情感狀態與運動表現的關係：手槍選手之個人情感相關表現區域

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(1)國立臺灣師範大學運動與休閒學院國立臺灣師範大學運動與休閒學院體育學系碩士學位論文. 情感狀態與運動情感狀態與運動表現的關係運動表現的關係：表現的關係：手槍選手之個人手槍選手之個人情感之個人情感相關情感相關表現相關表現區域. 研究生：蔡佳惠指導教授：指導教授：季力康. 中華民國 104 年 6 月中華民國臺北市.

(2) 情感狀態與運動表現的關係：情感狀態與運動表現的關係：手槍選手之個人情感相關表現區域手槍選手之個人情感相關表現區域 2015 年 6 月研究生：蔡佳惠指導教授：季力康摘要目的：提升運動表現一直是是教練、運動員以及運動相關的人員關注的議題，學者目的提出個人情感相關表現區 (individual affect-related performance zones，IAPZs)，試圖繪情感與表現之間的關係，並呈現運動員在特定情感狀態下不同表現層次出現的機率。本文目的在於探討腦波前額不對稱性在運動表現上之差異，並透過心跳率、覺醒以及愉悅感與的生理測量建立優秀空氣手槍選手個情感相關表現區域。方法方法：方法：招募四名優秀空氣手槍選手，射擊 40 發子彈，同時蒐集腦波、心跳率、覺醒與愉悅感。以 t 檢定檢驗正、負值前額不對稱腦波在射擊成績上的差異，並以多項式邏輯斯迴歸分析建立不同情感強度下，選手各種表現層次出現的機率曲線。結果結果：正、負值前額不對稱腦波在射擊成績上結果沒有差異，心跳率以及愉悅感程度在中等強度偏低的情況下會產生最佳表現，且每一位運動員均具有獨特之 IAPZs。結論結論：本研究確立 IAPZs 可以應用在個別運動員身上，描結論述與各個表現層次有關的心跳率及愉悅感程度。. 關鍵詞關鍵詞：個人最適功能區域個人最適功能區域、情感相關表現區域情感相關表現區域、前額不對稱性、前額不對稱性、機率方法. iii.

(3) The relationships between affective states and sport performance: Affect-related performance zones in elite air pistol shooters.. June, 2015 Tasi, Chia-hui Advisor: Chi, Li-kang. Abstract Enhance athletic performance has been a topic of concern by the coaches, athletes and sports-related personnel. Researcher represented the individual-affect-related performance zones (IAPZs), expecting to understand the relationship between emotional states and performance qualities, and determining the probability of different performance levels in a particular emotional state. The purpose of this paper is to exaimine the differences of shooting scores on frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry. And use the probabilistic method to establish expert air pistol players affect-related performance zones on heart rate (HR), arousal and pleasure. Methods: recruited four expert air-pistol shooters, shooting 40 shots, and collect EEG., cardiac signal, aroual and pleasure. T-test was used to examine the differences of shooting scores on frontal EEG asymmetry. Multiple logistic regression analysis are performed to create probability curves based on different levels of emotional intensity. Result: there was no significant difference in scores between positive and negative frontal EEG asymmetry. The associations between the IAPZs for HR, aroual and pleasure were unique for each shooters. Conclusion: this study showed that IAPZs can applied for describing affective ststes and pleasure levels with different performance levels.. Key words: idividual zone of optimal functioning, individual affect-related performance zones, frontal asymmetry, probabilistic method. iv.

