行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告
3-D 不對稱加勁與自然邊坡之穩定分析精簡報告
計畫編號:NSC 89-2211-E-006-076 執行期限:88 年 8 月 1 日至 89 年 7 月 31 日 主持人:黃景川 成功大學土木工程系前言
傳統三向度(3-D)極限平衡邊坡穩定 分析法之缺點為必須假設滑動土體為一對 稱形,並假設滑動方向與對稱軸方向一致。 在地形、地質條件皆不對稱之邊坡中,使用 傳統 3-D 邊坡穩定分析法可能產生誤導的 分析結果。這些缺點來自於採用“單方向力 矩(或力)平衡”之概念。本研究首先提出 “雙方向力矩(或力)平衡”於 3-D 邊坡穩 定分析中,解決上述之問題。從比較驗証分 析中發現,本研究所發展之新方法產生正確 之計算結果。對於一傳統分析法無法分析之 3-D 不對稱邊坡穩定分析中發現,在某些假 設之前提下,以傳統之對稱 3-D 分析法計算 得到過大的安全係數。 關鍵詞:三向度,邊坡穩定分析法,雙向力 矩平衡,不對稱問題 ABSTRACTTwo-directional moment equilibrium is used to develop a new three-dimensional (3-D) slope stability analysis method. This method calculates not only the safety factor but also the possible direction of sliding for semi-spherical and composite failure surfaces. As a result, the possible errors associated with assuming a plane of symmetry in 3-D stability
of the new method is to eliminate the tedious work on the coordinate transformation prior to the analysis. Two examples of symmetrical failure surfaces are used to verify the basic formulation in the present study. Three additional examples further demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in analyzing 3-D asymmetrical failure surfaces. An analysis on a slope, subject to asymmetrical excavation unloading and geological conditions, shows that using the method of one-directional moment equilibrium, may give an over-estimated safety factor of the slope.
KEYWORDS: 3-D, Slope stability, New method, Two-directional moment equilibrium, Asymmetrical problem
滑動破壞安全係數之推導
將滑動塊體切割為 n 個土柱,其底部之抗 滑動剪力 Si為一向量(圖一): } , , { 1 2 3 i i i f f f S Si= i⋅ ={ , , } i i i y z x S S S (1) 其中, } , , { 1 2 3 i i i f f f :Si之單位向量} , , { 1 2 3 ' ' i i i g g g N Ni= i⋅ ={Nx'i,Ny'i,Nz'i} (2) 其中, } , , {g1i g2i g3i : ' i N 之單位向量 採用 Mohr-Coulomb 之破壞準則,土柱底 部之安全係數可定義為: i i i i i fi s S N C S S Fi tanφ '⋅ + = = (3) Ci =ci⋅Ai (ci:土壤凝聚力 Ai: 土柱底面積) φi:土壤摩擦角 Si由平行 x-z 面及 y-z 面之兩分量所組 成,在兩方向上之安全係數可定義為: i i xz f sx S S F = (4) i i yz f sy S S F = (5) 由圖二之土柱底部剪力閉合三角形可得: i i i sx sy F F α α θ sin ) sin( − = (6a) i i i sx s F Fi θ α θ sin ) sin( − ⋅ = (6b) i i sy s F Fi θ α sin sin ⋅ = (6c) 其中之限制條件為: i i sy sx F F θ α ≤ < ∞ < < ∞ < < 0 , 0 , 0 θi 為在土柱底部平行 x-z 平面與平行 y-z 平面之兩軸間夾角:
(
xzi yzi)
i α αθ =cos−1sin ⋅sin ,θi>0 (7)
根據 Bishop 法之原理,在鉛直方向上力 之平衡求得土柱底部之正向力 ' i N : i i i i i v i i i i U g f S P W U N N = − = − + − ⋅ − 3 3 ) ( ' (8) 其中, Wi:土柱自重 Pvi:土柱頂部外載重 i N ,Ni':土柱底部之正向總力及有效力 Ui=ui⋅Ai (9) ui:孔隙水壓 Ai: 土柱底面積 將(3)式與(6b)式結合可得:
(
)
) sin( sin tan ' i i i SX i i i i F N C S α θ θ φ − ⋅ + = (10) 根據(8)與(10)式,底部之剪力 Si可 表為: i i i i i i SX i i i i v i i i g f F U g P W C S 3 3 3 tan sin ) sin( tan ] ) ( [ φ θ α θ φ ⋅ + − ⋅ − + − + = (11) 以平行 y 軸且通過(xo, yo, zo)之軸為軸 心取力矩平衡: + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ +∑
∑
(Wi Pvi) RXi Ni g1i RZi 0 3 3 1 ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅∑
∑
∑
Si fi RZi Si fi RXi Ni gi RXi (12) 將(8),(11)式代入(12)式可得: ) ( ) ( ) ( 3 1 3 1 3 1 1∑
∑
∑
⋅ ⋅ + − ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ = i i i vi i i i i i i i SX RZ g g P W RZ g g f RZ f A F (13) 其中, SX i i i i i i i i i i v i i F g f U g P W C A ⋅ ⋅ + − − + − + = 3 3 3 1 tan sin ) sin( tan ] ) ( [ φ θ α θ φ 結合(3)與(6c)式可得:(
)
i i SY i i i i F N C S α θ φ sin sin tan ' ⋅ + = (14) 將(1)式代入(14)式可得: i i i i i SY i i i i v i i i g f F U g P W C S 3 3 3 tan sin sin tan ] ) ( [ φ θ α φ ⋅ + ⋅ − + − + = (15) 以平行 x 軸且通過(xo, yo, zo)之軸為軸 心取力矩平衡: + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ +∑
∑
∑
