毛澤東在新民學會時期思想的剖析

ᓉەΓЎޗ཮Ꮲൔ 2009 ԃ 1 Д ಃΟڔಃ΋ය। 39-54

Providence Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences January 2009, Volume 3, No. 1, pp.39-54

Лᐛܿӧཥ҇Ꮲ཮ਔයࡘགྷޑও݋

Цਁ፵

ᄔ! ! ा

ψᄅاᖂᄎωਢطֻᖻࣟ֗ࠡٵᖂࢬิګऱᖂ๬ቸ᧯Δ،ྤᓵਢڇֻᖻࣟ ऱ৸უ࿇୶ᝫਢڇਙएሎ೯Ղຟފዝઌᅝૹ૞ऱߡۥΙ១ߢհΔຏመψᄅاᖂ ᄎωΔֻᖻࣟߪ᧯Ժ۩چװኔᔌᅝழੌ۩࣍اഏॣڣऱٺጟ৸უΔࠡխ௽ܑਢ ඩඔ၌ऱψᄅاᖂᎅωΔࠀ׊ڇ࿑৵᠏ٻࠩषᄎ׌ᆠΙՈਢຘመψᄅاᖂᄎωΔ ֻᖻࣟڶԱรԫڻലࠡ෻უኔᔌऱᖇ៶Δࠀ׊ڇψᄅاᖂᄎωຍԫࢬᘯऱψᖂ ๬ቸ᧯ωՂݮႿࠡਙए෻უࢤ௑Ζʳ ૞൶ಘֻᖻࣟ֗ࠡ৸უ࿇୶ऱመ࿓Δ෻ᇞፖ։࣫הڇψᄅاᖂᄎωழཚऱ ৸უणउਢԫଡૹ૞ऱᣂ᝶Ζʳ ᣂ᝶ဲΚֻᖻࣟΕᄅاᖂᄎΕ௻ڮ߶ ᙩࡵՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬඒ඄ଫԳ֮षᄎઝᖂೃೃ९Ζ

൘ǵ߻! ! ق

ڇֻᖻࣟ৸უ࿇୶׾ՂΔ໌مψᄅاᖂᄎωਢԫଡ᠏މរΔֻᖻࣟڇڼཚ ၴऱԫࠄ৸უፖ۩੡ຟቃقԱԫଡ଀ࡎ෻უࢤ௑ऱᓭسΖ૞൶ಘֻᖻࣟ֗ࠡ৸ უ࿇୶ऱመ࿓Δ෻ᇞፖ։࣫הڇψᄅاᖂᄎωழཚऱ৸უਢԫଡྤऄಱᝩऱᣂ ᝶Ζ ԫ԰ԫԶڣ؄ִԼ؄ֲΔֻᖻࣟڇፖࠡٵᖂᆖመྤᑇڻಘᓵ৵Δ1_ึ࣍լ ٦ೖఎڇᓫᓵၸ੄Δۖਢב壆۩೯Δߪ᧯Ժ۩ΔګمԱԫଡ່ॣऱषᄎ۩೯ቸ ᧯ΚψᄅاᖂᄎωΖឈྥݺଡԳլᢥګխ٥ࡴֱऱᨠរΔהଚᎁ੡Δᄅاᖂᄎਢ ψݺഏڇ঎ഏԼִ଀ࡎאٿګمऱԫଡᐙ᥼່Օऱ଀ࡎቸ᧯ωΔ2 ྥۖΔᄅاᖂ ᄎྤᓵਢڇֻᖻࣟऱ৸უ࿇୶ᝫਢڇਙएሎ೯Ղຟފዝઌᅝૹ૞ऱߡۥΔ੃ྤ ጊᆠΖ ១ߢհΔຏመᄅاᖂᄎΔֻᖻࣟߪ᧯Ժ۩چװኔᔌᅝழੌ۩࣍اഏॣڣऱ ٺጟ৸უΰڕاග׌ᆠΕሐᐚ෻უᆠΕᄅޘ׌ᆠΕՠᦰ׌ᆠΕྤਙࢌ׌ᆠΕا ጰ׌ᆠ࿛࿛αΔࠡխ௽ܑਢඩඔ၌ऱψᄅاᖂᎅωΔࠀ׊ڇ࿑৵᠏ٻࠩषᄎ׌ᆠΙ ՈਢຘመψᄅاᖂᄎωΔֻᖻࣟڶԱรԫڻലࠡ෻უኔᔌऱᖇ៶Δࠀ׊ڇᄅا ᖂᄎຍԫࢬᘯऱψᖂ๬ቸ᧯ωՂݮႿࠡਙए෻უࢤ௑Ζ

ມǵཥ҇Ꮲ཮ޑಔԋ

ࠉޕᔲەኘΔᄅاᖂᄎऱإڤګمਢڇԫ԰ԫԶڣ؄ִԼ؄ֲΔڇ९ޥࢂ ᣞ՞Հ՛׋್֚՞லΕዊ᨜ؑೡᏥ୮؀՗ᓐࡉཤ୮խګمऱΖรԫޅᄎ୉ڶԲ ԼԲԳΰ܂ृਊΚڕ࣠ਊޕᔲऱጩऄᚨਢԲԼԫԳαΔᅝ֚ၲᄎृڶԼԿԳΔ הଚਢΚֻᖻࣟΕᓐࡉཤΕ۶࠸ᘝΕምᤖటΕምឦቓΕࡌࣔᘥΕᆺ٢ᄙΕ്࣒ ݬΕຫฯٖΕᘕ՗֒Εᘕ՗⯔Εᢅີᚊࡉຫ஼ልΖ޲ڶࠩᄎऱᄎ୉ڶΚຫ࣑Ε ዼ٠ᄑΕࡌ׈ಿΕᢅᖂ᧖ΕޕፂዧΕམאᕙΕແ࣑⢮Ε༙ሐߜ࿛ԶԳΖࠡխೈ ᢅີᚊ؆Δࠡ塒壆Գຟਢԫஃऱᖂسࢨீ֖Ζᄎᤜᙇᘕ՗֒ΰᅜα੡᜔იࠃΔ 1 ᏥᐚদΔπֻᖻࣟഏ୮ᖂᎅρΔࣳዧΔࣳዧՕᖂנठष, 1993 ڣΔ଄ 15ΙޕᔲΔπԿԼᄣאছऱֻ ᖻࣟρΔழ໴נठ 1993 ڣ 12 ִॣठΔ଄ 231Ζ 2 ֧۞πԳاጻρΔhttp://pic.people.com.cn/BIG5/tupian/247/7610/7611/5703983.html