(4) 謝誌三年多的學習時間，最終以本論文畫下句點，然而重新踏入校園的緣起須將時間拉到 2010 年廣州亞運，賽事結束後，成績不如預期，深感不能僅以射擊技術作為運動表現之唯一基石，應朝運動心理層面尋找鞏固運動表現之方，在心中埋下深造的想法，後來在郭孟熙教練的建議和鼓勵下報考研究所。在一邊工作一邊書寫論文的過程中，有幸獲得指導教授季力康老師的體諒與支持，更鼓勵我以空氣手槍運動員的角色出發，尋覓相關議題，期許我透過研讀文獻提高掌握自身射擊技術的能力，並探究影響運動員心理層面之相關因素，在老師的引領下，我從單純的技術鍛鍊跨入了廣闊的學術領域。正式註冊為體育系的研究生之後，利用放假時間上課、參與讀書會與學術研討會，上班抽空搜尋並研讀外文文獻，下班接續完成一份又一份的報告與簡報，如此的生活以週為單位不斷地重複著，生活瞬間變得十分緊湊。但是，幸運的是，第一學期經由洪聰敏教授的期末作業，引導我從有興趣的議題中搜尋最新最重要的參考文獻，過程中不斷嘗試不同的關鍵字、耐心研讀每一篇的摘要，終於從百來篇的文獻中擇出三篇最有價值的文獻，從中學習到努力的積累與耐心是達成目標的不二法門。確立研究主題的過程中，十分感謝季老師的支持與指導，此外，特別感謝臺北科技大學的豐東洋教授在擬定實驗方法到進行實驗上的協助，不辭辛勞地開車載著我和儀器到桃園縣新明國中蒐集數據，內心的感動難以言喻，謹此向豐老師致上萬分的謝意。研究生生活因不斷吸收新知將緊湊轉化為充實，也因為有學長姊與研究夥伴在過程中無私地交流指導、勉勵打氣，時時幫我補充正面能量，讓我順利地一步步邁向終點，在此衷心感謝涵妮、衍宏、美綺、思羽、文馨、憶綺、心妮、律伶、蓓欣、致華、乃儀以及宙縈等夥伴。最後，要謝謝我的父親蔡金振先生以及母親李秀敏女士，謝謝您們在求學過程中從未施予任何學業成就表現的壓力，謹以此小小成就彰顯您們純然的支持與關心，以及母親在求學過程的辛勞接送與陪伴，願此論文成果讓您們感到光榮驕傲。. 蔡佳惠. 謹誌. 2015 年 6 月 23 日 v.

(5) 目次碩士論文通過簽名表…..………………………...……………….……………………………i 論文授權書…………………………...................................................................……….……ii 中文摘要……………………………………......................................................……….……iii 英文摘要…………………………………...........................................................……….……iv 謝誌……………………………............................................................................……….……v 目次………………………………………………………………………........ ..……….……vi 表次……………………………………………………………………………..……....... viii 圖次………………………………………………………………….................................... ix. 第壹章緒論…...………………………………………………………………1 緒論第一節. 前言…...……………………………………….………………………………1. 第二節. 研究背景…...…………………………………………………………………2. 第三節. 研究問題…...…………………………………………………………………7. 第四節. 研究假設……………….....……………………………………………………7. 第五節. 名詞操作性定義…...…………………………………………………………8. 第貳章. 文獻探討…...…………………………………..……………………9 文獻探討. 第一節. 個人情感相關表現區模式的前身─個人最適功能區域假說...…….……9. 第二節. 個人情感相關表現區模式的萌芽─機率評價方法………………………13. 第三節. 前額不對稱性之相關研究…………………………………………………18. 第參章. 研究方法與步驟……………………………..……………………22 研究方法與步驟. 第一節. 參與者……………..…...………………………………………………..……22. vi.

(6) 第二節. 研究設計….....................………………………………………………..…22. 第三節. 研究工具……………..………………………………………………..……23. 第四節. 研究步驟…………….....………………………………………………..……26. 第五節. 資料處理.....................…………………………………………………..……29. 第六節. 統計分析……………………………………………………………………30. 第肆章研究結果分析………………...………………..……………………33 研究結果分析第一節. 優秀空氣手槍選手運動成績在前額不對稱腦波上之差異……….………33. 第二節. 優秀空氣手槍選手心跳率變化在不同運動表現層次上之差異…………33. 第三節. 優秀空氣手槍選手覺醒、愉悅感在不同運動表現層次上之差異..……..…36. 第四節. 優秀空氣手槍選手個人情感相關表現區域..………………………..…37. 第伍章討論……………………………………...……..……………………52 討論第一節. 優秀空氣手槍選手運動成績在前額不對稱腦波上上之差異………...……52. 第二節. 優秀空氣手槍選手心跳率變化在不同運動表現層次之差異………..……55. 第三節. 優秀空氣手槍選手覺醒、愉悅感在不同運動表現層次上之差異..…..…57. 第四節. 優秀空氣手槍選手個人情感相關表現區域..………………………..…58. 第陸章結論與建議……………………………...……..……………………60 結論與建議第一節. 結論……………………………………………………………………...……60. 第二節. 建議………………………………………………………………….…..……60. 參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………………..62. 附錄………………………………………………………………………………………..69. vii.

