利用微生物將纖維素廢棄物轉化為生質酒精 = Conversion of cellulosic wastes to ethanol by microorganism
林則葹、吳建一
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
未來將會面臨石油價格的高漲以及由全球性農業(如：五穀、糖和油籽種子)迅速擴展所生產之生質燃料(biofuel)彼此間的潛 在問題。然而，由於石油和農業商品之間的衝突，日後可能會導致食物價格大幅的上升。若國家將資源全力發展為生質燃 料，那麼將會發生食物短缺並且只能依靠進口的食物來生活，這對於發展中的國家和地區是一項重大的危機。因此，為避 免食物價格過度飆漲和營養不良(undernourished)人口的增加，本研究擬以纖維廢棄物作為生產生質燃料之原料。因此，本 研究主要目的為利用微生物及物化方法轉化纖維廢棄物變為酒精，結果分為以下四個部份: 第一部分為纖維分解及酒精分 解菌株的篩選，本研究由不同來源的活性污泥及動物糞便中篩選兩株具有纖維分解能力較強的菌株(PAN-B01和FAC-B01)，
其中PAN-B01菌株是由熊糞便中篩選出具有最佳的纖維分解活性經16S rRNA鑑定為Acinetobacter sp.。此外，在酒精生產菌 株的篩選中，我們由酒廠之活性污泥及酒粕中分離出兩株酵母菌株，經實驗證實Zymomonas mobilis具有比酵母菌高的酒精 生產能力。因此，往後我們將以Z. mobilis進行酒精生產試驗。 第二部份為利用稀硫酸轉化纖維素變為醣類，纖維的來源有 竹子和稻桿粉，其中竹子粉來源為台灣綠竹Bambusa oldhamii Munro (台灣竹林面積廣達 15 萬公頃)；稻稈粉來源為一般稻 米稈(台灣稻田面積約27萬公頃)。於不同硫酸濃度(0.1-0.5 M)及溫度(30-100℃)條件下以稀硫酸水解纖維，在水解過程中測 定cellobiose, arabinose, glucose, xylose和cellotetraose的濃度，使用Arrhenius數學方法解析於不同溫度下酸水解竹子及稻桿粉 變為醣類的動力學參數，結果顯示竹子粉水解成cellotetraose具有最大的活化能(82.1 kJ/mol)；而稻稈粉則是水解成cellobiose 具有最大的活化能(31.6 kJ/mol)。 第三部份生物分解纖維部份結果顯示對Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01)菌株來說，水解纖維之 最佳條件為以Urea作為培養基中氮源操作在150 rpm及pH 7.0的反應條件下；對FAC-B01菌株來說，水解纖維之最佳條件則 為以Urea作為培養基中氮源操作在150 rpm及pH 9.0的反應條件下。 第四部份為利用固定化菌體顆粒生產酒精，本研究使 用經PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)固定化之Zymomonas mobilis與懸浮的Z. mobilis比較兩者間酒精生產的情形，結果顯示經PVA固 定化之菌體其可以生產酒精的溫度可提高至50℃且其酒精耐受度可提高至10% (v/v)以上。此結果顯示固定化菌體可以改善 菌體本身對環境的耐受度。
關鍵詞 : 竹子、稻稈、纖維素、酸水解、固定化、酒精生產 目錄
封面內頁 簽名頁 授權書iii 中文摘要iv 英文摘要vi 誌謝viii 目錄ix 圖目錄xv 表目錄xxiv 1. 前言1 2. 文獻回顧3 2.1 生物質能源 之優缺勢3 2.2 開發乙醇能源之重要性3 2.3 國外微生物乙醇能源之研發現況4 2.4 國內微生物乙醇能源之研發現況6 2.5 利用 纖維轉換酒精的重要性7 2.6 國內之竹纖維及稻稈纖維背景說明10 2.7 木質纖維素介紹11 2.8 纖維分解菌株15 2.8.1 天然可分 解纖維之菌株19 2.8.2 突變的纖維分解菌株20 2.8.3 纖維素水解酵素介紹 21 2.8.4 纖維分解過程中的抑制影響24 2.9 乙醇生 產26 2.9.1 天然生產乙醇之微生物26 2.9.2 利用基因工程技術開發乙醇能源28 2.9.3 利用固定化微生物技術生產酒精之相關 研究31 2.9.4 乙醇生產過程中的抑制影響34 3. 