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1,* HSUEH-FEN HUNG1, CHIU-SEN WANG1,*1 !"#$%&'()*+ ,-./01213
Graduate Institute of Environmentil Health, National Tainan University. No.1, Jen-Ai Road, section l, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
* !Correspondence author. E-mail: [email protected]
!"#$%&'()*+,-./012345"6789:;<=>?@A" !"#$%&'()*+,-./01()23456789:;</04=>? !"#$%&'()*+19941997 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123 !"#$%&' ()#$*+,-./01234#$*+501,6.78 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123%&'(456789:;01<=> !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123)*456789:;<=>?@67(AB !"#$%1/120 ppb8/80 ppb !"#$%&'()*+&',-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !0123456(789:;<4=>?@< !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678934)*:;<&=>? 12:00-16:00 !"#$%&'()*+,-./01234)*56725-45 ppb10-25 ppb !"#$%(10 ppb) !"#$%&'!(10-20 ppb) !"#$%& !"#$%&'()*+,-./1 !"#$%&'(120 ppb !"# 8 !"#$%&'(80 ppb !"#$%&'()*!+,-./012%3 !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./012$ !"#$% &'()*+,-./01234/056789:#;%#<=>?@ !"#$%&'"#()*+,-./0123456)7819$:;<( ! 199918(6)423-431) !"#$%&'()*&'(+,-./01
Variations of ambient ozone concentrations in Taiwan:
application of 1- and 8-hour standards in the examination of the
ozone pollution problem
Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to analyze the ozone pollution problem in
Taiwan by examining the hourly variations of the ambient ozone concentrations. In addition, compli-ance tests were performed for various regions using 1-hour/120 ppb and 8-hour/80 ppb standards.
Methods: This study made use of hourly average ozone concentration data from 1994 through 1997
reported by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. Analyses of hourly variation patterns of ozone concentrations were carried out for the following seven monitoring stations: Chung-Shan and Shan-Min in two metropolitan centers, Shin-Dian in a downwind area of a metropolitan center, Mei-Nung and Chao-Chou in rural areas downwind of a metropolitan center, Yang-Min in a national park and Wan-Li in a remote area. To examine the patterns of hourly variations, the average values of hourly average ozone concentrations for all days with high ozone concentrations in each season were calculated for each area. Results: The results of analysis for days with high ozone concentrations show that there were five types of hourly variation patterns including: metropolitan centers, down-wind areas of a metropolitan center, rural areas downdown-wind of a metropolitan center, national parks and remote areas. For all types, the hourly average ozone concentration curves had a single peak appear-ing between 12:00 and 16:00. The nocturnal ozone concentrations were considerably higher in the national park (25-45 ppb) and the remote areas (10-25 ppb) than in the metropolitan centers (<10 ppb) and rural areas downwind of a metropolitan center (10-20 ppb). The results of compliance tests show that the number of days exceeding the 1-hour/ 120 ppb standard was higher than the number of days exceeding the 8-hour/ 80 ppb standard in the Taipei basin, while the situations in other areas were the opposite. This indicates that the hourly variations of ambient ozone concentrations in the Taipei basin differed from those of other areas. Conclusions: The results suggest that the differences among various patterns of hourly variations of ozone concentrations should be taken into consideration when revising ozone air quality standards. (Chin J Public Health. (Taipei): 1999; 18(6): 423-431)