(7) 表次表1 心跳率與運動表現層次二因子混合設計變異數分析摘要表…………….....….….…35 表 2 表現層次之心跳率、覺醒與愉悅感描述性統計表…………………….....….………36 表 3 獨立樣本單因子變異數分析摘要表………….………………….……………………37 表4 心跳率─運動表現之多項式邏輯斯迴歸摘要表……………………………………...41 表5 覺醒─運動表現之多項式邏輯斯迴歸摘要表………………………………………...45 表6 愉悅感─運動表現之多項式邏輯斯迴歸摘要表……………………………………...48 表7 情感相關表現區域之情感情度範圍…………………………………………………...51. viii.

(8) 圖次. 圖 1-1 個人最適功能區域假說之個人最適功能區域及個人功能不良區域圖…………12 圖 1-2 個人最適功能區域假說之個人最適功能區域及個人功能不良區域圖…………12 圖 2 二個表現層次情感─表現機率曲線圖………………….………………………...…14 圖 3-1 四個表現層次情感─表現機率曲線圖………………….…………………………15 圖 3-2 定義最佳表現區域的方法……………….…...……………………………………15 圖 4-1 五個表現層次情感─表現機率曲線圖….…...……………………………………17 圖 4-2 定義定義 5 個表現層次機率的方法……………….…...…………………………17 圖 5 本研究電擊位置紀錄俯視圖……………….…...……………………………………25 圖 6 實驗流程圖……………………………………………………………………………28 圖 7 不同表現層次之擊發前時間區段心跳變化圖.…….…………………………………35 圖 8 空氣手槍選手 (全部) 不同情感狀態之個人情感相關表現機率曲線圖……………42 圖 9 空氣手槍選手心跳率─表現層次機率曲線圖……………………………..…………43 圖 10 空氣手槍選手覺醒─表現層次機率曲線圖…..……………………………………46 圖 11 空氣手槍選手愉悅感─表現層次機率曲線圖………..……………………………49. ix.

(9) 2012 ─. 2004 2005. 2012. 1960. (International. Shooting Sport Federation. ISSF. 2 2. (. ). 2004 2008. 2009. 2006). 1. 9 6.

(10) (individual Affect-related Performance Zones. IAPZs). (Hillman, Apparies, Janelle, & Hatfield, 2000) (Tremayne & Barry, 2001). (Guillot, Collet, Dittmar, Delemer, & Vernet-Maury, 2005; Guillot, Collet, Molinaro, & Dittmar, 2004). (Gould, Greenleaf, & Krane, 2002). (Lazarus, 2000). A B. (Deci, 1980). 2.

(11) Hardy. (. (Hardy, Jones, & Gould, 1996). ) (Robazza, Pellizzari, Bertollo, & Hanin, 2008). (Jones, 2003) Hanin (2000) (IZOF). (functional relationship) (Edmonds, Mann, Tenenbaum, & Jenelle, 2006) (individual zone of optimal functioning, IZOF). (individual zone of dysfunction, IZDy) (in the zone). (out of the zone). (Hanin, 2000). Kamata. (Kamata, Tenenbaum, & Hanin, 2002). 3.

(12) U. (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). ( task difficulty hypothesis). (Oxendine, 1970) U Watson and Tellegen (1985) ─ Kamata. (Kamata et al.,. 2002). (emotion) (affect). ─ (individual affect-related performance zones, IAPZs). (Edmonds et al., 2006). ─. (Bertollo et al., 2012;. Edmonds et al., 2006; Gould, Tenenbaum, & Kamata, 2004; Johnson, Edmonds, Moraes, Modeiros Filho, & Tenenbaum, 2007; Medeiros Filho, Moraes, & Tenenbaum, 2008) 2D 4.