ֻᖻࣟፖຫ஼ል੡იࠃΖ3 ࠉᅝழऱᄎ୉ᢅີᚊऱᝑऄΔᄅاᖂᄎڰڇԫ԰ԫԮڣΔ༉ၞԵᤂໂၸ ੄Δ່ڰࡉֻᖻࣟ൷२ऱԳ׽ڶᓐࡉཤΕ۶࠸ᘝፖᘕ՗֒Ζ৵ࠐڇᤂໂழཚה ଚթ։ᙰڇԫஃΕᄑࢣ՛ᖂΕรԫᜤٽխᖂΕଥᄐ՛ᖂࡉࡌতՖխ࿛༓ଡᖂீ խढۥᖂᄎګ୉Ζ ᄅاᖂᄎګمᄎᤜਢڇ९ޥࡌ୮؀ΰۖլਢޕᔲᝑऱᏥ୮؀αᓐࡉཤ୮״ ၲऱΔᅝ֚ࠩᄎृڶԼ؄Գΰ܂ृਊΚࠩᄎᄎ୉ԳᑇᎅऄլԫΔᘕᅜਢᎅڶԼ ԫԳΔޕᔲঞەኘ੡ࠩᄎृԼԿԳΔଈޅᄎ୉ԲԼԲԳαΔ4 ᄎᤜឈᙇᜰᘕᅜΰ՗ ֒α੡᜔იࠃΔ܀ኔᎾ૤ຂᄎ೭ऱԳঞਢֻᖻࣟΖ5 ᖕޕᔲಖ૪Δᄅاᖂᄎګمᅝ֚ΔᝫຏመԱֻᖻࣟದ౻ऱີ࿓Δࠡխᎅࣔ ᖂᄎࡲڱ੡Κψ଀ᄅᖂ๬Δ఩᣽঴۩ΔޏߜԳ֨ଅঋωΖີ࿓խᝫڶնݹΚլဠ ೕΕլᡗ༦Εլ௡၄Εլᔂ໑ΕլतݒΖޕᔲᎁ੡Δᄅاᖂᄎਢԫଡψઔߒᖂ ๬ΕಳޣଡԳၞޡΕၞۖ࿇೯ԫ໱壄壀଀ࡎאޏທഏاࢤऱᖂ๬ቸ᧯ωΖ6 ޕᔲီᄅاᖂᄎ੡ԫᖂ๬ቸ᧯ΔຍᑌऱᨠរΔݺઌᅝঅఎΖݺᎁ੡Δֻᖻ ࣟհ໌مᄅاᖂᄎԯਢࠡ௻ڮ߶৸უհኔᔌΔࠡؾऱਢຘመ֮֏ޏທሒګඑխ ഏऱؾऱΔۖլਢ໢ొچڇ܂ᖂ๬ઔߒΖຍൕᘕᅜऱᎅऄխ൓ࠩᢞኔΔהᎅΚ ψ،ऱࡲڱ១໢ᎅࠐ༉ਢΚޢଡᄎ୉۞࿜۞ᚐΕᏺൎሐᐚࡉ壄壀ଥ塄Ε༼೏֮ ֏ֽؓΔॊ૤ದޏທխഏऱࠌࡎωΖ7_{ຍਢᇠᖂᄎ່ॣऱࡲڱΔٍܛࠡૹរڇ࣍} ఩᣽ψଡԳωऱवᢝΕଥ੡Δאሒ່ึψޏທխഏωհࠌࡎΔۖॺొጰऱᝑᖂ ᓵሐΖ ׼؆ΔᖕᖂृऱەኘΔᄅاᖂᄎऱ๵પࣔ᧩࠹ࠩᅝழྤਙࢌ׌ᆠृᏥஃ༚ ࿇ದऱψ֨षω๵પऱᐙ᥼Δ֨ष๵પਢΚψլଇۚΔլ堬಺ΔլܮᄿΔլش ቜݰΔլଊ᢮֗ԳԺ߫ΔլദৗΔլጠගࢤΔլ܂ࡴٴΔլ܂ᤜ୉ΔլԵਙ᤻Δ լ܂௧ຬ૨ԳΔլ࡚ࡲඒωΖ8_{ຍࠄ๵પਢᆃ඿ऱΕؓ࿛ऱΕྤ஁ฆऱሐᐚ෻უ} ׌ᆠΔਢᄅاᖂᄎࣔ᧩࠹ࠩྤਙࢌ׌ᆠऱԳሐ׌ᆠऱᐙ᥼Ζᖕᅝழऱᄅᖂᄎᄎ 3 ޕᔲΔπԿԼᄣאছऱֻᖻࣟρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 231Ζ 4 ᘕᅜΔπࡉֻᖻࣟԫದ۩ՉρΔรնີΔ֧۞ http://www.small-island.org/books/hmzdyqxqj/ΙޕᔲΔ πԿԼᄣאছऱֻᖻࣟρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 231Ζ 5 ᢅີᚊΔτڃᖋᄅاᖂᄎΰطྋতࠩקࠇαυΔሉխഏ଀ࡎ໑ढ塢᤻׾ઔߒ৛ᒳΔπ᤻׾ઔߒᇷறρ รԫႃΔګຟΔ؄՟ԳاנठषΔ1982 ڣΔ଄ 25Ε26Ζ 6 ޕᔲΔπԿԼᄣאছऱֻᖻࣟρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 231Д32Ζ 7 ᘕᅜΔছ༿஼Ζ 8 ᕟة௠Δπխ֮۫֏ፖֻᖻࣟڰཚ৸უρΔ؄՟ՕᖂנठषΔ1989 ڣΔ଄ 302Ζ

୉ޕፂዧ৵ࠐऱڃᖋՈᎅሐΚ ךॺ᠐Αٗ٤คࡹ۬Ьကک࠹໺ޗ཮ЬကޑਜтǴჹܭਜύඔᛤޑޗ཮Ь ကکӅౢЬကޑऍ֮ᇻඳǴჹܭٗᅿؒԖΓগߺΓǵΓᓸॐΓǴΓΓമ୏ǴΓ Γ᠐ਜǴѳ฻ԾҗޑნࣚǴ᝺ளߚதཥᗲऍӳǴ᝺ளᔈࢂךॺᏟରޑҞ኱Ƕ9 ! ࠉֻᖻࣟڃᖋΔຍଡᖂᄎऱഗءګ୉ਢהᗨᄕΕڶრቹچװψቸ࿨ωԫࠄ ڶფഏ֨ऱॹڣ֖ࣛΔהᎅΚ ךЈ௃ᖷฅ໒ਟǴሡा่Ҭ൳ঁᒃஏұՔǴԖ΋ϺǴךӧߏ؅ޑ΋ҽൔર ΢ฦрΑ΋߾ቶ֋ǴᗎፎΑԖדܭང୯ޑΓᆶךᖄᛠǶךࡰۓाٗ٤୲மǵԖ ،Јǵྗഢࣁ୯ਈ᙮ޑΓǶៜᔈך೭߾ቶ֋ޑ΋ӅԖΟঁъΓǶ10_! ᣂֻ࣍ᖻࣟࢬਐऱψԿଡתԳωऱᎅऄΔጵٽᢅີᚊࡉ Snow ऱಖ૪Δࢬ ᘯψԿଡתԳωΔֻᖻࣟਐऱਢΔڶԫଡࡩᘕऱԳΔྋতྉၢԳΔམࠩऄഏఎ ᖂΔԫଡਢྋতઊᜤٽխᖂऱ፿֮ඒ୉႓۔ஃऱᯗࠝΔᢅऱٵఄٵᖂΔรԿଡ ঁਢᢅີᚊΖ׼؆תଡΔঞਢԫଡլࣔᒔ।قრߠऱॹڣ࿇נऱΔ༉ਢޕمԿ ΰԾټޕၼỨαΔޕᅝழՈਢᜤխऱᖂسΔֺᢅີᚊ܅ԫڣ్Ζ৵ࠐᢅີᚊթ ംምቓنΚתଡԳ۶რΛምթڃ࿠Δֻᖻࣟհ፿ԯנ۞ᠿவতקཛழזΔฤഒ ސ࠷ᝊၺΔבנऱזᏝৰ೏ΔڶԳംהڼڻڶ۶گᛧΛฤഒճΚݺ൓ࠩԫଡת ԳΖ11 ང؁ᇩᎅΔֻᖻࣟհ໌๻ᄅاᖂᄎΔਢڇฆൄൎ௺ऱاග׌ᆠൣፃ᝟ࠌ ՀΔࢬב壆ኔᔌऱඑഏ۩೯ΖᖕᘕᅜऱڃᖋΔᄅاᖂᄎਢהࡉֻᖻࣟڇݎ೏୽ Ղԫڻኧ࡙९ᓫՀዌუנࠐऱΔהଚ٥ٵᎁ੡Δڇ߷ଡ႕ᄆۖ෗႖ऱழזΔψᏁ ૞ᄅႨԺޏທխഏωΕψუ૞ޏທഏ୮ΔޢଡֆاຟᏁ૞۞ߪ৬๻ΔຟᏁ૞ᗣᒭ ۞աωΕࠀ׊ψ״ႃฒڍԳՓΔ๵ቤנԫଡ٥ٵॾ࡚ऱഒࡳ෻უωΖ12_ᘕᅜᝫਐ נΔֻᖻࣟڇᄅاᖂᄎ৬مছՔΔאψԲԼԶ྽سω੡ټΔᐊԱԫᒧ૞։ബٺ ீᖂسᄎऱᖂᄎࡲڱΔ᤭ࣔࠡψඑഏऱ෻უࡉ৬مषቸऱ଺ڂωΔࠡփ୲Օრ ਢΚ ϞВך୯҅ೀܭӒ࡚ӸΫϐࣿǶࡹ۬྽ֽค΋ΓёߞᒘǴրΓᔕ൨؃דӕ ၰӝޑΓǴӅӕಔᙃიᡏǶიᡏϐЬाےԑࢂԾ฼ԾᓰϷׯ೷୯ৎǶΥჹԜԖ 9 !!ޕፂዧΔτڃᖋᄅاᖂᄎυΔሉխഏषᄎઝᖂೃ२ז׾ઔߒࢬᒳΔπն؄ሎ೯ڃᖋᙕρΔקࠇΔխ ഏषᄎઝᖂנठषΔ2:8: ڣΔ଄ 21:Ζ 10 ཎᘭΰEdgar SnowαΔπ۫۩ደಖρΔקࠇԿᜤ஼ࢋ 1979 ڣठΔ଄ 108Ζ 11 ʳ ᢅີᚊΔছ༿஼Δ଄ ˅ˆΖ 12 ᘕᅜΔছ༿஼Ζ

