୯ҥᆵεᏢғၭᏢଣහ݅ᕉნᄤၗྍᏢࣴز܌
ᅺγፕЎ
School of Forestry and Resource Conservation College of Bio-resources and Agirculture
National Taiwan University Master Thesis
ፔٰୖᆶӅᆅ
ņЃᚰပǵᐕပکఈໂပޑӅᆅᡍ The Co-management experience of Balung, Torik (Duli)
and Kalibuan (Wang-Xiang)
ֆܵᆺ Yun-Jung Wu
ࡰᏤ௲Ǻᐽၰ݇ റγ Advisor: Dau-Jye Lu, Ph. D.
ύ҇୯ 104 ԃ 8 Д
August, 2015
ii
iii
ಃঁಉᙁޑλλբࠔ ๏
ךޑৎΓ
ࣴزਓำύޑԴৣکܻ϶ॺ
ଆࡋၸϿζਔжޑیॺ
όᕴࢂӧيᜐࠅޔഉՔךޑᒃངޑی0գ ᗋԖϺޑԴৣ
iv
㐀天
㛔䞼䨞㖐天㍊䨞冢䀋⍇ỷ㮹悐句⛐冯㜿⊁╖ỵὅ㬋⺷㱽夷ℙ䭉炻悐句ℙ䭉ẋ堐 冯悐句℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾橼⇞䘬斄忋⍲℞⼙枧䘬⚈䳈ˤ㛔䞼䨞ẍ⢇悐句ˣ悥㬟悐 句ˣ㛃悱悐句䁢ᾳ㟰炻ẍ䳖㟡䎮婾䘬⍾⼹炻㍉䓐⍫冯奨⮇ˣ姒婯冯㔯䌣⚆栏䫱 䞼䨞㕡㱽炻⮵悐句℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾橼⇞ˣℙ䭉嬘柴䘤⯽㬟䦳冯℞妶婾炻忚埴屯㕁 䘬吸普冯↮㜸ˤ
䞼䨞䳸㝄栗䣢炻⍇ỷ㮹㕷悐句䘬⁛䴙℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾橼⇞炻⛐㬟⎚㍐忚䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻
⍿⇘⣂㧋㓧㱣ˣ⬿㔁ˣ䴻㾇䫱㚱⇍㕤悐句⁛䴙㔯⊾䘬⢾Ἦ⇢㽨⼙枧炻嬻䎦ẋ悐 句䘬℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾橼⇞⏰䎦䳬䷼⛀橼⣂⃫Ἕ忚ˣ䚠ḺṌ䷼䘬墯暄✳ンˤ侴悐↮
悐句⛐℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾ᾅ㚱ㆾ埵䓇Ụ悐句㚫嬘䘬悐句㹅忂ˣ㰢䫾⸛⎘ˤ䓙㕤㭷ᾳ 悐句℔ℙ㰢䫾橼⇞㚱℞䈡㬲⿏炻ᶨ凔ね㱩ᶳ炻ẍ㚨䅇〱悐句℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾橼⇞
䘬悐句㕷Ṣ炻冒埴䯴䳬悐句ℙ䭉ẋ堐ㆾ䴎Ḱ䯴䳬㕡⺷䘬⺢嬘炻枿傥層⎰悐句暨 㯪ˤ侴ᾳ㟰ℙ䭉䴻槿ᷕ炻⛐ℙ䭉䯴䳬忶䦳℟㚱塩慷㪲䘬㜿⊁╖ỵ炻⮵㕤悐句ℙ 䭉ẋ堐䘬⼊ㆸ㕡⺷炻⛐㱽夷䘬㝞㥳ᶳ㌴㚱䳽⮵䘬⼙枧≃炻㗗慵天䘬⢾悐悐句ẋ 堐䓊䓇⼙枧⚈⫸ˤ
斄挝⫿烉ℙ䭉ˣ℔ℙḳ⊁ˣ㰢䫾ˣ橼⇞ˣ㪲䙲斄ὪṢ
v
Abstract
Applying qualitative research methods such as participant observation, interview and literature review in three cases in which tribes are undertaking co-management issue with foresty administrations by legel system, this study aims to gather the data of decision-making institutions of public affairs and the discussing process of co-management issue in tribes, for the purposes of finding out the correlation between how tribes making public affairs’ decisions and the composition of co-management committee members of tribe as well as the elements affecting the composition of committee members.
The results show that tribes’ institutions affected by time make their public affairs’
institutions in present become multi contron by social organisations. Some of tribes maintain or establish tribal council like decision-making platform. Usually the composition of committee members advised or consisted by tribes which kown themselves most may be a good choices. And the foresty administrations who get decision-making power in co-management process are the important external conponets to influence the compositon of committee members.
Keywords: co-management, public affairs, decision-making, institution, stakeholder
vi
䚖抬
㐀天...iv
Abstract ... v
䫔ᶨ䪈ˣ䵺婾... 1
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ䞼䨞≽㨇... 1
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ䚠斄㔯䌣... 3
䫔ᶱ䭨ˣ䞼䨞㍸⓷冯䚖䘬... 14
䫔⚃䭨ˣ䞼䨞㝞㥳... 14
䫔Ḵ䪈ˣ䞼䨞㛸㕁冯㕡㱽... 16
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ䞼䨞⍾⼹冯㕡㱽炻䳖㟡䎮婾㗗... 16
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ屯㕁吸普䘬㕡㱽... 17
䫔ᶱ䭨ˣ䓘慶㬟䦳冯屯㕁吸普忶䦳... 19
䫔ᶱ䪈ˣ⢇悐句冯㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨ℙ䭉㚫... 35
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ⢇悐句ỵ伖冯䑘⠫... 35
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ⢇悐句䘬Ṣ佌䳬ㆸ冯䣦㚫橼⇞... 36
䫔ᶱ䭨ˣ⢇悐句䘬⬿㔁ᾉẘ... 42
䫔⚃䭨ˣ⢇悐句䘬䴻㾇䓊㤕... 43
䫔Ḽ䭨ˣ⢇悐句䘬䣦⋨䳬䷼... 45
䫔ℕ䭨ˣ⢇悐句䘬℔ℙḳ⊁忳ἄ... 50
䫔ᶫ䭨ˣ㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨ℙ⎴䭉䎮⥼⒉㚫... 55
䫔⚃䪈ˣ悥㬟悐句冯媖娊⥼⒉㚫... 67
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ悥㬟悐句ỵ伖冯䑘⠫... 67
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ悥㬟悐句䘬Ṣ佌䳬ㆸ冯䣦㚫橼⇞... 68
䫔ᶱ䭨ˣ悥㬟悐句䘬⬿㔁ᾉẘ... 71
䫔⚃䭨ˣ悥㬟悐句䘬䴻㾇䓊㤕... 72
vii
䫔Ḽ䭨ˣ悥㬟悐句䘬䣦⋨䳬䷼... 72
䫔ℕ䭨ˣ悥㬟悐句䘬℔ℙḳ⊁忳ἄ... 73
䫔ᶫ䭨ˣ悥㬟悐句媖娊⥼⒉㚫... 75
䫔Ḽ䪈ˣ㛃悱悐句冯ℙ䭉嬘柴... 84
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ㛃悱悐句ỵ伖冯䑘⠫... 84
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ㛃悱悐句䘬Ṣ佌䳬ㆸ冯䣦㚫橼⇞... 84
䫔⚃䭨ˣ㛃悱悐句䘬䴻㾇䓊㤕... 87
䫔Ḽ䭨ˣ㛃悱悐句䘬䣦⋨䳬䷼... 88
䫔ℕ䭨ˣ㛃悱悐句䘬℔ℙḳ⊁忳ἄ... 92
䫔ᶫ䭨ˣ㛃悱悐句䘬ℙ䭉嬘柴... 94
䫔ℕ䪈ˣℙ䭉ᷕ䘬悐句ẋ堐䓊䓇... 106
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ悐句ℏ悐橼⇞⼙枧⚈⫸... 106
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ悐句⢾悐䘬⼙枧⚈⫸... 115
䫔ᶫ䪈ˣ䞼䨞䳸㝄冯旸⇞... 120
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ䞼䨞䳸㝄... 120
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ䞼䨞届䌣冯䞼䨞旸⇞... 121
⍫侫㔯䌣... 123
viii
⚾䚖抬
⚾ 1 ℙ⎴䭉䎮䘬⭂ỵ... 7
⚾ 2 ⍫冯⛐ᾅ嬟⋨䴻䆇䭉䎮䘬ㅱ䓐炷ᶨᾳ忋临朊䘬妶婾炸... 8
⚾ 3 ℙ䭉⥼⒉㚫䘬㪲≃↮ṓ昶Ⰼ⚾... 8
⚾ 4 ⢇悐句ỵ伖⚾... 36
⚾ 5 ⢇悐句㮷㕷↮ⶫ⚾ (ᶨ) ... 38
⚾ 6 ⢇悐句㮷㕷↮ⶫ⚾ (Ḵ) ... 38
⚾ 7 ⢇悐句㮷㕷↮ⶫ⚾ (ᶱ) ... 39
⚾ 8 ⢇悐句⁛䴙㳣≽䭬⚵䣢シ... 62
⚾ 9 悥㬟悐句ỵ伖䣢シ⚾... 68