(13) ─. Johnson. (2007). (The affect grid). (Russell, Weiss, & Mendelsohn, 1989) (. ). (. 2009 Bertollo. et al., 2012) (Goodman, Haufler, Shim, & Hatfield, 2009; Bertollo et al., 2012). (2009). 6. 10 ( Bertollo. 2011). (2012) ─. 20. (neuro-vegetative). (Guillot et al., 2003, 2004, 2005; Kontinnen & Lyytinen, 1992; Kontinnen, Lyytinen, & Viitasalo, 1998; Tremayne & Barry, 2001; Vaez-Mousavi, Hashemi5.

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(20) (IZOF). 1-1. (IZDy). “Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF): A Probabilistic Estimation,” by A. Kamata, G. Tenenbaum, and Y. L. Hanin, 2002, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, p19.. (IZOF). 1-2. (IZDy). “Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF): A Probabilistic Estimation,” by A. Kamata, G. Tenenbaum, and Y. L. Hanin, 2002, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, p19.. 12.

(21) (Kamata et al., 2002). (monotonically increases). (Kamata et al., 2002) (OP). (nOP). 0.5 0.5 U 1908). Turner. ( 2) (Yerkes & Dodson,. Raglin (1996). 13.

(22) 1.0. OP 0.8. nOP. 0.6. 0.4. 0.2 0.0. 2 “Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF): A Probabilistic Estimation,” by A. Kamata, G. Tenenbaum, and Y. L. Hanin, 2002, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, p19.. (nOP). 2. (above). (below). Kamata (2002). (OP) (MoP/A). (PP) ( 3-1. 3-2) 14. (MoP/B).

(23) 1.0. 0.8 P(PP) P(Mo/B). 0.6. P(OP) P(Mo/A). 0.4. 0.2. 0.0 10.0. 20.0. 30.0. 40.0. 50.0. 60.0. ( /. 70.0. 80.0. 90.0. ). 3-1 PP. MoP/B. OP. MoP/A. http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~akamata/izof. PP. MoP/B. OP. MoP/A P3 P2 P1 1. 1-P1. P1-P2. P2-P3. P3. -2 PP P1. nOP/B. OP P2. nOP/A P3. “Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF): A Probabilistic Estimation,” by A. Kamata, G. Tenenbaum, and Y. L. Hanin, 2002, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, p19.. 15.

(24) U. Kamata. (2002) Kamata. (2002). (MoP/B) (MoP/A). Johnson. (PP/B). (2007). Kamata. (2002). (PP/A) Johnson, Edmonds, Kamata Tenenbaum (2009). ( 4-2) (. ). ( 4-1). 1.. (P/B) =1 P1. 2.. (Mo/B) =P1 P2. 3.. (OP) =P2. P3. 4.. (Mo/A) =P3. 5.. (Mo/A)= P4. P4. 16.

(25) 1.0. 0.8 P(PP/B) P(Mo/B). 0.6. P(OP) P(Mo/A). 0.4. P(PP/A) 0.2. 0.0 30.0. 40.0. 50.0. 60.0. 70.0. (. 80.0. /. 90.0. 100.0. 110.0. ). ─. 4-1. PP/A. MoP/B. MoP/A. OP. PP/A. P/B. Mo/B. OP. Mo/A. P/A P4 P3 P2 P1 1. 1-P1. P1-P2. P2-P3. P3-P4. P4. OP. MoP/A. 4-2 PP/B. MoP/B PP/A. P3. Mo/A+P/A. P1 P4. P/A. PP/B. P2. OP+Mo/A+P/A. “Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF): A. Probabilistic Estimation,” by A. Kamata, G. Tenenbaum, and Y. L. Hanin, 2002, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, p19.. 17.

(26) (OP). (MoP). (PP). α ( withdrawal). Davidson (1984). approach). (. (frontal asymmetry) (approach). (withdrawal). 18. Harmon-Jones (2004).

(27) ─. (PET) (Reiman, Raichle, Butler, Hercovitch & Robins, 1984) (Morrs, Bradley, Bowers, Lang & Heilman, 1991) (Damasio, 1989; Davidson, 1992). Davidson Fox, 1989). 1989. (Davidson &. (Davidson & Tomarken, 1989) (EEG) Davidson. Fox (1989). Davidson. (Henriques & Davidson, 1990). Schaffer, Davidson Saron (1983) Depression Inventory) 19. (Beck.