ᑫ፪ϐӕᏢǴࣣፎඁ፥εڄǴঈૈऊය྽य़ᆫፋǴаӆբ຾΋؁ϐीჄȩǶ13_! ψඑഏ෻უωΕψޏທഏ୮ωΔ܂੡ᄅاᖂᄎऱࡲڱ༓ױီ੡ֻᖻࣟऱਙए ৙ߢΔ৙ߢ༿قԱהڼழךႾ࣍֨խृԯਢࠡ༄ൎऱاග׌ᆠ෻უΔٍܛمഗ ࣍اග׌ᆠऱ௻ڮ߶৸უΖڇຍጟ௻ڮ߶׌ᆠऱᨠᅃࢍՀΚ ೭ࢂ΋λဂᄊࡋᝄ๘ޑΓǴคཨፋፕᅥ٣Ǵдॺ܌ᇥ܌଺ޑ؂΋ҹ٣೿Ԗ ΋ঁҞޑǶдॺคཨፋ௃ᇥང܈ȹੁᅐȹǴᇡࣁਔֽӒ࡚ǴॐϪሡाޕ᛽ǴԶ ៝ό΢ፋፕζΓ܈د٣ǶǾךޑܻ϶کךѝᜫፋε٣ˇΓޑҁ፦ǵΓᜪޗ཮ǵ ύ୯ǵШࣚکӹۖǼ14 ! Ո༉ਢᎅΔڇ壄壀س੒ֱ૿Δהଚഄԫૹီऱԯਢ෻ࢤऱΕಳޣట෻ऱव ᢝΔ߷ࠄፖवᢝլઌեऱΔຟᨃהଚტࠩቧᅀΔ׽ڶवᢝ౨൅࿯הଚటإݶᑗΔ ຍਢڂ੡Δ૞ᇞඑխഏΕ૞ഏ୮༄ൎΔ૰֊Ꮑ૞ऱਢᖂംवᢝΔຍጟψवᢝѧ ֮֏එഏሁᒵωΔՈਢᅝழवᢝ։՗ऱ٥ᢝΔاॣऱᄅඔ፞ሎ೯Ոਢຍጟሁᒵ ՀऱขढΔڕ്ᣪࣔਐנΚ ᐕўޑً፺Ⴍᖏ΋ΐ΋ϖԃǴύ୯ޗ཮Ԗ΋ঁڻ౦ޑ౜ຝǴٗ൩ࢂࡘགྷЎ ϯዊࢬޑࠁᑫǶόᜤགྷـǴٗ٤΋ೣ዗૱ܭࡘགྷЎϯॠཥǵ᎞ᗈፕঀᏤׯॠޑ ޕ᛽ϩηڰฅෞέԖᎩǶзΓόёࡘ᝼ޑࢂǴٗ٤ම࿶Ԉଭॱ்ǵᕵᐉڒᚂǵ ᐕ࿶ኧԛॠڮޑࡹࣚΓγΨ೿઱઱కݓவЎǴׯ۰׳ׯ۰׳஭Ǵаഈߐుࡘᡉ ҢԾρޑు؈Ƕᙍ཰ॠڮৎ৊ύξᢕ຾ȹຝУϐ༣ȹǴ΋ࡋख़ཥࡘ઩ύ୯ޑࡌ ೛ᒉౣǴሥԖࡘགྷৎޑհ৚ǵவ৒ϐ॥ǶӧȹόលȹǵόੋȹࡹࣚȹШ॥ޑቹ ៜΠǴ΋൑аЎϯׯ೷ࣁሽॶڗӛޑࡘགྷੁዊᄾᄾًࢬǶ15 ! ψ֮֏ѧޏທѧඑഏωၲඔԫଡᖞଡխഏᄅ׈זऱუቝΔॹڣֻᖻࣟא֗ הऱ֖ࣛଚՈլ౨۞؆࣍ழזࣷ໮Ζֻᖻࣟ੷۟ᝫᜰԱԫଡࠏ՗ࠐ।قהଚኙ वᢝא؆ऱࣟ۫հլરΚ ךჹζΓؒᑫ፪ǴךΜѤྃਔǴР҆๏ך୾Α΋ঁΒΜྃޑۄাǴՠךவ ٰؒԖکӴӧ΋ଆғࢲၸˇаࡕΨؒԖǶךᇡࣁӴόࢂךޑۀηǴ྽ਔΨؒԖ ѐགྷӴਔǶךޑӕדॺߚՠόངፋፕζ܄ޑᎶΚǴ೭ኬ΋ঁӧ೭ঁԃសޑߙԃ ύ՞Ᏽख़ाՏ࿼ޑ၉ᚒǴࣗԿΨόᜫፋፕВதப୍Ƕך૶ளԖ΋ԛӧ΋ঁߙԃ ৎ္Ǵд΋໒α൩ჹךᖱाວᗺԺǴд྽๱ךޑय़െٰաΓћдѐວ΋༧ӣ ٰǶךࡐғ਻ǴаࡕӆόـٗടұǶ16_! 13 ٵছုΖ 14 !ཎᘭΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 21:Ζ 15 !്ᣪࣔΔπඔ፞ፖ଀ࡎѧψն؄ωᖿၞ੔ऱࠟᣄρΔՂ௧ΔᖂࣥנठषΔ1998 ڣΔ଄ 5Ζ 16 !ཎᘭΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 109Ζ

ୖǵླྀܱᔮᆶఉ௴ຬࡘགྷޑӑ૶

ᄘ࣑ᛎڇ۩೯Ղኙֻᖻ່ࣟ੡ऴ൷ऱᐙ᥼Δ༉ਢᄅاᖂᄎऱګمΔᖕԱ ᇞΔڇԫ԰ԫնڣ؄ִնֲऱছԫ֚Δֻᖻࣟװਈ๶ᄘ࣑ᛎΔ।ሒהኙᖂீඒ ߛऱ؈ඨΔۖխഏषᄎڶ๺ڍംᠲڶৱᇞެΔຍࠄ࿠ூۿ׏ڇᖂீխބլࠩΔ ࢬאؚጩ٦৫ಯᖂ۞ଥΖᄘ࣑ᛎၲᖄᎅΚψଈ٣ᚨؚړഗ៕Ζംᠲլ૞ᗑ۞ԫ ԳװᇞެΔ૞ބ֖ࣛΖૹ૞ऱਢ૞࿇ཀՕ୮ऱԺၦωΖ࣍ਢᄅاᖂᄎګمԱΔ إڕֻᖻࣟ۞աࢬᎅऱΚ ೭ਔংวଆፏΓޑཀࡘԿࣁᙁൂǴѝ᝺ளԾρࠔ܄ाׯ೷ǴᏢୢा຾؁Ǵ ӢԜ؃϶ϕշϐЈ዗ډΜϩǶˇˇ೭ჴӧࢂᏢ཮วଆޑಃ΋ঁਥҁচӢǶᗋԖ ΋ঁচӢǴ߾ፏΓε೿߯ླྀᚶύӃғޑᏢғǾᆶᆪླྀᚶύӃғޑᆣፕȐբޣ ࡪǺջ௴ᆾϐကȑǴբԋ΋ᅿᏟରޑکӛ΢ޑΓғᢀǴཥ҇Ꮲ཮ΏவԜౢғΑǶ 17_! ᣂ࣍ຍԫរΔޕᔲऱᎅऄ࿑ڶլٵΔהֻ֧ᖻࣟऱᎅऄሐΚψՕ୮ຟਢᄘ ࣑ᛎऱᖂسΖؓழٵ۔ஃ൷ᤛ෡෍լٵΔ܀ڇएᖂ੡Գࠟଡֱ૿Δ࠹۔ஃऱߪ ඒߢඒඔ፞ᎈᖄΔঞਢઌٵऱΔڂڼՕ୮ृਢԫીԺޣၞ࠷Δڶࢬ܂੡ωΖ18 ᄅ اᖂᄎਢڇᄘ࣑ᛎऱሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠፖഏ୮׌ᆠऱඔ࿇ፖ֧ᖄՀ৬مದࠐऱΔۖ ᄘ࣑ᛎءԳኙࢬᘯऱषᄎ׌ᆠऱ෻უڂࠡ֜੡೏᎛ΔࢬאࠀլტᘋᔊΔࠀאڼ ܫᎂᖂسΖ19_{ڂڼΔݺא੡Δᄅاᖂᄎऱഗء৸უਮዌԯਢࠐ۞ᄘ࣑ᛎऱاග} ׌ᆠڤऱ௻ڮ߶৸უΖ ᄅاᖂᄎڶԫࣔ᧩ऱ௽࢔Δਢࠡሐᐚ۞৳հᣤ௑੷੡ߔߠΔຍਢऴ൷ᤉࢭ ᄘ࣑ᛎऱሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠΖ༉ቝᄘ࣑ᛎڂࠡψ۩੡ػ់ྤᅕωۖ๯ᖂسଚ༇ጠ੡ ψ֞ᆣԳ٦׈ωԫᑌΔଈޅᄎ୉ՈຟאψᆣԳω۞๺ΔڕᘕᅜऱڃᖋΚψᖇထ ݺଚڣ᎘Գऱ߷ैᑷൣΔݺଚ۞ጠਢԼԲଡόᆣԳύΔॊ૤ழזऱࠌࡎΜωΖ20_ױ ߠᄘ࣑ᛎऱݚࣔ෻ᖂ৸უኙהऱᐙ᥼ᐙ᥼ऱ෡᎛Ζ ᄘ࣑ᛎऱ෻უ׌ᆠፖاග׌ᆠኙהऱᖂسܛ߷ࠄᄅاᖂᄎ໌ࡨԳᐙ᥼ਢ 17 !֧۞ێփኔΔ႓૎ୃΕᄘݛا᤟ΔπֻᖻࣟρΔ؀קΔ۞مඡ໴ष֮֏נठຝΔ1991 ڣΔ଄ 37Ζ 18 ޕᔲΔπֻᖻࣟऱڰڣࡉඡڣρΔ၆ڠԳاנठष 1992 ڣठΔ଄ 84Ζ 19 !ᄘ࣑ᛎΔπሒ֏សֲಖρΔ९ޥΔྋতԳاנठषΔ1981 ڣΔ଄ 51Ζ 20 ᘕᅜΔছ༿஼Ζ

