~~~ ~ e~~ ~~. ~~~~~~.~N~. No .. Are Jo urnal ists. cited fr om Jo hn W. C. John . I. .l'7t dlrttW"u .L1.J.""'-t1l' 11ft... Vo l .. professio n al s ?" Newsp a p el'. "Commentary :. Newsmen in a n Urb an Area , ". Kar]. stone , Edward J . Sl awski and . 13.. Will iam W. Bowman , The New s . _, .. ~ fIJ ~mt\ 1m it!~,*\I!IHial £'. _ ,~.8tfAJ..NV. ~~. ~l'.~~~,~~1IQ(~~:I;~~urfB~~M. People , Urbana, Illinoi s : Univer~ity of Illi n ois Pr ~ ~~.. Journal of Broadcasting , Vol. 18, No.2, pp . 193-208. A. I d",vo<.(!: " .J am e" L. Hoy t '. Journal o f Sociolog y , Vo l. Everyone?" The American. 5 . Harold Wilensky ( 1964 ) . 75-87.. Newspaper Re search Journal ,. Vol . 41, pp. 529-39 , 577.. c ited from Michae l W. Sing . "Sl'me Problems in the Socio. 4 . Bernard Barber (1963). ~ . lii* ~. '1m i!il. ;a:. II. ~ ~. I. + $. ~ ~. + 1~1. Bu r i n (195 2 ) , Gouldner ( 1 95 2) '. ~~. ~ ~11~. Me r ton ( 1 9 40) $'-< :\Il'IP~ i« ;ru;~~:Q;!:@iW:. r. ~~ ~~ ~D~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~. 0. ~e~~4r-~. t •• .. .~ ~1 ~ ~~~~ ~~ :@~~~ ~ ~~. ~M ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~.~~m~~ ~~ &. .. .. ~ .!l~! ~ 1~4r~ilif.:;@lm~~;t;j. :!fi ~ ~ it!~~ ... . iR 0 ~~~ .~.~ ~ l~ ~ ~ tlle ~ ~~4u Ml ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~.~~$. ~. ... rm~ .. t~~~ff iW: ~ ~ (B u re a u c r a t i z a on ) ~ ~ ~ .. fE- Wli;!:li:l~~~~~ ~ ~ t i. ~~~;fjm ~ ... ~ 1!li. ~~~ .~ ~~ , ~~ , .~ ~ ~~~~~. ...... .1 ...... ...... ,. ~~-H- :tt~ ~tI~~ ~ $R · .. :jI(iJ:~. o~~~ ~~mt\~~~ *~ "~~~~~ l ~ _. $1!Il\-ta4r '.

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