⚾ 10 㛃悱悐句ỵ伖䣢シ⚾... 84
⚾ 11 悥㬜悐句冯㛃悱悐句䘬℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾㨇⇞䣢シ⚾ ... 113
⚾ 12 ⢇悐句䘬℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾㨇⇞䣢シ⚾ ... 113
堐䚖抬
堐 1 ℙ䭉䘬忋临嬄………...…10堐 2 ⍿姒侭 (informant) ↿堐………...21
堐 3 慵天⍫冯奨⮇姀抬↿堐………...25
堐 4 姒婯䲨抬↿堐………..28
堐 5 ⢇悐句㮷㕷冯㻊⥻⮵䄏堐………..37
堐 6 ⎘䀋⍇ỷ㮹㕷悐句㯠临斄㆟⋼㚫㬟⸜➟埴⣏✳妰䔓………...48
堐 7 ⶫ彚㕷奒㕷䳬䷼䘬↮栆シ佑冯≇傥……….…..85
1
䫔
䫔ᶨ䪈ˣ䵺婾
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ䞼䨞≽㨇
冢䀋ᾅ嬟⋨∫姕⥳㕤 1970 ⸜ẋ炻崟⇅ᾅ嬟⋨䴻䆇䭉䎮䘬夷∫㤪⾝㶙⍿ᶾ䓴 䫔ᶨ⹏⚳⭞℔⚺ņ伶⚳湫䞛⚳⭞℔⚺䘬℠䭬⼙枧炻⛐䴻䆇䭉䎮ᶲᷣ天㍉⍾䓙ᶲ 侴ᶳ冯屯㸸ᾅ嬟䘬㕡⺷炻㰢䫾㪲⣂䓙㓧⹄╖ỵ冯⮰⭞⬠侭ᷣ⮶炻⮹㚱⛐⛘䘤 倚ㆾ⍫冯䘬㨇㚫ˤ仢᷷⮯⛐⛘暨㯪䲵ℍ侫慷䘬㓧䫾炻⮵㕤⛐⛘屯㸸ἧ䓐侭䘬䓇 㳣䓇妰冯㔯⊾⁛䴙ⷠ忈ㆸ旣䣁炻农ἧℑ忈ᷳ攻⬀㚱媠⣂ᶵ㺧冯䇕➟ˤ
⍫冯⺷䭉䎮 (Participatory management) ⛐ 1990 ⸜ẋ⼴㛇㘖念⍿⇘慵夾炻
℞ᷕ 1975 ⸜≈㊧⣏ James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 椾㫉㍸↢䘬⎵娆 ˬℙ䭉 (Co-management)˭炻⌛㛇⼭䓙㓧⹄冯⛐⛘䣦⋨↮ṓ䭉䎮屯㸸䘬㪲≃冯 屔ả炻Ὣㆸ㚜㚱㓰侴℔⸛䘬㱣䎮㧉⺷炻㓡┬屯㸸䭉䎮䘬忶䦳冯≇傥ˤ⛐ᶾ䓴㼖 㳩⼙枧ᶳ炻㬌䧖⛐⛘⍫冯䘬䴻䆇䭉䎮㕘⿅䵕Ṏ㗗役㛇冢䀋⛐㴱⍲⍇ỷ㮹㕷屯㸸 䭉䎮㗪ⷠ塓㍸⍲䘬⎵娆ˤ
2012 ⸜炻⇅忚䞼䨞⯙嬨㗪炻㬋忊㜿⊁⯨㕘䪡㜿⋨䭉䎮嗽 (⼴㔯䯉䧙㕘䪡 㜿䭉嗽) 㫚ὅ㢖㜿㱽℔⏲㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨䘬夷∫㗪㛇炻䓙㕤 2005 ⸜䷥䴙℔Ự
⍇ỷ㮹㕷➢㛔㱽 (⼴㔯䯉䧙⍇➢㱽)炻℞ᷕ䫔 22 㡅烉ˬࡹ۬ܭচՐ҇ӦჄ
୯ৎϦ༜ǵ୯ৎભ॥ඳۓǵ݅ǵғᄊߥػǵၯϷځдၗྍݯ
ᐒᜢਔǴᔈቻளӦচՐ҇ӕཀǴ٠ᆶচՐ҇ࡌҥӅӕᆅᐒڋ……˭炻 㚱㒂㕤㬌炻㕘䪡㜿䭉嗽思⽒⍇➢㱽䘬 22 㡅ᷳ䱦䤆炻⛐ᾅ嬟⋨夷∫㟰ᷕ䲵ℍℙ䭉 䘬㥳゛炻⮯冯⛐⛘⍇ỷ㮹㕷ㆸ䩳屯㸸ℙ⎴䭉䎮⥼⒉㚫 (⼴㔯䯉䧙ℙ䭉㚫)炻侴ㆹ 㬋⤥幔忊℞䚃炻⍫冯⇘忁ᶨ㭝ẍᾅ嬟⋨䴻䆇䭉䎮䁢䚖㧁䘬ℙ䭉㚫䘬夷∫忶䦳ˤ
忶䦳䘬崟⥳䁢吸普悐句シ夳炻㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨枸⭂∫姕⛘溆ỵ㕤㟫⚺ⶪ
2
⽑冰⋨厗昝慴炻㓭夷∫⛀昲䓙㚨惘役ᷳ厗昝䣦⋨䘤⯽⋼㚫攳⥳倗专忚埴姒婯炻 ℵ䓙㺦暒䎫䘬㕡⺷炻德忶姒婯悐句侮侩冯⯭㮹ˣ䣦⋨ἄ⚾䫱㕡⺷炻䝕妋⛐⛘⯭
㮹䘬䓇㳣ˣ⁛䴙柀➇ˣ⁛䴙悐句㔯⊾⍲Ṣ佌䓴䶂ˤ䓙侮侩ˣ⯭㮹ℙ⎴妶婾㍷丒 悐句䘬⁛䴙䓇㳣⟜➇冯Ṣ佌䓴䶂炻᷎⛐忶䦳ᷕ㰢⭂炻ẍ⁛䴙䘬⭞㕷䁢╖ỵ炻㏕
惵⛐⛘ NGO 䳬䷼Ἦ㍐㳦ℙ䭉㚫ᷳẋ堐Ṣ怠ˤ
䃞侴㉱㉱Ⱉ⛘⋨㕤 1973 ⸜䘤䎦⣏䇯䲭㩄䤆㛐佌⼴倚⎵⣏☒炻≈ᶲ 1970 军 1980 ⸜ẋ㻊Ṣ⺽忚㹓ⷞ㝄㧡㟥➡炻奨冯㹓ⷞ㝄㧡㟥➡䓊㤕䘬䘤⯽炻嬻㉱㉱Ⱉ
⛘⋨⍇㮹倂句庫㖑㍍妠⢾Ἦ㔯⊾㲿䥖炻䁢䘤⯽侴怟⯭军㬌嗽䘬⢾Ἦ侭Ṏᶵ⛐⮹
㔠ˤ䓙堐朊䚳Ἦ㉱㉱Ⱉ⛘⋨⍇㮹倂句㗗⍿⢾Ἦ㔯⊾⼙枧⼰㶙䘬⋨➇炻⛐ㆹ忁ᾳ
⇅㫉㍍妠悐句䘬㕩奨侭䚳Ἦ炻ḇỤ᷶⼰暋㶭㤂デ⍿⇘悐句⁛䴙℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾䘬 㔯⊾炻⚈侴⮵㕤ẍ怠↢悐句ℙ䭉㚫ẋ堐炻 䁢ẋ堐悐句Ṣ佌䘬䘤倚㨇⇞炻冯屯 㸸ᷣ䭉㨇斄ℙ⎴⓮嬘冒䃞屯㸸䭉䎮炻℞ᷕℙ䭉㚫悐句⥼⒉䳬ㆸ䘬⼙枧⚈⫸炻ẍ
⍲悐句⥼⒉冯悐句䎦埴℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾㨇⇞䘬斄倗Ẍㆹデ⇘⤥⣯ˤ
⛐㬌⎴㗪炻ỵ㕤㜿⊁⯨冢㜙㜿⋨䭉䎮嗽 (⼴㔯䯉䧙冢㜙㜿䭉嗽) 廬⋨ℏ䘬 悥㬟悐句炻悐句冯冢㜙㜿䭉嗽䘬⎰ἄ斄Ὢḇ㬋⤪䀓⤪匤⛘忚埴ᷕ烊⚳䩳冢䀋⣏
⬠⮎槿㜿䭉䎮嗽 (⼴㔯䯉䧙冢⣏⮎槿㜿ㆾ⮎槿㜿) 冯廬⋨忙怲䘬㛃悱悐句炻攟 㛇Ḻ≽⎰ἄẍἮ炻ᶵ㗪㊯㴱⇘ℙ䭉䘬嬘柴炻㬌㗪㛇ḇ㬋㗗℞䧵㤝䯴⁁炻㫚ὅ⍇
➢㱽⎔攳ℙ䭉㚫嬘䘬㗪䦳ˤᶱᾳ⛘⋨冯ᶱᾳᶵ⎴䘬屯㸸ᷣ䭉㨇斄炻↮⇍䓐ᶵ⎴
㧉⺷婯婾ℙ䭉嬘柴炻忁ᶱᾳᾳ㟰䘬屯㸸ᷣ䭉㨇斄䘮Ⱄ㜿⊁╖ỵ炻ḇ悥ⶴ㛃思䄏
⍇➢㱽䱦䤆炻冯⛐⛘⍇㮹悐句炻ẍ䳬䷼ℙ䭉㚫䘬㕡⺷妶婾屯㸸䭉䎮嬘柴ˤ⛐㛔 䞼䨞ᷕ炻ㆹ▿娎⮯ᶱᾳᾳ㟰Ἕ昛炻妶婾悐句ℙ䭉㚫⥼⒉䳬ㆸ⼙枧⚈䳈炻ẍ⍲℞
冯悐句℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾斄倗⿏炻Ἦ▿娎㍊䨞㗗ˬ婘˭ㅱ娚Ἦ⍫冯ℙ䭉忁㧋ᶨᾳ⓷ 柴ˤ
3
䫔
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ䚠斄㔯䌣
⛐忁ᾳ䞼䨞ᷕ炻ㆹ斄⽫䘬⓷柴䓙ˬℙ䭉˭ℑᾳ⫿↢䘤ˤ䃞侴䲼䱡ẍˬℙ 䭉˭䁢斄挝⫿Ἦ忚埴㔯䌣䘬吸普炻䘤䎦䓙ℙ䭉䁢ᷣ柴婯婾䘬嬘柴栆⇍䚠䔞⣂炻
℞ᷕ㚨ⷠ塓婯婾䘬斄挝⫿⊭㊔烉㺩㤕 (fisheries) ˣ㢖㜿 (forest)ˣ怑ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉 (adaptive co-management)ˣ杴⿏ (resiliences)ˣ㪲䙲斄ὪṢ (stakeholder) 䫱ˤ㺩 㤕䚠斄䘬ℙ䭉䞼䨞⤪ Sen and Nielsen (1996) ẍ㔯䌣⚆栏䘬㕡⺷炻⮯ỵ㕤朆㳚ˣ Ṇ㳚ˣ⊿伶㳚ˣ㫸㳚冯⣒⸛㲳⛘⋨炻22 ᾳⶍ㤕⊾ˣ⋲ⶍ㤕⊾冯朆ⶍ㤕⛘⋨䘬㺩 㤕ℙ䭉ᾳ㟰炻䓙㓧⹄冯⛐⛘䣦⋨䘬㰢䫾㧉⺷炻↮⇍㬠栆㕤㔁做 (Instructive)ˣ媖 娊 (Consultative)ˣ⎰ἄ (Cooperative)ˣ栏⓷ (Advisory)ˣ䞍㚫 (Informative炻
㊯䓙⛐⛘䣦佌䞍㚫㓧⹄╖ỵ)炻Ḽ䧖ℙ䭉栆✳烊㢖㜿䚠斄ᷣ柴⤪ KimDung, Bush and Mol (2013) 䓙崲⋿䈡㬲䘬䈡⇍ἧ䓐㢖㜿 (Special-Use Forest, SUF) 䲣䴙炻㍊
妶⛐崲⋿㓧⹄ẍᶵ㕟⡆≈ SUF 忚埴ᾅ做埴≽䘬⎴㗪炻SUF 䓇䈑⣂㧋⿏㊩临ᶳ旵 䘬嬘柴炻䳸㝄栗䣢崲⋿ 143 ᾳ SUF ᷕ 105 ᾳ SUF ⮎嶸ℙ䭉炻䃞㰢䫾㪲ṵ㌴㎉
䚩㓧⹄ㇳᷕ䁢⼙枧ᷣ⚈烊杴⿏䞼䨞⤪ Plummera and Armitage (2007) 䓙怑ㅱ⿏ℙ 䭉䘬䞼䨞仢᷷姽慷嫱㒂䘬岒䔹↢䘤炻䘤⯽ᶨ⣿ẍ䓇ンˣ䴻㾇冯䣦㚫Ἦ忋䳸怑ㅱ
⿏ℙ䭉䘬杴⿏姽慷㕡㱽烊侴斄挝⫿ᷕ冯ˬṢ˭䁢ᷣ柴䚠斄⿏㚨檀䘬㪲䙲斄ὪṢ 嬘柴炻℞䞼䨞⣂㗗㍊妶㪲䙲斄ὪṢ䘬䳬ㆸ㕡⺷炻ㆾᶵ⎴㪲䙲斄ὪṢ攻䘬㪲≃斄 Ὢ⮵ℙ䭉㓰傥䘬⼙枧 (Carlsson and Berkes, 2005᧷Berkes, 2009烊Sandströma and Widmark, 2007)ˤ忁ṃℙ䭉䞼䨞⣂叿慵㕤⮎晃忳ἄ䴻槿䘬妶婾炻冯ㆹ斄㲐䘬 ℙ䭉㚫ˬṢ⒉䳬ㆸᷳ㕤⛀橼䘬斄倗⿏˭炻㭼庫㰺㚱䚜㍍䘬䚠斄ˤ
ḇ⚈䁢⛐ℙ䭉䘬㔯䌣ᷕ庫⮹妶婾⇵㛇ℙ䭉㚫䳬䷼䳬ㆸ䘬嬘柴炻⚈侴ㆹ忚ᶨ 㬍⮯ㆹ⮵㔯䌣䘬㏄⮳炻旸䷖⇘⸦ᾳㆹ゛天䝕妋䘬⸦ᾳℙ䭉嬘柴⣏枭烉䫔ᶨ炻ℙ 䭉䘬崟㸸䁢ỽ烎⬠䓴⤪ỽ⭂佑ℙ䭉烎䫔Ḵ炻䓙忶⍣⇘䎦⛐ℙ䭉嬘柴妶婾䘬朊⎹
㚱ỽ廱嬲烎侴䓙㕤㛔䞼䨞䁢冢䀋⛐⛘䘬ℙ䭉䴻槿䞼䨞炻㚨⼴ᶨ悐↮ⶴ㛃叿慵⛐
4
冢䀋䘬ℙ䭉嬘柴㔯䌣ˤ
1. ㌺昌⺷冯⍫冯⺷䘬ᾅ嬟⋨⍾⼹
⛐ 1960 军 1970 ⸜ẋᾅ嬟⋨䴻䆇䭉䎮℠䭬↢䎦Ḯℑ䧖㇒䃞ᶵ⎴⍾⼹䘬彗 婾烉㌺昌⺷炷exclusive炸冯㵝㊔⺷炷inclusive炸炷Borrini-Feyerabend, 1996炸ˤ㌺
昌⺷䘬䴻䆇䭉䎮⍾⼹䚖䘬⛐∫姕ᶨ⋨⟲ᾅ㊩℞⢗渿⣑䃞⛘㘗冯屯㸸炻⮯⛘⋨ℏ 䘬Ṣ栆㳣≽㌺昌⛐⢾炻ㆾ⮯䔞⛘ỷ㮹怟䦣⠫⢾ˤ1872 ⸜ㆸ䩳䘬ℐᶾ䓴䫔ᶨ⹏⚳
⭞℔⚺ņ伶⚳湫䞛⚳⭞℔⚺䘬䴻䆇䎮⾝⌛䁢ẋ堐ˤ㌺昌⺷ᾅ嬟⋨䴻䆇䭉䎮⍾⼹
㍉⍾普㪲⺷䘬㕡⺷炻䴻䆇䭉䎮㪲ᷣ天䓙ᷕ⣖㓧⹄冯䞍嬀卩劙㍏⇞炻᷎ẍ䥹⬠
䞍嬀䁢➢䢶炻㌺昌Ṣ䁢䘬⸚㒦炷䚏忻㜘䫱炻2011炸ˤ䃞侴㬌䧖⾥䔍⛐⛘屯㸸ἧ䓐 侭冯⛐⛘㘢ㄏ䘬䭉䎮㕡⺷炻⼨⼨⚈䁢⮵冒䃞屯㸸㚱ᶵ⎴䘬䚖㧁゛㱽炻忈ㆸ䭉䎮 Ṣ⒉冯屯㸸ἧ䓐侭堅䨩炻╖䓙㓧⹄䲣䴙忚埴䭉䎮䘬㕡⺷炻⯌㕤傥⣈㈽ℍ䘬屯㸸 㚱旸炻嬻䴻䆇䭉䎮㗪ⷠ嶇ᶵᶲ䓇ン䲣䴙䘬嬲⊾ (Armitage et al., 2007)炻䭉䎮䘬 㓰䌯冯㓰㝄ᶵ⤪枸㛇ˤ
1960 ⸜ẋ炻⚳晃ᾅ做⛀橼⮵㕤ᾅ嬟⋨䘬䴻䆇䭉䎮㚱Ḯ㕘䘬⿅侫炻㍸↢㵝㊔
⺷䘬䴻䆇䭉䎮⍾⼹炻忁䧖屯㸸䴻䆇䭉䎮㕡⺷⛐大㫸枿䁢㘖念ˤ大㫸⛘⋨䓙㕤攳 䘤㬟⎚ᷭ怈炻ᾅ嬟⋨ℏṢ栆㳣≽冯⛘㘗䚠Ḻ⼙枧炻℞䓇䈑⣂㧋⿏冯嶇㔯⊾〗〗
䚠斄䘬Ỷ⻟⹎⛇⛘ἧ䓐㕡⺷⭮↯䚠忋炻Ṣ栆攟ᷭẍἮ䘬㳣≽㚜㗗⼊⟹⛘㘗䘬ᷣ
天槭≽≃ᷳᶨ炻ᾅ嬟⋨⊭㊔檀㭼ἳ䘬䥩㚱⛇⛘炻䔞⛘⛀橼冯⛘㕡㓧⹄ḇ⛐ᾅ嬟
⋨ᷳ䴻䆇䭉䎮㰢䫾ᶲỼ㚱慵天⛘ỵ炷䚏忻㜘炻2001b炸ˤ
1990 ⸜ẋ⼴㛇ẍἮ炻㬌䧖⮯⛐⛘䲵ℍ屯㸸䭉䎮䘬⍫冯⺷ᾅ嬟⋨䴻䆇䭉䎮 炷participatory protected area management炸㘖念⍿⇘ℐᶾ䓴慵夾冯㍉䓐ˤ⍫冯⺷
䘬䴻䆇䭉䎮⍵廱卩劙⺷䭉䎮䘬⿅侫怷廗炻ẍ➢Ⰼ暨㯪䁢ᷣ庠炻䓙ᶳ⼨ᶲ䳬䷼㮹 䛦ˣ忚埴➡≃炻⛐䔞⛘䣦佌ᷕ⺢䩳䴻䆇䭉䎮㨇⇞炷䚏忻㜘炻2001a炸ˤ䓙㕤圵ℍ
5
⛐⛘倚枛炻ℙ⎴䘤⯽䭉䎮䫾䔍炻忶䦳⎬㪲䙲斄ὪṢ䘮⍫冯℞ᷕ炻ᶵỮ庫㖻䁢⛐
⛘⯭㮹㍍⍿炻ᾅ做屯㸸ᷳ䚖㧁Ṏ庫⭡㖻句⮎炷墜⭞榷炻2001炸ˤ