๠๠ױߠऱΖאᄅاᖂᄎऱ࿇ದԳհԫᓐࡉཤ੡ࠏΔڇԫ԰ԫԶڣᐊ࿯ֻᖻࣟ ऱॾխᎅΚψቫፖ՗֒ߢΔܠհᗨᄕ৸უΔᘯאܠഏվֲհൣႨΔܛതᚌ࿋ᇶ ੺խΔٍႊףԵإԳܩ՗ωΔՈ༉ਢܩ՗լ౨ڂ੡षᄎᙠ༞༉ᑥߪ۞ფΕᗑ࿳ ࠡߪΔૉ૞එխഏΔ᜕ྥഏൣ٦༞٭Δٍ૞ڶඍߪ࠷ᆠऱᄷໂΔה੷۟אψՕ ոՕটΔཏྀฒسΔॺԵچጂլ۩ωፖֻᖻࣟઌঠᚐΖ21_{׼ԫଡᄅاᖂᄎऱ࿇} ದԳຫ࣑Δࠡاග׌ᆠڤऱ௻ڮ߶৸უٍᄕ੡ធࣔΔᖕޕᔲऱಖ૪Δຫ࣑ൄኙ ԳᎅΚψ૥ᆠஎ৵Δञܓ੡٣ωΔ22_{ڇπໂᓰᙕρխΔຫ࣑ՈಖሉԱԫ੄הڇ९} ޥնભ೏՛ඒچ෻ᓰழऱໂݱᙕΔᅝ֚Δຫ࣑඀ದխഏچቹΔኙᖂسᎅΚ ೭൩ࢂךॺޑ઒୯Ǵ໢፳٥ࢪϐܿࠄǴβӦᒩᗡǴشԖૈКǴ၈Шࣚε୯ ΨǶฅԾమ҃аٰǴѦਏѨ௳Ǵ഼៾പӦǴਔԖ܌ᆪǶܿΟ࣪ςӧВΓ༈Κጄ ൎǶдВऩਓȐ໩ȑεȐೱȑപǴך୯Ѩ๮ܿϐಃ΋ैෝǹ३ෝᡣǴך୯ҧኻ ाፂϐ୘൑Ƕᕉ៝ύচǴமᎃ߁ຎǴߚᐱᄖך᛫᡽Ǵ߈Ъᡠ१ဎӦǴ༈Ѹ຋Զ տϐόςǶፏғ࿏ԜǴૈόภЈǻۘד؅൑ǴᇣკࡠൺǴξݞ٩ᙑǴόᜤ΋΋ ԏӣǴபёаኃӃਗ਼Ǵഓ୯৭ǴᜫᆶፏғӅࠀϐȩǶ23_! ൕᅝڣᄅاᖂᄎऱ᜔იࠃᘕᅜऱڃᖋխΔۿ׏Ոױ٦ڻᢞࣔڼԫቸ᧯ऱ௻ ڮ߶৸უΔᘕᅜڃᖋࠩፖֻᖻࣟ೸ၦᤂิᄅاᖂᄎছՔழהፖֻᖻࣟऱኙᇩΔ ࠡփ୲ڕՀΚ ೭ය໔҅ࢂ૲ШഩҺεᕴ಍ϐਔǴךॺྣٯፋፕൔર΢᎙᠐ډޑᅿᅿ٣ ҹǴ٠၂კႣෳύ୯ޑ҂ٰǶٗϺڹఁޑፋ၉ך૶ளΜϩమཱǶȨགྷགྷ૲Шഩ ஒ཮ჹύ୯ޑ҂ٰԖ࡛ኬޑቹៜǼȩךεᖂᇥǶȨдόၸࢂӜ࿾ҍǶٗ٤஥ծ ޑᓐᓐΨόၸࢂдޑതᓮǼȩ! ЛᐛܿࡰрǺȨநԖࣁԖ٤ࡐӳޑགྷݤǴՠдςࢂၸਔޑΓǹԿΪ৊ύξǴ дёࢂ੿҅ޑॠڮሦ೑ǴՠдؒԖъᗺै៾ȩǶ! Ȩሡाཥ༈Κׯ೷ύ୯ǼȩךᇥǶ! Ȩ྽ฅǴࢂሡाཥғΚໆȩǶЛᐛܿ߄ҢӕཀǶ! Ȩགྷाׯ೷୯ৎǴ؂ঁϦ҇೿ሡाԾيࡌ೛Ǵ೿ሡाᑃྡྷԾρȩǶךᇥ! Ȩᔈ၀є໣౲ӭΓγǴೕჄр΋ঁӅӕߞںޑ୲ۓ౛གྷȩǶЛᐛܿᇥǶ! 21 ᓐࡉཤΔτᓐࣥ൐࿯ֻᖻࣟυΰ1919 ڣ 7 ִ 24 ֲαΔπᓐࡉཤ֮ႃρΔקࠇΔԳاנठषΔ1980 ڣΔ ଄ 1Ζ 22 ᠏֧ޕᔲΔπԿԼᄣאছऱֻᖻࣟρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 272Ζ 23 ٵছုΔ଄ 273Ζ

