附 註
緒論
1. John S. Brubacher, On the Philosophy of Higher Education (San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1982), p.8.
2. Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1965)
3. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, 2001)
4. Clark Kerr, The Great Transformation in Higher Education: 1960-1980 (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1991)
5. Clark Kerr, Troubled Times for American Higher Education: The 1990s and Beyond (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1994)
6. Clark Kerr, Higher Education Cannot Escape History: Issues for the Twenty-First Century (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1994)
7. Clark Kerr, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California,1949-1967, Vol. One: Academic Triumphs (Berkeley:
University of California, 2001)
8. Clark Kerr, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967, Vol. Two: Political Turmoil (Berkeley:
University of California, 2001)
9. 楊國賜主編，大學教育的現況與前瞻 (台北：教育部，民 90) ，頁 5。
10. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities（New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction ,1997）
11. John S. Brubacher, On the Philosophy of Higher Education （ San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass,1982）
12. Ronald Barnett,The Idea of Higher Education（Buckingham: Open Open University Press,1990）
第一章
1. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (New Brunswick，New Jersey: Transaction , 1997) p.3.
2. Ibid. , pp. 3-4.
3. Ibid. , p.4.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）,American Higher Education : A Documentary History, Vol. I (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961) p.6.
7. Frederick Rudolph, The American College & University: A History (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1990) p. 6. ； 也 參 見 Christopher J. Lucas, American Higher Education: A History (New York:
St. Martin’s Griffin, 1994) p.104.
8. Richard Hofstadter & C. DeWitt Hardy, The Development and Scope of Higher Education in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952) pp. 3-4.
9. Christopher J. Lucas (1994),op.cit.,p.106.
10. Frederick Rudolph (1990), op. cit, p. 12-13.
11. Richard Hofstadter & C. DeWitt Hardy (1952), op. cit., pp. 4-5.
12. Ibid. , pp.5-7.
13. Ibid. , p.3.
14. Ibid. , pp.7-9.
15. Frederick Rudolph, (1990), op. cit, pp.23-24.
16. Ibid., pp.24-25.
17. Richard Hofstadter & C. DeWitt Hardy (1952), op.cit., pp.9-11.
18. Ibid., pp.11-15.
19. Samuel Eilot Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard: 1636-1936 ( Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Harvard University Press, 1964) pp.79, 92-93.
20. Frederick Rudolph (1990), op. cit. pp.28-30.
21. Ibid., p.30.
22. Ibid., pp.31-33.
23. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op. cit. pp.84-88.
24. Ibid., pp.88-90.
25. Ibid., pp.92-93.
26. Clark Kerr & Marian Gade, The Guardians: Boards of Trustees of American Colleges and Universities (Washington, D.C.: the Association of Governing Boards of Universities & Colleges, 1989) pp. 17-20.
27. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op. cit. p.25.
28. Clark Kerr & Marian Gade, (1989),op. cit.p.21.
29. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit. p.29.
30. Clark Kerr & Marian Gade, (1989),op. cit.pp.20-21.
31. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit. pp.27-28.
32. Ibid., pp.28-30.
33. Ibid., pp.30-35.；關於韋伯斯特 (Daniel Webster) 為達特茅斯學院辯 護 應 為 私 立 機 構 的 論 點 以 及 大 法 官 馬 歇 爾 (Chief Justice John Marshall) 對該判例的看法，分別參見 Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（eds.） (1961) (Daniel Webster Argues the Dartmouth College Case,1819) ，pp.202-213；以及(Chief Justice John Marshall’s Opinion in the Dartmouth College Case,1819) pp.213-219。
34. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit.pp.39-40.
35. Ibid., pp.41-42.
36. Ibid., pp.42-45.；也參見 Frederick Rudolph(1990), pp.68-85.
37. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), pp.47-48.；也參見 Frederick Rudolph, (1990), pp.136-155.
38. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.48-50.
39. Ibid., p.50.
40. Ibid., pp.50-56.
41. Ibid., pp.19-21.
42. Frederick Rudolph, (1990), pp.46-47.
43. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.59-60.
44. Donald G. Tewksbury, The Founding of American Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War (New York: Bureau of Publications.
Teachers College, Columbia University, 1932), p.1.
45. Christopher J. Lucas (1994), pp.117-118.
46. Frederick Rudolph, (1990), p.48.
47. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), p.60.
48. Ibid., pp.61-62.
49. Thomas Woody, History of Women’s Education in the United States (Lancaster, Pa.: Science Press, 1929), Vol. II, pp. 137-140.
50. Frederick Rudolph, (1990), pp.310-311.
51. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997),op.cit., pp.64-68.