ḇ㗗⛐忁℠䭬廱䦣䘬忶䦳墉炻1975 ⸜≈㊧⣏ James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement 椾㫉㍸↢ˬℙ䭉 (Co-management)˭ᶨ娆炻℞䁢⍫冯⺷屯㸸䴻䆇䭉䎮 䘬ᶨ䧖㕡⺷炻䓙㓧⹄冯⛐⛘䣦⋨↮ṓ䴻䆇䭉䎮屯㸸䘬㪲≃冯屔ả炻Ὣㆸ㚜㚱㓰 侴℔⸛䘬㱣䎮㧉⺷炻㓡┬屯㸸䭉䎮䘬忶䦳冯≇傥 (Armitage et al., 2007)ˤ⎴㗪 㬌䧖㓧⹄冯⛐⛘↮ṓ㪲≃ˣ屔ả䘬屯㸸㱣䎮㕡⺷ḇ塓娵䁢㗗傥婧㔯⊾ⶖ䔘炻
⯌℞德忶⍇ỷ㮹㕷冯⚳⭞㨇斄嶐㔯⊾䘬⎰ἄ斄Ὢ炻傥⣈岎Ḱ攟ᷭẍἮℑ忈堅䨩 冯ᶵ⸛堉䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢᷕ㕘㯋尉䘬⣹㨇 (䚏忻㜘炻2001b炸ˤ
2. ℙ䭉㗗Ṩ湤烎
⛐䝕妋Ḯℙ䭉⎵娆䶋崟䘬側㘗⼴炻 䁢⍫冯⺷䘬屯㸸䭉䎮㕡㱽ᷕ䘬ᶨ䧖炻 ℙ䭉㗗⏎㚱℞䈡⇍ᷳ嗽烎⣏⭞⍰㗗⾶湤⍣妋慳冯⭂佑ℙ䭉䘬␊烎
⛐ IUCN ↢䇰㍊妶ℙ䭉㨇⇞䘬叿ἄᷕ炻Borrini-Feyerabend炷1996炸⮵㕤ᾅ 嬟⋨ℙ⎴䭉䎮炷collaborative management炻ㆾℙ䭉 co-management炸䘬⭂佑䁢烉 ˬϩ܈ӄᜢ߯Γӧᔼᆅࢲύ୲ჴޑუՔᜢ߯ǴձࢂᏱԖᆅᗄ
ΚޣȐࡹ۬ᐒᄬȑǵӧӦۚ҇ǵၗྍ٬ҔޣǴڀᡏࡰۓᆶߥӚԾܭߥៈޑ
ճǵၮբᆶೢҺǶ˭ᶾ䓴戨埴炷World Bank, 1999炸⮵㕤ℙ⎴䭉䎮䘬⭂佑䁢烉 ˬϟܭЬाճ্ᜢ߯Γ໔ޑೢҺǵճکҺ୍ޑϩᏼ܈Ӆ٦ǴԶӦБޗϷ୯ ৎЀځӵԜǹ،ϩޑزБݤǴх֖ᆶ،ၸำύӦБ٬Ҕޣک҇୯ৎ ޑӦՏ࣬Ƕ˭Bake et al. (1991) ⮯ˬࡹ۬ᆶӧӦၗྍ٬Ҕޣϩ٦ճᆶೢҺ˭
䁢ℙ䭉⭂佑烊Pinkerton (1992) 娵䁢ℙ䭉㗗烉Ȩࡹ۬ᐒᜢᆶޗಔᙃᜢ߯
ΓӧၗྍᆅࢲޑΚϩ٦Ƕ˭1996 ⸜ᶾ䓴ᾅ做⣏㚫 (World Conservation Congress, 1996) ⮯ℙ䭉⭂佑䁢烉ˬӧۓሦୱ܈ၗྍᆅࡹ۬ᐒᜢǵӧӦޗ
6
ǵӧӦၗྍ٬Ҕޣᆶځдᜢ߯Γϩ٦ΚᆶೢҺޑუՔᜢ߯Ƕ˭⚳⭞䑘
⠫冯䴻㾇⚻㟴㚫嬘炷National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, NRTEE炸⇯⮯ℙ䭉⭂佑䁢ˬӅᆅᗦ֖ԿϿঁࡹ۬ᐒᄬکځдიᡏޑڐۓǴЪ
ࡹ۬ѸࢂუՔϐ˭炷NTREE, 1998炸烊䓇䈑⣂㧋⿏℔䲬炷Convention on Biodiversity炸⇯⭂佑ℙ䭉䁢ˬࡹ۬ᆶӧӦޗ໔ჹܭԾฅၗྍᔼᆅޑᙍǵ
ೢҺᆶճޑϩ٦˭ˤ
䓙ᶲ徘⎬枭⮵㕤ℙ䭉䘬⭂佑⎗ẍ䚳⇘炻㚱⭂佑䘮㍸⇘ℙ䭉斄Ὢᷕ⽭枰⊭
⏓㓧⹄冯℞Ṿ⛐⛘㪲䙲斄ὪṢ䘬⎰ἄ炻侴忁ṃ㪲䙲斄ὪṢ⎗傥㗗⛐⛘䣦佌ˣ屯 㸸ἧ䓐侭ˣ⇑䙲⛀橼䫱℞Ṿ㪲䙲斄ὪṢˤᶵ⎴䘬⭂佑ᷳ攻㍸⍲℞Ṿ㪲䙲斄Ὢ侭
⍫冯屯㸸䭉䎮䘬䦳⹎䔍㚱ᶵ⎴炻悐↮⭂佑ẍˬ↮ṓ˭Ἦ㍷徘㓧⹄冯⛐⛘ᷳ攻䘬 㪲≃屔ả䘬Ḻ≽炻䃞侴↮ṓ䘬Ⰼ㫉ㅱ娚⇘忼Ṩ湤㧋䘬䦳⹎炻℞夳妋⚈Ṣ侴䔘ˤ 㚱悐↮⭂佑ᷕ㊯↢ℙ䭉⛐屯㸸䭉䎮䘬㪲≃ˣ屔ảㅱ娚㚱㖶䡢䘬⋼⭂ᾅ嫱炻䓂 军ㅱ娚忼⇘⛐⛘⍫冯屯㸸䭉䎮䘬㰢䫾炻ㆾ侭⛘㕡冯㓧⹄ㅱ娚㑩㚱䚠⎴䘬㪲≃ㇵ
⎗媪ᷳℙ䭉ˤ
⛐ℙ䭉昶㭝䘬姽㜸㕡朊炻䓙㕤ℙ䭉㴱⍲ᶨ忋ᷚᶵ⎴䦳⹎䘬㪲≃↮ṓ
(Borrini-Feyerabend et al., 2004)炻㓧⹄⽭枰⛐忶䦳ᷕ冯⛐⛘䣦⋨ˣ㪲䙲斄ὪṢ忼 ㆸ屯㸸䭉䎮冯⇑䙲↮ṓ䘬ℙ嬀ˤ㕥㬋扺冯⏛䎖䐃 (2008) 娵䁢ṳ㕤ˬẍ㓧⹄䁢
➢䢶䘬䭉䎮 (government-based management)˭冯ˬẍ䣦⋨䁢➢䢶䘬䭉䎮
(community-based management)˭ᷳ攻炻䭉䎮ℤ栏㓧⹄冯䣦⋨䘬⍫冯侭⎗媪ℙ䭉 (⚾ 1)ˤ
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⚾ 1 ℙ⎴䭉䎮䘬⭂ỵ
(屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉㕥㬋扺ˣ⏛䎖䐃炻2008: 3)
侴 Borrini-Feyerabend (1996) 䓙㓧⹄冯䣦⋨䫱㪲䙲斄ὪṢ⛐䴻䆇䭉䎮⼤㬌 㴱ℍ䦳⹎䘬⋨⇍炻ẍ忋临嬄䘬⚾䣢Ἦ堐䣢 (⚾ 2)炻⚾嬄ᷕ㚨ⶎ“堐䣢䭉䎮㪲
≃䓙㓧⹄⬴ℐᷣ⮶炻㻠⎹⎛“㪲䙲斄ὪṢ屔ả冯㪲≃㴱ℍ崲㶙炻⛐㚨⎛“⇯䓙 㪲䙲斄ὪṢ⬴ℐᷣ⮶炻㍍役㕤䣦⋨冒㱣ᷳ䎮゛炻ᷳ攻䓙㓧⹄ṳℍ䦳⹎㶙⇘ṳℍ 䦳⹎㶢忶䦳⊭⏓烉ᷣ≽媖娊ˣ⮳㯪ℙ嬀ˣ㰢䫾⋼⓮ˣ⺢䩳⋼嬘ˣ德忶㬋⺷㨇⇞
↮ṓ㪲⇑冯屔ảˣ廱䦣㪲⇑冯屔ảḼᾳⰌ㫉ˤ
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⚾ 2 ⍫冯⛐ᾅ嬟⋨䴻䆇䭉䎮䘬ㅱ䓐炷ᶨᾳ忋临朊䘬妶婾炸
炷ᾖ㓡冒 Borrini-Feyerabend, 1996: 17烊䚏忻㜘䫱炻2010: 97炸
⛐ℙ䭉⍫冯䦳⹎㕡朊㕥㬋扺冯⏛䎖䐃 (2008) ⇯德忶⍫侫Arnstein (1969) 䘬 ˬ℔㮹澹冯昶㡗˭炻⮯ℙ䭉㪲≃屔ả↮ṓㆸ⹎↮䁢烉䞍㚫ˣ媖娊ˣ⎰ἄˣ㹅忂ˣ Ṍ㎃屯妲ˣ栏⓷ˣℙ⎴埴≽ˣ⣍Ờℓᾳ昶㭝 (⚾3)ˤ
⚾ 3 ℙ䭉⥼⒉㚫䘬㪲≃↮ṓ昶Ⰼ⚾
(屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉㕥㬋扺ˣ⏛䎖䐃炻2008: 9)
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Goetze (2004) ⇯䴙㔜 Berkes et al. (2001)ˣKearney (1989)ˣIvanitz (1996) 䫱
⣂ỵ⬠侭䘬ℙ䭉嬄↮㜸炻⮯嬄↮䁢㚨⮷㪲≃ (Minimal Power)ˣᷕ䫱㪲≃
(Moderate Power) 冯㚨⣏㪲≃ (Maximal Power) ᶱᾳⰌ䳂 (堐 1)ˤ㭷ᾳ䞼䨞ᷕ
⬠侭⮵㕤⛐⛘䣦⋨⛐ℙ䭉ᷕ㪲≃㑩㚱䦳⹎䘬↮栆ᶵ⎴炻⤪堐 1 ᷕ䣢炻Berkes et al. (2001) 䓙㪲≃㑩㚱䦳⹎↮䁢䞍㚫ˣ⎰ἄˣ㹅忂ˣ栏⓷䫱ℕᾳⰌ㫉烊侴 Kearney
(1989) 冯 Ivanitz (1996) ℑ䭯䞼䨞ᷕ炻晾䃞⛐䳘悐䘬㍷徘䔍㚱ᶵ⎴炻Ữℑ侭⎴
㧋ὅ⛐⛘䣦⋨㰢䫾㪲㑩㚱䘬䦳⹎炻⮯ℙ䭉䘬嬄↮䁢ᶱᾳⰌ㫉ˤ䓙ẍᶲᶱ䭯䞼 䨞冯 Goetze 䴙㔜℞Ṿ䞼䨞⮵㕤ℙ䭉Ⰼ㫉䘬婒㖶⎗ẍ䘤䎦炻⬠侭Ᾱ⮵㕤ℙ䭉䦳⹎
䘬⋨⇍炻ᷣ天㗗ὅ⛐⛘䣦⋨⛐ℙ䭉ᷕ㑩㚱㰢䫾㪲䘬⣂⮉Ἦ↮彐ˤ
昌Ḯᶲ徘ℙ䭉Ⰼ㫉䘬妶婾炻Borrini-Feyerabend et al. (2004) 忚ᶨ㬍㍸↢ℙ䭉 䳬䷼✳ン䘬⣂䧖⎗傥炻侴℞ℙ⎴溆㗗䘮⊭⏓ẍᶳℑ枭䈡⽝烉䫔ᶨ炻䳬ㆸ军⮹⊭
⏓ℑᾳẍᶲ䘬佌橼烊䫔Ḵˣ䳬䷼㴱⍲ᶨ䈡⭂䭬⚵ℏ䘬冒䃞屯㸸䴻䆇䭉䎮ˤ᷎㬠 䲵↢⚃栆ᷣ天䘬ℙ䭉䳬䷼炻↮⇍䁢㰢䫾⛀橼 (decision-making bodies)烉⮵ᶨᾳ
⋨➇ㆾᶨ⣿屯㸸䘬䴻䆇䭉䎮屈ℐ屔烊媖娊⛀橼 (advisory bodies)烉℟㰢䫾媖娊䘬 屔ả烊㶟⎰⛀橼 (mixed bodies)烉ἳ⤪℟㚱悐↮㰢䫾冯悐↮媖娊䘬屔ả烊➟埴
⛀橼 (executive bodies)烉⛐ṾṢ㍸ὃ䘬⥼⒉㚫㝞㥳ᶳ⮵㰢䫾䘬妋慳冯➟埴屈屔ˤ
10
堐 1 ℙ䭉䘬忋临嬄 㚨
㚨⮷㪲≃ ĺ ᷕᷕ䫱㪲≃ ĺ 㚨㚨⣏㪲≃
䞍 䞍㚫 夷⇯䁢 䓙㓧⹄
㰢⭂ḳ
⊁炻䣦⋨
塓忂䞍
⎰
⎰ἄ 䣦⋨攳⥳
㚱ẍ夳忚 ℍ䴻䆇䭉 䎮炻⊭⏓
⛐䫔䞍 嬀ˣ⍇ỷ 㮹㕷䞼䨞 䫱
㹅 㹅忂 㓧⹄攳⥳
屯妲Ṍ
㎃炻⛐⛘
䘬シ夳塓 䲵ℍ䴻䆇 䭉䎮妰∫
栏 栏⓷ 攳⥳㰢 䫾⍫冯 ẍ⍲⮳
㯪ℙ⎴
䚖㧁
䭉䎮⸛⎘
ᷕ䣦⋨⍫
冯㰢䫾炻
⊭⏓䭉䎮 妰∫冯➟
埴-
䣦 䣦⋨㌴
㍏
㍏ 㰢䫾㪲
≃⸛䫱 ᶼ⇞⹎
⊾烊屯㸸 䓙⛐⛘
䭉䎮
Berkes et al. 1991
㓧⹄㗗ⓗᶨ䘬㰢䫾侭炻Ữ ẍ媖娊䘬㕡⺷⮳㯪⛐⛘
ἧ䓐侭䘬シ夳
㓧⹄䭉䎮䫾䔍䓙 娵䁢冒㗗䌚⇑
侭䘬⛐⛘ἧ䓐侭
➟埴
⛐⛘ἧ䓐侭ˬℐ朊䘬
⍫冯˭㰢䫾炻⊭⏓㓧 䫾忳ἄˣ⎴シ冯➟埴
Kearney 1989
㚨➢㛔䘬媖娊ℙ䭉䳸 㥳炻ᶵ℟㚱㰢䫾㪲炻⎒傥 㚱旸⇞䘬㍸ὃ⺢嬘
⎗ẍ㑩㚱悐↮䘬 㰢䫾㪲
役᷶冒㱣炻⍣ᷕ⣖
⊾炻℟㚱㰢䫾㪲炻ᶼ 㪲≃冯㓧⹄⸛䫱
Ivanitz 1996
⛐⛘䣦⋨⛐䭉䎮⸛⎘ᷕ℟⚳⭞⥼妿 㪲炻Ữ㗗䁢⍿媖娊䘬䉨ン炻㰢䫾⎒傥䓙
⇑䙲⛀橼䘬≃慷⼙枧㱽夷ˤ⛐⛘/⍇ỷ㮹 㕷⍫冯侭⮵⎗傥⮵冒⁛䴙柀➇㚱屈 朊⼙枧䘬㓧⹄㰢䫾炻⎒℟㚱⮹㔠ㆾᶵ℟
㚱⼙枧≃炻㚨⼴䘬㰢⭂㪲⛐⭀㕡ㇳᶲˤ
⁛䴙䓇ン䞍嬀㰺㚱塓䳸⎰㕤䴻䆇妰∫
ㆾ㰢䫾ᷕˤ
⛐⛘䣦⋨⛐䭉䎮⸛⎘䘬㪲 旸ᷕ℟㚱⋼⓮ˣ䌐䩳冯㰢
⭂䘬㪲≃炻⼙枧屯㸸䘬埴
≽冯㰢⭂℟㚱㱽⼳㓰≃⛐
⛘/⍇ỷ㮹㕷⍫冯侭⮵㕤⼙
枧屯㸸⍲⁛䴙柀➇䘬㓧⹄
㰢⭂⛐㱽⼳ᶲ℟㚱⏎㰢 㪲ˤ⁛䴙䓇ン䞍嬀⁁ㅱ䓐 㕤䭉䎮䘬夷∫冯㰢⭂ˤ
℞Ṿ
(屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉ᾖ㓡冒 Goetze, 2004)
3. ℙ䭉䘬⣂朊䚠冯怑ㅱ⿏
ℙ䭉㗗䓙㓧⹄冯⛐⛘䣦⋨ℙ⎴↮ṓ屯㸸䭉䎮䘬㪲⇑冯屔ả炻⇅㛇ℙ䭉嬘柴 䘬妶婾叿慵㕤⇞⹎朊⺢䩳 (Berkes, 2007)ˤ䃞侴炻䔞⎬⛘ℙ䭉ᾳ㟰䳃䳃↢䎦炻ᾳ
11
㟰⛐ℙ䭉⇞⹎⺢䩳⼴炻ὅᾳ㟰側㘗傰䴉䘬ᶵ⎴炻⼴临䘬䭉䎮冯⛀橼攻䘬Ḻ≽忶 䦳⎬㚱℞䈡㬲䘬䘤⯽忶䦳炻䁢⚈ㅱᶵ⎴ᾳ㟰朊⮵䘬⓷柴冯⚘⠫炻⛐忶⍣Ḵˣ ᶱ⋩⸜䘬ℙ䭉㟰ἳ徸㻠⯽䎦↢ℙ䭉䘬墯暄⿏ˤBerkes (2007) ⌛㍸↢⬠䓴⮵㕤ℙ 䭉⣂㧋⊾䘬斄㲐朊⎹⊭⏓烉㪲≃↮ṓ (Power sharing)ˣ⇞⹎⺢䩳 (Institution building)ˣᾉả⺢䩳 (Trust building)ˣ忶䦳 (Process)ˣ䣦㚫⬠佺 (Social learning)ˣ⓷柴妋㰢 (Problem solving) 冯㱣䎮 (Governance) 䫱ᶫᾳ朊䚠炻ὅᶵ
⎴朊⎹㩊夾ℙ䭉叿慵ᷳ慵溆ᶵ⎴炻⼴⚃枭朊䚠⍵㗈役Ἦ⮵㕤ℙ䭉䘬斄㲐溆ˤ 朊⎹䘬↮栆炻ὅᾳṢᷣ奨シ嬀⎗傥䳸⎰ˣ⋨↮ㆾ∝㕘ˤ
ℙ䭉䓙⮵㕤橼⇞朊䘬斄↯崘⎹⻟婧忶䦳冯⬠佺 (Carlsson and Berkes, 2005)炻姙⣂↢䎦墯暄䘬怑ㅱ⿏䲣䴙䘬䈡⽝ (Berkes, 2007)ˤBerkes (2009) ⌛憅
