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高雄市明誠中學 高二數學平時測驗 日期:109.05.15

範 圍

矩陣應用

班級 二年____班 姓 座號 名

壹、填充題:每題十分

1. 已知矩陣 3 2

1

A a

a

− −

 

=  − 的反方陣不存在,則a =________.

答案: 1, 2

解析: det( ) 0

A =

3 2 1 0

a a

− −

 =

2 3 2 0

a a

 − + =  −(

a

1)(

a

− =2) 0 =

a

1, 2

2. 設二階方陣 A 滿足 3 7 2 10 3 ,

A

− − 

=  

 

5 18 5

25 7

A

− − 

=  

 ,則方陣A =2 _________; A = _________.

答案: 4 1 5 1

 

− − 

 ; 3 1

5 2

− −

 

 

 

解析: ∵A3A2 = A5

3 1 3 2 3 1 5

(A )AA =(A )A

2 1 3 2 18 5

10 7 25 7

A

1  − − 

 =− − −    

3 2 18 5 10 7 25 7

− − − −

   

=    

   

4 1 5 1

 

= − −  又A A2 =A3 A A2(A2)1 =A3(A2)1

7 2 1 1

10 3 5 4

A

− −  − − 

 =    

   

3 1 5 2

− −

 

=  

 

3. 設

X

=[

a

ij]2 2 ,且 1 3 3 3 2 4

X

−4 8

  = 

   − 

   ,則 X = __________.

答案: 12 18 5 7

 − 

− 

 

解析: 1 3 3 3

2 4

X

−4 8

  = 

   − 

   

1 1

1 3 1 3 1 3 3 3

2 4 2 4

X

2 4 4 8

      − 

     =    − 

1 3 1 3 3 1 4 3 3 3 12 18

2 4 4 8 2 2 1 4 8 5 7

X

− − − −

         

 =    − = − −    −   = − 

4. 已知A為二階方陣,且 1 3 3 8 5

1 2 0 1 1

A x

y

   

  = − − 

   ,則 x = ,y = . 答案: 2;1

解析: 分解矩陣

1 3 3 8 5

,

x

A

   

A

   

= =

   −     −

(2)

1 1

3 8 1 3 1 1 3 3 8

0 1 1 2 1 2 0 1

A A

       

= −      =    − 

1

1 5 1 3 3 8 5 1 1 3 1 8 5 2

1 1 2 0 1 1 3 1 2 0 3 1 1

x A y

− −

                 

= = = − =

    −   −   −        −

                 

5. 若矩陣 3

3 1

A

a

=  

 的反矩陣為 1 1

x

A b y

 

=  

 ,則x =________, y = ________.

答案: −3;10 解析:SOL 一

3 3 1

A

a

=  

 

1 1 1 3

3

A

9

a a

 − 

 = − − 

1 3

9 9

3

9 9

a a

a

a a

 − 

 − − 

=  

 − 

 − − 

 

1

x b y

 

=  

 

1 1 10

9

3 3

9 9 10 a a

x x a

a y y

a

 =  =

 −

 −

 − =  = −

 =  =

 − SOL 二

矩陣 3

3 1

A

a

=  

 的反矩陣為 1

3 1 10

1 3 1 3 0 3

3 1 3 0 3

3 1 10

a b a

x a x ax y b

A I

b y b y b x

x y y

+ = =

 

 + =  = −

       

=     =  + =  = −

 + =  =

 

6. 已知A為二階方陣,且 1 1 1 1 ,

A

   

   − =

   

1 1

1 1

A

   −

   =

   ,若實數a b, 滿足 4 1 2

A a

b

   

   =

   , 則(1)A = _____ .(2)數對( , )a b = _______ .