ȨӀךॺॵΓࢂό୼ޑȩǴךӣเᇥǴȨ΋ۓाԖࡐӭΓǴࡐӭکךॺགྷݤ ΋ठޑΓǶךॺѸ໪עдॺಔᙃଆٰǴԋࣁךॺޑӕדȩǶ24 ! ᄘ࣑ᛎլ׽ڇ৸უᐙ᥼ထᄅاᖂᄎΔࠃኔՂΔڇᄅاᖂᄎऱᤂิመ࿓א֗ ٺጟሎ೯Ε੒೯խΔՈຟڶထऴ൷ࢨၴ൷ऱᚥܗΖࠏڕڇᄎ୉ऱᗴᙇՂΔᘕᅜ ༉ڃᖋΚ ླྀᚶύӃғǴޕၰཥ҇ᏢςԋҥکךॺࡷᒧΓ঩ޑᝄ਱БԄǴ΋ԛ֋ນ ךǴдவᅜӀཱکഋ္ܱٗ᠋ᇥǴߏ؅ԖΟӜζᏢғഏථຐǵҺ୻ၰکӛ᝾ϒǴ ՟Яֹӄ಄ӝךॺޑा؃ǴԶЪΨ೿ࢂᓬذғǶ25 ! ৵ࠐԫ԰ԫԶڣᄘ࣑ᛎקՂקࠇՕᖂٚඒΔٵڣΔֻᖻࣟ࿛ᄅاᖂᄎᄎ୉ ՈՕຟฅᄐΔᇠڣքִΔᄅاᖂᄎެࡳ୶ၲఎऄႧՠᏠᖂሎ೯ΔլመΔຍࠄॣ سհᡫૉྤᄘ࣑ᛎऱ༼᥋Δ૞ၲ୶ຍጟሎ೯ਢڶܺᣄऱΔࠉᘕᅜऱڃᖋΔהᎅΚ ךᇥǺȨླྀᚶύ௲௤ςௗڙчεᗎፎѐчεҺ௲ΑǶך཮๏дቪߞǴ֋ນ дךॺѐݤ୯੮Ꮲޑ٣Ǵፎдவчεਠߏጰϡ୻္ٗӆΑှ٤๮ݤ௲ػ཮ޑ௃ ݩǶȩǾӧٗԛ໣཮ޑεऊ΋ࢃයϐࡕǴךௗډླྀᚶύԴϻηޑӣߞǶ೭ࢂ΋ ஭๏ךঁΓޑܴߞТǶдࡐ഻៿ቪܴߞТǴϣ৒ᙁዅףाǶдቪၰȨࢄВௗډ գޑٰߞǴϞϺջѐࡨೖጰθ҇ਠߏǶдᇥд҅ࢂ๮ݤ௲ػᏢ཮཮ߏǶ੮ݤ༇ πቀᏢᏢғςಔԋ΋ঁᏢ཮Ǵգॺ׆ఈѐݤ୯༇πቀᏢϐ٣ёఈԋфȩǶ26 ! ৵ࠐᄅاᖂᄎԫޅԳࠩקࠇᄷໂఎऄႧՠᏠᖂΔՕຟ൷࠹ᄘ࣑ᛎऱᚥܗࡉ ᅃ᥽Δڶࠄ੷۟ᝫ۰ڇᄘ࣑ᛎ୮խΖ ᄅاᖂᄎऱ׼ԫଡૹ૞৸უࠐᄭΔᅝྥ༉ਢඩඔ၌ऱᄅاᖂᎅΔڇছ૿ᝑ መΔڇࣟ՞೏՛ழཚΔॹڣֻᖻࣟམശਈመൈڶ੡Εඩඔ၌ΔࠃኔՂΔהଚኙ ֻᖻࣟऱᐙ᥼ԫऴژڇထΔ֠ࠡਢڇᄅاᖂᄎऱګمຍٙࠃൣՂΔඩඔ၌ದထ ऴ൷ऱ܂شΖᖂᄎאඩඔ၌ऱψᄅاω෻ᓵࠐࡎټΔࡐڶࠡ෡ࠥऱრᆠΔܛࠡ ܶڶԫࡳऱ෻უࢤΔཚ๺ထਬጟᄅषᄎऱࠩࠐΖਊඩඔ၌ऱᄅاᖂᎅΔԯ༼ଠ ሐᐚ଀ࡎΔԫᜰൿೈ٤ഏՂՀࣖ൉ྤवΕԫᒌཋޥऱມ᨟णኪΔݮګࠠڶᄅሐ ᐚऱᄅഏ୮Ζ27_{ឈྥ৾ڕᅝזխഏᖂृࢬေऱΔඩඔ၌ຍᇙࢬᘯऱψᄅഏ୮ω} ਐऱױ౨ਢႚอ০ࠫΔᄅሐᐚՈਢطႚอፖ෼זऱ࿨ٽۖګऱΖ28 24 !ᘕᅜΔছ༿஼Ζ 25 ٵছုΖ 26 ٵছုΖ 27 ඩඔ၌ΔτᄅاᎅυΔπ堬٧৛֮ႃᣊᒳρΰՂαΔ؀קΔဎإ஼ݝΔ1974 ڣΔ଄ 213-23Ζ 28 ്㝤Δാݳ௧Εᆼ֛ؓ᤟Δπඩඔ၌ፖխഏ৸უऱመྀρΰ1890ѧ1907αΔতࠇΔۂᤕԳاנठषΔ

ኔᎾՂΔڕ࣠ൕ৸უ׾ऱߡ৫ࠐᨠኘΔ堚أऱፂᄅ׌ᆠृፖاॣऱᄅ֮֏ ሎ೯ڇ৸უՂਢڶࠡઌᅝ࿓৫ᜤᢀऱΖڶࠄᖂृڕຫ֟ࣔ࿛ԳঁਐנΔᄅ֮֏ ሎ೯ृፖඩඔ၌ऱᣂএᏅ੡ᓤᠧΔࠡၴڶᤉࢭΕՈڶޅܒΔᖕᖂृઔߒΔࠃኔ ՂΔڇֺለඩඔ၌ࡉຫᗑߐऱ৸უհ৵ΔԳଚലױא࿇෼ΔהଚࠟԳհၴᒔኔ ᖑڶ๺ڍૹ૞ऱ٥ٵհ๠Δֺڕψኙറࠫࠫ৫ٵᑌچ෡༞࿀࿪Δኙຫፍᖂᎅٵ ᑌچෳ௺ސᚰΔኙ۞طا׌ؓ࿛࿛ᨠ࢚ٵᑌچᑷൣ㊪ዚΔኙൎԺࡉధᡏٵᑌچ ط಑ᢥભωΔຫ֟ࣔᎅΚψ੷۟ז।ຫᗑߐᄅ֮֏ሎ೯ழཚ່׌૞ګ༉ऱࠟՕ଀ ࡎѧ֮ᖂ଀ࡎࡉሐᐚ଀ࡎѧڇඩඔ၌ऱ৸უխՈױאބࠩ،ଚऱ੒ֽᄭᙰωΖ ྥۖඩඔ၌ፖᄅ֮֏ሎ೯ऱᏆ๱հၴՈڶઌᅝՕऱ஁ฆΚψඩඔ၌৸ەٚ۶ം ᠲΔ஁լڍ᜔ਢᄎᜤᢀࠩاගࡉഏ୮Δຫᗑߐܛࠌਢەᐞഏ୮ംᠲΔהࢬଈ٣ ᣂࣹऱՈ׽ਢଡԳऱچۯࡉᦞܓڕ۶Ζڇඩඔ၌߷ᇙΔሐᐚඔ፞׽ਢ੡ਙएඔ ፞ᄷໂഗ៕ΙࠩԱຫᗑߐΔਙएඔ່፞ึؘႊᆵኔࠩሐᐚඔ፞ՂωΖ༉ਢڂ੡ ࠟԳࢬࣹྡྷរਢլٵऱΔඩඔ၌ፖຫᗑߐԲԳऱ߷ࠄ٥ٵऱᤜᠲፖ༼ऄ༉ܧ෼ נݙ٤լٵऱრᆠԱΔՈ༉ਢᎅΔࠟԳឈྥٵᑌቧ༞റࠫΔ܀ඩඔ၌ࢬەᐞऱ ׌૞ਢ،ທګഏ୮ऱಐඓլ໰Δຫᗑߐࢬଈ٣઎ࠩऱথਢ،ᄎଷኆൾଡԳऱ۞ طΚԫᑌਢᨬભ۞طΔඩඔ၌ࢬუࠩऱਢቸ᧯ऱ۞طࡉଡԳኙቸ᧯ऱᆠ೭Δຫ ᗑߐࢬਐຫऱঞਢଡԳᦞܓऱటإ࿇ཀࡉኔ෼ΖࠟԳऱ஁ฆΔਢڂ੡ழזᛩቼ լٵࢬທګऱΔຫ֟ࣔ࿛ԳਐנΚψڕ࣠ᎅඩඔ၌ऱழזսਢԫଡഏ୮׌ᆠ۾ ׌ᖄچۯऱழזΔ߷Ꮦຫᗑߐऱழזঞਢԫଡటإ२זრᆠՂऱଡԳ׌ᆠᤚᙌ ऱழזωΖ29 ڇՂ૪ऱฒڍᨠរᇙΔݺຟᢥٵΔ܀ਢݺᎁ੡ലຫᗑߐழז੺ࡳ੡ψଡԳ ׌ᆠᤚᙌऱழזωऱᨠរਢחԳᔆጊऱΔ༉ڕຫ֟ࣔ࿛Գࢬᓵ૪ऱᠲڱψᖣक़ ԫ෼ऱଡԳ׌ᆠωԫ౳ΔଡԳ׌ᆠڇ෼זխഏྤऄس௅ΔຫᗑߐڰཚኙଡԳ׌ ᆠऱዚቈΔ್Ղ༉੡ޓ੡ᖿ࣓ऱഏ୮ѧاග׌ᆠࢬ࠷זΔ༉ຑຫ֟ࣔ࿛ԳՈլ ൓լࢭᎁΚψ׽լመחԳॺൄᙊᖌऱਢΔط࣍ٺጟ෼ኔයٙऱࠫપΔຍଡழז ႛႛᖣक़ԫ෼Δ༉ൕᖵ׾խ௣ຓωΖ30_{ਝྥᖣक़ԫ෼Δ༉ᢞࣔ߷ਢխΕٌ֮۫ࣔ} ੌࢬವנऱ־क़ۖբΔۖլਢటإݮګԫଡழזऱଅᑪΔޓլ౨אڼԫ־क़ࠐ ឰࡳᄅ֮֏ሎ೯ழזਢԫଡଡԳ׌ᆠऱழזΔືڍ׽౨ᎅΔڇᄅ֮֏ሎ೯ழ 1997 ڣΔ଄ 179Ιຫ֟ࣔ࿛Δπ२זխഏ৸უ׾ᓵρΔྈۂΔᐖڠԳاנठषΔ1999 ڣΔ଄ 273Ζ 29 ຫ֟ࣔ࿛Δছ༿஼Δ଄ 273-74Ζ 30 ຫ֟ࣔ࿛Δছ༿஼Δ଄ 274Ζ