材料與方法39 3.1 實驗材料39 3.1.1 實驗藥品39 3.1.2 儀器設備40 3.2 菌種來源 與菌種篩選、鑑定、生長條件及動力學特性研究41 3.2.1 竹子、稻稈化學組成分析41 3.2.2 竹子纖維分解43 3.2.3 可生產酒 精之微生物篩選46 3.2.4 環境因子對菌株生長及生產之影響47 3.2.5 優勢菌株之16S rDNA鑑定49 3.3 固定化微生物顆粒之製 備50 3.3.1 批次醱酵大量培養：收集菌體細胞準備固定化50 3.3.2 菌體量之量測50 3.3.3 固定化微生物之製備及其基本性質 測定51 3.3.4 環境因子對固定化酒精生產菌株顆粒生產酒精之影響54 3.4 分析方法56 3.4.1 還原糖定性與定量56 3.4.2 Glucose、cellobiose、cellotetrose、arabinose和xylose之分析57 3.4.3 剛果紅測試58 3.4.4 纖維素分解酵素活性測試58 3.4.5 乙 醇的檢測59 4. 結果與討論61 4.1 纖維分解部份61 4.1.1 竹子、稻稈纖維之萃取61 4.1.2 竹纖維之分析65 4.1.3 利用物化方法 水解竹纖維成單糖67 4.1.4 利用酸處理水解纖維粉末成單糖之動力學解析74 4.1.4.1 不同酸濃度水解纖維粉末74 4.1.4.2 於不 同溫度條件下水解纖維粉末79 4.1.4.3 利用SEM觀察纖維粉末表面結構87 4.1.4.4 利用FT-IR及XRD (X-ray diffraction) 計算纖 維粉末之結晶度89 4.1.4.5 不同克數纖維粉末經酸水解之結果95 4.1.5 纖維分解菌株篩選與鑑定99 4.2 纖維菌株分解纖維活 性測試119 4.2.1 Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01)119 4.2.1.1 不同氮源種類對Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01)纖維分解菌株分解纖維之 影響119 4.2.1.2 不同pH對Acinetobacter sp.(PAN-B01)菌株分解纖維之影響123 4.2.1.3 培養基中不同溶氧濃度對纖維分解菌 株Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01)分解竹子粉之影響125 4.2.2 FAC-B01127 4.2.2.1 不同氮源種類對纖維分解菌株FAC-B01分解纖 維之影響127 4.2.2.2 不同pH對纖維分解菌株FAC-B01分解纖維之影響131 4.2.2.3 培養基中不同溶氧濃度對纖維分解菌 株FAC-B01分解竹子粉之影響133 4.2.3 纖維分解菌株分解竹子粉與竹子可溶性纖維之活性比較135 4.3 酒精生產部份138
4.3.1 酒精生產菌株篩選138 4.3.2 固定化顆粒選擇140 4.3.3 固定化顆粒基本特性140 4.3.4 選擇固定化顆粒材質143 4.3.5 固定 化及懸浮酒精生產菌株Zymomonas mobilis生產條件試驗159 4.3.5.1 以低glucose濃度(20 g/L)當碳源 基質時，pH值對Z.
mobilis生產酒精之影響159 4.3.5.2 以高glucose濃度(100 g/L)當碳源基質時，pH值對Z. mobilis生產酒精之影響163 4.3.5.3 攪 拌速率對Z. mobilis生產酒精之影響167 4.3.5.4 葡萄糖濃度對Z. mobilis生產酒精之影響170 4.3.5.5 溫度對Z. mobilis生產酒精 之影響177 4.3.5.6 外加乙醇濃度對Z. mobilis生產酒精之影響180 4.4 Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) ＆ Z. mobilis及FAC-B01＆Z.