⮵䞍嬀䓇䓊 (Knowledge Generation) 冯䣦㚫⬠佺 (Social Learning) ℑᾳ⛐ℙ䭉 妶婾嬘柴ᷕ㻠嵐慵天䘬朊䚠炻䳸⎰䳬䷼忋䳸 (Bridging Organizations) Ἦ㍊妶ℙ 䭉㺼忚䘬忶䦳炻侴㚱怑ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉 (adaptive co-management) ᷳ嬘ˤ
⮵㕤怑ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉ḇ㚱媠⣂⬠侭䩳ᶳ⭂佑ˤRuitenbeek and Cartier (2001) ⮯ 怑ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉⭂佑䁢烉ˬঁߏයޑϢӚᜢ߯ΓӧۓޑԾฅၗྍسύϩ ٦ᆅೢҺǴ٠வՉύᏢಞޑᆅ่ᄬǶ˭ Folke et al. (2002) 烉ˬঁុ
ӧύᏢၸำύǴᔠᡍᆶঅׯڋࡋӼ௨ǵғᄊޕϷԾךಔᙃޑၸำǶ˭Olsson et al. (2004) 娵䁢怑ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉㗗烉ˬԖቸ܄ǵޗࣁ୷ᘵޑၗྍᆅسǴೀ
ۓޑӦᆶݩǴ٠җόӕቫભޑಔᙃӅӕՉᆶЍǶ˭䓙㬌⎗夳怑ㅱ⿏
ℙ䭉℞ᷣ天䈡⽝⊭㊔烉慵夾⽆ ᷕ⬠ˣ㔜⎰ᶵ⎴䞍嬀䲣䴙ˣᶵ⎴Ⰼ䳂㪲䙲斄Ὢ 侭攻ℙ⎴⎰ἄ冯↮ṓ㪲≃炻ẍ⍲㚱⻰⿏䘬䭉䎮⚃ᾳ悐↮ (Olsson et al., 2004) 炻 侴怑ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉䳸⎰ℙ䭉䘬䷙⎹忋䳸冯怑ㅱ⿏䭉䎮䘬 ᷕ⬠炻⛐㵝味ᶵ⎴㪲䙲斄 Ὢ侭䘬側㘗ᶳ炻䓙䴻槿⍵棳埴≽炻ἧ⼿忂忶㗪攻侫槿䘬ℙ䭉ᾳ㟰悥徸㻠崘⎹怑 ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉 (Amritage, 2007)ˤ
12
晾䃞役㛇⬠䓴䘬䞼䨞妶婾䓙 Berkes (2007) ㍸⍲䘬ᶫᾳ䞼䨞朊䚠ᷕ⎗ẍ 䚳↢炻ℙ䭉䞼䨞䘬㼖㳩䓙㨇⇞⺢䩳冯ᾉả⺢䩳徸㻠⺞Ỡ⇘⼴临䘬⬠佺ˣ䭉䎮 怑ㅱ炻䃞侴ㆹ䘬䞼䨞ẍℙ䭉㨇⇞夷∫昶㭝䁢ᷣ炻㓭ㆹ䘬䞼䨞叿㕡⎹ṵῷⰔ㕤㨇
⇞⺢䩳䘬朊䚠ˤ
4. ℙ䭉⛐冢䀋
冢䀋ᾅ嬟⋨ℙ䭉㤪⾝䘬㶙㟡⥳冒2000⸜⇵⼴䘬楔⏲⚳⭞℔⚺⁔䓇忳≽ (㛶 㟡㓧炻2005烊䚏忻㜘䫱炻2010)ˤ楔⏲⚳⭞℔⚺晾䃞㕤2003⸜⇅怕䩳㱽昊堐㰢
ⅵ䳸枸䬿炻䃞℞夷∫忶䦳䁢椾㫉⮯⍇ỷ㮹㕷⍫冯夷∫ˣ䴻䆇ᷳℙ䭉㨇⇞䲵ℍ⚳⭞
屯㸸䭉䎮夷∫ˤ℞⼴⣒欗敋⚳⭞℔⚺䭉䎮嗽㕤2001⸜冯⛐⛘⍇ỷ㮹㕷ㆸ䩳ˬ⣒欗 敋⚳⭞℔⚺媖娊⥼⒉㚫˭炻㗗冯⛐⛘⺢䩳㬋⺷㹅忂⸛⎘䘬⃰槭㟰ἳ (䲨榧‹炻 2002 )ˤ
2005⸜䧙⍇➢㱽䫔Ḵ⋩ᶨ㡅1ˣ䫔Ḵ⋩Ḵ㡅2ᷕ⌛㍸⍲㴱⍲⍇ỷ㮹㕷⁛䴙柀➇ ㅱ⮲慵⛐⛘⍫冯炻⍾⼿⛐⛘⎴シ炻⎎Ḵ⋩Ḵ㡅㚜䚜㍍㊯↢屯㸸㱣䎮㨇斄ㅱ冯⛐⛘
⍇ỷ㮹㕷⺢䩳ℙ䭉㨇⇞ˤ2007⸜埴㓧昊⍇ỷ㮹㕷⥼⒉㚫冯䚠斄悐㚫ὅ⍇➢㱽22 㡅㌰㪲枺ⶫ⮎㕥ˬ⍇ỷ㮹㕷⛘⋨屯㸸ℙ⎴䭉䎮彎㱽 (⼴㔯䯉䧙屯㸸ℙ䭉彎㱽)˭炻 Ὣ忚屯㸸䭉䎮㨇斄冯⍇ỷ㮹㕷⛐屯㸸䭉䎮䘬⋼⓮炻冯ℙ⎴䭉䎮㨇⇞䘬⺢䩳 (柷ッ 朄ˣ昛ṕẲ炻2011)ˤ
冢䀋䚠斄䞼䨞㔯䌣㕡朊炻⛐㛇↲冯䡑⌂⢓婾㔯㩊䳊ᷕ劍ẍˬℙ䭉˭ˣˬℙ⎴䭉 䎮˭炻ˬ⋼⎴䭉䎮˭䁢斄挝⫿炻傥⣈㩊䳊⇘䘬㔯䌣⣂䁢℔ℙ䭉䎮冯⓮㤕⎰ἄ㧉⺷ᷳ
1!ಃΒΜచ! ࡹ۬܈دΓܭচՐ҇βӦϣவ٣βӦ໒วǵၗྍճҔǵғᄊߥػϷᏢೌࣴ
زǴᔈᒌ၌٠ڗளচՐ҇ӕཀ܈ୖᆶǴচՐ҇ளϩ٦࣬ᜢճǶࡹ۬܈ݤзज़ڋচՐ҇ճ ҔচՐ҇ϐβӦϷԾฅၗྍਔǴᔈᆶচՐ҇܈চՐ҇ᒌǴ٠ڗளځӕཀǶΒᔼճ܌
ளǴᔈගኘۓКٯયΕচՐ҇ᆕӝว୷ߎǴբࣁӣ㎸܈ံᓭǶ
2!ಃΒΜΒచ! ࡹ۬ܭচՐ҇ӦჄ୯ৎϦ༜ǵ୯ৎભ॥ඳۓǵ݅ǵғᄊߥػǵ ၯϷځдၗྍݯᐒᜢਔǴᔈቻளӦচՐ҇ӕཀǴ٠ᆶচՐ҇ࡌҥӅӕᆅᐒڋǹ ځᒤݤǴҗύѧҞޑ٣ЬᆅᐒᜢӕύѧচՐ҇ЬᆅᐒᜢۓϐǶ
13
㔯䌣炻妶婾㓧⹄冯⛘㕡䑘⠫屯㸸䭉䎮侭歖⮹烊侴ẍˬco-management˭䁢斄挝⫿
㩊䳊冢䀋䚠斄㔯䌣炻℞㔯䌣⊭⏓⺽ṳ⚳⢾ℙ䭉䴻槿Ἦ㩊夾䔞⇵冢䀋嗽⠫炻䴎Ḱ冢 䀋㍐埴ℙ䭉⇞⹎朊ᶲ䘬⺢嬘炻⤪䲨榧‹ (2002) ⛐⣒欗敋⚳⭞℔⚺⥼妿䞼䨞⟙⏲
ᷕ炻ẍ⯤㱲䇦ˣ≈㊧⣏⍲㽛㳚㔠ᾳ⚳⭞℔⚺ℙ䭉㨇墥ἄ䁢冢䀋䘤⯽ᷳῇ掉ˤ℞⟙
⏲ᷕὅᾳ㟰ᶵ⎴側㘗傰䴉ṳ䳡⎬⚳⭞℔⚺冯⛐⛘⍇ỷ㮹㕷ᷳḺ≽㨇⇞冯䚖㧁炻᷎
⛐悐↮ᾳ㟰ᷕ㍷徘妶婾⸛⎘ˣℙ䭉⥼⒉㚫䳬ㆸ䴻㬟炻䃞⮵㕤ㆹ㫚妶婾ᷳ⥼⒉㚫 䳬ㆸẋ堐シ㵝⮹㚱㔀徘烊⎎⭀⣏ (2008) ẍˬ≈㊧⣏做䨢瀂⛘䫔ᶨ㮹㕷ᷳℙ 䭉㨇⇞˭䴻槿炻⺢嬘㮹㕷冒㱣㪲冯⛇⛘㪲⇞⹎䘬㓗㊩炻㗗ℙ䭉㝞㥳⺢灅䘬慵天⚈
䳈ˤ
姽婾䔞⇵冢䀋ℙ䭉㓧䫾㕥埴怕忯ᷳ⚘⠫冯⎗埴⿏侭炻⤪㕥㬋Ⲙˣ⏛䎖䐃 (2008) 娵䁢䔞⇵⛐ℙ䭉⇞灏ᷳ旣䣁ㅱ⽆⛇⛘㚱㪲叿ㇳ炻᷎侫濌ℙ䭉㚫䘬䳬ㆸ
⍲嬘㰢㕡⺷烊墜⭞榷 (2010) ⛐䴻䆇℠䭬廱䦣㡅ẞᶳ炻ẍ欗↙㕷ᷳ⁛䴙䊑䌝䞍嬀
↢䘤炻㍊妶⛐⛘⍫冯冒䃞屯㸸䭉䎮冯䚋㷔㨇⇞䘬⎗埴⿏炻䴎Ḱℙ䭉㨇⇞⇅㬍夷∫
⺢嬘烊柷ッ朄ˣ昛ṕẲ (2011) ⇯䓙2007⸜⎠楔⹓㕗㪠㛐ḳẞ ⺽炻ẍCarlsson and Berkes ⛐2005⸜㍸↢䘬Ḽ䧖ℙ⎴䭉䎮㕡⺷≈㊧⣏ˣ㽛㳚ℙ䭉䴻槿炻䓙⮾䞛悱 㲘晭㕷䁢ἳ炻㍸↢㓧⹄ℙ䭉㨇⇞ㅱẍ⍇ỷ㮹㕷⁛䴙柀➇╖⃫䁢╖ỵ炻᷎岎Ḱ⍇ỷ 㮹㕷䘤妨㪲ᷳ⺢嬘炻⍇ỷ㮹㕷屯㸸ℙ䭉⺢嬘ˤ
䓙⭀会冯⛐⛘⎰ἄ➟埴䴻槿妶婾ℙ䭉侭炻⤪䚏忻㜘䫱 (2010) ẍⳁ➌䃉⯦
㷗䘬䴻槿㊯↢⛐⛘㹅忂冯娵䞍ˣ⭀会シ栀冯᷶ᾉ➢䢶䁢ℙ䭉ᷳ慵天㊹㇘烊⎎䚏忻 㜘䫱 (2011) 怠⭂⚃ᾳ℟ℙ䭉シ␛ㆾℙ䭉㨇⇞慆慨ᷕ䘬ᾳ㟰ņ⭄嗕䃉⯦㷗ˣ⡦ᶩ 䣦枪悐句ˣ⣒欗敋⣏⎴⣏䥖悐句ẍ⍲⭄嗕ⳁ➌悐句炻ẍBerkes䫱Ṣ㕤2007㍸↢䘬 怑ㅱ⿏ℙ䭉ㆸ䅇⹎䘬慷堐炻㩊夾䔞⇵冢䀋⛐ᾅ嬟⋨ℙ䭉ね⊊炻㍸↢⭀会ン⹎冯⚳
⭞㓧䫾㟮㝞䁢慵天⼙枧⚈䳈ˤ
⏛⬇䍲䫱 (2012) ⛐⍇ỷ㮹㕷冒䃞屯㸸䭉䎮彎㱽忂忶⌣㬟䴻ᶱ⸜侴䃉⮎岒
14
ᾳ㟰⇵㍸ᶳ炻ẍ⓷⌟姒婯⮰⭞⬠侭炻㩊夾⮰⭞⬠侭⮵ℙ䭉天䳈䘬娵炻᷎䘤䎦䔞⇵
⚘⠫ℙ䭉㕥⮎旣䣁溆ᷫ㗗⛐⇞⹎朊䘬姕妰ˤ
ᶲ徘⚳ℏ㔯䌣㎜⺽⚳⢾䴻槿ẍῇ掉冢䀋侭䁢⣂炻冢䀋⭀会冯⛐⛘⎰ἄ䴻槿
⚈㔯䌣䭯ⷭ冯妶婾㕡⺷炻ḇ庫暋㚱䳘悐䘬叿⡐ˤ⎴㗪䓙㕤冢䀋ὅ㒂㱽夷㓧䫾炻 屯㸸䭉䎮㨇斄冯⛐⛘ㆸ䩳℟㚱㱽夷夷䭬䘬⎰ἄ䴻槿庫⮹炻⚈侴⮵㕤ㆹ䔹⓷䘬 悐句⍫冯ℙ䭉℞ℙ䭉⥼⒉㚫/媖娊⥼⒉㚫℞⼙枧⚈䳈冯ẋ堐シ㵝炻䚠斄㔯䌣ḇ㗗 㭼庫⮹䘬ˤ
䫔
䫔ᶱ䭨ˣ䞼䨞㍸⓷冯䚖䘬
䁢⚆ㅱ㚨⇅䞼䨞≽㨇ᷕ⮵㕤㓧⹄冯⛐⛘ℙ䭉ᷕ炻ℙ䭉㚫悐句⥼⒉ᷳ㕤悐句 斄倗䘬䔹⓷炻ẍᶳ㍸↢ᶱᾳᷣ天䘬⓷柴烉
1. ℙ䭉㚫䘬䳬ㆸ㕡⺷冯妶婾㬟䦳䁢ỽ烎 2. 悐句䘬℔ℙḳ⊁⤪ỽ妶婾冯㰢䫾烎
3. 悐句⛐ℙ䭉㚫䘬ẋ堐䳬ㆸ炻冯悐句䘬℔ℙ㰢䫾㧉⺷℟㚱Ṩ湤斄倗烎
䓙㕤㓧⹄屯㸸䭉䎮㨇斄ὅ㱽夷Ἦ冯⛐⛘悐句䣦⋨ㆸ䩳ℙ䭉㨇⇞炻⛐冢䀋㗗 䚠⮵㕘歖䘬嬘柴ˤ侴ㆹ㊹怠䘬ᶱᾳ悐句ᾳ㟰悥⎗ẍ婒㗗冢䀋㜿⊁橼䲣傰䴉ᶳ 䘬⎰ἄ䴻槿ˤ忁ᾳ䞼䨞昌Ḯ゛天慸㶭ㆹ⮵㕤悐句㍐怠ℙ䭉㚫ẋ堐䘬⓷柴炻䚳䚳 德忶ᾳ㟰䴻槿冯℞㨇⇞䓊䓇䘬ẋ堐炻㗗⏎冯悐句䘬⍫冯ㆾ忳ἄ㚱ᶨ⭂⼙枧≃炻 ḇⶴ㛃ᶱᾳ冢䀋傰䴉ˣ㜿⊁傰䴉ᶳ䘬ᾳ㟰㭼庫炻⎗ẍ⏰䎦↢Ⱄ㕤冢䀋䘬䴻槿冯 䈡刚ˤ
䫔⚃䭨ˣ䞼䨞㝞㥳
㛔䞼䨞䘬㚠⮓㝞㥳⣏䔍↮ㆸᶱ⣏悐↮ˤ䫔ᶨ䪈冯䫔Ḵ䪈㔀徘䞼䨞≽㨇ˣℙ
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䭉嬘柴䚠斄䞼䨞冯䞼䨞㕡㱽炻䁢䫔ᶨ悐↮烊䫔ᶱ䪈军䫔Ḽ䪈↮⇍⮵ㅱᶱᾳ悐句 ᾳ㟰炻㭷ᶨ䪈ᷕ䓙悐句⛘䎮側㘗冯Ṣ佌䳬ㆸ婯崟炻ṳ䳡悐句⁛䴙℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾 橼⇞ˣ⬿㔁ˣ䴻㾇冯䣦㚫䳬䷼炻㍷徘悐句䔞⇵℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾橼⇞炻侴⼴㚠⮓悐 句⛐ℙ䭉嬘柴ᶲ䘬㬟䦳冯妶婾炻㬌䁢䫔Ḵ悐↮烊㚨⼴悐↮䁢ᶱᾳᾳ㟰䴻槿䘬㔜
⎰妶婾炻↮䁢悐句ℏ悐冯悐句⢾悐⼙枧⚈⫸炻妶婾⼙枧悐句⍫冯ℙ䭉䘬⓷柴ˤ
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䫔Ḵ䪈ˣġ䞼䨞㛸㕁冯㕡㱽
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ䞼䨞⍾⼹冯㕡㱽炻䳖㟡䎮婾㗗……
䳖㟡䎮婾䞼䨞㕡㱽⥳㕤ℑỵἮ冒ᶵ⎴䞼䨞⁛䴙䘬ℑỵ䣦㚫⬠侭炻Barney Glaser ∝㕘慷⊾䞼䨞㕡㱽䘬⼙枧炻冯⍿⇘Ḻ≽婾⬠侭 (interactionist) ⮎䓐ᷣ
佑⬠侭 (pragmatist) ⼙枧䘬 Anselm Strauss (Strauss & Corbin, 1998, 2001)ˤℑṢ
⛐ 1967 ⸜㍸↢䎮婾⽭枰㚱䲣䴙䘬⽆䞼䨞吸普↮㜸䘬㛸㕁炻⛐䞼䨞忶䦳㛸㕁 冯↮㜸ᶵ㕟ṌḺ⼙枧Ἦ⼊ㆸˤ䳖㟡䎮婾⇯㍸ὃḮᶨ⣿㚱䲣䴙䘬⿅侫㤪⾝⊾䘬 䞼䨞㧉⺷炻德忶攳㓦䶐䡤 (Open coding)ˣᷣ庠䶐䡤 (Axial coding)ˣ怠㑯䶐䡤 (Selective coding) 䫱㕡㱽炻Ἦ⮵屯㕁忚埴㔜䎮冯↮㜸⛐䞼䨞⇅㛇炻吸普䘬屯㕁 德忶⽖奨↮㜸 (Microanalysis) 䓊䓇⇅㬍䘬栆⇍ (Categories)ˤ⽖奨↮㜸⊭⏓攳 㓦䶐䡤冯ᷣ庠䶐䡤ˤ攳㓦䶐䡤⛐↮㜸㗪⮯㛸㕁㤪⾝⊾ (conceptualize) ↮栆 (Classify) ᷎䁢℞␥⎵Ἦ䓊䓇栆⇍炻栆⇍䘬䘤⯽⇯㗗德忶Ⱄ⿏ (Properties) 朊 䚠? ⎹ (Dimension)炻Ⱄ⿏㗗㊯ˬঁᜪձޑ܄܈ۓቻ (Strauss &
Corbin, 1998, 2001)˭炻䔞Ⱄ⿏䧵䳗⯽䎦Ⱄ⿏攻䘬嬲䔘⿏ (Variation)炻䓙Ⱄ⿏䓊䓇 䘬嬲䔘䭬⚵倂普ㆸ䳬䓇ㆸ朊䚠炻屯㕁朊䚠⊾⼴⌛ㆸ䎮婾⺢㥳ᷳ➢䢶ˤ䔞栆⇍䳗 䧵⼴⌛⎗⮯栆⇍忚ᶨ㬍䘬㉮妋⼊ㆸ㫉栆⇍ (Subcategories)炻㫉栆⇍䓙䎦尉 (⌛