ཚΔڶઌᅝڍऱवᢝ։՗ާಮ࣍ଡԳ׌ᆠΔࠀ׊ՕԺቔܬΖ ൕຍଡߡ৫ࠐᎅΔශྤጊംچΔඩּࢬᑑᜰऱאሐᐚ଀ࡎૹᄅޏທഏ୮ऱ ψഏ୮׌ᆠω෻࢚Δᒔኔႉܓچ੡Օڍᑇऱᄅ֮֏ሎ೯वᢝ։՗ࢬ൷گΖ ᜔հΔᄅاᖂᄎڇ،ऱ۔ஃᄘ࣑ᛎऱ֧ᖄΔࠀڇඩඔ၌ऱᄅاᖂᎅऱඔ࿇ ՀΔଈ٣ګ੡ԫଡךየඑഏऱ෻უ׌ᆠቸ᧯Δ܀،থԾዬڻܮ౏ᄅ֮֏ሎ೯խ ऱԫࠄषᄎ׌ᆠ৸ᑪΔࢬא،ឈڶࠄषᄎ׌ᆠऱ෻უΔ܀׌૞ऱփොਢ೏৫ا ග׌ᆠऱΔܛאഏ୮ᘋՋࡉൎஇ੡္ޣऱΖࠡ৸უणኪ༉ቝԫ԰ԫԶڣழॹڣ ֻᖻࣟ۞աऱࢬᎅऱΔᝫઌᅝಮ႖Δᝫڇ༈ބנሁΖ

စǵၰቺ౛གྷЬက

ᄅاᖂᄎਝྥ֮֏ѧवᢝ੡එഏհᖇ៶Δࠡࢬ๻հᑑᄷ༉ฆ࣍ཏຏषᄎቸ ᧯Δڶழ੷۟२׏૆ޣΔՈ༉ਢԫ౳ࢬᘯऱψሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠωΖֻᖻࣟՂ૪ࢬ ᎅऱΔܛאሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠࠐ۞ݺ૞ޣΔٵழՈ܂੡૞ޣٵᕦऱᄷᢃΔڇຍԫរ ՂΔֻᖻࣟᝫਢ෡࠹ႚอᕢ୮֮֏ऱ௦਩Δڂ੡ႚอᕢ୮אψᆣԳωΕψܩ՗ω ຍᣊݙભሐᐚऱԳီ੡षᄎऱࠢᒤΔཚ๺อएृאߪ܂ঞΔሒࠩଅ۩౻␱հष ᄎඒߛய࣠Ζຍൕֻᖻࣟڰཚऱ֮ᒚխԫ٦נ෼ΚψոԳܩ՗ࢬ඿੡ՈωΔ31 ࢨ ृΚψվृ՗֒אᚈᚈقݺᄷঞΔٽ׏ᆣᔃհڱΔཊլਈቯΜω32_{ԾࢨਢΚψᆣ} ԳवհΔ೗ਢא༚ࠡ壀ΔࠌլᅡՈωΔ33_{੷ֻ۟ᖻࣟ۞ݺཚ๺੡ܩ՗Δڂլݴߠ} ՛Գި෠ΔࢬאΚψ۞ࡵ੡ԫག֫Δၲࠡཕ፝ࠡᐚΔፖհ٥ᥭՊᆣ഑ωΔ34_ࢨڕΚ ႼԾլϐΚࣗᖓǴటѦࣚаࣁ฼ᓰǴࡺ؃϶ϐЈࣗ዗ǶӵىΠǴ၈ૈ฼ᓰ ךޣΨǶȐբޣࡪǺচЎӵԜȑคдߏೀǴோӺȸ๓ᆶΓӕȹȸڗΓࣁ๓ȹΒ ᇟǴࡺρԖளǴ҂჋ඪό֋ܭΓǹΓԖ๓Ǵᗨίٚր؃ϐǶ߻ఈى΢׆ђΓǴ ΏҁЈΨǶ߈а϶όറ߾ـόቶǴϿԃᏢ໔ჲԋǴ֧ྃ٣фᜤҥǴΏวϣ࠹Ǵ ܌аਏᝃሳԶ؃϶ᖂǴԿϞኧВǴᔈޣۘჲǶ૟ߕ΢΋રǴ຦ਠԖ፣ޣǴёࣁ ϟಏǶ35 ! ຍᇙऱψոԳωΕψܩ՗ωΕψᆣᔃωΕψᆣԳωፖψՂݦײԳωኔᎾ༉ਢֻᖻ 31 ֻᖻࣟΔτી֖Գॾυΰ1915 ڣ 7 ִαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔྋতנठष 1995 ڣठΔ଄ 13Ζ 32 ֻᖻࣟΔτ࿯ᘕ՗֒ऱॾυΰ1915 ڣ 8 ִαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 18Ζ 33 ֻᖻࣟΔτ࿯ᘕ՗֒ऱॾυΰ1915 ڣ 9 ִ 6 ֲαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 23Ζ 34 ֻᖻࣟΔτીᕟᙘዺऱॾυΰ1917 ڣ 8 ִ 23 ֲαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 89Ζ 35 ֻᖻࣟΔτીᘕ՗֒ॾυΰ1915 ڣ 9 ִ 27 ֲαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 28Ζ

ࣟऱ۞ݺཚ๺ΔᅝྥՈਢႚอᕢ୮֮֏ኙݙભΕ෻უԳ௑ऱ૞ޣΔຘመຍጟψփ ᆣωሒીψ؆׆ωΔ່ึޣ൓ԫ෻უऱषᄎൣቼΖ࣐ߢհΔႚอᕢ୮ऱ෻უष ᄎԯਢ৬ዌڇݙભሐᐚΰٍܛոԳܩ՗Εᆣᔃαऱഗ៕հՂΔ،೗ࡳԳ࿳ءࢤΔ ڂۖຘመ۞ݺऱଥ਍ΔױאࠌԳԳ੡໯စΔຍ֠ࠡਢݚࣔ෻ᖂࢬૹᄅᇭᤩऱሐ ᐚ෻უ׌ᆠΔֻᖻࣟਢڇࠡஃᄘ࣑ᛎऱۘᛖؾ਩ՀݮګऱΖຍጟሐᐚ෻უ׌ ᆠΔױאᎅ༉ቝ८ᨠᛑࢬᎅऱΚψԫጟ֮֏ಳޣݙભᏝଖ෻࢚ऱषᄎދ୴ωΔՈ ༉ਢԫጟኙψ௻ڮ߶෻࢚ωऱഒ਍Ζ36_{ڂڼΔᅝהԫ؟ᎁࡳהԳྤऄฤٽΔ༉} ྤऄݴ࠹Δψא৵٦լߠ߷຿ّωΙຍਢֻኙ࣍ਬଡ௽ࡳऱԳऱኪ৫Ζ ኙԫଡषᄎࠐᎅΔሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠृྤऄݴ࠹षᄎऱፍඓፖլֆᆠΔط࣍ಳ ޣݙભऱᏝଖ෻࢚ऱ᝟ࠌΔᅝהଚᝫ޲ڶߩജऱ౨Ժװޏທࢨޏ᧢षᄎհছΔ הଚࠥრ૞ޣ۞աΔܛࢬᘯऱψ܌աωΔ੷۟س੒൓ڕે۩ቖԫ౳Ζຍࠄ௽ᐛ ࣔ᧩।෼ڇᄅاᖂᄎऱ߷ࠄԳߪՂΔࠏڕֻᖻࣟࢬψቸ࿨ωऱຍԫ՛ᆢԳۿ׏ ࠥრ۞ݺᗣᒭΕ᝽᝷۞ݺრݳΚ ךॺΨ዗૱ᗝᗗيᡏǶӧൣଷ္Ǵךॺ২؁ຫഁݽξǴᙅࠤੋНǶӵ݀Π ߘǴךॺ൩ಥѐ᠎ՊǴᆀϐߘ੎Ƕਗ਼ВООਔǴךॺΨಥѐ᠎ՊǴᆀࣁВӀ੎Ƕ ӧࡾ॥္ǴךॺεᝂεћǴᆀϐࣁ΋໨ཥၮ୏໨ҞȬ॥੎ȭǶൣᗩफ़ᖏਔǴך ॺ៛எഁѦǹࣗԿӧΜ΋ДҽډӇհޑԢύෞݚǶ܌຾Չޑ೭٤ࢲ୏೿ऍځӜ ГȬᗝᗗيᡏȭǶΨ೚೭ሶ଺Ԗշܭግ൩΋ୋம଼ޑᡏᎷǴВࡕǴךӧࠄБޑ ᙯழ۴ำǴаϷவԢՋډՋчޑߏ۴ύǴཱུځሡा೭ኬ΋ୋᡏ਱Ƕ37 ! ڶࠄᖂृױ౨ᄎᎁ੡Δֻᖻࣟຍጟ壄壀ፖۚ᧯ࠀૹऱႜٻΔ༉ਢԲցᓵୃ ᖂΖ38 ߷ጟᨠរլਢᎄᇞԱԲցᓵऱრᆠΔ༉ਢᎄᇞԱֻᖻࣟऱუऄΖࠃኔՂΔ ֻᖻࣟຍᑌऱ༴૪Δৰ୲࣐༉ᨃԳᜤუࠩ Thomas More ڇࠡټထπ௻ڮ߶ρ ΰUtopiaαᇙࢬᝑऱΚ ਜ਼ԎٖΓע੿҅ޑז኷ϩԋऩυᅿǴԖ٤ࢂᆒઓБय़ޑǴԖ٤ࢂԺᡏБय़ ޑǶᜢܭᆒઓ΢ޑু኷Ǵдॺݙख़ޕ᛽Бय़ǴΑှ੿౛ǴаϷඍזӦӣᏫவ߻ ऍӳޑғࢲǶǾಃΒᅿԺᡏБय़ޑז኷ǴᏵдॺᇥǴࢂхࡴيᡏ΢ޑӼჱکਇ ҥޑރᄊǶٗ൩ࢂيᡏ଼நǴؒԖภधǶ39 ! 36 ८ᨠᛑΔτխഏ֮֏ऱ௻ڮ߶壄壀υΔנ๠Δ଄ 18Ζ 37 !ཎᘭΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 21:Ζ 38 ᕟة௠Δছ༿஼Ζ 39 Thomas MoreΔພྉີ᤟Δπ௻ڮ߶ρΔ؀קΔഏمᒳ᤟塢נठΔ1973 ڣΔ଄ 110-11Ζ