52. Ibid., p.74.
53. Ibid., pp.69-73.
54. Ibid., p.100.
55. Ibid., pp.101-104.
56. Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith (eds.) (1961), op.cit., pp.275-276.
57. Ibid., p.278.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., pp.278-279.
60. Ibid., pp.280-281.
61. Ibid., p.280.
62. Ibid., pp.281-283.
63. Ibid., p.283.
64. Ibid., pp.283-284.
65. Ibid., p.284.
66. Ibid., pp.287-288.
67. Ibid., pp.288-289.
68. Ibid., pp.289-291.
69. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), pp.105-106.
70. Ibid., p.106.
71. Ibid., pp.106-107.
72. 轉引自 Ibid., p.108.
73. Ibid., pp.108-109.
74. Ibid., pp.110-111.
75. Ibid., pp.90-91.
第二章
1. Roger Geiger, “The Ten Generations of American Higher Education”
in Philip G. Altbach, Robert O. Berdahl, and Patricia J. Gumport (eds.) (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press) p.51.
2. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction ,1997) p.143.
3. Richard Hofstadter & C. DeWitt Hardy, The Development and Scope of Higher Education in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952) p.29.
4. Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1965), p.1.
5. Ibid., pp.2-18.
6. Richard Hofstadter & C. DeWitt Hardy (1952), op.cit., p.32.
7. “Henry P. Tappan on University Education, 1851” , in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）, American Higher Education : A
Documentary History, Vol. II ( Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961), p.488.
8. Richard Hofstadter & C. DeWitt Hardy (1952), op.cit., p.29.
9. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.5.
10. Ibid., p.13.
11. Ibid., p.6.
12. “Charles William Eliot, Inaugural Address as President of Harvard, 1869”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）, American Higher Education : A Documentary History, Vol. II ( Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961) p.616.
13. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.7-8.
14. Ibid.,p.24.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.,p.32-36.
17. John S. Brubacher, A History of the Problems of Education (New York:
McGraw-Hill ,1966 ), p.499.
18. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.54.
19. Ibid., p.62.
20. Ibid., pp.63-65.
21. “Ezra Cornell Denies That He Founded an “Aristocratic” University, 1865”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）, American Higher Education : A Documentary History, Vol. II (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961), p.555.
22. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.66-68.
23. Ibid., p.68.
24. Ibid., pp.72-73.
25. John Dewey, The Educational Situation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1902) p.83.
26. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.117-118.
27. H. G. Good, A History of American Education (New York: The Macmillan , 1962) pp.287-288.
28. Ibid., pp.288-290.
29. Ibid., pp.290-291.
30. Ibid., pp.291-293.
31. Ibid., pp.293.
32. “The Morrill Act, 1862”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）, American Higher Education : A Documentary History, Vol. II (Chicago:
The University of Chicago Chicago Press, 1961), p.568.
33. H. G. Good (1962), op.cit., pp.295-299.
34. Ibid., pp.299-301.
35. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.81-86.; 也 參 見 John S.
Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), pp.158-164.
36. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit.,p.112.
37. Ibid., p.112.
38. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.90-91.
39. Ibid., p.93.
40. Ibid., p.95.
41. Ibid., p.96.
42. Ibid.,pp. 96-97.
43. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.164.
44. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit.p.104.
45. Ibid., pp.103-108.
46. Ibid., pp.109-110.
47. Ibid., p.119.
48. Ibid.
49. Thorstein Veblen, The Higher Learning in American: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Business Men (New York: Sagamore Press , 1957), p.13.
50. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.122.
51. Ibid., pp.121-125.
52. William Dilthey, Introduction to the Human Sciences, Translated with an Introductory Essays by Ramon J. Betanzos (London: Harvester, 1988), pp.31-32.
53. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.126.
54. Ibid., p.129.
55. Ibid., p.130.
56. Ibid., p.132.
57. R. M. Hutchins, Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), p.70.
58. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit.,p.139.
59. Ibid., p.141.
60. Thorstein Veblen (1957), op.cit., p.85.
61. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.142-143.
62. Ibid., p.149.
63. Ibid., pp.151-153.
64. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.187.
65. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.153-156.
66. “The Johns Hopkins Trustees Are Advised To Select Gilman, 1874 ”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith, American Higher Education : A Documentary History, Vol. II ( Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961), p.642.
67. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.160.
68. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.181.
69. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.164.
70. Ibid., pp.165-167.; 也參見 John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.184-185.
71. 轉引自 Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.168-169.
72. Ibid., p.171.
73. Ibid., pp.173-179.
74. Hugo Munsterberg, American Patriotism and Other Social Studies (New York, 1913) pp.49-51.
75. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.186.