(28) Tomarken, Davidson, Wheeler (1992). Doss. (PANAS). α (T3) (T4). (O2). (O1) (Hatfield, Landers, & Ray, 1984;. Hatfield et al., 1987) (Haufler, Spalding, Santa Maria, & Hatfield, 2000, 2002) (Janelle & Hatfield, 2008) 4 10Hz. 12Hz. 24Hz. (Salazar et al., 1990). (Hatfield et al., 1984, 1987; Salazar et al., 1990) (Park, Fairweather, & Donaldson, 2015) (Hatfield et al., 1984). (Doyle, Ornstein, & Galin, 1974) (Doyle et al., 1974; Ehrlichman & Wiener, 1980; Springer &. Deutsch, 1998). 20.

(29) (Hatfield et al., 1984). (Tomarkenet al., 1992). 21.

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(39) t =.05. =.05. Kamata. (2002) (Multiple logistic regression. analysis). 1.. 2.. ─. 3.. ─. (. ) (. P Mo/B 3. ─. X OP. 4. ( Mo/A 5. ) P/A. P (Y=1| Xi) =. P (Y=2| Xi) =. P (Y=3| Xi) =. P (Y=4| Xi) =. 31. ). Y. ) (1. P/B. 2.

(40) P (Y=5| Xi) =. 32.

(41) t. t t (M= 9.85 (M= 9.81. SD= 0.76. SD= 0.63. ). ). (t(154)= .40, p> .05). (5. ×15. ). Mauchly’s W <.05). .00 (χ2 =1627.50, p. Greenhouse-Geisser Greenhouse-Geisser (F(20.10, 768.67) = .93 p= .554) ( (F(4, 768.67) = 23.31 p < .05) 15. (. 1. 33. ). ).

(42) (F(5.02, 768.67) = 19.88 p < .05) 1 3. (OP) 95.91 ( /. 93.16 ( /. ). ). (P/B). (OP) (P/A). (Mo/A) (Mo/B). (OP). (Mo/A). (P/A) (Mo/A). (OP) (P/A). 15 15. 9. 8 1. 1. 5. 2. 7-All 15 10. 1. 10. 7. 5 15 (P/A). (Mo/A). (OP). (P/B). (Mo/B). ( 7-OP) 15. 10. 10 (OP). 1. 34. 5.

(43) 1. SS ( b. ). (. ) ×. b. df. MS. F. 94545.72. 4.00. 23636.43. 23.31. 18312.13. 5.02. 3644.98. 19.88. 3410.25. 20.10. 169.70. .93. L1 < L3 < L4, L2 < L3 < L4, L1 < L5, L2 < L5, L3 < L5 t15 > t8~t1, t14 > t9~t1, t13 > t9~t1, t12 > t9~t1, t11 > t9~t1, t10 > t7~t1, t9 > t8~t1, t8 > t3~t1, t7 > t5~t1, t6 > t2 t1, t5 > t1, t4 > t1, t3 > t1, t2 > t1,. .00 155137.80. 153.00. 1013.97. 140932.67. 768.67. 183.35. 421338.57. 950.79 L1. b. L5. P/A t15. 15. t14. 14. P/B L2 t13. Mo/B L3 13. OP L4. …. Mo/A. t1. 1. p <.05. 115.0. 105.0 P/A. 95.0. Mo/A All OP. 85.0. Mo/B P/B. 75.0. 65.0 t15. t14. t13. t12. t11. t10. t9. t8. t7. t6. t5. t4. t3. t2. t1. 7 P/A. Mo/A. OP t14. Mo/B 14. t13. All P/B. 13. …. t15 t1. 35. 1. 15.