࣐ߢհΔኙۚ᧯ऱࠥრಝᒭΔਢ੡Ա຃ኧრݳΔܛ੡Ա壄壀ࢬ๻ࡳհؾऱΔ Ꮑ૞ڶԫב೜ൈऱߪ᧯Δڼழۚ᧯ऱᗣᒭྤጊਢ੡ኔᔌრݳऱՠࠠΖڇֻᖻࣟ ע࿆ڇπᄅॹڣρऱτ᧯ߛհઔߒυᇙᙰΔה༉ᎅሐΚψ᧯ृΔ੡वᢝհሉۖ ੡ሐᐚհ༅ृՈΔࠡሉवᢝՈڕ߫Δࠡ༅ሐᐚՈڕॐΖ᧯ृΔሉवᢝհ߫ۖ༅ ሐᐚհॐՈωΖ40_{ֻᖻࣟڇڼലߪ᧯ီ੡ψवᢝωፖψሐᐚωऱሉ᧯Δຍጟᨠរ} ڃᚨԱݺ٣ছࢬᎅऱψሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠωᓵ૪Ζຍ༉ቝॹڣֻᖻࣟኙᢅີᚊᇞᤩ ੡۶૞᝽ᒭߪ᧯ऱრᆠΚψݺଚຍᑌߨਢڶრᆠऱΔݺଚ૞ٻছז૎ႂᖂ฾Δ ࠌ۞աऱ৸უ᠆༄ΕრݳഒൎದࠐωΖ41 ߪ᧯ऱ᝽᝷ਢ੡Աψ৸უऱ᠆༄ωፖψრ ݳऱഒൎωΔޓਢ੡໌ທ૎ႂۖᄷໂऱΖ ᄅاᖂᄎऱሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠऱࠠ᧯।෼Δڇ࣍ኙߪ֨ऱ܌ࠫፖಝᒭΔۖࠡؾ ᑑঞڇᇞඑխഏΖਊᢅີᚊڃᖋሐΚ ྽ਔԖঁࢬՉޑᇥݤǴύ୯ࢂȹܿ٥ੰϻȹǶዎϐᇥǴךॺ΋ۓाעȹܿ ٥ੰϻȹޑᆀဦॠ௞Ǵவߙԃ໒ۈǴݙཀᗝᗗيᡏǶдᗋԖ΋ঁ׎ຝޑᇥݤǺ ෫ࠄा଺ܿБޑථЃၲکܿБޑදᎹγ*Ƕ42_! ཎ֣ሒࡉཏᕙՓຟਢഏ୮݇ՕൎฐऱွᐛΔൕຍᑌऱᣊֺ༉ױ઎נֻᖻࣟ ֨խऱඑഏ௻ڮ߶ऱ߷ጟᑷ֊ཚৱԱΖࢬאᢅີᚊ൷ထᎅΚ ථЃၲࢂ׆ᛪޑ΋ঁٖǴࢂᗝᗗيᡏޑኳጄǴදᎹγΨࢂ೭ኬǴЛڻ൩ࢂ දᎹγޑǶЛᐛܿӕדаيբ߾Ǵම޸Α΋พधфࣴز೭ঁୢᚒǴቪΑ΋ጇȤᡏ ػϐࣴزȥޑЎകǴว߄ӧ΋ΐ΋ΎԃѤДȠཥߙԃȡ΢ǶЎകύཱུΚЬ஭҇ ௼ाԖۘݓޑᆒઓǴाᎦԋ΋ᅿ௟ନЎ১ਜғޑཥ॥਻Ƕ43_! ࠃኔՂΔᢅີᚊאψࡸࣳωࠐᇭᤩֻᖻࣟτ᧯ߛհઔߒυԫ֮Δឈྥฤٽ ֻᖻࣟ༄ഏൎ܎ऱඑഏრᢝΔ܀ս᧩ຍጟ෻ᇞᝫլജࡌ࢏Ζֻᖻࣟڇᇠ֮խԫ ٦ൎᓳऱਢΔຏመߪ᧯ऱᗣᒭࠐഒൎრݳΔڕࠡࢬճΚ ϻᡏػϐЬԑǴݓ߿ΨǶݓ߿ϐҞǴऩ౓ਗ਼ǴऩόࣙǴऩඪࣁǴऩऐΦǴ ࣣཀדϐ٣ǶڗٯܴϐǴӵհН߫ىаግಞ౓ਗ਼ᆶόࣙǴΞىаግಞඪࣁǶΥ Ӛᅿϐၮ୏࡭ុόׯǴࣣԖግಞऐΦϐ੻Ǵऩߏ␢ȤຯȥᚆϐᖻາǴܭऐΦϐ ግಞЀ๱ǶϻΚܘξ਻ᇂШǴ౓ਗ਼Զςǹό௻ኴើᇣόᗋǴόࣙԶςǹϯৎࣁ 40 ֻᖻࣟΔτ᧯ߛհઔߒυΰ1917 ڣ 4 ִ 1 ֲαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 67Ζ 41 ᢅີᚊΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 29Ζ 42 ٵছုΔ଄ 27Ζ 43 ٵছုΖ

୯ǴඪࣁԶςǹΖԃܭѦǴΟၸځѦǴΟၸځߐԶόΕǴऐΦԶςǶाࣣёܭ Вதᡏػϐλ୷ϐǶཀדΨޣǴڰΓғ٣཰ϐӃ០ΨǶ44 ! ຍ٦ڻᢞࣔԱݺছ૪ऱᨠរΔܛኙۚ᧯ऱࠥრಝᒭΔਢ੡Ա຃ኧრݳΖՈ ༉ਢᎅΔ੡Աሒګ壄壀ࢬ๻ࡳհؾऱΔᏁ૞ڶԫൎ೜ऱ᧯ᕗΔڂڼۚ᧯ऱᗣᒭ ྤጊਢ੡ኔᔌრݳऱՠࠠΖ ᄅاᖂᄎऱሐᐚ෻უ׌ᆠ।෼խΔᢅີᚊᝑࠩऱڶψޡ۩ωΔהਐנΔֻ ᖻࣟψ༼ଠޡ۩Δࠀ૞ޣᄅاᖂᄎᄎ୉Ոլ૞݄ԳԺ߫Ζޡ۩ৰ၄ᕀ՗Δ༉༼ ଠઠ౻ᕀΔ౻ᕀڇᅝழৰཏሙΔԫ౳໎೯Գاຟઠ౻ᕀωΖ45 ֻᖻࣟۿ׏ڶრ෡ ࠥװ᧯ᄎ່ഗᐋΕ່ࠥેऱልاس੒Δຍጟે۩ቖڤऱس੒ֱڤΔਝਢኔᔌྤ ਙࢌ׌ᆠऱؓ࿛଺ঞΔኔᎾՂՈਢ᝽᝷۞ݺრݳऱԫຝ։ΔהՈ૞ޣࠡ،ᄎ୉ ֺᅃΖ