!"88830 !"881123 !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'[1]19941996 !"#$%&'()*+(120 ppb) !"#390398611 !"#$ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,[2-5] !"#$%&'()*+,-.&/ !"#$%&'()*+,Horstman [6] !"#$%&(controlled human studies) !"#$%&'()160μg/m3( 81.5 ppb)200μg/m3(101.9 ppb)240μg/ m3(122.3 ppb)6.6 !"#$%&' FEV1.0(forced expiratory volume in 1 s) 7.07.012.3% !"#$%&'( !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&' ("#)*+,- !"#$%&'()*+,- ! !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'((pattern) ! ! 1997 !"#$%&'()*+, [7] !"#$%&!'(%8 !"#$%&'()*#$%+,-80 ppb ( !"#$%&1999 !"#$%&'()*1997 ! !"#$%&'()"#*+,-. !"#) !"#$%&'()* !"#$8 !"#$%&'() 60 ppb !1 !"#$%&'( 120 ppb !"#$%&'()) !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+1/120 ppb !"#$%&'()*!"+ !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,(expected-exceedance form)8/80 ppb ! !"#$%&'($)*+,-. !"#N8 !"#$%&' 80 ppb !"#$%&'()*+, (concentration-based form) !Blanchard [8] !"#$%&'()*+(exposure-based criteria) !"#$%&'()*+ !"#$%&'()*+,-(). !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()"*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&(compliance test) !"#$%&'()*+ (1) !"#$%&'()*+, !" (2) !"#$%&'()*+ (3)1/120 ppb8/80 ppb !"#$%&'()*+, !"#$%&'()*+# ! !"19941199712 !"#$%&'()*+,-./% !"#$%&'(")*+,-. !"#$%66 (19967 71) !1-21 !( !"# !"#$ ) !"#$%22-27 !( !"#$%&") ! 28-36 !( !"#$%&" !) !"#37-46 !"( !"#$!%&'(!%) !" 47-60 !( !"#$%&") !"62-63 !( !"#$ ) !"#65-66 !( ! ) !"#$5 !"#$% !"#$%&'(61 !" !"#$%&'()*+
!"#$%&'()*+,-. ![9] 1.8 !"#$% &'()5 ! 2. !"#$%&'()16 3. !"#$%&'()6000 !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#12 !2 !"#$% !"#$"%&12 !2 ! 2 !"#$%&'()*+,- 1!"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$%&'()*+, !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !3 !"#$%&'!()"* !" !"#$%&'()[1] ! !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,)-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*"#+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,#$-. !"#$%&'()*+,"#-. !"#$%&'( )*+,-. !"#$80 ppb !"#$%& !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"80 ppb !"#$%&'( ( ![10])35 !"68 !"911 !"12 !2 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'( !)*+, !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%#&'()*+([O3] max / [O3] min ratio) !"#$%&'() !"#$%&'()*+ !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-./( !"#$%&'()1994 !" !"#$%&'()*3 !"# !"#$%&'()66 !"# !"#$%&'()*!"#+,- !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'(8 !"#$% !"60 ppb !"#$%&' !"#$%&'()*+,'(-. !"#$%&'()*+,-.!/ !"#8/80 ppb !"#$% !"# !"#$%&'()1 8 !"#$%&'()120 ppb80 ppb !"#$%&'()* 1. !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#120 ppb!"#$%&'()*+,- ! 2. !"#$% &'()*+8 !"#$%&'()$*+, !8 !"#$%&'( 3. !"#$%&'()*8 !"#$%80 ppb ! 4. !"# $%&1 !"# !"120 ppb !8 ! !"#$80 ppb !"#$ 19941997 !"#!$ !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'() *+,- !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,( 4 ppb) !"#$%&$'()*+,-(510 ppb) !"#$(1020 ppb) !"#(2045 ppb) !"#$% !"#$%&'()!*+,-. !"#$%&'()*12:0016:00 !"#$%&'"()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()12 !" !"#$%&'()*+,-./0
!"#$80 ppb !"12 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 24 !"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#(time-lag) ! !"#$1/120 ppb8 /80 ppb !"#$%&'(1994 1997 !"#66 !"#$%&' !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$ !%( 6 2 6 3 65) ! "#$8 !"#$%& 80 ppb !"#$1 !"# !"120 ppb !"#$%&'( !"#$% &!'()*1/120 ppb8/80 ppb !"#$%&' !"#$%&'()*+,-./ 1997 !"#$%&'(1/ 120 ppb8/80 ppb !"#$%& 71101 !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-."# 80 ppb !"#$%&' ()* !"#$%&'()*+,-./! !"#$%&'()*+,-./ (12:0013:00) !"#$%&'( !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 (19:0020:00 !"#$%& ) !"#$%80 ppb !"#2 !"#$%&'()*+,-./ 19941997 !"66 !"#$1 !"#$%&'(120 ppb ! 1994 1995 1996 1997 ! 1994 1995 1996 1997 ! 1994 1995 1996 1997 1 3 5 1 0 23 6 3 3 0 45 6 2 5 10 2 2 8 9 6 24 0 2 4 2 46 7 1 3 11 3 10 6 2 5 25 * * * * 47 11 24 20 12 4 15 19 33 28 26 9 1 3 0 48 17 2 33 45 5 20 12 14 15 27 2 3 3 1 49 6 4 4 13 6 10 10 10 17 28 7 6 7 5 50 8 22 15 23 7 5 16 18 13 29 0 0 2 4 51 10 15 45 39 8 5 0 5 1 30 2 1 5 14 52 7 21 35 38 9 1 7 0 3 31 2 3 11 8 53 12 3 11 22 10 0 1 0 1 32 7 1 2 1 54 23 16 11 21 11 3 3 2 1 33 0 1 0 0 55 8 11 23 38 12 7 4 7 16 34 * * * * 56 8 16 11 20 13 17 12 19 24 35 0 0 0 4 57 * * * * 14 11 7 10 10 36 10 12 12 3 58 10 15 15 25 15 12 11 8 16 37 0 1 1 0 59 48 41 28 31 16 * * * * 38 0 0 1 2 60 14 13 72 71 17 1 2 5 1 39 1 2 0 2 61 3 4 5 14 18 0 2 4 8 40 3 2 0 0 62 0 1 0 0 19 2 0 2 10 41 3 2 0 9 63 0 0 0 0 20 2 2 4 5 42 1 3 1 0 64 4 5 1 1 21 7 0 0 0 43 1 0 12 8 65 0 1 0 0 22 2 0 0 2 44 2 10 6 8 66 * * * * * !"#!$%&