(44) 2 6.26. (OP). 6.09. 4.96. 5.08. 2. M. SD. M. SD. M. SD. P/B Mo/B OP. 90.56. 6.24. 5.06. 1.01. 3.67. .58. 88.40. 9.07. 5.29. .85. 3.67. .58. 93.16. 15.21. 6.26. 1.06. 4.96. .63. Mo/A P/A. 102.96. 10.92. 7.26. .45. 5.29. .46. 103.08. 12.54. 7.00. .00. 5.18. .44. 95.91. 13.48. 6.09. 1.18. 5.08. .60. P/B. Mo/B. OP. Mo/A. P/A. Levene. (F(4, 155)= 16.53 p < .05). 5. Box-cox (λ= 2) Levene. (F(4, 155)= 20.09 p < .05). (F(4, < .05) (P/B). 3. Scheffé. (Mo/B) 36. 155). = 14.05, p.

(45) (P/A). (Mo/A). (P/A). (Mo/A) (Mo/B). (P/B). (OP). (P/B). (Mo/B). (Mo/A). 3. ( (. L1. ) ). P/B. L2. SS. df. MS. F. 15.42. 4. 3.85. 14.05. 42.53. 155. .27. 57.94. 159. Mo/B. L3. OP. L4. Mo/A. L5. L1<L3<L4, L1<L5, L2<L3<L4, L2<L5. P/A. p <.05. Kamata. (2002) (. ). 5. 1. 5 4 (. 1~. 4. 1i~. 4i). (. 37. ).

(46) P (Y=1| Xi) =. P (Y=2| Xi) =. P (Y=3| Xi) =. P (Y=4| Xi) =. P (Y=5| Xi) = XE(1) =0 exp(0)=1. (P/A). P (Y=1| Xi) = P (Y=2| Xi) = P (Y=3| Xi) = P (Y=4| Xi) = P (Y=5| Xi) =. ( 50~150 ( / ( 8). ). 8-1. 38. ). (. ).

(47) 8-1. (OP) 67.72~100.63 ( /. ). (OP). (OP). 67.72~100.63 ( /. ). 50.00~67.72 ( /. (Mo/B) ). (Mo/B). 50.00~67.72 ( 100.63~150.00 ( /. /. ). (P/A). ). 100.63~150.00 ( /. (P/A). ). (P/B). (Mo/A). 2.. (OP) /. ). 67.72 ( /. (Mo/B). ). (OP). 17.72 ( /. 100.63 ( 32.91 ( /. ). ). (P/A). (P/B). (Mo/A). 49.37 ( 0( /. /. ). ). ( 7). 1.. (. ). ( 4) (. (. ). 50~150 ( / (. 9). 39. ). ).

(48) 9-A. A. (OP). 83.33~88.46 ( /. ). (OP) (OP). 83.33~88.46 ( /. ). (Mo/B). 50.00~83.33 ( /. ). (Mo/B). 50.00~83.33 (. /. ). (Mo/A) 100.63~150.00 ( /. 9-A. 88.46~150.00 (. ). /. ). (Mo/A). A. (P/B). (P/A). A 9-B. 9-C. 9-D. B. C. D 7. 9. (OP). 2.. A ( /. ). 83.33 ( /. (Mo/B) ). ). (OP). (OP) 33.33 ( /. 5.13 ( /. ). ). (Mo/A). (P/B) A. 88.46. (P/A). 61.54 ( 0 (. (Mo/A). /. ). (Mo/B). (OP). B ( 7). 40. C. D. /.

(49) 4 P1. P2. 1i. 1. P3. 2i. 2. 3i. P4 3. 4i. 4. All. 15.486. -0.17. 16.405. -0.179. 13.244. -0.132. -0.298. -0.020. A. 93.670. -1.108. 116.003. -1.377. 61.587. -0.713. -9.518. 0.109. B. 60.321. -0.577. 56.045. -0.538. 48.976. -0.457. 2.889. -0.025. C. 27.928. -0.349. 35.587. -0.428. 23.911. -0.276. 7.005. -0.086. D. 85.662. -0.889. 92.594. -0.965. 13.934. -0.133. -3.921. 0.040. 1i~. 4i. P1~P4. 1~. P1~P4. 41.