(Wi Pvi) RYi Ni g2i RZi Si f2i RZi0 3 3 ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅
∑
∑
Si fi RYi Ni gi RYi (16) 將(8)及(15)式代入(16)式可得: ) ( ) ( ) ( 3 2 3 2 3 2 2∑
∑
∑
⋅ ⋅ + − ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ − ⋅ = i i i vi i i i i i i i Sy RZ g g P W RZ g g f RZ f A F (17) 其中, Sy i i i i i i i i i v i i F g f U g P W C A ⋅ ⋅ + − + − + = 3 3 3 2 tan sin sin tan ] ) ( [ { φ θ α φ 求 一 整 體 之 安 全 係 數 Fs 時 , 先 假 設 αi=0.1°,以(13),(17)式求 Fsx與 Fsy。由 於 Fsx,Fsy存在於等式之兩側,因此必須採 試誤法逼近求解。求得收斂之 Fsx,Fsy後由 6 (a)式求新的αi值,再反覆求新的 Fsx,Fsy 及 Fsi 直至收斂為止。本研究之收斂準則為 Fsi之差是在 0.1%以下。 不對稱 3-D 分析結果之 Fsi在土柱底部為 一曲面時,Fsi不為定值,因此,滑動面整體 之安全係數定義為:∑
∑
∑
∑
+ ⋅ = = i i i i i f s S N C S S F i ) tan ( ' φ (18) 此一定義為傳統 2-D、3-D 分析法中使用 安全係數之廣義定義。驗証與應用
本研究採用 Baligh and Azzouz (1975)報 導之案例(圖三)及 Hungr et al. (1989)報導 之案例(圖四)來驗証本研究所推導的新方 法在應用於較單純幾何形狀破壞面時之正 確性。結果得知,本研究所求得安全係數與 諸文獻案例中報導之安全係數差異在 0.2%-3.8%之間,顯示本新方法之準確性。本研究 並針對圖五所示之不對稱 3-D 邊坡,求得坡 腳逐步開挖時潛在滑動面整體安全係數之 向或 y 方向)之傳統 3-D 分析時,產生過大 之邊坡安全係數(圖六之 Fsx或 Fsy)。根據 本研究之新方法不但可求得一較正確之整 體之安全係數 Fs 並可求得破壞土體之滑動 方向。
結論
本 研 究 根 據 ”雙 方 向 力 矩 平 衡 ”之 新 觀 念,推導一新的 3-D 極限平衡邊坡穩定析 法。此一新方法可計算不對稱 3-D 破壞面之 滑動方向(或破壞面上之剪力方向)及安全 係數。改良了傳統分析法中,必須事先假設 滑動面為對稱並假設滑動方向與對稱軸方 向一致的缺點。本研究發現,對於 3-D 對稱 破壞案例,本方法與傳統方法產生相近的結 果;對於 3-D 不對稱破壞案例,傳統方法無 法分析,但在某些假設條件下分析結果可能 產生高估安全係數之現象。本研究之成果已 刊載於 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 中(參考文獻 7)。參考文獻
1. Baker, R., and Leshchinsky, D. (1987). “Stability analysis of conical heaps.” Soils and Foundations, 27(4), 99-110.
2. Baligh, M. M., and Azzouz, A. S. (1975). “End effects on cohesive slopes.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Division, 101(GT11), 1105-1117. 3. Bishop, A. W. (1955). “The use of the slip
circle in the stability analysis of slopes.” Geotechnique, V(1), 7-17.
4. Chen, R. H., and Chameau, J. L. (1982). “Three-dimensional limit equilibrium
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5. Fredlund, D. G., and Krahn, J. (1977). Comparison of slope stability methods of analysis. Can. Geotech. J., 14 (3), 429-439. 6. Hovland, H. J. (1977). “Three-dimensional
slope stability analysis method.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Division, 103(GT9), 971-986.
7. Huang, C.C. and Tsai, C.C. (2000) “New method for 3-D asymmetrical slope stability analysis”, J. Geotech. and Geoenviro. Engrg., ASCE, Vol, 126, No.10, pp. 917-927.
8. Hungr, O. (1987). “An extension of Bishop’s simplified method of slope stability analysis to three dimensions.” Geotechnique, 37(1), 113-117.
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stability analysis of vertical cohesive slopes.” Soils and Foundations, 25(3), 41-48.
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z y x Failure plane Syzi Si xzi yzi Sxzi Slope surface α α Xxi Exi Hxi N i Xy i-1 i-1 y E i-1 y H i ' ith Soil column -Pvi -Wi Ui α X y Hi i i y Ey x X i-1 Ex i-1 i-1 x H 圖一 土柱與作用力示意圖 z y x i Sxi Projection of failure plane c xzi yzi i S =yz f Si Fsy i S = S F xzi i f sx F S i S = s fi i αi(+) c Bottom plane of ith column S yi S yzi S xzi N'i α α'i αi θ α θ Ui 圖二 土柱底部剪力及其分量 0.5 R= 1.0 2 1 γ = 1.0 γR c = 0.1 φ = 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 (m) (m) c = 29 kPa φ = 20o γ = 18.8 kN m3 R = 24.4 m
Composite failure surface with weak layer
(c = 0, φ = 10o ) 圖四 Huangr 等人(1989)之分析案例 圖五 不對稱 3-D 邊坡示意圖 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 L , Length of excavation (m) Fs , F sx , F sy Fs Fsx Fsy 2.0 2.2 2.4 Fs Fsy Fsx 圖六 本研究對於 3-D 不對稱邊坡求得之安 全係數