公路植栽綠化工程的品質管理

୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢғނၗྍᄤၭᏢଣ༜᛬ᄤඳᢀᏢس ᅺγፕЎ

Graduate Institute of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture College of Bioresources and Agriculture

National Taiwan University Master thesis

Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛

The Quality Management of Roadside Planting Engineering

ᛥዝਜ Ying-Shu Lo

ࡰᏤ௲௤ȅጰࠆت റγ Advisor: Hou-Nan Tsai, Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯ 102 ԃ 8 Д

August , 2013

i

ύ

ύЎᄔा

πำ཮ࣁගϲϦӅπำࡼπࠔ፦ǴዴߥϦӅπำࡼπԋ݀಄ӝ೛ीϷೕጄा

؃Ǵ٠ပჴࡹ۬௦ᖼݤಃΎΜచπำ௦ᖼࠔ፦ᆅ౛ϷՉࡹଣႧȨϦӅπำࡼπࠔ

፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋȩϐೕۓǴᆒጏϯϷਏૈϯගϲϦӅπำӄғڮຼයࠔ፦Ǵܭ҇୯85 ԃڋۓϦӅπำࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛բ཰ाᗺǶа۳෌ਭᆘϯπำӧϦӅπำሦୱ྽ύ

΋ޔ೏ຎࣁߕឦπำǴӢԶӧࠔ፦ᆅ౛΢҂මख़ຎࠔᆅ೛ीϩ݋ᕖ҅ǵႣٛ௛ࡼ

ϐගрϷଓᙫׯ๓Ƕ

ӢғᄊᕉߥࡘዊޑᑫଆǴӧ҉ុϦӅπำޑਡЈࢎᄬ྽ύǴ෌ਭᆘϯ೴ᅌԖ Αၨܴዴޑ኱ޑᆶيϩǴӵՖૈ୼ዴჴၲډ෌ਭᆘϯπำޑჴሞਏ੻Ǵࣁҁࣴز നЬाϐࣴزҞޑǶࣴزаӣᘜπำࠔᆅ஑཰ϐفࡋٰ௖૸෌ਭᆘϯπำޑࠔ፦

ᆅ౛ڋࡋǴаπำൂՏჴሞ୺ՉϐᢀᗺрวǴ२Ӄ೸ၸ࣬ᜢᏢ౛୷ᘵکཷۺጄᛑ ޑࣚۓࡌҥࣴزޑҥፕ୷ᘵǴௗុཷॊϦၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำϐ੝܄ᆶதـୢᚒǴന ࡕᙖҗჴሞਢٯࣴ݋ٰᔠຎϦӅπำࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋޑᔈҔࢂցૈ୼Ԗਏගϲ෌

ਭᆘϯޑࠔ፦Ǵനࡕ٩Ᏽ่݀ගр่ፕᆶࡌ᝼Ƕ

ࣴزว౜ϦၡᕴֽࡼՉ෌ਭᆘϯπำϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛س಍ӧ΋ۓำࡋ΢วචΑ բҔǴ೸ၸቷ୘ԾЬᆅ౛ǵᅱ೷ൂՏܜࢗᆶ΢ભൂՏޑዽࢗᆶࢗਡǴዴჴԖշܭ πำࠔ፦ޑගϲǶฅԶϝ໪຾΋؁ׯ๓ϐೀǴԾЬᔠࢗ߄҂ૈໆϯǵुۓ኱ྗа