mobilis混合培養同時進行糖化與發酵185 5. 結論187 參考文獻189 附錄209 圖目錄 Figure 1-1 Schematic of this study procedure2 Figure 2-1 Schematic structural formula for lignin. The structure illustrates major interunit linkages and other features described in the text15 Figure 2-2 Schematic representation of the hydrolysis of amorphous and microcrystalline cellulose by noncomplexed22 Figure 3-1 Scheme of screening strategies of cellulose-degrading microorganisms45 Figure 3-2 Scheme of extraction of solubility cellulose from bamboo and rice straw powder48 Figure 3-3 Scheme of hydrolysis of cellulose by
physical/chemical methods49 Figure 3-4 Schematic diagram of immobilization method of Z. mobilis using PVA materials51 Figure 4-1 Dependence of solubility (Sa) of cellulose on the mass of bamboo powder in NaOH/thiourea aqueous solution63 Figure 4-2 Dependence of solubility (Sa) of cellulose on the mass of rice straw powder in NaOH/ thiourea aqueous solution (freezed dried)64 Figure 4-3 FT-IR spectra of bamboo powder66 Figure 4-4 Effects of boiling waterbath and autoclaving on hydrolysis of bamboo powder to glucose71 Figure 4-5 Effects of boiling waterbath and autoclaving on hydrolysis of rice straw powder to glucose72 Figure 4-6 The varied mass of different fiber powder hydrolysis to glucose which hydrolysates obtained with 1% NaOH and than treat with 0.2 mol/L H2SO4 with autoclaving at 121℃ for 20 min73 Figure 4-7 ln C - ln C0 against time (min) that treated for bamboo powder with different concentration H2SO4 at 100℃76 Figure 4-8 ln C - ln C0 against time (min) that treated for rice straw powder with different concentration H2SO4 at 100℃77 Figure 4-9 ln C - ln C0 against time (min) that treated for bamboo powder with 0.2 M H2SO4 at different temperature82 Figure 4-10 Arrhenius plots of sugar production from bamboo powder at different
temperature (used 0.2 M H2SO4 in this study)84 Figure 4-11 ln C - ln C0 against time (min) that treated for rice straw powder with 0.2 M H2SO4 at different temperature85 Figure 4-12 Arrhenius plots of sugar production from rice straw at different temperature (used 0.2 M H2SO4 in this study)86 Figure 4-13 SEM images of the surface morphology of Bamboo powder treated with different treatments 87 Figure 4-14 SEM images of the surface morphology of rice straw powder treated with different treatments87 Figure 4-15 FTIR Spectra of bamboo powder91 Figure 4-16 Resolution of X-ray diffraction curve of bamboo powder92 Figure 4-17 FTIR Spectra of rice straw powder93 Figure 4-18 Resolution of X-ray diffraction curve of rice straw powder94 Figure 4-19 The varied mass of bamboo powder hydrolysis to different sugar which hydrolysates obtained with 0.2 M H2SO4 with boiling waterbath for 10 h97 Figure 4-20 The varied mass of rice straw powder hydrolysis to different sugar which hydrolysates obtained with 0.2 M H2SO4 with boiling water bath for 10 h98 Figure 4-21(a) (A)-(C) Congo red test: cellulose degradation activities of experimental cellulolytic microbes isolates on CMC-agar plate101 Figure 4-21(b) (D)-(F) Congo red test: cellulose degradation activities of experimental cellulolytic microbes isolates on CMC-agar plate102 Figure 4-21(c) (G)-(I) Congo red test: cellulose degradation activities of experimental cellulolytic microbes isolates on CMC-agar plate103 Figure 4-21(d) (J)-(L) Congo red test: cellulose degradation activities of experimental cellulolytic microbes isolates on CMC-agar plate104 Figure 4-22 Effect of nitrogen source on reducing sugar release from bamboo cellulose by isolated Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) from bear, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 120 h121 Figure 4-23 Effect of nitrogen source on reducing sugar release from CMC cellulose by isolated Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) from bear, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 120 h122 Figure 4-24 Effect of pH on reducing sugar release from bamboo cellulose by isolated Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) from bear, after incubation at 30℃, 150 rpm for 72 h124 Figure 4-25 Effect