76. Ibid., pp.204-205.
77. Ibid., pp.206-207.
78. Ibid., pp.208-210.
79. Ibid., p.198.
80. Ibid., p.199.
81. Ibid., p.221.
82. Ibid., p.224.
83. Ibid., p.225.
84. Ibid., pp.231-232.
85. Ibid., pp.232-233.
86. Ibid., pp.233-237.
87. Ibid.,p.243.；也參見”Woodrow Wilson on “Princeton in the Nation’s Service, 1896”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）,American Higher Education : A Documentary History, Vol. II ( Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961) pp.684-695.
88. Laurence R. Veysey (1965),op.cit., pp.249-251.
89. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit, p.115.
90. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.210-211.
91. “Alexander Meiklejohn Defines the Liberal College, 1912”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）（1961）, op. cit., pp.896-903.
92. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.211-212.
93. Ibid., p.252.
94. Ibid., p.255.
95. Ibid., p.265.
96. Ibid., pp.266-267.
97. Ibid., p.306.
98. Ibid., p.307.
99. Ibid., pp.302-303.
100. Ibid., pp.311-313.
101. Ibid., pp.344-345.
102. Ibid., pp.pp.362-364.；也參見”Wheeler and a New State University”, in John Aubrey Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan ( Stanford , California:
Stanford University Press, 2000 ), pp.103-113.
103. Laurence R. Veysey (1965),op.cit., p.364.
104. Ibid., p.366.
105. Ibid., pp.367-380.;關於哈波領導下的芝加哥大學所展現的特色也 參見 John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.185-186.
106. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit, pp.317-331.
107. Richard Hofstadter & C. DeWitt Hardy (1952), op.cit., pp.62-63.
108. Ibid., pp.64-65.
109. Ibid., pp.65-67.
110. Ibid., pp.81-86.；關於弗雷瑟納對美國二十世紀初期大學醫學教育 的 研 究 活 動 ， 也 參 見 Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, English, German (New Brunswick: Transaction ,1994) pp. xv-xvi.
111. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.269-283.
112. Ibid., p.273.
113. Ibid., pp.274-276.
114. Ibid., pp.294-295.
115. Ibid., p.297.
116. Ibid., p.298.; 也參見 Abraham Flexner (1994),op.cit., p.151.
117. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.357.
118. Ibid., pp.358-359.
119. Ibid., p.346.
120. John Dewey, “Academic Freedom,” Educational Review, XXIII (1902), p.11.
121. Thorstein Veblen (1957), op.cit., pp.18,59,72,87,93,124,126,141.
122. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.348.
123. Ibid., 349-350.
124. Walter P. Metzger, Academic Freedom in the Age of the University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955) pp.141-142.
125. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.353.
126. Walter P. Metzger (1955), op.cit., p.112-113.
127. Ibid., p.124
128. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., pp.388-390 129. Ibid., pp.397-406.
第三章
1. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press,2001), p.65.
2. Christopher Jencks and David Riesman, The Academic Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968)
3. Roger Geiger, ”The Ten Generations of American Higher Education ”, in Philip G. Altbach, Robert O. Berdahl, and Patricia J. Gumport (ed.) American Higher Education in the Twenty-first Century:Social, Political, and Economic Challenges(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999) p.61.
4. John S. Brubacher, On the Philosophy of Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Publishers, 1982) pp.1-2.
5. Martin Trow, Elite and Mass Higher Education: American Models and European Realities, Revised version of a paper presented at the Conference Into Higher Education: Processes and Structures, Delaro (near Stockholm), June 1978, p.5.
6. Roger Geiger (1999), p.58.
7. Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, English, German (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994) p.130.
8. John Aubrey Douglass, The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan (Stanford , California: Stanford University Press, 2000 ), p.152.
9. Roger Geiger (1999), op.cit.,pp.59-60.
10. Ibid., p.60.
11. Clark Kerr, The Great Transformation in Higher Education: 1960-1980 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), pp.xi-xii.
12. Ibid, pp.xii-xvii.；關於柯爾擔任加州大學柏克萊分校校長和加州大 學校長所從事的學術活動，詳見 Clark Kerr, The Gold and the Blue:
A Personal Memoir of the University of California,1949-1967, Vol. One:
Academic Triumphs (Berkeley: University of California, 2001) 以及 Clark Kerr, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California,1949-1967, Vol. Two: Political Turmoil (Berkeley:
University of California, 2001) 二書。
13. Clark Kerr (1991), op.cit., p.114；Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., pp.81-89.
14. C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (New York:
Cambridge University Press,1963), pp.1-22.