ೕጄቷ୘ࡼπǴஒ཮ޔௗቹៜډπำޑࠔ፦ǴԜѦǴӢҞ߻π୍ࢤߛલЮ஑཰ङ ඳΓ঩ǴӧԜ΋௃ݩΠǴ׳ᔈᄇۭပჴ୺ՉࡼπೕጄᆶभЕϐᔠᡍำׇϷᔠᡍ኱

ྗǴωૈ୼ዴߥ׷਑ᆶࡼπޑࠔ፦Ƕ

ᜢᗖຒǺ҉ុว৖ǵϦၡǵ෌ਭᆘϯπำǵ෌ਭᆢៈᆅ౛ǵࠔ፦ᆅ౛

ii

Abstract

Public Construction Commission in order to improve the quality of construction of public works, to ensure that the results meet the design of public works construction, and regulatory requirements, and to implement Article 70 of the Government Procurement Act, Engineering Procurement Quality Management and the Executive Yuan promulgated "Public Construction Quality Management System", which requires refinement and effectiveness of technology to enhance the quality of public works full life cycle, in the Republic of 85 years to develop public Construction quality Management Guidelines. Because the planting engineering in the field of public works which has been regarded as ancillary works , in the quality management emphasis on quality control design and analysis has not been corrected, the proposed preventive measures and tracking improvements.

Due to the eco-friendly trends rise in the core architecture of sustainable public works which, planting engineering gradually have more specific targets and identity, how can we really achieve the practical benefits of planting engineering is the study's main research purposes .Return to work the of quality control professional viewpoints, planting engineering quality management system to the actual implementation of the engineering units viewpoint, first through the relevant theoretical basis for the definition and scope of the concept of argument to establish research foundation.

Overview greening project characteristics and problems, then analyzed by actual case studies to examine public works whether the application of a quality management system can effectively improve the quality of planting engineering , the final conclusions and recommendations based on the findings.

Study found that the quality of implementation of planting engineering management system to a certain extent, play a role, through self-management vendors, construction

iii

supervision unit and parent unit checks inspectors and inspection, really helps to enhance the quality of the project. Yet still further improvement, self-check list can not be quantified, set standards to regulate the construction firm, will directly affect the quality of the project, in addition, due to the current lack of public works segment urgent professional backgrounds who, in this case, should make a complete implementation of the construction specifications and inspection procedures seedlings and inspection standards, be able to ensure the quality of materials and construction.

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Road, Planting Engineering, Plant Management, Quality management.

iv

ക

ക࿯Ҟᒵ

ύЎᄔा………i

Abstract………ii

ക࿯Ҟᒵ………...iv

კҞᒵ……….vi

߄Ҟᒵ……….vii

ಃ΋കġ ᆣፕ………1

ಃ΋࿯ġ ࣴزጔଆکୢᚒ………..1

ಃΒ࿯ġ ࣴزҞޑ………..3

ಃΟ࿯ġ ࣴز೛ीᆶБݤ……….4

ಃѤ࿯ġ ᜢᗖຒှញ………7

ಃϖ࿯ġ ࣴزጄᛑᆶज़ڋ………9

ಃΒകġ Ў᝘ӣ៝Ǻ࣬ᜢᏢ౛୷ᘵکཷۺጄᛑޑࣚۓ………11

ಃ΋࿯ġ ҉ុϦӅπำϐϣ఼Ϸჴ፬………..11

ಃΒ࿯ġ πำғڮຼයᆅ౛Ϸࠔ፦ᆅ౛………18

ಃΟ࿯ġ Ϧၡғᄊᆶ෌ਭᆘϯπำ……….34

ಃѤ࿯ġ ෌ਭᆘϯπำᆶ҉ុᆢៈᆅ౛………..44

ಃΟകġ Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำޑ੝܄ᆶፐᚒ………49

ಃ΋࿯ġ Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำޑጄᛑᆶ੝܄………49

ಃΒ࿯ġ Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯࡼπϷᆢៈᆅ౛բ཰………..57

ಃΟ࿯ġ Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯࡼπᆶᎦᆅதـୢᚒ………..73

ಃѤ࿯ġ ᆕӝ૸ፕ………80

ಃѤകġ Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำೕጄᆶࠔ፦ᆅ౛س಍ϐ௖૸………84

ಃ΋࿯ġ ਢٯङඳે๎Ǻ ౜ՉѠ᡼Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำೕጄᆶࠔ፦ᆅ౛س಍ཷॊ……….85