答案: (1) 0 1 1 0

 − 

 

  (2) (1, 2)

解析: (1)由題意知 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A

   − 

−  = 

   

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

A

   

=    − 

1 1 1 1 1 0 1

( )

1 1 2 1 1 1 0

− − −

     

=    = 

     

(2) 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 2

1 0 1 0 0 1

A

 −   −  − 

I

=      = − = −

4 2 2 2 2 2 1 0

( )( )

A A A I I I

0 1

=  = − − = =  

 

4 1 1 0 1 1

2 0 1 2 2

a a a

A b b b

             

=  =  =

             

              ∴( , )a b =(1, 2)

7. 設實係數二階方陣A滿足 7 2 9 1

3 1 , 4 5

A

   

A

   

= =

       

       . 若 2 1 1 5

a c

A b d

   

=    

   , 則 a = , b = , c = , d = . 答案: 4; 3− ; 9− ;7

(3)

解析: ∵ 7 2 9 1

3 1 , 4 5

A

   

A

   

= =

       

        得 7 9 2 1 3 4 1 5 (*)

A

   

  = 

   

2 1

1 5

a c

A b d

   

=    

   

代入(*)

2 1 2 1

1

1 5 1

7 9 2 1 7 9 2 1

3 4 1 5 3 4

5

1 5

a c a c

b d b d

       

   

  = 

 

 =

 

       

      

 

     

 

7 9 1 0 3 4 0 1

a c

b d

     

    = 

     

7 9 1 4 9

3 4 3 7

a c b d

     

   =  =− 

a=4,b= −3,c= −9,d=7

8. 若 2 1

3 2 ,

A

 − 

= − 

1 2 2 1

B

 

=  

 ,當 AX = 時, X =________;當 XA B

B

= 時, X =________.

答案: 4 5 7 8

 

 

 ; 8 5 7 4

 

 

 

解析: AX = B A1(AX)= A B1

1 2 1 1 2

( )

3 2 2 1

A A X

   

 =    

   

4 5

X

7 8

 =  

 

1 1

( )

XA= B XA A =BA

1 1 2 2 1

( )

2 1 3 2

X AA

   

 =    

   

8 5 7 4

X

 

 =  

 

4 3 3 3

1

2 1 4 8

X

2 −  − 

 =− −    − 

24 36 1

10 14 2

− 

= −  − 

12 18 5 7

 − 

= − 

9. 由統計資料知,某市在晴天之後隔天為雨天的機率為1

4,而在雨天之後也是雨天的機率為1 2, 若開始觀察當天為晴天,則2 天後為晴天之機率為________,3 天後為雨天之機率為________.

答案: 11 21 16 64, 解析:

0

3 1 4 2 1

1 1 , 0

4 2

P X

 

   

 =  = 

   

 

 

,

1 0

3 1 3

4 2 1 4

1 1 0 1

4 2 4

X PX

   

    

= =  = 

    

   

   

2 1

11 3 1 3

16 4 2 4

1 1 1 5

4 2 4 16

X PX

 

   

 

   

= =   =  

 

   

 

   

     

,故2 日後晴天之機率為11 16 晴

天 雨 天 晴

天 3 4

1 2 雨

天 1 4

1 2

(4)

3 2

11 43 3 1

16 64 4 2

1 1 5 21

4 2 16 64

X PX

   

 

   

 

= =    =

   

 

   

 

     

,故3 日後雨天之機率為21 64

10. 由某地長期氣象資料顯示,某城市在晴天之後隔天下雨的機率為2

5,而在雨天之後隔天也是雨

天的機率為1

3,長期而言,此城市晴天的機率為 . 答案: 5

8

解析: 此天氣的轉移矩陣為

3 2 5 3 2 1 5 3

P

 

 

=  

 

 

 

設長期而言,此城市晴天的機率為 ,則下雨的機率為1−  設

X

1

 

=  − 

則 PX =

X

3 2 5 3

2 1 1 1

5 3

 

 

 

     

   −   = − 

 

 

 

3 2 2 5

5 3 3   8

 + − =  = ,

故長期而言,此城市晴天的機率為5

8

11. 設有甲、乙二夜市,根據調查,由於某些因素,每年由甲夜市移到乙夜市的攤販數佔甲夜市的 40%,其餘留在甲夜市;由乙夜市移到甲夜市的攤販數佔乙夜市的 50%,其餘留在乙夜市.