栆⇍) ㉮妋⚆ㅱˬwhen˭ˣˬwhere˭ˣˬwhy˭ˣˬwho˭ˣˬhow˭ˣˬwith what consequences˭䫱⓷柴⼊ㆸˤ⮯栆⇍冯㫉栆⇍⼤㬌斄忋㭼庫炻ḇ⯙㗗⮯攳㓦䶐 䡤ᷕ塓↯√䘬屯㕁⚵丆㝸ᶨ庠䶂≈ẍ栆倂炻⌛䁢ᷣ庠䶐䡤䘬ᷣ天䚖䘬ˤ䃞攳㓦 䶐䡤冯ᷣ庠䶐䡤䘬➟埴᷎ᶵ㗗℟㚱⇵⼴枮⸷炻侴㗗⎴㬍忚埴䘬炻⌛⛐㚱䲣䴙䘬 忋䳸栆⇍冯㫉栆⇍㗪炻ṵ⎗傥⎴㗪䓙㤪⾝䓊䓇㕘䘬栆⇍ˤ
怠㑯䶐䡤⇯㗗ˬᶨᾳ䴙㔜 (integrating) 冯䱦拲 (refining)栆⇍䘬忶䦳 (Strauss & Corbin, 1998, 2001)˭炻℞ᷣ天䚖䘬㗗㰢⭂嵛ẍẋ堐㔜ᾳ䞼䨞ℏ㵝䘬㟠
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⽫栆⇍ (a central category)ˤ㟠⽫栆⇍⽭枰℟㚱嵛⣈䘬㉥尉⿏炻ᶼ䴻ⷠ↢䎦⛐䞼 䨞屯㕁ᷕ炻䓐Ἦ 䁢妋慳㝞㥳䘬ᷣ⸡㗪炻᷎枰嬻妋慳䘬屯㕁℟㚱ᶨ农⿏ˤ㰢⭂
㟠⽫栆⇍䘬㈨埻⊭⏓㑘⮓㓭ḳ䶂 (storyline)ˣ⚾堐 (diagrams) ⁁姣
(memo)ˤ㓭ḳ䶂䘬㑘⮓㗗德忶㍷徘⿏䘬⎍⫸婒㖶䞼䨞᷎庼ẍ⁁姣炻⍲䓙慵㕘教 嬨姒婯徸⫿䧧奨⮇姀抬Ἦ㈦⮳屯㕁ᷕ䘬ᶨ凔⿏シ㵝ˤ⛐䎮婾㝞㥳↢䎦暃⼊ᷳ
⼴炻⎗德忶㩊夾㗗⏎忼⇘䎮婾梥 (theoretical saturation) ㌐⍣⣂检䘬㤪⾝Ἦ 䱦䃱䎮婾炻᷎德忶⮵䄏⍇⥳屯㕁䞼䨞⍫冯侭䘬⚆棳Ἦ槿嫱䎮婾㝞㥳ˤ
䯉夾㬟䦳 (Process) 䘬䶐䡤埴≽ḇ㗗慵天䘬炻℞慵溆⛐㕤㩊夾埴≽Ḻ≽
⤪ỽ晐叿㗪攻侴㓡嬲炻㩊夾㬟䦳䘬㺼忚⮯岎Ḱ㝞㥳㚜䓇≽䘬㓭ḳ⿏ˤ
䫔
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ屯㕁吸普䘬㕡㱽
㛔䞼䨞⇅㛇怠㑯䘬屯㕁吸普䘬㕡㱽ẍ姒婯冯⍫冯奨⮇ℑᾳ㕡㱽䁢ᷣ天炻䃞 䓙㕤䞼䨞ℏ⭡㴱⍲⍇ỷ㮹㕷℔ℙḳ⊁䘬㰢䫾䘬⁛䴙㔯⊾炻侴悐↮䚠斄ℏ⭡䓙㕤 㗪攻怟䦣冯㗪ẋ嬲怟䫱⼙枧炻䃉㱽⛐㚱旸䘬㗪攻冯㡅ẞℏ炻䓙䎦⛘䘬⍫冯奨⮇
冯姒婯䌚⼿⬴⁁䘬屯妲炻栏㏕惵㔯䌣屯㕁ẍᶱᾳ㕡㱽ṌḺㅱ䓐忚埴屯㕁䘬吸普ˤ
ᶱᾳᾳ㟰悐句䘬屯㕁吸普㕡㱽ᶲ炻晾䃞悥ẍ姒婯⍲⍫冯奨⮇䁢ᷣ炻䃞侴䳘 悐䘬屯㕁吸普冯忚ℍ䓘慶䘬㕡⺷⎬冒㚱ᶵ⎴䘬↯ℍ㕡⺷炻㓭㛔䪈䭨⛐㚠⮓⬱㌺
ᶲ椾⃰䯉ṳ㛔䞼䨞屯㕁吸普䘬ᷣ天㕡㱽炻ᷳ⼴ℵ↮⇍ὅᶱᾳᾳ㟰婒㖶ᾳ㟰䘬䞼 䨞㕡㱽ˤ
1. ⍫冯奨⮇ (Participant Observation)
奨⮇㚨慵天䘬䚖䘬㗗㍷徘奨⮇⟜➇ᷕ䘬㳣≽冯ṢᾹ炻᷎ẍ奨⮇侭䘬奺⹎䴎 Ḱシ佑 (Patton, 2002)ˤ䚜㍍䘬㍍妠傥嬻䞼䨞侭ẍ䫔ᶨㇳ㕡⺷朊⮵㕘䘬䴻槿炻䓙 奨⮇⇘䘬埴䁢ㆾḳẞ䘬䘤䓇冯嬲⊾炻㚜ℐ朊䘬Ḯ妋⬴㔜側㘗傰䴉 (昛⎹㖶炻
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2000)ˤᶼ䓙䞼䨞侭䘬奺刚冯䴻槿⎗傥䘤㍀↢䞼䨞⮵尉歖⮹㲐シ䘬ḳẞ炻侴姒婯
ᷕᶵ栀㍸⍲䘬ḳねḇ⎗傥䓙䚜㍍奨⮇⍾⼿屯妲ˤ
♜䤍淆 (2008) ⺢嬘䘬⍫冯奨⮇⊭⏓Ḽᾳ㬍樇烉椾⃰㰢⭂䞼䨞⟜➇烊㍍临
⍾⼿⬰攨Ṣ (gatekeeper) ⎴シ忚ℍ䞼䨞⟜➇烊冯䞼䨞⟜➇Ṣ⒉⺢䩳列⤥斄Ὢ炻
᷎ᶼ⍾⼿ᾉ岜烊⮎⛘奨⮇ẍ⍲㚨⼴⮎⛘䫮姀姀抬⍫冯奨⮇冯㶙⹎姒婯忶䦳ˤ
2. 姒婯 (Interview)
姒婯㗗岒⿏䞼䨞慵天ᶼⷠ䓐䘬屯㕁吸普㕡㱽炻䌳ṽ⚾冯⏛ㄏ㓷 (2003) 䵄
⎰⣂ỵ⬠侭⮵㕤姒婯䘬⭂佑炻娵䁢姒婯㗗ẍ⍾⼿㬋䡢屯妲ㆾ姒婯侭䛇⮎䚳㱽䁢 䚖䘬䘬䣦㚫Ḻ≽烊侴ᶨᾳ⤥䘬姒婯⒉忂ⷠ℟⁁ˬ⮲慵ṾṢˣ㑭㕤倥ˣ傥⣈䎮 妋ˣ䴎Ḱ⚆ㅱ˭䘬䈡岒炻㓭㕤㖍ⷠ䓇㳣䘬⮵娙ᷕḇ㚫㗗ᶨᾳ⤥䘬婯娙⮵尉 (䔊
忼炻2010)ˤ䃞侴姒婯䚠⮵㕤ᶨ凔䘬㖍ⷠ⮵娙俲⣑ṵ㗗㚱⋨⇍䘬炻姒婯㚫䓙 姒婯⒉枸⃰姕䩳婯娙䘬㧁䘬ᷣ柴炻㛇⼭倥⇘⍿姒侭䘬⚆ㅱ冯㓭ḳ炻䓙婯娙䘬忶 䦳冒⍿姒侭吸普䫔ᶨㇳ䘬屯㕁炻⚈侴姒婯䚠⮵㕤㖍ⷠ⮵娙㚜℟㚱㖶䡢䘬䚖䘬
⿏炻ᶼℏ⭡Ṍ婯䘬⼊⺷庫䁢䵲㷲 (昛⎹㖶炻2000烊䔊忼 2010)ˤSpradley (1979)
⮯姒婯冯㖍ⷠṌ婯䘬䈡⽝ Ḯ悐↮䘬⋨↮炻⊭⏓烉姒婯⒉冯塓姒婯侭㶭㤂婯娙
℟㚱䚖䘬⿏炻ᶼ㕤姒婯忶䦳ᷕ䚜妨ᶵ媙烊姒婯忶䦳ᷕ姒婯侭冯⍿姒侭ᶵ㚫㚱⣒
⣂䘬偊橼Ḻ≽炻冯㖍ⷠ婯娙ẍ偊橼Ḻ≽堐䎦奒役ᶵ⎴烊姒婯ᷕ⍿姒侭ⷠ塓天㯪 慵墯㔀徘ḳẞ䘬䳘䭨炻᷎ᶼ冱ἳ婒㖶⍿姒侭䘬奨溆炻ẍἧ姒婯侭⍾⼿℟橼㖶䡢 䘬屯妲烊姒婯ᷕ忂ⷠ䓙姒婯侭㍸⓷冯㊹崟㕘䘬娙柴炻侴朆⮵䫱䘬婯娙斄Ὢ炻ᶼ 暁㕡㚱満⣹䘬䞍忻婯娙ᷕᷣ天䓙⍿姒侭㍸ὃ姒婯侭暨天䘬妲〗烊⛐姒婯㗪䘬溻
⊝婯娙埴䁢ᷣ天䓙姒婯侭╖㕡朊⮵⍿姒侭埴≽炻ᶼ溻⊝䘬埴䁢㭼㖍ⷠ⮵娙↢䎦 䘬柣䌯㚜≈柣䷩炻䔞↢䎦㰱満䘬䉨㱩㗪炻㚫䓙姒婯侭⺽⮶⍿姒侭婯娙烊姒婯䳸 㜇㗪䚠⮵㕤㖍ⷠ婯娙㚫㚱㖶䡢䘬婯娙䳸㜇妲〗冯デ嫅䫱ˤ
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⁛䴙䘬姒婯⻟婧ᷕ䩳冯⭊奨炻㌺昌姒婯ᷕ姒婯侭冯⍿姒侭侭䘬ᾳ⿏ˣね䵺
Ḻ≽䘬⼙枧炻夾姒婯䁢ˬঁᐒఓԄᇆၗޑၸำ˭(䔊忼 2010: 103)ˤ
⛐娖慳⬠䘬⁛䴙ᶳ炻姒婯㗗䓙姒婯侭冯⍿姒侭暁㕡ℙ⎴⺢䩳䘬Ḻ≽ね⠫ (昛⎹
㖶炻2000烊䔊忼 2010)炻䓙⮵娙ね⠫⍿姒侭⮵㕤姀ㅞ冯奨デ㔀徘䘬シ佑䘬⺢
㥳ᷕ炻⍿姒侭嬻姒婯侭忚ℍ冒䘬䓇㳣炻暁㕡Ḻ䚠⋼婧冯㍊娊炻ᶼ⎴シ姒婯侭
⮵㕤姒婯ℏ⭡慵㕘忚埴娖慳ˤ⚈侴德忶姒婯䞼䨞侭⎗ẍ德忶庫䁢㔜橼䘬夾慶炻 Ḯ妋⍿姒侭䘬忶⼨䴻槿ˣ䴻㬟ḳẞˣ₡ῤ奨⾝ẍ⍲⮵㕤ḳẞˣ䴻槿䘬シ佑娖慳炻 ᶼ䓙Ḻ≽ᷕ䘬ね䵺⍵ㅱ㚜䳘䶣㶙⇣䘬デ⍿⍿姒侭堐忼䘬晙啷シ㵝ˤ(昛⎹㖶炻 2000)
3. 㔯䌣⚆栏 (literature review)
⛐⇅㍍妠㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨䘬ℙ䭉夷∫忶䦳㗪炻ᷣ天德忶姒婯ℏ⭡冯⍫冯 奨⮇炻⇣∫⮵㕤悐句䘬゛⁷ˤ侴⼴晐䞼䨞ᷣ柴徸㻠㖶䡢炻⮯䞼䨞㕡⎹倂䃎㕤悐 句℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾㧉⺷冯ℙ䭉㚫Ṣ⒉䳬ㆸẋ堐⿏ᷳ斄倗⼴炻⮵㕤㕷佌普橼㔯⊾䘬 悐↮炻䈡⇍㗗忶⼨䘬⋨⟲炻䣁㕤㗪攻䘬怈ᷭ炻㎉㚱屯妲䘬悐句侮侩ⅳ暞炻≈ᶲ
⣂㔠ᶨ⭂⸜䲨ẍᶲ䘬侮侩ᶵ媛㻊婆炻⛐㹅忂ᶲ㚱婆妨䘬昼敉炻㗗德忶姒婯ᷕ
悐句㕷Ṣ⮵㕤忶⼨䇯㭝䘬㍷徘炻ẍ⍲䎦ẋ⊾䓇㳣冯䑘⠫䘬⍫冯奨⮇炻᷎ᶵ嵛ẍ 栗䎦悐句忶⼨䘬㘗尉炻⚈侴怠㑯ẍ㏕惵㔯䌣冯屯㕁㨼㟰䘬㕡⺷墄⃭⋼≑姒婯冯
⍫冯奨⮇屯㕁 (Marshell and Rossman, 1999)ˤ⛐㲘晭ˣ旧伶冯ⶫ彚㕷㕷佌䳬䷼
㔯⊾冯℔ℙḳ⊁㰢䫾䘬㔯䌣吸普炻䓙㕤⮵㕤⁛䴙㔯⊾䳘䶣䘬㍷丒暨天庫⣏䘬䭯
ⷭ炻屯㕁Ἦ㸸⣂ẍ㚠䯵䁢ᷣ炻⊭⏓悱娴冯䔞⛘侮侩冒㚠⮓䘬㔯䪈炻᷎ẍ㛇↲ˣ 婾㔯䁢庼ˤ
䫔
䫔ᶱ䭨ˣ䓘慶㬟䦳冯屯㕁吸普忶䦳
ㆹ䘬⍫冯奨⮇㬟䦳䓙 2012 ⸜ 10 㚰攳⥳炻䔞㗪㊯⮶㔁㌰䁢㕘䪡㜿䭉嗽㉱㉱
20
Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨夷∫㟰䘬⋼⎴ᷣ㊩Ṣ炻ᷣ天屈屔⋨⟲䁢冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨䘬ℙ䭉夷∫ˤ ㆹ 䁢⬠佺侭䘬奺刚炻⛐妰∫➟埴䘬ᷕ⇵㛇攳⥳嶇晐侩ⷓ冯⬠⥲炻⍫冯妰䔓➟
埴䘬㚫嬘冯姒婯䫱⟜⎰ˤ⇅㛇䘬奨⮇Ⱄ㕤攳㓦⺷䘬奨⮇ (昛⎹㖶炻2000)炻昌Ḯ
⮎⛘Ḯ妋ℙ䭉嬘柴炻䓙⎬㕡䘬Ḻ≽ᷕ奨⮇⎬ᾳ奺刚⮵㕤ℙ䭉嬘柴䘬䩳⟜冯゛
⁷ˤ㬌⢾⮵㕤妶婾怠㑯䘬⛘溆ˣ⹏ỵ㒢㓦䘬㧉⺷ˣ婯娙攻䘬㪲≃斄Ὢ炻ẍ军悐 句䘬⛇⛘⇑䓐冯␐怲䘤⯽䫱䫱炻悥㗗ㆹ娎⚾䅇〱䘬㧁䘬ˤ⛐㰢⭂ẍℙ䭉䁢ᷣ柴
⼴炻㉱㉱Ⱉᾅ嬟⋨䘬ℙ䭉ᾳ㟰ὧㆸ䁢ㆹ䘬䫔ᶨᾳ怠⭂䓘慶ᾳ㟰ˤ
侴⼴䴻㗪攻㍐䦣䞍忻Ḯ⸦ᾳ㬋⛐㍐埴䚠斄䘬ḳ⊁炻冯⛐⛘⍇ỷ㮹㕷ὅ㱽夷 ㆸ䩳媖娊㚫ㆾℙ䭉㚫䘬ᾳ㟰炻℞ᷕ冢㜙㜿䭉嗽冯悥㬟悐句ㆸ䩳䘬ˬ冢㜙㜿⋨䭉 䎮嗽冯⎘㜙䷋⍇ỷ㮹㕷悐句ᷳ冒䃞ᾅ做冯䓇ン㕭忲媖娊⥼⒉㚫˭炻䴻忶䯴⁁㚫嬘
⼴䔞㗪㬋㸾⁁⎔攳䫔ᶨ㫉媖娊㚫嬘烊侴⚳䩳冢䀋⣏⬠⮎槿㜿炻ḇ㬋㸾⁁ὅ㒂㱽 夷冯廬⋨␐怕⍇ỷ㮹㕷ㆸ䩳ℙ䭉㚫ˤ䓙㕤℞ᷕ⋿㈽昛㚱嗕㹒㳩➇䘬㛃悱悐句䁢 ㆹ⽆⣏⬠㗪ẋ⯙㍍妠忶䘬悐句炻ᶼ℞悐句䳬䷼忳ἄ庫䁢ㆸ䅇炻⍰冯冢⣏⮎槿㜿
⎰ἄ斄Ὢ⭮↯炻ℙ䭉冯⣍Ờ斄Ὢ䘬嬘柴⛐悐句冯⮎槿㜿攻㗪㚱妶婾冯慆慨炻⚈
侴ㆹ㕤 2014 ⸜ 3 㚰⥳▿娎⮯悥㬟冯㛃悱䲵ℍㆸ䁢ㆹ䘬䫔Ḵᾳ冯䫔ᶱᾳ䞼䨞ᾳ 㟰炻ⶴ㛃德忶ᶵ⎴ᾳ㟰䘬㍍妠㉻⯽ㆹ䘬䞼䨞夾慶ˤ
䓙 2012 ⸜ 8 㚰攳⥳军 2015 ⸜ 7 㚰䁢㬊炻ℙ妰吸普 81 䫮屯㕁炻℞攻㍍妠⇘
䘬䞼䨞⍫冯⮵尉⊭⏓㓧⹄⭀⒉ˣ⬠侭⮰⭞ˣ⛐⛘㮹䛦䫱 (堐 2)炻81 䫮屯㕁ᷕ䈡 㬲⍫冯奨⮇⟜⎰ℙ 27 䫮 (堐 3)炻冯姒婯 54 䫮 (堐 4)ˤ℞ᷕ 2012 ⸜ 8 㚰军 2013
⸜ 7 㚰㛇攻 15 䫮姒婯屯㕁䁢㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨夷∫忶䦳ᷳ屯㕁炻侴忁ṃ夷∫忶 䦳䘬姒婯屯㕁䘮朆䁢䓙䞼䨞侭忚埴ᷳ姒婯炻㚱 6 䫮姒婯䞼䨞侭㰺㚱䎦⟜⍫冯炻8 䫮䞼䨞侭ᷣ天ẍ⍫冯奨⮇䘬㕡⺷⍫冯姒婯䎦⟜ (㧁姀⤪堐 3 旬姣)ˤỮ䓙㕤姒婯 ℏ⭡冯䞼䨞䚠斄炻䴻姒婯Ṣ冯妰䔓ᷣ㊩Ṣ⎴シ炻⮯姒婯↿ℍ䲨抬ˤ⛐⍫冯奨⮇
䘬悐↮炻堐 2 伭↿㕤䓘慶ᷕ慵天䘬⍫冯奨⮇⟜⎰炻℞ᷕ伭↿ᷳ⍫冯奨⮇⟜昌
21
Ḯ⢇悐句ˣ悥㬟悐句冯㛃悱悐句ᶱᾳ䞼䨞ᾳ㟰⛐⛘⢾炻℞Ṿ⍫冯奨⮇怬⊭
⏓冯ℙ䭉嬘柴䚠斄䘬㚫嬘⟜⎰炻⊭㊔㉱㉱Ⱉᾅ嬟⋨夷∫㛇攻䘬㚫嬘妶婾炻ẍ⍲
ℙ䭉䚠斄嬘柴䘬⬠埻䞼妶㚫䫱ˤ⮯忁ṃ㚫嬘⟜⎰↿ℍ⍫冯奨⮇䘬⍇⚈䁢德忶⟜
⎰ᷕ⭀⒉ˣ⮰⭞⬠侭冯⍫冯Ṣ⒉䘬婾㔯䘤堐冯⮵䫼Ḻ≽炻⎗ẍ䝕妋䚖⇵ℙ䭉嬘 柴⛐冢䀋䘬妶婾嵐⊊炻ẍ⍲㜿⊁╖ỵ⮵ℙ䭉嬘柴䘬゛㱽冯㓧䫾➟埴㕡⎹炻㓭⮯
℞伭↿ᷕ天⍫冯奨⮇⟜⎰ᷕˤ侴ᶱᾳ䞼䨞悐句䘬䳘悐䘬䞼䨞㕡⺷㕤ᶳ㕡↮⇍婒 㖶ˤ
堐 2 ⍿姒侭 (informant) ↿堐
⍿姒侭 䶐䡤
吸普屯㕁㕡⺷
⍿姒侭幓↮側㘗
⍫冯奨⮇ 姒婯
G01 2 1 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ檀昶ᷣ䭉
G02 1 0 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ檀昶ᷣ䭉