!"#(pulse) !"#$%&' !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#1(13:0014:00) !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"[10] !"#$%&'&( !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%$&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+"#,)- !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&[10] !"#$% !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*!+,- . !"#$%&'(#$)*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-.1 !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%& !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-'(. !"#$%80 ppb !"#$3 5 !"#!$%&'( )*+,-. !"#$(flat) !"#$%&' !"#$%&'()*+%,-./ !"#$%&'(2 !"#$% !"#$%&'()*+,-!". 80 ppb !"#$%&'24 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 19941997 !"66 !"#$8 !"#$%&'(80 ppb !1994 1995 1996 1997 !1994 1995 1996 1997 !1994 1995 1996 1997 1 4 6 1 3 23 8 4 20 2 45 23 11 17 37 2 1 8 1 2 24 3 1 9 3 46 10 1 9 27 3 11 13 3 10 25 * * * * 47 29 61 46 31 4 4 15 13 24 26 14 5 8 2 48 19 2 41 81 5 10 8 6 12 27 19 5 12 4 49 7 3 1 20 6 6 4 5 7 28 22 10 20 7 50 16 27 18 39 7 1 13 10 9 29 1 2 7 7 51 11 20 58 58 8 0 1 1 0 30 7 2 25 22 52 13 37 61 67 9 5 12 7 7 31 13 9 38 14 53 12 0 14 34 10 0 0 1 1 32 16 1 16 7 54 44 34 29 39 11 1 2 0 2 33 1 1 2 6 55 10 25 48 87 12 1 2 2 8 34 * * * * 56 14 34 23 45 13 9 6 7 17 35 5 3 15 19 57 * * * * 14 4 7 3 6 36 26 27 35 24 58 14 22 22 41 15 6 10 1 7 37 12 7 9 3 59 67 52 48 48 16 * * * * 38 3 1 1 6 60 25 17 116 101 17 1 2 7 3 39 14 11 14 34 61 5 5 2 13 18 0 5 7 12 40 16 7 1 0 62 0 0 0 0 19 9 6 11 13 41 9 4 0 20 63 0 0 0 0 20 4 3 5 6 42 17 12 8 12 64 12 10 5 4 21 12 2 11 1 43 16 0 20 37 65 1 2 0 1 22 5 0 12 4 44 32 33 16 29 66 * * * * * !"#!$%&
!"#$%&'%()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./[6] !"#$%&'()*&+,-./ 10:00 !"#$!%&'(')' !"#$%&'()*+,-.$ !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,&%-. !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,- . !"#$%&'()*+1 !"#$%&'()*+,-./( !"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%& !"'()*&+, !"#$%&'()Beck[11] !"#$%!&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,NOx !"#$%&'()*+,-./! NOx !"#$%&'()* +, !"#$%&#$%'()*+,- !"#$%#$&'()*+,-NO !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$%&'()*+,!-. 10 ppb !"#$%&'()*+,*- !"#$([O3] max / [O3] min ratio) !"#$%&'()*+,-./, ( ) !"#$%&'!" !"#$%&'()*+,-.+ !"#$%&'()*+,-. / !"#$%&'()*+,-.+/ !"#$%&'()*+,- . !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$# %50 !"# !"#$%&'()*( !"# !"#$"%&2) !"#$%66 !"#$% 1 8 !"#$%&'()* 120 ppb80 ppb !"#$%&'() !"#$%&'()*+1/120 ppb !"#$%&'8/80 ppb !"#$%&'()*+,8/80 ppb !"#$%&'1/120 ppb ( ) !"#$%&'() !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&' ()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+,$ 1. !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$%&'(!"#)* !"#$ %&'()* !"#$%&'()*+ !"#$%&'()*+, !"#$%&$'()*+, !"#$%&'()*+, !"#$%&'()*+", !"#$ !"%&'( !"#$%&'()*+1 2 !"#$%&'()*+, !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$%&'()*+ 2.8/80 ppb1/120 ppb !"#$%&'()*+,-66 !"#$%&" '()* !"#$%&'()*+,- 1!"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$%&'(120 ppb !"#$%&8 !" !"#80 ppb !"#$% !"#$8/80 ppb ! !"#1/120 ppb ! 3.
!"#$%&'()*+,- 19941997!"#$%&'()*+,- !"#!$%!&'!()!*+,-./0123456789: !"#$%&'(
19941997 !"#!$%!&'!()!*+,-./0123456789: !1 !"#$%&'(&([O3]max/[O3]min ratio)
1996 !"66 !"1 !"#$%&'(120ppb !8 !"# !"80ppb !"#$%( !"#$%&')
!"#8/80 ppb !" !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#1!"#$%&'()*+,-/120 ppb!"#$%&'()*+,- ! !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$ %&'()*+, !"#$%&'()*+, !"#$%&'()*+,- !"#$%&'()* !"#$%&'()*+, !( !"EPA 87-FA02-03-07) !" ! 1. !"#$%&'()*+,-./ !"#$%&'()*+,1994-1996
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