(1)已知甲夜市攤販數 300 個,乙夜市攤販數 700 個,則二年後,甲夜市的攤販數________個.

(2)若長期下來,甲、乙二夜市攤販數皆穩定維持不變,則甲、乙二夜市的攤販數比例為________.

答案: (1)553(2)5:4

解析: (1) 0.6 0.5 0 0.3 0.4 0.5 , 0.7

P

 

X

 

=  = 

   

1 0

0.6 0.5 0.3 0.53 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.47

X PX

     

= =    = 

     

2 1

0.6 0.5 0.53 0.553 0.4 0.5 0.47 0.447

X PX

     

= =    = 

     

1000 0.553 =553

∴ (2)設 1

X x

x

 

=  − 為穩定狀態矩陣 0.6 0.5

0.4 0.5 1 1

x x

PX X

x x

     

=     −   = − 

∵ 5 4

0.6 0.5 0.5 1

9 9

x x x x x

 + − =  =  − =

5

∴ :9 4

9 =5:4

12. 一袋中有 2 個黑球與 3 個白球.老皮手中拿了一個黑球,任意自袋中取出一球,把原來手上之 球放入袋中,繼續此種交換過程,則第三次後袋中有2 個黑球 3 個白球之機率為 ____ .

(5)

答案: 62 125

解析: (1)抽取前袋中為 2B3W(老皮手上為 1B) ①抽取後還是 2B3W 即老皮抽中 1B 2

 5 ②抽取後變為 3B2W 即老皮抽中 1W 3

 5 (2)抽取前袋中為 3B2W(老皮手上為 1W) ①抽取後是 2B3W 即老皮抽中 1B 3

 5 ②抽取後還是 3B2W 即老皮抽中 1W 2

 5

2 3 3 2

2 3

3 2

2 3

5 5 3 2 5 5

B W B W B W

B W

P

 

 

=  

 

 

 

, 0 1

X

 0

=  

 

1 0

2 3 2

5 5 1 5

3 2 0 3

5 5 5

X PX

   

    

= =  = 

    

   

   

,

2 1

2 3 2 13 5 5 5 25 3 2 3 12 5 5 5 25

X PX

     

     

= =     =

     

     

      ,

3 2

2 3 13 62 5 5 25 125 3 2 12 63 5 5 25 125

X PX

     

     

= =    = 

     

     

     

所求 62

=125

13. 一袋中有 1 個黑球,3 個白球. 某人手中拿了一個黑球,任意自袋中取出一球,再選擇手上之 球或取出之球放入袋中,繼續此種交換過程,則第三次袋中有2 個黑球 2 個白球之機率為_____.

答案: 291 512

解析: (1)抽取前袋中為 1B3W(某人手上為 1B) ①抽取後還是 1B3W,即

(ⅰ)若先從袋中抽出 1B 再從某人手中抽走 1B 放入袋中 1 2 4 2

  (ⅱ)若先從袋中抽出 1W 再從某人手中抽走 1W 放入袋中 3 1 4 2

 

②抽取後變為 2B2W,即先從袋中抽出 1W 再從某人手中抽走 1B 放入袋中 3 1 4 2

  (2)抽取前袋中為 2B2W(某人手上為 1W)

①抽取後是 1B3W,即先從袋中抽出 1B 再從某人手中抽走 1W 放入袋中 2 1 4 2

  ②抽取後還是 2B2W,即

(6)

(ⅰ)若先從袋中抽出 1B 再從某人手中抽走 1B 放入袋中 2 1 4 2

  (ⅱ)若先從袋中抽出 1W 再從某人手中抽走 1W 放入袋中 2 2 4 2

 

1 3 2 2

1 3

2 2

1 3 1 2 1

4 1 4 2 4 2 3 1 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 4 1

B W B W

B W

B W

P

  +   

 