ಃΒ࿯ġ ਢٯࣴ݋:΋πೀ࣬ᜢਢٯࣴزϩ݋(case study method)………95

ಃΟ࿯ġ ౜ՉϦၡ෌ਭᆘϯࡼπᆶᆢៈࠔ፦ᆅ౛س಍ϐᔠ૸ᆶࡌ᝼………..126

v

ಃ ಃϖകġ ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼………133

ಃ΋࿯ġ ࣴز่ፕ………..………….133

ಃΒ࿯ġ ࡕុࣴزࡌ᝼………..…………..136

ୖԵЎ᝘………140

vi

კ კҞᒵ

კ 1-1ǵࣴزࢬำკ………4

კ 2-1ǵ҉ុϦӅπำࡰ኱………15

კ 2-2ǵ҉ុϦӅπำਡЈࢎᄬᆶҞ኱………16

კ 2-3ǵ҉ុϦӅπำᆘՅϣ఼ࡰ኱ᆶۓက………16

კ 2-4ǵπำғڮຼයཷۺკ………19

კ 2-5ǵӄғڮຼයᆅ౛ࢎᄬკ………20

კ 2-6ǵϦӅπำࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋࢎᄬკ…………...………..21

კ 2-7ǵϦӅπำࡼπᡍԏբ཰ำׇࢬำკ……….25

კ 2-8ǵϦӅπำᆢᆅޑୢᚒᗺ………29

კ 2-9ǵ໺಍ၰၡࡌ೛ཷۺკ………38

კ 2-10ǵၰၡࡌ೛҉ុว৖ཷۺკ………38

კ 2-11ǵ໺಍πݤᆶ҉ុπݤϐჹྣ………48

კ 3-1ǵՉၰᐋਭ෌ᕉნӒ্Ңཀკ………54

კ 3-2ǵၰၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำϐำׇ………57

კ 3-3ǵ෌ғπำ(ᆘϯπำ)ϐࡼπΟ໘ࢤ………57

კ 3-4ǵ෌ਭπำ຾൑߻ྗഢբ཰………61

კ 3-5ǵ෌ਭ୷ዬπำࢬำ………62

კ 3-6ǵ෌ਭᅿ෌ࢬำ………63

კ 3-7ǵ෌ਭᆘϯπำ౜൑ᅿ෌ᆶᎦៈբ཰ᙁाࢬำ………66

კ 3-8ǵ෌ਭᆘϯπำभЕ׷਑ᔠᡍբ཰ࢬำ………81

კ 4-1ǵϦၡᕴֽࠔᆅಔᙃკ………90

კ 4-2ǵਢٯ΋πำՏ࿼კ………97

კ 4-3ǵਢٯ΋πำ໨Ҟ៾ख़კ………97

კ 4-4ǵਢٯ΋Ⴃۓࡼπ຾ࡋ߄………98

კ 4-5ǵਢٯ΋ൂ໨ࡼπीฝࢬำკ………99

კ 4-6ǵਢٯ΋׷਑ᔠᡍࢬำკ………100

კ 4-7ǵਢٯ΋Γπନ૛բ཰ྣТ………102