(50) P/B. 1.0. Mo/B. OP. P(Mo/A). P/A. All. 8-1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 60.0. 70.0. P/B. 1.0. 80.0. 90.0. Mo/B. 100.0. 110.0. 120.0. OP. 8-2. 130.0. P(Mo/A). 140.0. 150.0. 160.0. P/A. All. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 2.0. 3.0. P/B. 1.0. 4.0. 5.0. Mo/B. 6.0. OP. 8-3. 7.0. P(Mo/A). 8.0. 9.0. P/A. All. 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 2.0. 3.0. 4.0. 5.0. 8. 42. 6.0. 7.0. 8.0. 9.0.

(51) 1.0. 0.8. 9-A 0.6. P/B Mo/B. 0.4. Mo/A P/A. 0.2 0.0 60.0. 70.0. 80.0. 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0. 1.0. 0.8. 9-B. P/B Mo/B OP. 0.6 0.4. Mo/A P/A. 0.2 0.0 60.0. 70.0. 80.0. 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0. 1.0 0.8. P/B Mo/B OP Mo/A P/A. 9-C 0.6 0.4 0.2 60.0. 70.0. 80.0. 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0. 1.0. 0.8. P/B Mo/B OP Mo/A P/A. 9-D. 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 60.0. 70.0. 80.0. 90.0 100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0. 9. 43.

(52) 5. 5. (. 1~. 1i~. 4. ( 8-2. 4i). 1~9. 10). 1. (OP) 5.15~7.28 ( 8-2). (OP) (OP). 5.15~7.28. (P/B). 1.00~5.15. (P/B) (Mo/A). 1.00~5.15. 7.28~9.00. 7.28~9.00. (Mo/A). (Mo/B). (P/A). 2.. (OP) 7.28~5.15. (OP). 2.13. (P/B). 4.15. (Mo/A). 1.72. (Mo/B). (P/A) (OP). 0. (P/B) (Mo/A). 7 44.

(53) 1. A. (OP). 6.15~7.10 ( 10-A). (OP) (OP). 6.15~7.10. (P/B). 1.00~6.15 7.10~9.00. (P/A). (Mo/B). (Mo/A). 2.. A 7.10. 6.15. (OP). 5.15. 0.95. (P/A) (Mo/A). (Mo/B). 0. C. (P/B). 1.90 A. (P/A) B. (OP). (P/A). (OP) D. ( 10. 7). 5 P1. P2. P3. 1i. 1. 2i. 2. 3i. 19.259. -2.988. 18.086. -2.787. 12.797. A. 152.617. -23.236. 151.924. -23.236. B. 13.992. -2.962. 10.353. C. 111.980. -18.251. D. 137.153. -30.284. All. 1i~. 4i. P1~P4. P4 4i. 4. -1.754. -7.163. 1.024. 87.562. -12.509. 88.084. -12.596. -2.118. 7.012. -1.173. -5.420. 0.861. 111.287. -18.251. 11.682. -1.582. 8.440. -1.143. 136.565. -30.284. 71.818. -14.225. 0.470. 0. 1~. P1~P4 45. 3.

(54) 1.0. P/B. Mo/B. OP. Mo/A. P/A. 0.8 0.6. 10-A 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 2.0. 3.0. P/B. 1.0. 4.0. 5.0. 6.0. Mo/B. OP. 7.0. Mo/A. 8.0. 9.0. P/A. 0.8 0.6. 10-B 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 3.0 P/B. 1.0. 5.0 Mo/B. OP. 7.0 Mo/A. 9.0 P/A. 0.8 0.6. 10-C. 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 3.0 P/B. 1.0. 5.0 Mo/B. OP. 7.0 Mo/A. 9.0 P/A. 0.8 0.6. 10-D 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 3.0. 5.0. 10 46. 7.0. 9.0.

(55) 5. 6. (. 1~. 1i~. 4. (. 4i). 8-3. 1~9. 11). 1. (OP) 3.53~5.25 ( 8-3). (OP) (OP). 3.53~5.25. (P/B). 1.00~3.53. (Mo/B). 1.00~3.53. (P/A). 5.35~9.00. (Mo/A). 5.53~9.00 2.. (OP) 1.72. (P/B). (Mo/B). (P/A). (Mo/A). (P/A). 4.65. (Mo/A). (P/B). (Mo/B) B. 2.53. C. (OP) D. ( 11. 1. 47. 7).