15. Clark Kerr (1991), op.cit., p.116.
16. Ibid., p.117.
17. Ibid.,p.119.
18. Ibid., p.120.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., pp.120-121.
21. Ibid., pp.122-123.; 關於聯邦政府在 1960 年代贊助高等教育的詳細 情 況 ， 參 見 Roger L. Geiger, Research and Relevant Knowledge:
American Universities Since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press,1993),pp.157-197.
22. John Aubrey Douglass（2000）, pp.2,7-11.
23. Sheldon Rothblatt (ed.), The OECD, the Master Plan and the California Dream: A Berkeley Conversation (University of California, Berkeley:
Center For Studies in Higher Education, 1992), pp.1,3.
24. Clark Kerr, Higher Education Cannot Escape History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), pp.113-116.
25. Ibid., p114.
26. Adam Smith, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993)
27. Clark Kerr（1994）, op.cit.,p.117-118.
28. Clark Kerr,Vol. One: Academic Triumphs (2001),op.cit., pp.179-180.
29. Clark Kerr, (1994), op.cit., p.117.; Clark Kerr, Vol. One: Academic Triumphs (2001), op.cit., pp.180-181.
30. Clark Kerr,Vol. One: Academic Triumphs (2001),op.cit., pp.181-182.
31. Clark Kerr（1994）, op.cit., pp.126-128.
32. Ibid., pp.120-121.
33. Sheldon Rothblatt (ed.) (1992),op.cit., pp.4-5.
34. Roger L. Geiger（1993）,op.cit., pp.4-8.
35. Lawrence E. Gladieux and Jacqeline E. King, The Federal Government and Higher Education，in Philip G. Altbach, Robert O. Berdahl, and
Patricia J. Gumport (ed.)（1999）,op.cit., pp.151-152.
36. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., pp.38-39.
37. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers, 1997), pp.219-233.
38. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., pp.40-42.
39. Ibid., pp.42-43.
40. Ibid., p.43.
41. Ibid., pp.44-45.
42. Ibid., pp.45-47.
43. Ibid., pp.48-49.
44. Ibid., pp.49.
45. Ibid., p.46.
46. Ibid., pp.52-54.
47. Ibid., p.54.
48. Ibid., pp.57-62.
49. Robert M. Hutchins, The University of Utopia (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1964), p.64.
50. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit.,p.141.; Roger L. Geiger（1993）,op.cit., p.200.
51. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., pp.142-143.
52. Ibid., pp.152-154.
53. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p324.
54. Clark Kerr,Vol. Two: Political Turmoil (2001), op.cit.,pp.29-40.
55. Ibid., pp.48-49.
56. Ibid., pp83-84.
57. Ibid., pp.86-87.
58. Roger L. Geiger (1993), op.cit., p.231.
59. Clark Kerr,Vol. Two: Political Turmoil (2001), op.cit.,pp.95-103.
60. Ibid., pp.97-98.
61. Ibid., pp.220-226.
62. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.352-353.; Clark Kerr, Vol. Two: Political Turmoil (2001),op.cit., pp.103-104.
63. Clark Kerr (1991), op.cit., pp.131-137.
64. Ibid., pp.141-142.
65. Ibid., pp.153-155.
66. Ibid., pp.175-179.
67. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., pp.123-127.
68. Ibid., pp.131-133.
69. Clark Kerr(1991), op.cit., pp.192-195.
70.Ibid., pp.194-195.
第四章
1. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers,1997), p.399.
2. Ibid., 400.
3. Ibid., 400-401.
4. Clark Kerr, Troubled Times for American Higher Education:The 1990s and Beyond (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1994), p.159.
5. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997),op.cit., p.402.
6. Ibid., pp.420-403.
7. Ibid., pp.406-407.
8. Ibid., pp.407-408.
9. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press,2001),p.167.
10. Ibid., p.168.
11. Ibid., p.169.
12. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.404-405.
13. Ibid., pp.408-410.; Christopher J. Lucas, American Higher Education: A History (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1994),pp.271-272.
14. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.412-413.
15. Ibid., p.413.
16. Ibid., pp.413-414.
17. Christopher J. Lucas（1994）,op.cit., pp.272-273.
18. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.414.
19. Report on the Core Curriculum: a revision of the Report on the Core Curriculum in April 1978 (Harvard University: Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 1979)
20. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.414-415.
21. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit.pp.170-175.
22. Ibid., pp179-181.
23. Ibid., pp.184-185.
24. Ibid., pp.186-187.
25. Ibid., pp.187-193.
26. Ibid., pp.102-103.
27. John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University, Frank M. Turner (ed.) (New Haven: Yale University Press,1996)
28. Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, German (New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers,1994)
29. John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University，Frank M. Turner (ed.) (1996), op.cit.,pp.80,101,125,
30. Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning, in Essays, Advancement of Learning , New Atlantis and Other Places (New York: Odyssey Press,Inc., 1937) pp..214-215.