Ҵǵλ! ! ่

ྤᓵڕ۶ΔᄅاᖂᄎऱګمΔွᐛထֻᖻࣟലࠡ௻ڮ߶৸უב壆ኔᔌऱԫ ଡቫᇢΖ ࠉᕟة௠ऱ઎ऄΔᄅاᖂᄎਢࠢীऱ़უषᄎ׌ᆠΚ ԋҥཥ҇Ꮲ཮ޑҞޑǴࢂाׯ೷ঁΓکΓᜪǴՠࢂׯ೷ᒤݤࢂᎦԋঁΓؼ ӳޑࠔ܄Ǵ೯ၸঁΓޑׯ೷Զჴ౜ӄΓᜪޑׯ೷Ǵიᡏޑғࢲჹ೭ᅿׯ೷ଆϕ շբҔǶᏢ཮ںՉޑ೭ᅿ೭ᅿࡰᏤࡘགྷǴ҅ࢂ྽ਔλၗౢ໘ભޜགྷޗ཮Ьကޣ ӧௗڙΑϕշፕǵཥ׸Ьကǵݱമ୏Ьကکπ᠐Ьကϐࡕ܌දၹ࡭ԖޑߞһǶ ೭ᅿࡰᏤࡘགྷکኻࢪޜགྷޗ཮ЬကޣޑЬ஭΋ኬǴעܜຝޑԾฅΓբࣁޗ཮ޑ ੿҅୷ᘵǴޑ੿҅୷ᘵǴעޗ཮ڋࡋޑᆭ௳Ǵᘜ่ࣁΓ܄ว৖ޑό଼ӄǶӢԜ ाׯ೷ޗ཮୯ৎکΓᜪǴ२Ӄा୻Ꭶکว৖ঁΓ଼ӄޑΓ਱ǴाҔ଼ӄޑΓѐ ۴ܺکׯ೷ޗ཮Ƕ೭ኬǴޗ཮ޑނ፦ᜢ߯ޑׯ೷ǴߡܫډΑԛाޑکவឦޑՏ ࿼Ǵ੃ନޗ཮ᄄੰᡂԋΑȹࡘᆢ๱ޑ౛܄ޑҺ୍ȹǶ೭൩ࢂޜགྷޗ཮Ьကޑڂ ࠠࢂޜགྷޗ཮Ьကޑڂࠠ੝ቻȩǶ46_! ଺ঞՂݺٵრᕟة௠ऱᨠរΔլመΔݺսྥؘႊ௽ܑਐנऱਢΔᄅاᖂᄎ 44 ֻᖻࣟΔτ᧯ߛհઔߒυΰ1917 ڣ 4 ִ 1 ֲαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 72Ζ 45 ᢅີᚊΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 26-28Ζ 46 !ᕟة௠Δছ༿஼Δ଄ 300Ζ

ࠀլݙ٤ቝᕟּࢬᘯऱψ़უषᄎ׌ᆠωԫ౳Δڂ੡߷ጟषᄎ׌ᆠԯਢ৬ഗ࣍ ׈੺׌ᆠऱΔۖᄅاᖂᄎګمऱᕿ೐ؾᑑঞਢඑഏऱΔՈ༉ਢቝֻᖻࣟኙཎᘭ ࢬߢΚψݺਐࡳ૞߷ࠄഒެΕڶެ֨Εᄷໂ੡ഏந᠎ऱԳωΖ47_{࣐ߢհΔψ़უष} ᄎ׌ᆠωਢԫጟ׈੺׌ᆠڤऱඑ׈௻ڮ߶Δۖᄅاᖂᄎঞਢԫጟاග׌ᆠፖ௻ ڮ߶৸უ࿨ٽऱขढΖ ء່֮ૹ૞࿨ᓵऱਢΔֻᖻࣟຏመᄅاᖂᄎߪ᧯Ժ۩چኔᔌᅝழٺጟ৸ᑪ ຟךየထ෻უ׌ᆠΔהݦඨຘመຍࠄኔᔌ੒೯ψࠐ໌ທᄅس੒ࡉᄅषᄎωΖ48_ٱ ᢞֻᖻࣟ۞աऱᝑऄΚψݺუݺଚڇ९ޥ૞໌ທԫጟᄅऱس੒ΔױאᝮٽٵݳΔ ఺ԫࢬࢪ՗Δᙄԫଡ۞ଥՕᖂΰຍଡټڗਢ઺ᔞհ٣سທऱαΖݺଚڇຍଡՕ ᖂᇙኔ۩٥ขऱس੒ωΖ49 ڇຍଡრᆠՀΔݺଚױאނᄅاᖂᄎ઎ګԫଡ௻ڮ߶ ቸ᧯Ζ 47 ཎᘭΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 108Ζ 48 ᕟة௠Δছ༿஼Δ଄ 312Ζ 49 ֻᖻࣟΔτીࡌ׈ಿॾυΰ1920 ڣ 3 ִ 14 ֲαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔছ༿஼Δ଄ 475Ζ

ЇҔਜҞ

Thomas MoreΔພྉີ᤟Δπ௻ڮ߶ρΔ؀קΔഏمᒳ᤟塢נठΔ1973 ڣΖ խഏषᄎઝᖂೃ२ז׾ઔߒࢬᒳΔπն؄ሎ೯ڃᖋᙕρΔקࠇΔխഏषᄎઝᖂנठ षΔ1979 ڣΖ խഏ଀ࡎ໑ढ塢᤻׾ઔߒ৛ᒳΔπ᤻׾ઔߒᇷறρรԫႃΔګຟΔ؄՟Գاנठ षΔ1982 ڣΖ ֻᖻࣟΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔྋতנठष 1995 ڣठΖ ێփኔΔ႓૎ୃΕᄘݛا᤟ΔπֻᖻࣟρΔ؀קΔ۞مඡ໴ष֮֏נठຝΔ1991 ڣΖ ޕᔲΔπԿԼᄣאছऱֻᖻࣟρΔழ໴נठ 1993 ڣ 12 ִॣठΖ ޕᔲΔπֻᖻࣟऱڰڣࡉඡڣρΔ၆ڠԳاנठष 1992 ڣठΖ ८ᨠᛑΔτխഏ֮֏ऱ௻ڮ߶壄壀υΔυΔπԲԼԫ׈ધρΔ1990 ڣ 12 ִᇆΖ ඩඔ၌Δπ堬٧৛֮ႃᣊᒳρΰՂαΔ؀קΔဎإ஼ݝΔ1974 ڣΖ ്ᣪࣔΔπඔ፞ፖ଀ࡎѧψն؄ωᖿၞ੔ऱࠟᣄρΔՂ௧ΔᖂࣥנठषΔ1998 ڣΖ ്㝤Δാݳ௧Εᆼ֛ؓ᤟Δπඩඔ၌ፖխഏ৸უऱመྀρΰ1890ѧ1907αΔতࠇΔ ۂᤕԳاנठषΔ1997 ڣΖ ຫ֟ࣔ࿛Δπ२זխഏ৸უ׾ᓵρΔྈۂΔᐖڠԳاנठषΔ1999 ڣΖ ཎᘭΰEdgar SnowαΔπ۫۩ደಖρΔקࠇԿᜤ஼ࢋ 1979 ڣठΖ ᄘ࣑ᛎΔπሒ֏សֲಖρΔ९ޥΔྋতԳاנठषΔ1981 ڣΖ ᕟة௠Δπխ֮۫֏ፖֻᖻࣟڰཚ৸უρΔ؄՟ՕᖂנठषΔ1989 ڣΖ ᓐࡉཤΔπᓐࡉཤ֮ႃρΔקࠇΔԳاנठषΔ1980 ڣΖ ᏥᐚদΔπֻᖻࣟഏ୮ᖂᎅρΔࣳዧΔࣳዧՕᖂנठष, 1993 ڣΖ ᘕᅜΔπࡉֻᖻࣟԫದ۩ՉρΔรնີΔ֧۞ http://www.small-island.org/books/hmzdyqxqj/

Analysis of Mao Zedong’s thought in the period of

Xinmin lnstitute

Chen-Hui Wang

Abstract

“Xinmin lnstitute” is a academic group which is found by Mao Zedong and his schoolmates. It is a quite important role in Mao Zedong's thought development and the political activity. In short, Mao Zedong practiced almost each thought by “Xinmin lnstitute” at that time, specially “Xinmin Theory” of Liang Qichao. And Mao Zedong was changing to be a socialist later. Mao Zedong also had opportunity to practice his ideal first time by “Xinmin lnstitute”, and Mao shape his model of political ideal disposition in this “academic group” which he held.

If we want to research the development process Mao’s thought, it is an impor-tant key to understand and analyse Mao’s condition of though in “Xinmin lnstitute” period.

Key wordsΚMao ZedongΕXinmin lnstituteΕthe Utopia