კ 4-8ǵਢٯ΋ᐒఓപ૛բ཰ྣТ………102

კ 4-9ǵਢٯ΋዆Нբ཰ྣТ………102

კ 4-10ǵਢٯ΋᏾݄অ୊բ཰ྣТ………102

კ 4-11ǵਢٯ΋ੰᙝ্ٛݯϷࡼޥբ཰ྣТ………103

vii

კ 4-12ǵਢٯ΋भЕ຾൑ϐԾЬᔠࢗբ཰ྣТ………103

კ 4-13ǵਢٯ΋ൈЕᅿ෌բ཰ྣТ………103

კ 4-14ǵਢٯ΋૛޸ཥ෌բ཰ྣТ………103

კ 4-15ǵਢٯ΋॥ؠൈЕן҅բ཰ྣТ………103

კ 4-16ǵਢٯ΋ᅱ೷ಔᙃკ………104

კ 4-17ǵਢٯ΋෌ਭࡼπբ཰ᔠࢗࢬำკ………106

კ 4-18ǵਢٯ΋भЕೕ਱ԾЬᔠࢗ߄অ҅߻ࡕჹྣ………110

კ 4-19ǵਢٯΒπำՏ࿼კ………111

კ 4-20ǵਢٯΒπำࡼπ໨Ҟ………112

კ 4-21ǵਢٯΒႣۓࡼπ຾ࡋ߄………112

კ 4-22ǵਢٯΒࠔᆅಔᙃკ………113

კ 4-23ǵਢٯΒ෌ਭࡼπำׇࢬำკ ………113

კ 4-24ǵਢٯΒ୷Ӧమ᏾ྣТ………114

კ 4-25ǵਢٯΒ༤࠼βྣТ………114

კ 4-26ǵਢٯΒ෌ਭᅿ෌߻ࡕྣТ………114

კ 4-27ǵਢٯΒࡼπԾЬᔠࢗ߄………115

კ 4-28ǵਢٯΒभЕ຾൑ᔠᡍԾЬᔠࢗ………115

კ 4-29ǵਢٯΒൈЕᅿ෌ࢬำྣТ………116

კ 4-30ǵਢٯΒ׷਑೛ഢܜᡍ໨ҞϷᔠࢗᓎ౗ϐ୺Չ௃׎………118

კ 4-31ǵਢٯΒβᝆᔠᡍൔ֋………119

კ 4-32ǵਢٯΒᡍभइᒵ………119

კ 4-33ǵਢٯΒલѨׯ๓߻ύࡕྣТ………123

კ 4-34ǵࡌ᝼भЕ׷਑ᔠᡍࢬำკ………131

viii

߄ ߄Ҟᒵ

߄ 1-1ǵӚᅿ෌ਭൂՏय़ᑈΒ਼ϯᅹڰۓໆ ………1

߄ 1-2ǵϦӅπำ٩фૈϩᜪ………7

߄ 1-3ǵϦӅπำ٩܄፦ϩᜪ………7

߄ 2-1ǵᆘՅᕉნᔼ೷ᆶࡘԵБӛ………17

߄ 2-2ǵΟቫભࠔᆅЬाπբ໨Ҟ………23

߄ 3-1ǵόӕβӦճҔᜪࠠᆶځ຾Չ෌ғπำϐфૈ………50

߄ 3-2ǵϦၡݮጕ෌ғҞޑ߄………52

߄ 3-3ǵ෌ނੱރບᘐ߄………68

߄ 3-4ǵ෌ਭᆘϯπำᆶ΋૓ᔼࡌπำϐৡ౦………75

߄ 4-1ǵၡ৒ඳᢀϐْࢗᓎ౗Ϸݙཀ٣໨………86