=  

   +  

 

 

5 1 8 4 3 3 8 4

 

 

=  

 

 

 

0 1

X

 0

=  

 ,

1 0

5 1 5

8 4 1 8

3 3 0 3

8 4 8

X PX

   

    

= =  = 

 

   

   

   

, 2 1

5 1 5 31 8 4 8 64 3 3 3 33 8 4 8 64

X PX

     

     

= =     =

     

     

     

3 2

5 1 31 221 8 4 64 512 3 3 33 291 8 4 64 512

X PX

     

     

= =    = 

     

     

     

∴機率為291 512

14. 設 1 3

3 1

A

 

=  

− 

 ,則A =12 ________.

答案: 4096 0 0 4096

 

 

 

解析: SOL 一

2 1 3 1 3 2 2 3

3 1 3 1 2 3 2

A

     − 

=    = 

− − − −

     

     

4 2 2 3 2 2 3 8 8 3

2 3 2 2 3 2 8 3 8

A

 −   −   − − 

 =    = 

− − − − −

     

     

6 8 8 3 2 2 3 64 0

0 64 64

8 3 8 2 3 2

A

 − −   −   

I

 =    = =

− − −  

   

   

12 6 6

A

=

A A

∴ =(64 )(64 )

I I

=4096I 4096 0 0 4096

 

=  

 

SOL 二

1 3

1 3 2 2 cos( 60 ) sin( 60 )

2 2

sin( 60 ) cos( 60 )

3 1 3 1

2 2

A

 

 

     −  − −  

=− = − =  −  −  

12 12 cos( 60 12) sin( 60 12) 12 cos( 720 ) sin( 720 )

2 2

sin( 60 12) cos( 60 12) sin( 720 ) cos( 720 )

A

 −  − −    −  − −  

=  −  −  =  −  −   12 cos 0 sin 0 1 0 4096 0

2 4096

sin 0 cos 0 0 1 0 4096

 − 

     

=    =    = 

15. 若二階方陣 11 0 1 ,

A

=  

 

1 5

B

1

 

=  

 ,且 6 1

1 2

AB

 − 

= − ,則序組 ( , , )

  

= ________.

答案: (27, 2,3)

(7)

解析: 6 11 1 2

AB

 − 

= − 

1 6 1 5

( )

1 2 1

AB B

 −   

  = −    

6 1 5

1 2 1

A

 −   

 = −    

11 6 1 30 1

0 1 2 5 2

  

 

− −

   

   = − + − + 

11 6 1 30

0 2

1 5 2

 

= −

 = −

  = − +

 = − +

27 2 3

 =

 =

 = 16. 若 ,

a b 為實數,

1

1 2

a b A

 

A

= =

  ,則a =________, b =________.

答案: 2− ;−3 解析: ∵A A1=I

2 2 1 0

1 2 1 2 2 4 0 1

a b a b a b ab b

a b

 + + 

     

    = + + =   = −

a

2,

b

= − 3

17. 若 1 1 1 2 2

A

2 

=  − ,且 1 1 0 0 3

A XA

 

=  

 ,則 X = ________.

答案:

2 1 2 2 2

 − 

 

 

− 

解析: 1 1 0

0 3

A XA

 

=  

 

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 0 1 2

( ) 2 2

0 3 1 1

1 1 1

2

A A XA A

− − 

    

 

 = −  − − 

1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 1

2

IXI

 

   

 

 = −   − 

2 1 2 2 2 X

 − 

 

 =

 

− 

18. 若 1 2 1 4 ,

A

 

= − 

2 1

P

1 1

=  

 ,則P AP1 =___________.

答案: 2 0 0 3

 

 

 

解析: P AP1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1

 −     

= −   −    

2 2 2 1 3 6 1 1

 −   

= −    

2 0 0 3

 

=  

 

19. 若 5 1 3 2 ,

A

 

=  

 

2 3 1 2

B

 

=  − ,若 AX = ,則 X =________,若YA B

B

= ,則Y = ________.