G03 1 0 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ檀昶ᷣ䭉
G04 0 1 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵᷕ昶ᷣ䭉ˣ⇵ T 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G05 0 1 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ➢Ⰼ
G06 1 1 H 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G07 1 0 L 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉 G08 1 0 F 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G09 1 0 D 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G10 1 0 G 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G11 1 0 P 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉 G12 1 0 T 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G13 2 1 H 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G14 6 1 H 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G15 1 0 H 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G16 1 1 D ⶍἄ䪁ᷣ䭉
G17 2 0 D ⶍἄ䪁ᷣ䭉
G18 2 0 H 㜿䭉嗽➢Ⰼ
G19 1 1 D ⶍἄ䪁屯㶙➢Ⰼ
G20 0 1 ⇵冢⣏⮎槿㜿檀昶ᷣ䭉
G21 0 1 ⇵冢⣏⮎槿㜿檀昶ᷣ䭉
G22 1 1 冢⣏⮎槿㜿 H 䆇㜿⋨➢Ⰼ
22
G23 0 1 T ䷋⍇㮹⯨ᷣ䭉
G24 1 1 T ䷋⍇㮹⯨➢Ⰼ
G25 1 1 T ䷋⍇ỷ㮹⍲嬘⒉
G26 2 0 ⇵ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ檀昶ᷣ䭉
G27 1 0 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ檀昶ᷣ䭉
G28 1 0 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ➢Ⰼ
G29 1 0 T 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G30 T 㜿䭉嗽➢Ⰼ
G31 1 0 冢⣏⮎槿㜿 H 䆇㜿⋨ᷣ䭉 G32 1 0 T 㜿䭉嗽➢Ⰼ
G33 1 0 T 㜿䭉嗽ᷣ䭉
G34 1 0 ᷕ⣖㜿⊁╖ỵ檀昶ᷣ䭉
G35 1 0 ⍇㮹㚫ᷕ昶ᷣ䭉
G36 1 0 ⍇㮹㚫➢Ⰼ
G37 1 1 侫娎昊⥼⒉ˣ⇵⍇㮹㚫檀昶ᷣ䭉 A01 9 0 T ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉䣦⋨ᾅ做) A02 3 0 G ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉奨忲ㅑ) A03 6 0 G ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉奨忲ㅑ)
A04 1 1 C ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉㮹㕷㓧䫾ˣ⍇ỷ㮹䨢攻) A05 1 0 S ⌂䈑棐䞼䨞⒉ (⮰攟烉⍇ỷ㮹㕷㔯⊾) A06 3 0 H ⣏⬠侩ⷓ (⮰攟烉㢖㜿䓇ン䫱䞼䨞) A07 2 0 N ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉䣦㚫⛘墉ˣ䣦⋨夷∫) A08 1 0 T ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉㱽⼳䞼䨞)
A09 1 0 T ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉㜿䓊䚠斄䞼䨞)ˣ冢⣏⮎
槿㜿檀昶ᷣ䭉
A10 1 0 D ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉㓧㱣⬠䞼䨞) A11 1 0 T ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉Ṣ栆⬠䞼䨞) A12 2 0 B ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉䓇ンṢ㔯)
A13 0 1 T ⣏⬠㔁㌰ (⮰攟烉⛘䎮屯妲冯䣦㚫䥹⬠㔜
⎰)
L01 1 0 ⇵厗昝䣦⋼⸡悐
L02 2 4 厗昝䣦⋼⸡悐ˣ⛘㕡埴㓧攟⭀
L03 3 3 ⇵⛘㕡埴㓧攟⭀
L04 3 5 ⇵⛘㕡埴㓧攟⭀ˣᶲ昝悐句侮侩
L05 1 8 ᶲ昝悐句曺⸜
L06 2 2 䯉㖻冒䃞㯜⥼⒉㚫⸡悐ˣᶲ昝悐句⯭㮹
L07 0 1 ᷕ昝悐句侮侩
23
L08 2 1 ᶲ昝悐句侮侩
L09 0 2 ⌉㉱悐句䈏ⷓ
L10 0 2 ⌉㉱悐句䈏ⷓ
L11 1 2 ⌉㉱悐句侮侩
L12 0 1 ⍇ỷ㮹忳≽Ṣ⢓ˣ㔁㚫Ṣ⢓
L13 1 0 ᷕ昝悐句⯭㮹
L14 2 1 ᶲ昝悐句曺⸜
L15 2 1 ᶲ昝攟侩㚫⸡悐
L16 1 1 ᶲ昝䛇俞䧴㚫⸡悐
L17 1 1 䯉㖻冒Ἦ㯜⥼⒉㚫⸡悐
L18 1 1 䯉㖻冒Ἦ㯜⥼⒉㚫⸡悐
L19 3 0 ᶲ昝攟侩㔁㚫⸡悐
L20 0 1 ᶲ昝Ⱉ匲㤕侭ˣ悐句⯭㮹
L21 0 1 ᷕ昝悐句侮侩
L22 0 1 ᷕ昝悐句⯭㮹
L23 0 1 ᷕ昝悐句⯭㮹
L24 0 1 ᷕ昝悐句⯭㮹
L25 0 1 ⌉㉱悐句侮侩
L26 0 1 ⌉㉱悐句侮侩
L27 1 1 ᶲ昝悐句⯭㮹
W01 2 2 䣦⋨䳬䷼忳ἄᷣ天ㆸ⒉ˣ㮹⭧㤕侭 W02 4 1 㛃悱䣦⋼⸡悐ˣ㮹⭧㤕侭
W03 5 2 㛃悱䣦⋼⸡悐ˣ㮹⭧㤕侭
W04 7 2 㛃悱䣦⋼⸡悐
W05 6 1 㛃悱⎰ἄ䣦ⶍἄṢ⒉ (彼悱曺⸜) W06 5 1 㛃悱䣦⋼⸡悐ˣ㮹⭧㤕侭
W07 4 1 㛃悱ⶉ⬰昲昲⒉
W08 1 0 㛃悱悐句㮹⭧㤕侭ˣ彼悱曺⸜
W09 1 0 㛃悱悐句曺⸜
W10 3 0 㛃悱悐句䞼䨞Ṣ⒉
W11 0 1 ⇵⛘㕡埴㓧攟⭀
W12 2 0 ⇵㛃悱㯜䭉䎮䲣䴙⸡悐
W13 4 0 㛃悱⎰ἄ䣦ⶍἄṢ⒉
W14 1 0 㛃悱悐句䳬䷼⍫冯侭 (彼悱曺⸜)
W15 2 0 㛃悱悐句㔁㚫Ṣ⢓
W16 1 0 㛃悱悐句㔁㚫Ṣ⢓
W17 1 0 ⇵⍇㮹㚫ᷣ⥼ˣ㔁㚫Ṣ⢓
24
W18 1 0 㛃悱悐句彼悱曺⸜
W19 2 0 㛃悱悐句㔁㚫⸡悐
D01 5 1 悥㬟䣦⋼⸡悐ˣ㖖悐圵Ⱡ㔯⊾⋼㚫⸡悐 D02 4 1 ⛘㕡埴㓧攟⭀ˣ悥㬟䣦⋼⸡悐
D03 4 1 悥㬜悐句侮侩ˣ⇵悐句柕䚖
D04 4 2 悥㬟䣦⋼⸡悐
D05 5 2 悐句䳬䷼⍫冯侭
D06 5 1 㖖悐圵Ⱡ㔯⊾⋼㚫ⶍἄṢ⒉ (彼悱曺⸜) D07 5 0 㖖悐圵Ⱡ㔯⊾⋼㚫ⶍἄṢ⒉ (彼悱曺⸜) D08 5 0 㖖悐圵Ⱡ㔯⊾⋼㚫ⶍἄṢ⒉ (彼悱曺⸜) D09 5 0 㖖悐圵Ⱡ㔯⊾⋼㚫ⶍἄṢ⒉ (彼悱曺⸜) D10 5 0 㖖悐圵Ⱡ㔯⊾⋼㚫ⶍἄṢ⒉ (彼悱曺⸜)
D11 4 0 悥㬟䣦⋼⸡悐
D12 4 0 悥㬟悐句曺⸜
D13 1 1 悐句㔯⊾䞼䨞侭
D14 2 1 悥㬟悐句侮侩
D15 2 0 悥㬟悐句䞼䨞Ṣ⒉
D16 6 0 悥㬜悐句侮侩ˣ悐句柕䚖
O01 0 1 ⇵喯㦪䣦⋼⸡悐
O02 1 0 ℓ▉▉悐句䣦⋼⸡悐
O03 0 1 ⋿Ⱉ悐句⍇㮹忳≽侭ˣ㔁㚫Ṣ⢓
O04 0 1 ⋿Ⱉ悐句嬟㺩昲⸡悐
O05 0 1 ⋿Ⱉ悐句侮侩
姣烉䶐䡤䓙ᶨỵ⣏⮓劙㔯⫿㭵+ℑỵ旧㉱ỗ㔠⫿䳬ㆸ炻℞ᷕ劙㔯⫿㭵 G 堐䣢䞼 䨞⍫冯Ṣ⒉幓↮䁢㓧⹄⭀⒉烊A 䁢⮰⭞⬠侭烊L 䁢㉱㉱Ⱉ⢇悐句䞼䨞⍫冯侭烊 W 䁢㛃悱悐句䞼䨞⍫冯侭烊D 䁢悥㬟悐句䞼䨞⍫冯侭烊O 堐㗗䁢℞Ṿ䚠斄䞼䨞
⍫冯侭ˤ
25
堐 3 慵天⍫冯奨⮇姀抬↿堐
㖍㛇 ᷣ柴 ᷣ天⍿姒侭 ⛘溆 䶐䡤 ⁁
姣
20121030
㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ 嬟⋨妰䔓㛇⇅
⮑㞍
G14 G18 A06 G16 G26 A01 A02 A03
㕘䪡㜿
䭉嗽 PALA01
20130203
冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨ℙ 䭉⥼⒉㚫婒㖶 㚫
G14 G24 G25 L01 L02 L03 L11 A01 A02 A03 ⍲
℞Ṿ㉱㉱Ⱉ⛘⋨㮹䛦䫱
厗昝䣦
⋨䘤⯽
⋼㚫
PALA02
20130402
㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ 嬟⋨妰䔓㛇ᷕ
⮑㞍
G19 G13 G14 G17 A06 A01 A03
㕘䪡㜿 䭉嗽
PALA03
20130725 ㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ 嬟⋨妰∫㛇㛓
⮑㞍
G13 G14 G17 G15 A06 G26 A01 A03
㕘䪡㜿 䭉嗽
PALA04
20130811 攟侩㔁㚫䇞奒 䭨㳣≽冯␐㛓 䥖㊄
L03 L04 L06 L08 L14 L15 L19 䫱ᶲ昝攟侩 㚫㔁⍳炻䲬 70 军 80 Ṣ