31. John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University，Frank M. Turner (ed.) (1996) pp.85,92-93,109.
32. Abraham Flexner (1994), op. cit., pp.42,3,4,179,44-45,193,231,235.；對 於弗雷瑟納批評哈佛設置商學院是乖違大學本務的作法，懷海德 (A. N. Whitehead) 有不同的看法，他在「大學及其功能」中說：大 學的活動不應僅限於純抽象的探究而已，義大利的莎列諾大學 (the University of Salerno) 和有的歐洲早期大學是醫學大學；在英國，
1316 年的劍橋，設置一個「專為國王服務人員」的學院。是以早 期大學是培養神職人員、醫師、律師和工程師等專業人士的搖籃，
懷海德認為既然商業活動也是具有高度智識內容的行業，所以理當 在大學中培養人才並從事商業的學術研究活動。參見 Alfred North Whitehead, The Aims of Education and Other Essays (New York:The Macmillian Company, 1929), pp.96-97.
33. Abraham Flexner（1994）,op.cit., p.197.
34. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit.p.6.；對於「多元大學」的實況描繪，典型
的代表是密西根大學，其主校區安艾本 (Ann Arbor) 在 2000 年左 右就有超過三萬七千名學生以及二萬名教職員工，其所進行的多樣 活動參見”密西根經驗”The Michigan Experience’’，from James J.
Duderstadt, A University for the 21st Century (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2000), pp.274-276.
35. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., pp.102-103.
36. Ibid., p.104.
37. Ibid., p.104-105.
38. Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (3 vols.), F. M. Powicke and A. B. Emden（eds.） (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936),Vol.III.p.358.
39. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., p.12.
40. Charles McCarthy,The Wisconsin Idea (New York, Macmillian,1912) 41. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit.,pp.13-14.
42. Ibid., p.15.
43. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.5.
44. Clark Kerr（2001）,op.cit., pp.17-18.
45. Ibid., pp.22-23.
46. Ibid., pp.23-24.
47. Abraham Flexner (1994), op.cit., p.xxix.
48. Thorstein Veblen, The Higher Learning in America (New York:
Sagamore Press Inc., 1957) p.85.
49. R. M. Hutchins, “The Administrator”, in the Journal of Higher Education,Vol.II, November. 1946,pp.395-407.
50. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., p.24.
51. Ibid., p.25.
52. Frederick Rudolph, The American College & University: A History (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1990),p.423.
53. Clark Kerr (2001), op.cit., p.27.
54. Ibid., pp.27-28.
55. Ibid., p.31.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.,p.32.
58. Ibid., p.33.
59. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.424-425.
60. 楊思偉，高等教育普及化發展模式初探，教育研究資訊，八卷四期，
2000.7，頁 18-19.；戴曉霞，高等教育的大眾化與市場化 (台北市：
揚智文化，民 89)，頁 40-41.
61. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., pp.425-426.
62. John Dewey, Democracy and Education (New York: The Free Press,1944), pp.322-323.
63. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.427.
64. Immanuel Kant, The Conflict of the Faculties, Translation & Introduction by Mary J. Gregor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979)
65. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.428.
66. Ibid., p.430.
67. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education（Berkeley: the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1976）, pp.xv-xviii.
68. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy（1997）op.cit., p.430.
69. Ibid., pp.431-432.
70. Ibid., pp.433-434.
71. Ibid., p.437.
第五章
1. R. S. Peters, “Education as Initiation,” in Philosophical Analysis and Education, Reginald D. Archambault (ed.) (New York: Humanities Press, 1965), pp.92-93.
2. Christopher J. Lucas, Crisis in the Academy: Rethinking Higher Education in America (Griffin: St. Martin’s Press,1996), p41.
3. Ibid., pp.42-43.
4. Ibid., pp.44-45.
5. Ibid., pp.47-48.
6. Ibid., pp.49-50.
7. Tony Becher, Academic Tribes and Territories: Intellectual Enquiry and the Cultures of Disciplines (Bristol: SRHE and Open University Press,1989)
8. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (New Brunswick:
Transaction Publishers,1997), p.178.
9. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.69.
10. John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University，Frank M. Turner (ed.) (New Haven: Yale University Press,1996),pp.76-126.
11. Thorstein Veblen, The Higher Learning in America (New York:
Sagamore Press Inc., 1957), op.cit., p12.