(56) A. (OP). 1.00~5.10 ( 11-A). (OP) (OP). 1.00~5.10. (P/B). 5.10~9.00. (Mo/B). (Mo/A). (P/A). 2.. (OP) 4.10. (P/B). (Mo/A). 4.90. (Mo/B). (P/A). (P/B). 0. (OP). C. B. D. ( 11. 7). 6 P1 1i. P2 1. 2i. 16.137. -4.161. 16.137. A. -69.618. 13.893. -0.154. B. 72.397. -17.720. 129.141. C. 17.430. -3.157. 19.568. D. 35.593. -7.088. 0. All. 1i~. 4i. P1~P4. P3 2. 3i. -4.161. 3. 4i. 4. 4.802. -0.920. -2.098. 0.397. 0.619. 0. 0. 0. -31.733. 14.081. -2.759. -0.505. 0.06. -3.580. 13.440. -2.272. -86.141. 14.319. 0.7730. 0. 0. 0 1~. P4. P1~P4. 48. 0.154. 0.

(57) 1.0. P/B). 0.8. Mo/B 0.6. OP. 11-A. Mo/A. 0.4. P/A 0.2 0.0 1.0. 3.0. 5.0. 1.0. 0.8. 7.0. 9.0. P/B. Mo/B. Mo/A. P(Mo/A). P/A. 0.6. 11-B 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 3.0. 5.0. 7.0. 9.0. 1.0 0.8. P/B Mo/B. 0.6. OP. -C. Mo/A. 0.4. P/A 0.2 0.0 1.0. 3.0. 5.0. 7.0. 9.0. P/B. 1.0. Mo/B 0.8. OP. Mo/A. 0.6. 11-D. P/A. 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.0. 3.0. 5.0. 11 49. 7.0. 9.0.

(58) 7. 8. 9. ( A. C. 7). (OP). B. D. A. C. B. D D 4.08~5.10. (OP). D. (OP). 100%. B. A C (OP). D. 3 (P/B). A. 3. 3 (OP) (OP). (P/B P/A Mo/B Mo/A). 50.

(59) 51.

(60) (Kolb & Taylor, 1990). (approach). (withdrawal) (Davidson, 1993; Wheeler, Davidson, & Tomarken, 1993). Harmon-Jones. Allen. (1998). (Davidson & Henriques, 1990). 52.

(61) (. 2005). (. (. 2009) 2008). (Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1998). (. (Davidson, 1988). 2008). EEG (Basar, 2012). EEG. (Park et al., 2015). 7.5. (O1). (T3). (Hatfield et al., 1984,. 1987). (T3) (10. ). (Janelle et al., 2000) (9. ). T3 53. T3.

(62) (Loze, Collins, & Holmes, 2001). 54.

(63) (OP) (Mo/A) (OP). 93.16 ( /. ( /. (P/A) ). 95.91. ). ( ) (Lacey, 1967) Nideffer (1976). Lacey. Lacey. (1974, 1980) (visceral afferent feedback model) (tachycardia) ( ). (. ). 55.

(64) Hatfield. (1987). (barrier) (. (noise). ). (Hatfield et al., 1987). (Tremayne & Barry, 2001). (Molander & Jansson, 1997). (Crews, 1989; Boutcher & Zinsser, 1990). (. 2011). (2009) 15. (OP) (P/A). 11. (Mo/A) (OP). 56.

(65) (OP). (OP). U. (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908). ( task difficulty hypothesis). (Oxendine, 1970) (Molander & Jansson, 1997) (. 2009). (Bertollo et al., 2012) (Lacey & Lacey, 1974). (OP) 3.53~5.25. (OP) (P/B). (Mo/B). (Mo/A) (5.25). 57.

(66) 2006. (Edmonds et al., 2006) Borg 11 (1.91). (hedonic) (Bertollo et al.,2012 ) (OP). Hanin (2000). (Bertollo et al., 2012) (Golden et al., 2004; Johnson et al., 2007; Edmonds et 58.

(67) al., 2006; Filho, Morales, & Tenenbaum, 2008; Bertollo et al., 2012; van der Lei & Tenenbaum, 2012) (van der Lei & Tenenbaum, 2012). 59.

(68) t. 5. 60.

(69) 61.

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