ᶲ昝 攟侩㔁 㚫
PALA05
20130824 ᶲ昝䛇俞䧴
⬱〗㖍
L05 L16 L17 L18 L27 䫱 ᶲ昝䛇俞䧴㚫㔁⍳炻 䲬 40 Ṣ
ᶲ昝 䛇俞䧴 㔁㚫
PALA06
20130927 ㉱㉱Ⱉ䵙天妰 䔓⮑㞍
G01 G02 G03 G07 G08 G09 G10 G11 G12 G14 G18 A01 A03
㜿⊁⯨ PALA07
20140116 㛃悱䑲Ⱉ㚫⊀ W02 W03 W04 W05 W06 W10 G22 G31 A01
㛃悱悐 句䑲Ⱉ
PAWA01
20140216 ᶲ昝㚫⒉
㚫
L03 L04 L06 L08 L14 L15 L19 䫱ᶲ昝攟侩 㚫㔁⍳炻䲬 70 Ṣ
ᶲ昝 PALA08
20140401 悥㬟冯⎘㜙㜿 䭉嗽䘬媖娊⥼
⒉㚫
G29 G32 G33 G28 A01 A05 D01 D02 D05 D06 D07 D08 D09 D10 D12 D16 O02 䫱冢㜙嗽Ṣ⒉ 冯悥㬟悐句㕷Ṣẋ堐
悥㬟悐 句
PADU01
20140417 㴟䤕⇵悐句㚫 嬘
D01 D02 D03 D04 D05 D06 D07 D08 D09 D10 D11 D16 䫱悐句㕷Ṣ
悥㬟悐 句
PADU02
20140418 㴟䤕⇵ᶨ⣑䘬 D01 D02 D03 D04 D05 悥㬟悐 PADU03
26
㸾⁁ D06 D07 D08 D09 D10 D11 D12 D14 D15 D16 䫱悐句㕷Ṣ
句
20140419 㴟䤕 D01 D02 D03 D04 D05 D06 D07 D08 D09 D10 D11 D12 D14 D15 D16 䫱悐句㕷Ṣ
悥㬟悐 句
PADU04
20140430 㛃悱䣦⋨㜿㤕 GPS 婚䦳冯㇞
⢾⮎
W01 W02 W04 W05 W06 W07 W10 W13 W14
㛃悱⃨
䐒㕗㮹
⭧冯䌝 Ṣ㬍忻
PAWA02
20140523 悐句⭞⹕䥖㊄ 普㚫
W06 W19 㛃悱悐 句
PAWA03
20140524 悐句⚆悱曺⸜
㮹⭧㳣≽橼槿
W08 W09 㛃悱悐 句
PAWA04
20140525 ᾉ佑㛹攟侩㚫 倗⎰䥖㊄
W04 W15 㛃悱悐 句㔁㚫
PAWA05
20140707
~
20140711
pakalongay 㔯
⊾ㆸ攟妻䶜䆇
D01 D03 D04 D05 D06 D07 D08 D09 D10 D11 D12 D13 D16 䫱悐句㕷 Ṣ
悥㬟悐 句
PADU05 ⽿ ⶍ
20140813
~
20140814
㛃悱悐句䑲Ⱉ 䓇ン㕭忲埴䦳
㍊⊀橼槿
W03 W04 W05 W07 W10 W18 W19 A02
㛃悱 䑲Ⱉ
PAWA06
20140926 ⎘䀋⍇ỷ㮹㕷 冒䃞屯㸸忳䓐 冯㯠临䘤⯽⬠
埻䞼妶㚫
G34 G35 G36 G37 G01 A01 A07 A10 A12 䫱冯 㚫Ṣ⒉
冢⣏㟉
⍳ᷕ⽫
PAOT01
20141014 冢䀋⣏⬠䫔ᶨ 㫉ℙ䭉㚫嬘
G20 A08 A09 䫱ℙ䭉㚫
⥼⒉⍲⮎槿㜿ᷣ䭉
⎘⣏彚
⬠昊㚫 嬘⭌
PAWA07
20141022 ㉱㉱Ⱉℙ䭉㚫 䫔ᶨ㫉㚫嬘
L02 L04 L13 L19 G06 G14 A03 䫱⥼⒉冯⛐⛘
㮹䛦
⣏㹒ⶍ ἄ䪁
PALA09
20141122 ℔ℙ婾⡯ņ㩊 夾ˬ⍇ỷ㮹㕷
⛘⋨屯㸸ℙ⎴
A04 A07 A11 A12 冢䀋⣏
⬠㔯⬠
昊
PAOT02
27
䭉䎮彎㱽˭⽆
㱽⼳㔯⫿⇘℟
橼䘬㕘斄Ὢ㕘 䦑⸷
20150121
~
20150123
冢⣏㢖㜿䲣㜿
⟜⮎佺
W03 W04 W05 W13 W15 W16
⎰䣦䆇 㜿⋨冯 㛃悱悐 句
PAWA08
20150126 㛃悱悐句䣦⋨
䘤⯽⋼㚫㚫⒉
⣏㚫ˣ悐句ᷣ
ⷕ怠冱
W01 W02 W03 W04 W05 W06 W07 W12 W13 W17 䫱悐句䣦⋼㚫
⒉
㛃悱悐 句㳣≽
ᷕ⽫ 2F
PAWA09
20150127 㛃悱悐句⃚呬 Ḻ≑㚫㚫⒉⣏
㚫㙐䎮䚋ḳ怠 冱
W02 W03 W04 W05 W06 W07 W12 W13 䫱 悐句㕷Ṣ
㛃悱悐 句⃚呬 Ḻ≑䣦
PAWA10
20150710
~
20150713
悥㬟悐句寸⸜
䤕冯悐句㚫嬘
D01 D02 D03 D04 D05 D06 D07 D09 D10 D11 D12 D13 D16 䫱悐句㕷 Ṣ
悥㬜悐 句
PAWA11
姣烉⍫冯奨⮇䶐䡤䳬ㆸℙℕỵ炻⇵ℑỵ PA 堐䣢㛔屯㕁ẍ⍫冯奨⮇㕡⺷吸普ˤ
ᷕ攻ℑỵ堐䣢屯㕁䚠斄䘬ᾳ㟰炻℞ᷕ LA 堐䣢䁢⢇悐句ᾳ㟰䚠斄屯㕁烊WA 堐䣢䁢㛃悱悐句ᾳ㟰䚠斄屯㕁烊DU 堐䣢䁢悥㬟悐句ᾳ㟰䚠斄屯㕁烊OT ⇯堐䣢
℞Ṿˤ㚨⼴ℑỵ⇯堐䣢䁢娚↮栆䘬䘬⸦䫮屯㕁ˤ
28
堐 4 姒婯䲨抬↿堐
㖍㛇 ⍿姒侭⍿姒侭 䶐䡤 ⁁姣
20120828 G06 G13 IN120828LA01 * 20120904 G19 IN120904LA01 * 20120927 L02 IN120927LA01 * 20120928 L03 L07 IN120928LA01 *
20121109 L03 L02 L11 L08 IN121109LA01 * P ἄ⚾
20121119 G25 IN121119LA01 * P 20121120 L09 L10 L11 IN121120LA01 * P 20121120 L12 IN121120LA02 * 20121201 O03 O04 O05 IN121201LA01 * P 20121203 A04 IN121203LA01 * I 20121212 G16 IN121212LA01 * P 20121212 L02 IN121212LA02 * P 20130128 G23 G24 IN130128LA01 *
20130318 O01 IN130318LA01 * P 20130710 L02 L04 IN130710LA01 * P 20130810 L04 IN130810LA01
20130812 L05 L06 IN130812LA01 ⍿姒侭ᶵ栀シ抬枛 20130812 L20 L05 IN130812LA02
20130812 L21 L05 IN130812LA03 䓙 L5 ⋼≑侣嬗 20130813 L22 L23 L05 IN130813LA01
20130813 L24 L05 IN130813LA02 20130815 L10 L04 L05 IN130815LA01 20130815 L25 L05 IN130815LA02 20130815 L26 L04 L05 IN130815LA03 20130824 L16 IN130824LA01
20130825 L06 IN130825LA01 ⍿姒侭ᶵ栀抬枛 20130825 L27 IN130825LA02
20130826 L04 IN130826LA01 ἄ⚾
20130827 L03 IN130827LA01 20140122 L14 L15 IN140122LA01 20140214 L09 IN140214LA01 20140417 D06 IN140417DU01 20140417 D04 D05 IN140417DU02 20140417 D01 IN140417DU03
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20140417 D04 D05 IN140417DU04 20140418 D02 IN140418DU01 20140418 D03 D14 IN140418DU02
20140501 W01 IN140501WA01 20140523 G22 IN140523WA01
20140523 W06 W04 W07 IN140523WA02 20140525 W11 IN140525WA01 20140525 W01 W02 IN140525WA02 20140526 G21 IN140526WA01 20140605 G20 IN140603WA01 20140616 G04 IN140616DU01 20140617 G05 IN140617OT01 20140619 G14 IN140619LA01 20140625 G01 IN140625OT01
20140710 D13 IN140710DU01 䳁䫮姀抬 20140819 L17 L18 IN140819LA01
20150123 W05 W13 IN150123WA01
20150123 W03 IN150123WA02 20150127 W04 W03 IN150127WA01
20150605 A01 A03 A13 G37 IN150605OT02 䡑⢓婾㔯⎋娎
姣 1烉姒婯䶐䡤䳬ㆸℙ 12 ỵ炻⇵ℑỵ IN 堐䣢㛔屯㕁ẍ姒婯㕡⺷吸普ˤ䫔ᶱ军 䘬䫔ℓỵ堐䣢吸普屯㕁䔞⣑㖍㛇 (大⃫⸜⼴ℑỵ+㚰㚰+㖍㖍)ˤ䫔ḅ军䫔⋩ỵ堐 䣢屯㕁䚠斄䘬ᾳ㟰炻℞ᷕ LA 堐䣢䁢⢇悐句ᾳ㟰䚠斄屯㕁烊WA 堐䣢䁢㛃悱 悐句ᾳ㟰䚠斄屯㕁烊DU 堐䣢䁢悥㬟悐句ᾳ㟰䚠斄屯㕁烊OT ⇯堐䣢℞Ṿˤ㚨⼴
ℑỵ⇯堐䣢㬌㫉姒婯屯㕁䁢䔞㖍䘬䫔⸦䫮屯㕁ˤ
姣 2烉2012 ⸜ 8 㚰军 2013 ⸜ 7 㚰䘬 15 䫮姒婯屯㕁䁢㉱㉱Ⱉᾅ嬟⋨夷∫姒婯屯 㕁炻℞ᷕ*堐䣢㛔䞼䨞侭䁢⍫冯姒婯䎦⟜烊*P 堐䣢䞼䨞侭ẍ⍫冯奨⮇㕡⺷⍫冯 姒婯䎦⟜烊*I 堐䣢䞼䨞侭䁢㬌㫉姒婯ᷳᷣ姒ᷳᶨˤ
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1. ㉱㉱Ⱉ⢇悐句
⇅㉱㉱Ⱉ㍍妠㉱㉱Ⱉᾅ嬟⋨ℙ䭉嬘柴㗗⽆ 2012 ⸜ 10 㚰攳⥳炻⛐妰䔓忚埴 忚埴䁢㛇 9 ᾳ㚰䘬姒婯忶䦳ᷕ炻ㆹᷣ天ẍ奨⮇侭䘬奺刚⽆㕩奨⮇᷎姀抬䫮姀炻 啱㬌䝕妋⛐忁ᾳ嬘柴ᷕ⎬㪲䙲斄ὪṢ⮵嬘柴䘬⍵ㅱ冯⚆ㅱ炻᷎德忶⟜⎰䅇〱䑘
⠫冯悐句䘬Ṣḳ䈑炻晾䃞⽆忶䦳ᷕ㍍妠姙⣂悐句㕷Ṣ冯⛘㕡㮹怠Ṣ⢓炻᷎ᶼ⍫
冯⣂㫉姒婯ˣ㚫嬘ˣ䣦⋨ἄ⚾ˣ䃎溆⛀橼䫱⟜⎰炻吸普姙⣂㪲䙲斄ὪṢ⮵㕤䚠 斄嬘柴䘬䚳㱽炻䃞侴忁ṃ䞕㗪攻ᶼ䇯㭝䘬忶䦳炻᷎㰺㚱彎㱽ℐ㕡ỵ䘬⏰䎦ㆹ▿