答案:

3 8

7 7

1 19

7 7

 

 

 

− −

 

 

 

5 13

7 7

8 11

7 7

− 

 

 

 − 

 

 

(8)

解析: AX = B A1(AX)= A B1 1 2 1 2 3 3 5 1 2

X

7 −   

 = −    − 

3 8 1

1 19 7

 

= − − 

3 8

7 7

1 19

7 7

 

 

=  

− −

 

 

 

1 1

( )

YA= B YA A =BA 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 7 3 5

Y

   − 

 = −  − 

5 13 1

8 11 7

− 

=  − 

5 13

7 7

8 11

7 7

− 

 

=  

 − 

 

 

20. 若 1 3 1 2

A

 

= − − ,則A =3 ________, A100 =________.

答案: 1 0 0 1

 

 

 ; 1 3 1 2

 

− − 

 

解析: 2 1 3 1 3

1 2 1 2

A

   

= − −   − − 

2 3 1 1

− −

 

=  

 

3 1 3 2 3

1 2 1 1

A

  − − 

= − −    

1 0 0 1

 

=  

 

100 3 33

( )

A = AA =I33A =

A

1 3 1 2

 

= − − 

21. 設

1 3

2 2

3 1

2 2

A

 

− −

 

 

= 

 − 

 

,則︰(1)A =12 ___________. (2)A+A2+ +A11=___________.

答案: (1) 1 0 0 1

 

 

 (2) 1 0

0 1

− 

 − 

 

解析: (1) cos120 sin120 sin120 cos120

A

  − 

=    

12 cos1440 sin1440 cos 0 sin 0 1 0 sin1440 cos1440 sin 0 cos 0 0 1

A

  −    −   

I

=     =    = =

(2)A+A2+ +A11=(IA)1  −A I( A11) =(IA)1(AA12) 1(1 ) 1

a r

n

r

 −

− (相當於等比級數)

(I A)1 (A I)

= −  − = − −(I A)1 −(I A)= −

I

1 0

0 1

− 

=  − 

22. 設A B C, , 皆為二階方陣,若 1 2 0 1 3 4 , 1 0

A

 

B

 

=−  =− 且 AC=

BA

,則矩陣 C = .

答案: 1 2 1 1

− 

− 

 

解析: AC=

BA

1 1 4 2 0 1 1 2

3 1 1 0 3 4

C A BA

10 −     

 = =    −   − 

4 2 3 4

1

3 1 1 2

10

− −

   

=    − − 

10 20 1 2 1

10 10 1 1 10

− −

   

= −   = − 

(9)

23. 若二階方陣 ,

A B 滿足

2 1 1 1 ,

A B

 

+ =  − 

0 3 1 1

A B

 

− = − − ,則A2B2的反方陣為___________.

答案:

2 1

3 3

1 1 3 3

 − 

 

 

 

 

 

解析:

2 1 1 1

0 3 1 1

A B

A B

  

 + = − 

  

  

 − =  

 − − 

2 4 2 2

2 , 2

0 2 2 0

A

 

B

 − 

 = −  = 

1 2 1 1

0 1 , 1 0

A

 

B

 − 

 = −  = 

2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

A B

     −   − 

 − = −    −   −    

1 1 1 2

 

= − 

2 2

AB 的反方陣

1 2 1

1 1 1 2 1 3 3

1 2 3 1 1 1 1

3 3

−  − 

   

−  =   =  

 

 

24. 阿三與小民想將反方陣方程式的方法運用在密碼學中,首先先用矩陣將英文字母編碼,例如:

a 以

0 1

  

 表之,b 以 0 2

  

 表之,c 以 0 3

  

 表之, ,z以 2 6

  

 表之,而單字"cat"以 0 0 2 3 1 0

 

 

 表之,

以此方式類推. 今小連將某英文單字以矩陣A表示並加密後再傳出,方法如下:選取二個二階

方陣 1 2 1 2

1 1 , 6 5

B

 − 

C

 