12. Ibid., p.13 13. Ibid., p.17.
14. Ibid., p.19.
15. Ibid., pp.23-24.
16. Robert M. Hutchins, The Higher Learning in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936)
17. Robert M. Hutchins, “The Issues,” in Clark Kerr et al., The University in America (Santa Barbara, CA: Center for the Study of Democratic Institution, 1967),p.5.
18. Ibid.
19. R. M. Hutchins, The University of Utopia (Chicago: the University of Chicago Press,1953), p.32.
20. Robert M. Hutchins, “The Issues,” in Clark Kerr et al., The University in America (1967), op.cit.,pp.5-6.
21. Robert M. Hutchins（1936）, op.cit., pp.xiii-xiv.
22. Robert M. Hutchins, “The Issues,” in Clark Kerr et al., The University in America (1967), op.cit., p.7.
23. Ibid., p.7.
24. Robert M. Hutchins (1936), op.cit., p.47.
25. Ibid., pp.66-67.
26. Robert M. Hutchins, The Learning Society (台北：中央圖書出版社翻 印，民 57), pp.108-109.
27. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press,2001).
28. Ibid., p.7.
29. Cameron Fincher, “The Idea of the University in the 21st Century: An American Perspective, ” British Journal of Educational Studies 41, March, 1993,pp.28-29.
30. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.85.
31. Ibid., p.84.
32. Ibid., p.125.
33. Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1965), p.199.
34. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy (1997), op.cit., p.112.
35. John Dewey, The Educational Situation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1902) pp.85-86.
36. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., pp.131-132.
37. Harry S. Ashmore, Unseasonable Truths: The Life of Robert Maynard Hutchins (Boston: Little and Brown,1989)
38. Ward F. Champion (ed), The Idea and Practice of General Education: An Account of the University of Chicago (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1992), p.v.; William P. Martin, The Dewey-Hutchins Debate on General Education, 1929-1945: A case of Progressive Historical Bias (Michigan: A Bell & Howell Company, 1991)
39. Robert M. Hutchins (1936), op.cit., p.78.
40. Robert M. Hutchins, Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education (New York: Simon and Schuster,1954), pp.19-20.
41. Ibid., 28.
42. Ibid., pp.17-18.
43. Mortimer J. Adler, Philosopher At Large: An Intellectual Autobiography
(New York: Macmillian Publishing co., Inc., 1977), p.257.
44. Gordon C. Lee, Education and Democratic Ideals (New York: Harcourt, Brace &Work, Inc., 1965), p.79.
45. ”John Dewey on Hutchins’ Philosophy of Education,1937”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.）,American Higher Education : A Documentary History, Vol. II (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961), p.952.
46. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., pp.134-135.
47. Report of the Harvard Committee, General Education in a Free Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1946), pp.204-220.
48. ”The President’s Commission on Higher Education for Democracy, 1947”, in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith （ Eds. ）（ 1961) pp.987-990.
49. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.137.
50. Ibid., pp. 138-139.
51. Clark Kerr, The Great Transformation in Higher Education: 1960-1980 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991) pp.297-298.
52. Robert Paul Wolff,The Ideal of the University (Boston: Beacon, 1969).
53. Brand Blanshard, The Uses of a Liberal Education and Other talks to Students (La Salle: The Open Court Publishing Company,1973)
54. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.142.
55. Ibid., pp.142-143.
56. Report on the Core Curriculum: a revision of the Report on the Core Curriculum in April, 1978 (Harvard University: Faculty of Arts and Sciences,1979),pp.6-16.
57. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., pp.143-144.
58. Ibid.p.146.
59. Ibid.
60. John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University，Frank M. Turner (ed.) (1996),op.cit., p.80.; John S. Brubacher, A History of the Problems of Education (NewYork: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1966 ) p.445.; Paul H. Hirst, “Liberal Education and the Nature of Knowledge”, in P.H.
Hirst and P.White (eds.), Philosophy of Education, Vol.I (London:
Routledge, 1998) pp.246-248.
61. Robert M. Hutchins (民 57),op.cit.,p.135.
62. Aristotle, Politics VII,1333a-1334b, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, Jonathan Barnes Vol.II (Princeton: Princeton University Press,1984), pp.2115-2117.
63. John S. Brubacher, (1966 ),op.cit., p.446.
64. 艾德勒編有「派代亞問題和可能性」一書，書中對「派代亞」的字 源 義 做 了 解 釋 ， 認 為 ”paideia” 的 希 臘 字 根 是 自 ”pais”, 而
“paidos” 是 「 養 育 小 孩 」 之 意 ， 引 申 來 說 ， 該 自 和 拉 丁 字”humanitas” (英文字是”humanities”) 同義，意指全人類都必 須 有 通 才 的 涵 養 。 From Mortimer J. Adler, Paideia Problems and Possibilities (New York: Macmillan ,1983) p.v.
65. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.149.
66. Ibid., pp.151-154.
67. Ibid., pp.157-167.
68. 柯爾為了重振博雅教育，1960 年代曾在加州大學聖塔克魯斯分校 (Santa Cruz) 實驗「叢集學院」制度，其構想是建築大型的全校圖
書館、科學實驗室以及一系列廣泛的文化學程，但是同時限定招生 人數，不致過多，以塑造智識的統體。此外，成立一系列學院 (每 個學院的學生數自五百至一千人) ，負責教授某些博雅科目，每個 學院都有負責教務的教務長，而每位教師都歸屬於某一學院，全校 一半學生住宿。From Clark Kerr, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California,1949-1967, Vol. One: Academic Triumphs (Berkeley: University of California, 2001) p.265.
69. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.163.
70. Ibid.,pp.165-166.
71. Ibid., p.170.
72. Alfred North Whitehead, The Aims of Education and Other Essays (New York:The Macmillian , 1929), op.cit., p.97.
73. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.173.
74. Ibid., pp176-177.
75. ”The A.A.U.P.’s “General Declaration of Principles,”1915” in Richard Hofstadter & Wilson Smith（Eds.） ( 1961), op.cit., pp.861,865.
76. Laurence R. Veysey (1965), op.cit., p.387.
77. Page Smith, Killing the Spirit: Higher Education in America (New York:
Viking Penguin, 1990) p.115.
78. ”1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure with 1970 Interpretive Comments” ,Retrieved February 1, 2005, from http://
www.aaup.org/1940stat.htm, pp.1-2.; Walter P. Metzger, Academic Freedom in the Age of the University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955) p.213-214.
79. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., pp.179-188.
80. Page Smith（1990) p.116.
81. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.186.
82. Ibid., p.186.
83. Ibid., p.189.
84.Ibid.,p.190.;Donald Kennedy, Academic Duty (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, 1997), pp.57.62.
85. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., pp.190-191.
86. Ibid., pp.192-193.
87. Ibid., pp.199-200.
88. Ibid., p.197.
89. Richard T. De George, Academic Freedom and Tenure: Ethical Issues (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,INC., 1997) p.55.
90. Robert M. Hutchins,” A Liberal Education”, in The University of Chicago Magazine, Vol.xxxIII, No. 9,1941.p.5.
91. R. M. Hutchins, The Conflict in Education in a Democratic Society (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Publishers,1953) p.10.
92. John S. Brubacher, On the Philosophy of Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass ,1982) pp.35-36.
93. Ibid., pp.36-37.
94. Ibid., p39.
95. Ibid., pp.40-41.
96. Ibid., pp.41-42.
97. R. M. Hutchins, Education For Freedom (New York: Grove Press, Inc.1943) p.101.
98. John S. Brubacher (1982), op.cit., pp.43-46.
99. Ibid., p.44.
100. Robert M. Hutchins,” A Liberal Education”, in The University of Chicago Magazine, 1941,op.cit., .p.6.
101. Karl Popper,Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (Oxford:
Claredon Press,1979) p.57.
102. John S. Brubacher (1982), op.cit., p.45. 103.Ibid., pp.46-47.
103. Ibid., pp.46-47.
104. R. M. Hutchins, The Conflict in Education in a Democratic Society (1953),p.3.
105. R. M. Hutchins,The University of Utopia (1953), op.cit., p.87.
106. John S. Brubacher (1982), op.cit., p.49.
107. Ibid., p.49.
108. R. M. Hutchins,The University of Utopia (1953), op.cit., p.88.
109. John S. Brubacher (1982), op.cit., pp.51-52.
110. Ibid., p.52.
111. John S. Mill, On Liberty，Currin V. Shields (ed.) (Indianapolis, New York: The Boss-Merrill ,1956) p.21.
112. John S. Brubacher (1982), op.cit., pp.53-54.
113. Robert M. MacIver, Academic Freedom in Our Time (New York:Gordian Press, 1967) p.20.
114. Ibid., p.207.
115. Ibid., p.208.
116. John S. Brubacher, Bases for Policy in Higher Education (New York:
Mcgraw-Hill ,1965) p.1.
117. Frederick Rudolph, The American College & University: A History
(Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1990) p.2 60.
118. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.94.
119. Ibid., p.94.
120. Ibid., p.96.
121. Ibid., p.97.
122. Ibid., pp.97-98.
123. John S. Brubacher (1982), op.cit., p.67.
124. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.101.