߄ 4-2ǵਢٯ΋ᅿ෌πำᔠᡍ኱ྗ………99

߄ 4-3ǵਢٯ΋բ཰ύᔠᡍाᗺᆶ࣬ᜢइᒵЎҹ………99

߄ 4-4ǵਢٯ΋܍х୘Ӛ໨բ཰ԾЬᔠࢗ߄………100

߄ 4-5ǵਢٯ΋܍х୘ࡼπВൔ߄………101

߄ 4-6ǵਢٯ΋׷਑ࠔ፦ೕጄϷ၂ᡍᓎ౗߄………105

߄ 4-7ǵਢٯ΋ࡼπܜࢗᆅ౛኱ྗ………105

߄ 4-8ǵਢٯ΋भলᡍभբ཰इᒵ………107

߄ 4-9ǵਢٯ΋ϩයᔠࢗൔ֋ᕴ߄………108

߄ 4-10ǵਢٯΒ׷਑ࠔ፦ೕጄϷ၂ᡍᓎ౗߄………117

߄ 4-11ǵਢٯΒࡼπܜࢗᆅ౛኱ྗ………117

߄ 4-12ǵਢٯΒࡼπܜࢗᆅ౛इᒵ………118

߄ 4-13ǵਢٯΒπำࡼπࢗਡλಔࢗਡइᒵ………120

߄ 4-14 ǵࡌ᝼ϐ෌ਭᆘϯπำԾЬᔠࢗ߄………128

߄ 5-2ǵՉၰᐋЬाፐᚒᆶჹ฼΋ំ߄………138

1

ಃ

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ

ಃ΋࿯ǵࣴزጔଆکୢᚒ

21Шइय़ჹӄౚϯᐟਗ਼ᝡݾϐሞǴѠ᡼ᗨςᗌΕ໒ว୯ৎϐ݅Ǵ࿶ᔮΚϷ܌

ளНྗΨຬຫว৖ύ୯ৎǴՠ᏾ᡏғࢲᕉნࠔ፦ࠅ҂ૈ࣬ჹගܹǴ᏾Ⴅᕉნඳ ᢀǴගܹ᏾ᡏғࢲᕉნࠔ፦ǴࢂҞ߻୯ϣ௥ಥᙯࠠ౟ᓍǴख़ࡌ୯ሞ׎ຝϐख़ाᜢ ᗖǶ᠘ܭԜǴȨғᄊ҉ុว৖ǵബཥ୯βᆘӦࡹ฼ᕮਏǵ஥୏୔ୱ֡ᑽว৖ǵബ ഢᓬ፦ғౢᆶғࢲᕉნȩࢂࣁ྽߻ࡹ۬܌ुۓϐࡼࡹख़ᗺҞ኱Ƕ

ӧԜङඳΠǴςԖᏢޣࡰрȨඳᢀᆘϯౢ཰ȩ಄ӝғᄊ҉ុว৖ǵബཥ୯β ᆘӦࡹ฼ᕮਏǵ஥୏୔ୱ֡ᑽว৖ǵബഢᓬ፦ғౢᆶғࢲᕉნϐᜢᗖౢ཰ǶࣁӢ ᔈ୯ৎ࿶ᔮ่ᄬᙯࠠϲભǴᢀӀҶਓϷᔼࡌπำϐεໆϣሡѦ؃Ǵߛሡεໆٮᔈ ࠔ፦ᛙۓǵૈวචβӦወΚ੝Յϐඳᢀᆘϯ෌׷Ϸёזೲ৖౜୯ৎߐЊཀຝޑऍ

፾ඳᢀǶӢԜǴȨᆵ᡼ඳᢀᆘϯभЕౢ཰ࣚȩᔈҁܭԾ᝺٠୷ܭਔж٬ڮǴঀ᝼

ӧᡏڋǵמೌǵ፦ໆ΢ඓඝᜢᗖਔ༈ǵ่ӝӦճᆶΓکǴँઇ៌ϲǴаബрᆵ᡼

ޑ୯ሞᝡݾΚ(஭ػහǴ2007)Ƕ

߄ 1-1ǵӚᅿ෌ਭൂՏय़ᑈѤΜԃΒ਼ϯᅹڰۓໆ GiȐkg/m²Ǹ40 ԃȑ

෌ਭᜪࠠ Β਼ϯᅹڰۓໆ

Gi(kg/m²) ᙟβుࡋ

ғᄊፄቫ

ελൈЕǵឲЕǵ޸

૛ஏ෌షᅿ୔(ൈЕ ໔ຯ 3.0 аΠ)