娎䝕妋䘬悐句䘬㧋尴ˤ
⛐㬋⺷忚ℍ悐句ᷳ⇵䓙㕤㰺㚱㬋⺷⚈䁢䞼䨞暨㯪忚ℍ悐句Ṣ佌䓇㳣⛐ᶵ
⎴㔯⊾Ṣ佌ᷕ䘬䴻槿炻ˬ娚ẍ⾶湤㧋䘬奺刚忚ℍ悐句烎˭ˬ娚䓐Ṩ湤㧋㕡⺷冯悐 句⯭㮹Ḻ≽烎˭ˬ⾶湤㧋㗗⎰怑䘬吸普屯㕁䘬㕡⺷烎˭䫱䫱⓷柴ὧ攳⥳⛐儎ᷕ䶰 丆ˤ忚ℍ悐句⼴炻德忶娵嬀䘬侮侩 L3 䘬⺽ṳ炻冯⯙嬨⍇ỷ㮹㕷䞼䨞䚠斄⬠䲣 䘬悐句曺⸜ L5炻⋼≑ㆹ忚ℍ悐句Ṣ佌斄Ὢ冯婆妨侣嬗ˤ⛐⸛㗪䘬姒婯ᷕㆹ⣂䓙 L3 ㆾ L5 昒⎴⇵⼨⍿姒侭ỷ炻䓙㕤悐句Ṣ佌攻ㆾ㚱⦣奒ˣ埨奒斄ὪㆾⰔ⎴ᶨ ᾉẘ㔁㳦炻⛐忚ℍ䞼䨞⟜➇ᷕ⍾⼿ˬ⬰攨Ṣ (gatekeeper)˭⎴シ䘬⓷柴 (♜䤍淆炻 2008) Ụ᷶⯙⛐悐句䅇Ṣ䘬⺽ṳ冯悐句㕷Ṣ䘬⎋俛䚠⁛ᷕ妋㰢ˤ
⛐悐句䘬㗪攻ㆹ䘬䓇㳣嶇叿悐句䓇㳣䘬㬍婧冯ἄ〗炻ἳ⤪嶇叿⍫冯㔁㚫㳣
≽ˣ嶇叿悐句 Yaki3⍣厄⚺炻ㆾ⛐悐句ᷕ⇘嗽ᷚ攨⫸炻䓙攺娙⭞ⷠ䘬⮵婯姒⓷ᷕ
徸㻠㒜⯽ㆹ⮵悐句䘬娵嬀炻侴䓙忁ṃˬ⍫冯˭悐句䘬䓇㳣⮵悐句䘬奨⮇忶䦳炻 嬻ㆹ⮵悐句䘬忳ἄ㧉⺷Ṣ佌斄Ὢ㚱ᶨ⭂䘬㌴㎉䦳⹎ˤ侴姀抬䘬㕡⺷⇯㚫⛐ᶨ
⣑䳸㜇炻ㆾϕ㫉慵天䘬奨⮇⟜⎰䳸㜇⼴炻ẍ枮㗪攻庠䘬㕡⺷姀ᶳṢ⒉ˣ㗪攻ˣ ḳẞˣ⛘溆ẍ⍲忶䦳ᷕ↢䎦䘬慵天婯娙ℏ⭡炻冯ㆹ䘬䘤䎦冯デ⍿ˤ
3 Yaki 㗗㲘晭婆ᷕ䧙䣾㭵塓⤛⿏䘬䧙ˤ
31
⛐姒婯ℏ⭡䘬ᷣ柴ᶲ炻䓙㕤䞼䨞柴䚖ᷣ天㗗℔ℙḳ⊁䘬忳ἄ冯㰢⭂㚱 斄炻⚈侴⛐姒婯䘬ℏ⭡ᶲᷣ天⚵丆㕷Ṣ倂㚫㰢⭂ḳね䘬㍸⓷ˤ⛐悐句㬌㗪㬌
⛘䘬℔ℙḳ⊁忳ἄ冯㰢䫾⎗ẍ啱䓙ㆹ⍫冯悐句䘬奨⮇Ἦ⼿䞍炻䃞侴朆㬌㗪㬌⛘
䘬忶⼨悐句℔ℙḳ⊁忳ἄˣ㰢䫾炻ẍ⍲⼙枧悐句℔ℙḳ⊁忳ἄˣ㰢䫾䘬㓡嬲忶 䦳冯⚈䳈炻⽭枰⯙䓙悐句㕷Ṣ䘬姀ㅞ⚆゛Ἦ⼿䞍炻㓭侴⛐姒婯䘬⮵尉ᶲẍ⸜漉
⛐ᷕ⢗⸜ẍᶲ炻ᶼᷣ天⭂⯭⛐悐句䘬Ṣ䁢ᷣ炻᷎⍿姒䘬⮵尉⣏农↮䁢侮侩ㆾ朆 侮侩炻侮侩䘬⓷柴㚫叿慵⛐忶⍣䘬悐句䓇㳣炻侴朆侮侩䘬悐↮⇯㗗叿慵娊⓷䎦
⛐䘬悐句䓇㳣ˤ
2. 冢㜙悥㬟悐句
⛐䞍忻冢㜙㜿䭉嗽冯悥㬟悐句䘬⎰ἄ妰䔓⼴炻ㆹ椾㫉⇘悥㬟悐句㗗⛐ 2014
⸜ 4 㚰 1 㖍炻䔞㖍㗗冢㜙㜿䭉嗽冯⎬媖娊⥼⒉⇘悥㬟悐句炻㬋⺷⎔攳䫔ᶨ㫉媖 娊㚫嬘䘬㖍⫸ˤ⛐⍫冯䫔ᶨ㫉䘬媖娊㚫嬘㚫⼴炻ㆹ㕳⌛⎹悐句䳬䷼ᷣ天⸡悐 D1 堐㖶幓↮炻堐忼゛天忚ᶨ㬍䝕妋悐句᷎⮳㯪⺢嬘冯⋼≑炻D1 ⌛⺢嬘⎗ẍℙ⎴⍫
冯悐句⛐⚃㚰ᷕ冱彎䘬㴟䤕㳣≽炻㴟䤕ㆸ䁢ㆹ忚ℍ悐句䘬⣹㨇ˤ
⛐忚ℍ悐句ᷳ⇵⮵㕤悐句䘬娵嬀炻ᷣ天德忶䔞㗪㬋⛐悥㬟悐句忚埴䡑⢓婾 㔯䞼䨞䘬 D15 ⛐悐句䘬奨⮇䴻槿炻冯㚦彎䎮冢㜙㜿䭉嗽冯悐句ㆸ䩳媖娊㚫㤕⊁
䘬 G30炻℞⛐ⶍἄ䴻槿冯悐句䚠嗽䴻槿䘬↮ṓ炻嬻ㆹ⛐忚ℍ悐句⇵⃰䅇〱悐句 側㘗ˤ
⍫冯悐句㴟䤕㳣≽ pakalongay 㔯⊾ㆸ攟妻䶜䆇炻㗗ㆹ忚ℍ悐句⍫冯奨⮇
䘬⣹㨇炻ℑ㫉䘬䴻槿悥㗗德忶嶇叿悐句曺⸜ᶨ崟⋼≑䤕℠冯㳣≽䘬㸾⁁ˣ⍫冯 㳣≽䘬㕡⺷圵ℍ佌橼炻ϕ怲⽆㳣≽⍫冯奨⮇悐句Ṣ佌䘬Ḻ≽炻ϕ怲䓙奨⮇ᷕデ
⍿䘬䔹⓷溆炻㈦⮳怑䔞䘬㨇㚫冯悐句㕷Ṣ俲⣑ㆾ忚埴姒婯炻㓭侴⛐悥㬟悐句䘬
⣂㔠姒婯ᷕ⣂䁢⤪㖍ⷠ攺俲凔䘬ˬ朆㬋⺷䘬㚫娙姒婯˭(湫㔯⌧ˣ㜿㗷ⶆ炻1998)炻
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℞Ṿ䘬ᶵ⛐悐句⍫冯䘬㖍⫸炻⇯㗗德忶忂妲庇橼冯悐句㕷Ṣ倗专炻ẍ⍲徥希悐 句䘬≽ンˤ
3. ⋿㈽㛃悱悐句
㛃悱悐句惘役冢䀋⣏⬠⮎槿㜿廬⋨炻悐句䘬⁛䴙㳣≽䭬⚵⣂Ⱄ冢⣏⮎槿㜿 廬⋨炻㓭侴冢⣏⮎槿㜿冯㛃悱悐句㚱姙⣂䘬Ḻ≽㨇㚫ˤ椾㫉娵嬀㛃悱悐句崟⚈
㕤⣏⬠㜿⟜⮎佺䘬婚䦳炻忶䦳德忶悐句䚠斄嬘柴冯➢㛔ṳ䳡炻冯晐悐句ⶉ㯜⒉ˣ 䣦⋨䘤⯽⋼㚫⸡悐冯⮎槿㜿Ṣ⒉炻ℙ⎴嶷㞍㯜㸸⛘䘬ⶉ嬟嶗䶂炻攳┇ㆹ⮵㛃悱 悐句䘬娵嬀炻侴㛃悱悐句冯冢⣏⮎槿㜿ẍ䣦⋨㜿㤕ˣ悐句⋼≑ⶉ嬟㜿䎕⛘冯屯 㸸ℙ䭉䫱嬘柴炻㬋ḇ㗗䓙㬌㗪攻攳⥳慆慨冯㍐≽ˤ
䓙㕤㛃悱悐句冯冢⣏⮎槿㜿ˣ冢⣏㢖㜿䲣Ḻ≽柣䷩炻ᶼ㛃悱悐句㚦㚱㔠ỵ 䞼䨞侭⛐悐句忚埴攟㛇䞼䨞炻悐句䣦⋨䳬䷼冯䞼䨞╖ỵḺ≽⭮↯炻ℵ≈ᶲ㛃悱 悐句⋩⣂⸜Ἦ⛐悐句䳬䷼农≃㍐≽奨䓊㤕炻悐句⮵㕤⢾Ἦ侭㚱⼰檀䘬㍍⍿
⹎炻⚈侴䔞ㆹẍ䞼䨞䓇䘬⎵佑忚ℍ悐句㗪炻⼰⾓⯙塓悐句䳬䷼⸡悐娵嬀冯㍍⍿炻
᷎ᶼ䣦⋨䳬䷼ㆸ⒉ḇ㖶䡢䘬䝕妋ㆹ䘬䞼䨞幓ấ冯䞼䨞暨㯪炻㓭侴悐句䘬㗪攻䣦
⋨䳬䷼ㆸ⒉⋩↮䅇䦼㕤⚆ㅱㆹ晐㗪晐⛘䘬㍸⓷炻᷎ᶼ䔞ㆹ⛐悐句暨天忚埴㬋⺷
䘬姒婯㗪炻ⷠⷠ㗗悐句䳬䷼ㆸ⒉夳朊⼴⤪攺娙⭞ⷠ凔䘬⛸ᶳἮ炻䓙ℑᶱ⎍攺 娙崟柕⼴忚ℍ㍸⓷炻⍿姒侭ḇ冒䃞侴䃞䘬忚ℍ⍿姒䘬⮵䫼㧉⺷ˤ
㛃悱悐句⛐姒婯⮵尉ᶲᷣ天ẍ悐句䣦⋨䳬䷼⸡悐䁢ᷣ炻⛐⓷柴䘬娊⓷ᶲ⣂
㛅悐句ᶵ⎴䳬䷼忳ἄ䘬Ḻ≽斄Ὢ炻ẍ⍲悐句䳬䷼䘤⯽㬟䦳 娊⓷ˤ晾䃞ᶨ攳⥳
㍍妠䘬⮵尉䘮㗗䣦⋨䳬䷼⸡悐炻嬻ㆹ䋞䔹㗗⏎⛐姒婯䘬Ṣ怠ᶲ⣒忶䨬⊾炻䃞侴
⛐㭼庫㶙ℍ䘬㍍妠悐句⼴䘤䎦炻䓙㕤㛃悱悐句Ṣ⎋䳬ㆸ⸦᷶䁢╖ᶨ佌䲣炻⢾Ἦ 㕷佌㭼ἳᶵ檀炻悐句㕷Ṣ䘬⬿㔁ᾉẘ䘦↮ᷳḅ⋩ḅᾉẘ⎴ᶨ㔁㳦炻侴忁ṃ⛐䣦
⋨䳬䷼㳣帵䘬⸡悐炻⛐悐句䘬℞Ṿ⟜⎰⤪㔁㚫㳣≽䫱嬘䚠䔞㳣帵炻ᶼㆹ䘬䞼䨞
33
䚖㧁ᷣ天倂䃎⛐℔ℙḳ⊁忳ἄ冯㰢䫾ᶲ炻㓭侴⛐⛐㛃悱䘬姒婯㕡⺷炻Ụ᷶⎹
怠㑯⛐䚠斄嬘柴℟㚱⼙枧≃䘬悐句卩劙忚埴姒婯 (Marshell and Rossman, 1999)ˤ
⛐⢇悐句ˣ悥㬟悐句冯㛃悱悐句䘬䓘慶忶䦳ᷕ炻ℙ⎴忯⇘䘬⓷柴㚱ℑ枭炻
℞ᶨ炻⛐冯侮侩䘬⮵婯ᷕ冯⍫冯悐句㚫嬘ˣ䤕₨⟜⎰㗪炻婆妨䘬昼敉㗗ᶨᾳ暋 ẍ嶐崲䘬⚘⠫炻䔞ㆹẍ⍫冯奨⮇侭䘬幓ấ娎⚾奨⮇℔䛦⟜⎰ᷕ㕷Ṣ䘬Ḻ≽冯婯 娙ℏ⭡炻ㆾ侭▿娎䓙俲⣑姒婯吸普悐句侮侩䘬奨溆冯䓇␥㓭ḳ㗪炻㗪ⷠᶵ媛⍇
ỷ㮹㕷婆妨䘬ㆹ⽭枰德忶䫔ᶱ侭廱嬗ℏ⭡炻ㆾ侭德忶倂㚫䎦⟜„䇦↢䎦䘬㻊婆
㕷ṢḺ≽Ἦ䋄㷔䎦⟜ね⠫炻⍰ㆾ䚠Ḻ俲⣑䘬侭侮侩晾傥䓐㻊婆䯉䔍堐忼炻⌣
旸㕤傥忳䓐䘬⫿⼁ᶵ寸炻⚈侴䃉㱽⬴㔜䘬⏰䎦℞㫚⁛忼䘬シ⿅炻婆妨䘬⓷柴 农ἧ䞼䨞侭⛐䞼䨞忶䦳䃉⎗性䘬拗⣙⮵㕤悐句㚜ℐ朊䝕妋䘬⎗傥ˤ℞Ḵ炻䔊
忼 (2010) 娵䁢姒婯䘬暨天㗪攻Ἦ⺢䩳Ḻᾉ斄Ὢ炻侴Ḻᾉ斄Ὢ⮯⎗傥⼙枧婯 娙ℏ⭡炻ẍ⍲䞼䨞侭⮵姒婯ℏ⭡䘬妋慳奨溆ˤ䃞侴ㆹ䘬䓘慶䴻槿ᷕ炻䈡⇍㗗⛐
⢇悐句冯悥㬟悐句炻姒婯䘬忚埴忂ⷠ㰺㚱ᶵ㗗德忶㬋⺷䘬怨䲬炻侴㗗ẍᷚ攨
⫸䘬㕡⺷ㆾ忳䓐㳣≽冱彎㳣≽㗪䘬䨢㨼㈦⮳婯娙䘬㨇㚫炻⚈侴姙⣂婯娙䘬ℏ⭡
㚫⚈䎦⟜䘬㚜䧖⸚㒦⚈䳈侴ᷕ㕟炻㗗䞼䨞ᷕᶵ嵛ᷳ嗽ˤ
侴䓙⛐悐句䘬䴻槿䘤䎦炻䞼䨞ᷕ⍫冯奨⮇ˣ姒婯冯㔯䌣⚆栏᷎䓐䘬ˬᶱ奺 Ṍ⍱㩊夾㱽 (triangulation)˭(傉⸤ㄏ炻2008) 炻⮵㕤㛔䞼䨞㗗㚱㬋朊⼙枧㓰㝄䘬ˤ ἳ⤪烉⛐⢇悐句䘬䴻槿ᷕ炻䔞䞼䨞侭䓙姒婯䘬㕡⺷Ἦ娊⓷悐句Ṣ佌Ḻ≽䘬⋨
昼㕡⺷㗪炻⭞㕷ˣ㔁㳦Ụ᷶㗗ᶨᾳ⼰慵天䘬Ṣ佌⋨昼⚈⫸炻䃞侴德忶ㆹ⛐悐句 䓇㳣䘬⮎晃奨⮇⌣䘤䎦炻䔞ㆹ⎒⽆姒婯侭䘬妨婆Ἦ㊾㍀悐句䘬Ṣ佌Ḻ≽㗪炻姒 婯侭冯⍿姒侭䁢Ḯ⚈ㅱ⓷柴⮯悐句Ṣ佌㚱⋨⇍炻ㆾ䓐姙⣂䘬佌䳬↮栆⎵娆⮯
Ṣ佌 ⋨↮炻ἳ⤪⭞㕷ˣ㔁㳦ˣ⯭ỷ⛘溆䫱炻Ữ⮎晃ᶲ忁ṃ⎵娆斄Ὢᷳ攻⍰㗗 Ṍ⍱斄倗䘬炻悐句Ṣ佌斄Ὢ⯙⛐忁ṃṌ⍱⚈⫸ᷕᷚㆸᶨᾳ䵚句炻⚈侴劍䞼䨞ᷕ
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⎒ἧ䓐╖ᶨ䘬屯㕁吸普㕡㱽炻⮯⎗傥⮵㕤䞼䨞屯㕁䘬娖慳㪲䃞䘬ᶵ⎴ˤ
35
䫔
䫔ᶱ䪈ˣ⢇悐句冯㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨ℙ䭉㚫
䫔ᶨ䭨ˣ⢇悐句ỵ伖冯䑘⠫
⢇ (Balung) 悐句ỵ㕤㟫⚺ⶪ⽑冰⋨厗昝慴炻厗昝慴朊䧵朊䧵 106 ⸛㕡
℔慴炻䁢㟫⚺ⶪ㚨⣏ᶨ慴炻慴廬䓴ℏ⣂䁢 1,500 ℔⯢ⶎ⎛ᷳⰙ⛘炻悐句⣂↮ⶫ 㕤 1,000 ℔⯢ⶎ⎛ᷳⰙ✉⛘ (䏒履炻2012)ˤ厗昝慴大ẍ暒䘥Ⱉ冯㕘䪡䷋⮾䞛 悱䌱Ⲙ㛹䁢䓴炻⊿ẍỶ映Ⱉ㜙⋿Ⱉ傲ˣ㉱㉱㹒冯ᶱˣ檀佑Ḵ慴䚠惘炻㜙ẍ⮾
Ⱉ冯⭄嗕䷋⣏⎴悱劙⢓㛹ˣ㕘⊿ⶪ䁷Ἦ⋨䤷Ⱉ墉㍍⢌炻⋿ẍⰙ冯⭄嗕䷋⣏⎴悱 努⬱ˣ㲘⸛冯㛔㛹䚠昼 (㔠ỵ㟫⚺炻2015)ˤ⊿㨓℔嶗㱧昝㹒察⮯厗昝慴⋨↮
䁢⋿ˣ⊿ℑ悐↮炻ᶱ㹒ẍ⊿䘬⚃ᾳ倂句烉ᶲ昝ˣᷕ昝ˣᶳ昝ˣ⌉㉱炻
⎰䧙䁢⢇悐句 (⚾ 4)ˤᶲ昝军檀溆楔ⳁⰙⰙ檀 1,229 ℔⯢炻⌉㉱悐句⇯ỵ 㕤㉱㉱㹒⋿Ⱡ䲬㴟㉼ 900 ℔⯢嗽ᷳⰙ✉ᶲˤ
⛐⛘Ⰼᶲ厗昝慴Ⱄ㕤⯰⯢㕟Ⰼ⋿“⛘Ⰼ炻⊭⏓㰱䧵ⱑ冯庽⹎嬲岒ᷳⱑⰌ (䏒履炻2012)炻䱀㜧ⱑ冯枩ⱑ岒⛘傮⻙侴㖻⍿Ὕ国冯桐⊾炻侴⼊ㆸ㛔⋨䘬㶙
⇲ᶼ䷙㨓Ṍ拗䘬㹒察ˤ惘役ᷳ㉱㉱Ⱉ冒䃞ᾅ嬟⋨Ⱄ㕤暒ⰙⰙ傰⊿悐ᷳⰙ傰ⷞ炻
⚃␐⚵丆㚱⣓⨎Ⱉˣ㉱㉱Ⱉˣ⟼㚤Ⱉˣ伶⣶大卓Ⱉ (䍓䐘大櫼Ⱉ) ˣ⌂⹓欗 Ⱉ䫱ˤ㛔⛘⋨㯋῁㼖㹤炻暐慷⃭㱃炻2002 ⸜军 2011 ⸜䘬⸜⛯暐慷䲬 2,500 ℔慸炻
⸛⛯䚠⮵㽽⹎役 90%炻⸜⛯㹓䲬 16ɗ (䴻㾇悐㯜⇑会⊿⋨㯜屯㸸⯨炻2012)ˤ
36
⚾ 4 ⢇悐句ỵ伖⚾
(屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉ᾖ㓡冒 Google Earth炻2015)
䫔
䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ⢇悐句䘬Ṣ佌䳬ㆸ冯䣦㚫橼⇞
⢇悐句⛐Ṣ佌ᶲὅ㲘晭㕷佌䲣䘬↮栆ᶲⰔ㕤岥侫↿佌 (Squliq) ᷕ䘬 Malipa Ṇ佌炻⼴ Malipa Ṇ佌⇘Ṳ㖍䘬⽑冰⋨檀佑慴ˣᶱ慴冯厗昝慴4ᶱ慴侭炻 䧙䁢 Gogan 佌 (䏒履炻2012)ˤ悐句ὅ䣾⃰䘬㬠Ⱄ↮䁢Ḽ⣏㮷㕷炻Ḽᾳ㮷㕷䣾
⃰⎵⫿↮⇍䁢烉TiyaˣWatan lawaˣTabulˣTumulˣSyat炻Ḽᾳ㮷㕷℞⼴▋⛐㮹
⚳㗪ẋ㓡䓐㻊⥻炻侴⎴ᶨ㮷㕷Ṣ⒉⍾䘬㻊⥻⥻㮷⎗傥㚱ᶵ⎴炻⚈侴悐句ᷕ
⎴ᶨ㮷㕷侭⎗傥⮵ㅱ⣂ᾳ㻊⥻ (堐 5)炻侴Ḽᾳ㮷㕷ὅ℞䣾⯭⛘⛘⎵⍰㚱ᶵ⎴䧙
炻Tiya 䣾⯭㕤 bsyal (Ṳ㘗ṩ彚⟜ᶨⷞ)炻㓭䧙䁢 Kbsyal ⭞㕷烊Watan lawa 䣾
⯭ pya san炻㓭䧙 Kpya san ⭞㕷烊Tumul 䣾⯭ ibaw炻䧙 Kibaw ⭞㕷炻䎦Ṳ⛐悐 句⣂ẍ㮷㕷ᷕ㚨⣂㔠䘬㻊⥻炻ㆾ侭忶⍣䣾⯭⛘Ἦ䧙5 (堐 5)ˤ
4 㟫⚺䷋⯂㛒㓡⇞㟫⚺ⶪ⇵炻ᶨ凔䴙䧙 Gogan 佌䘬檀佑㛹ˣᶱ㛹冯厗昝㛹䁢⼴Ⱉᶱ㛹ˤ
5 䁢㚠⮓䘬㳩㙊ẍ⍲教嬨ᶲ䘬㖻嬨⿏炻㛔㔯⼴临ẍ堐 5 ᷕ䘬䎦ẋⷠ䓐䧙Ἦẋ堐悐句䘬⭞㕷⎵ˤ