of agitation rate on reducing sugar and glucose release from bamboo cellulose by isolated Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) from bear, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 72 h126 Figure 4-26 Effect of nitrogen source on reducing sugar release from bamboo cellulose by isolated FAC-B01 from cattle, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 120 h129 Figure 4-27 Effect of nitrogen source on reducing sugar release from CMC cellulose by isolated FAC-B01 from cattle, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 120 h130 Figure 4-28 Effect of pH on reducing sugar release from bamboo cellulose by isolated FAC-B01 from cattle, after incubation at 30℃, 150 rpm for 72 h132 Figure 4-29 Effect of agitation rate on reducing sugar and glucose release from bamboo cellulose by isolated FAC-B01 from cattle, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 72 h134 Figure 4-30 Effect of different substrate on reducing sugar and glucose release from bamboo cellulose by isolated Acinetobacter sp. PAN-B01 from bear, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 72 h136 Figure 4-31 Effect of different substrate on reducing sugar and glucose release from bamboo cellulose by isolated FAC-B01 from cattle, after incubation at 37℃, 150 rpm for 72 h137 Figure 4-32 The time course biomass and ethanol product concertration for free yeast at batch and static cultures using glucose as carbon source139 Figure 4-33 Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen gas on various immobilized beads142 Figure 4-34(a) The time course of biomass and ethanol product concertration for free and different
immobilized yeast at batch cultures using glucose as carbon source (Run 1)145 Figure 4-34(b) The time course of biomass and ethanol product concertration for free and different immobilized yeast at batch cultures using glucose as carbon source (Run 2)146 Figure 4-34(c) The time course of biomass and ethanol product concertration for free and different immobilized yeast at batch cultures using glucose as carbon source (Run 3)147 Figure 4-34(d) The time course of biomass and ethanol product concertration for
free and different immobilized yeast at batch cultures using glucose as carbon source (Run 4)148 Figure 4-34(e) The time course of biomass and ethanol product concertration for free and different immobilized yeast at batch cultures using glucose as carbon source (Run 5)149 Figure 4-34(f) The results of the production of ethanol by various immobilized-cell beads during repeat-batch
fermentation150 Figure 4-35(a) Microbial population development and distribution of alginate gel beads during continuous operation151 Figure 4-35(b) Microbial population development and distribution of alginate gel beads during continuous
operation152 Figure 4-35(c) Microbial population development and distribution of PAA gel beads during continuous operation153 Figure 4-35(d) Microbial population development and distribution of PAA gel beads during continuous operation154 Figure 4-35(e) Microbial population development and distribution of PVA gel beads during continuous operation155 Figure 4-35(f) Microbial population development and distribution of PVA gel beads during continuous operation156 Figure 4-36 The photographe of various immobilized-cell beads157 Figure 4-37 The time course of biomass and ethanol product by free and immobilized Z. mobilis cell beads at different pH in batch cultures161 Figure 4-38 The results of the production of ethanol by various pH during batch
fermentation162 Figure 4-39 The time course of biomass and ethanol product by free and immobilized Z. mobilis at different pH in batch cultures165 Figure 4-40 The results of the production of ethanol by different pH during batch fermentation166 Figure 4-41 The time course of biomass and ethanol product by free and immobilized Z. mobilis cell beads at different stirrer speed in batch cultures168 Figure 4-42 The results of the production of ethanol by different stirrer speed during batch fermentation169 Figure 4-43 Effect of glucose concentration on ethanol product by free and immobilized Z. mobilis in batch cultures173 Figure 4-44 The results of the production of ethanol by varied mass of glucose during batch fermentation174 Figure 4-45 Plots of average specific growth rate, cell mass yield, ethanol yield on glucose, and ethanol yield on cell mass in suspended cell system175 Figure 4-46 Plots of average specific growth rate, cell mass yield, ethanol yield on glucose, and ethanol yield on cell mass based on bulk biomass from