=−  = − ,計算(2B C A+ ) 後,再傳出,假設阿三收到的內容為矩陣 13 2 6

20 3 8

− −

 

− − 

 ,則原英文單字為 . 答案: rat

解析: 3 2 1 1 3 2 3 2

2 (2 )

4 3 1 4 3 4 3

B C

 − 

B C

−   −  + = −  + = − −   = − 

13 2 6 (2 )

20 3 8

B C A

− − 

+ = − − 

1 13 2 6

(2 )

20 3 8

A B C

− − 

 = +  − − 

3 2 13 2 6 1 0 2

4 3 20 3 8 8 1 0

− − −

     

= −    − −   =  表"rat"

25. 已知A為二階方陣,且 2 2 0 6 ,

A

   

   =

   

1 7

3 6

A

   

   =

   ,若實數a b, 滿足 2 11 13

A a

b

   

   =

   , 則(1)A = ____ .(2)數對( , )a b = ____ .

答案: (1) 1 2 3 1

 

 

  (2) (1,1)

解析: (1)由題意知 2 1 2 7 0 3 6 6

A

   

  = 

    ∴

2 7 2 1 1

6 6 0 3

A

   

=    

   

2 7 1 3 1 1 2

( )

6 6 6 0 2 3 1

   −   

=    = 

     

(2) 2 1 2 1 2 7 4 3 1 3 1 6 7

A

     

=    = 

      ∴ 2 7 4 7 4

6 7 6 7

a a a b

A b b a b

       + 

= =

       + 

        11 13

=   

 

(10)

7 4 11 1

6 7 13 1

a b a

a b b

+ = =

 

 + =  = 故( , )a b =(1,1)

26. 若 2 3 4 8 11 ,

X

 − 

= − 

3 11 15

30 41

X

 − 

= − ,則 X = ____________.

答案: 1 1 2 3

 − 

− 

 

解析: ∵X X2 = X3  X X2(X2)1= X3(X2)1 11 15 11 4 30 41 8 3

X

 −   

 =−    

1 1

2 3

 − 

= − 

27. (1) 1 2

A

3 4

=  

 ,則A1 =________.

(2)若矩陣 X 滿足

1 2 5 6 3 4 3 4

1 2 X

 

  = 

   

   

,則 X = ________.

答案:

2 1 1 2

(1) 3 1 (2) 0 1 1 0

2 2

− 

− 

 

 

 

 − 

 

   

解析: (1) 1 1 4 2 3 1

A

4 6 − 

= − − 

2 1

3 1

2 2

− 

 

= − 

 

(2)

5 6 1 5 6 2 1 1 2

1 2

3 4 3 4 3 1 0 1

3 4

1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0

X

    −   

      

=   =  − = 

28. 設矩陣 1 2 3 0

1 1 , 0 2

A

 

B

 

=− −  = ,且APA1=B. (1)求矩陣P = . (2)若 11

a b

P c d

 

=  

 ,則 a b c d+ + + = . 答案: (1) 1 2

1 4

 − 

 

 (2)4096

解析: (1) 1 1 1 2 1 2

1 1 1 1

A

1− −  − − 

=   = 

   

APA

1= 

B

A APA A1 1 = A BA11 1 2 3 0 1 2 1 2

1 1 0 2 1 1 1 4

P A BA

− −       − 

= =      − −   =  (2)由P=A BA1 ,得

11 1 1 1 1 11

11

( )( ) ( )

P

=

A BA A BA

A BA

=

A B A

11 11 11 12

11 11 11

1 2 3 0 1 2 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 2 1 2

1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 = 3 2 1 1

− − − −   − − 

           

=      − −   =  − −   − − 

11 11 11 11

11 11 11 11

2 2 3 2 2 2 3

3 2 2 3 2

a b c d

  −  −    

= −  −  = 

a b c d

+ + + = 2 211=212=4096

參考文獻

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