125. Ibid., pp.101-102.
126. Ibid., p.103.
127. Ibid.,pp.104-106.
128. John S. Brubacher (1982), op.cit., p.71.
129. Christopher J. Lucas (1996), op.cit., p.108.
130. Ibid., pp.110-111.
131. Ibid., p.111.
132. Ibid., pp.112-113.
133. Ibid., pp.114-115.
134. Ibid., pp.115-116.
135. Ibid., p.118.
第六章
1. R. M. Hutchins, The Learning Society (台北：中央圖書出版社翻印，
民 57) pp.134-135.
2. The Ethics of Aristotle, Translated by J. A. K. Thomson (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin , 1953), pp.144-146.
3. Clark Kerr, The Uses of the University (Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard University Press, 2001), p.91.
4. Ibid., pp.199-200.
5. Ibid., pp.91-92.
6. R. M. Hutchins (民 57), op.cit., p.115.
7. Clark Kerr, The Great Transformation in Higher Education: 1960-1980 (Albany: State University of New York Press,1991) p.xvi.
8. Clark Kerr (2001) pp.216-217.
9. R. M. Hutchins, Education For Freedom (New York: Grove Press, 1943), pp.25-26.
10. Ibid., pp.26-27.
11. Clark Kerr,The Uses of the University (2001) pp.152, 200-201.
12. 顧炎武，亭林文集卷四。四部叢刊正編。台北：台灣商務印書館。
13. Thorstein Veblen, The Higher Learning in America (New York:
Sagamore Press , 1957), pp.5-6.
14. John Dewey, How We Think (New York: D. C. Heath, 1933) pp.36-39.
15. Clark Kerr (2001),op.cit., pp.214-215.
16. Clark Kerr, Higher Education Cannot Escape History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994) pp.238-240.
17. John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education， F. W. Garforth
（ed.）,(London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1964) p.25.
18. Christopher J. Lucas, Crisis in the Academy: Rethinking Higher Education in America (Griffin: St. Martin’s Press, 1996) p.229.
19. John S. Brubacher & Willis Rudy, Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities (New Brunswick:
Transaction Pbulishers,1997) pp.244-245.
20. David Tyack and Larry Cuban, Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1995) p.91.
21. Clark Kerr, Troubled Times For American Higher Education: The 1990s and Beyond (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994) pp.160-161.
22. Robert M. Hutchins, The Higher Learning in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936) pp.4-5.
23. Clark Kerr (2001),op.cit., p.207.
24. Ibid., pp.207-209,228.
25. 楊國賜主編，大學教育政策白皮書 (台北市：教育部，民 90) 。 26. Robert M. Hutchins, The University of Utopia (Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press, 1953),pp.40-41.
27. Robert M. Hutchins, The Conflict in Education in a Democratic Society (West Port:Greenwood Press,1953) p.10.
28. Ibid., pp.97-99.
29. R. M. Hutchins (1943) pp.100-101.
30. 教 育 部 ， 發 展 國 際 一 流 大 學 及 頂 尖 研 究 中 心 計 劃 ， 頁 3 。 取 自 http://www.portal.ntnu.edu.tw/portal/modules/mylinks/visit.php?cid=418li d=222.
31. 教育部統計處，中華民國教育統計 (台北市：教育部，民 93) 頁 18。
32. 楊國賜主編 (民 90)，同前引，頁 23-25。
33. 同前註，頁 17。
34. 同前註，頁 8, 20。
35. 徐遐生，談台灣一流研究型大學。教育部高教論壇，第 170 期，2005 年五月五日，取自 http://www.news.high.edu.tw/content04.htm.
36. 教學卓越 13 大學，東吳領風騷 (2005，5 月 18 日) 。聯合報，A7 版。
37. Christopher J. Lucas (1996),op.cit.,p.172.
38. 劉阿榮，台灣地區通識教育之變遷：批判與反思，通識教育季刊，
第 6 卷第 2 期，1999 年 6 月，頁 17-37。
39. 教務處編，國立台灣師範大學九十二學年度第一學期課程暨上課時 間表 (學士班) (台灣師大，2003) ，p.7.；General Catalog, University of California, Berkeley,1999-01，p.99.
40. 楊國賜主編 (民 90)，同前引，頁 27。
41. Clark Kerr, Higher Education Cannot Escape History (1994), op.cit., pp.5-16.
42. 楊國賜主編 (民 90)，同前引，頁 35。
43. 同前註，頁 26-27。
44. Policy on Appointment of Chancellors.Retrieved October 3, 2003,
retrieved from
http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/01/05/_chancellor.sht ml-25k
45. Marian Gade, personal Communication, May 20,2005.