immobilized-cell beade176 Figure 4-47 The time course of biomass and ethanol product by free and immobilized Z. mobilis at variable temperature in batch cultures178 Figure 4-48 The results of the production of ethanol by variable temperature during batch fermentation179 Figure 4-49 The time course of biomass and ethanol product by free and immobilized Z. mobilis in different inital ethanol conc. in batch cultures182 Figure 4-50 Different concentration of ethanol evaporate at different time183 Figure 4-51 Effects of added ethanol on fermentative activity184 Figure 4-52 Simultaneous cellulose degradation and fermantation of ethanol by mixed culture186 表目錄 Table 2-1 The summary of production of fuel ethanol in Taiwan8 Table 2-2 Policies of bioethanol concent of the petrol in the future in Taiwan9 Table 2-3 Advantages of lignocelluloses-based liquid biofuels9 Table 2-4 Major morphological features of cellulolytic bacteria16 Table 2-5 The summary of cellulose-degrading microorganisms in Taiwan18 Table 2-6
Comparative attributes for ethanol production by Zymomonas and yeast27 Table 2-7 The summary of production of fuel ethanol in foreign countries30 Table 2-8 Effects of inhibiting compounds on fermentation32 Table 2-9 Examples of oxygen regulation on ethanol production from xylose38 Table 3-1 Chemical composition of the Bambusa oldhamii Munro compared to others species42 Table 3-2 Mandels-Reese medium44 Table 3-3 Composition of the DNS (Dinitrosalicyclic acid) reagent57 Table 4-1 The quantity of sugar release with different concentration H2SO4 at 100℃78 Table 4-2 The quantity of sugar release with 0.2 M H2SO4 at different temperature83 Table 4-3 Parameters obtained in the fitting using the Arrhenius equation for the sugars released in the H2SO4 hydrolysis of bamboo powde84 Table 4-4 Parameters obtained in the fitting using the Arrhenius equation for the sugars released in the H2SO4 hydrolysis of rice straw powder86 Table 4-5 Crystallinity index (CrI) of bamboo powder91 Table 4-6 Crystallinity index (CrI) of bamboo powder92 Table 4-7 Compare with cellulose degrading ability of different cellulose degrading bacteria105 Table 4-8 The colony morphology of isolated bacterial strain106 Table 4-9 DNA sequence alignment of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) in database of NCBI BLAST109 Table 4-10(a) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with Acinetobacter sp. HX-2006110 Table 4-10(b) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with
Acinetobacter sp. HX-2006111 Table 4-11(a) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with Acinetobacter sp. TUT1001 gene112 Table 4-11(b) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with Acinetobacter sp. TUT1001 gene113 Table 4-12(a) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with Acinetobacter sp. KS2 gene114 Table 4-12(b) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with Acinetobacter sp. KS2 gene115 Table 4-13(a) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with Acinetobacter sp. PPT1 gene116 Table 4-13(b) The DNA sequence comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria Acinetobacter sp. (PAN-B01) with Acinetobacter sp. PPT1 gene117 Table 4-14 The summary of the isolated cellulose-degrading microorganisms in this research118 Table 4-15 The screening sources comparisons of the isolated cellulose-degrading microorganisms with other research reports118 Table 4-16 Surface area and pore volume of various immobilized beads141 Table 4-17 The physical characteristics of various immobilized-cell beads158
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