1200

1.0mа΢

ൈЕ

ᗡယεൈЕ 900

ᗡယλൈЕǵଞယൈ

Еǵ౧ယൈЕ 600

ලᜪ 400

ឲЕ(؂ m²ԿϿਭ෌ 4 ਲ਼а΢) 300

0.5mа΢

ӭԃғጭᛯ 100

૛޸޸লǵԾฅഁ૛ӦǵНғ෌ނǵ૛ڳ 20 0.3mа΢

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ݅Ꮶቺ฻Ǵ2010

2

ϦӅπำہ঩཮ܭ2008ԃႧѲϐȨ҉ុϦӅπำ-࿯ૈ෧ᅹࡹ฼қҜਜȩǴ ځύගډϦӅπำѸ໪வ่ᄬ܄ޑӄғڮຼය຾Չؼӳᆅ౛Ǵωૈวච࿯ૈ෧ᅹ ޑҞޑ(πำ཮Ǵ2008)Ƕځύᆘϯπำऩૈִ๓຾ՉǴନΑԖշ଼ӄᙔՅᆶᆘՅ ᆛ๎ว৖Ǵ෌ਭޑ٬Ҕ׳ڀԖᑈཱུޑڰᅹਏ݀ǴӵᗡယεൈЕ؂ѳБϦЁѤΜԃ ᕴӅૈ෧Ͽ900ϦАޑΒ਼ϯᅹ (߄1-1)Ƕ

ฅԶ਺ճ๮ǵ࿤௵ǵ࠴۸߿(2011)௖૸ඳᢀᆘϯπำϐᅹىၞว౜Ǵ΋૓೏

ᇡࣁڀԖᅹ༊фૈޑᆘՅ෌ਭǴځπำ٠ߚԖਏޑ႟ᅹ܈ॄᅹπำǴځচӢӧܭ

ࡼπ໘ࢤឦ΋ԛ܄ǵอਔ໔ǵଯமࡋޑᅹ௨ܫǴܭԜ໘ࢤᔈуமࡼπಔᙃᆅ౛Ǵ Ꮓໆ෧Ͽၸำύޑᅹ௨ໆǹԶᎦៈᆅ౛໘ࢤ߾઻ਔߏǴऩૈӧߏԃᎦៈ໘ࢤύ଺

ډ׳ಒጏޑᆅ౛ǵ࿯ऊԋҁǴ൩ૈۯߏ٠ቚεᅹ༊фૈǴ٬෌ਭዴჴวච෧ᅹբ ҔǶϦӅπำߕឦޑᆘϯπำόՠ໪௦ᖼεໆޑᆘϯभЕǴ೚ӭ཰୍ൂՏલЮඳ ᢀ༜᛬஑཰Γ঩Ǵॄೢඳᢀᆘϯ཰୍ޑ௢୏୺ՉǴу΢βࡌ஑ߏࣁЬޑϦӅπำ Γ঩લЮ෌ނғᄊғ౛کਭ୻ᆅ౛ޑޕ᛽ǴᏤठך୯ϦӅπำύ෌ਭᆘϯ೛ीک ኟػ௦ᖼ฻࣬ᜢޑמೌࡼπǵᆢᆅೕጄ࡚ሡׯ๓ǵкჴکගϲǶ

ӣ៝ၸѐ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ǴᆘϯࣴزӭаඳᢀғᄊᏢǵඳᢀऍ፦ୃӳ฻౛ፕϪΕ૸

ፕǴჴ୍πำ୺Չޑ௖زࣗϿǴฅ࣬ၨܭځдฯᡏπำǴ෌ਭᆘϯπำϐ੝ਸ܄

ӧܭ෌ਭࣁғڮᡏǴڀԖғߏᆶԝΫ฻੝܄Ǵ༜᛬ᎦៈπբࢂؒԖЗნޑǴࢂၸ ำԶόࢂ੝ۓޑಖᗺǴӧπำᆅ౛ϐғڮຼයύȨࡼπȩϷȨᆢៈᆅ౛ȩࣁ෌ਭ ࡕុғߏࢂցؼӳޑᜢᗖǴऩૈӧԜ໘ࢤ຾Չؼӳޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛Ǵஒૈ୼Ԗਏۯߏ

෌ਭᆘϯޑфҔǶ

ၸѐӧϦӅπำύ෌ਭᆘϯ΋ޔ೏ຎࣁᚇ໨πำǴߏය҂ڙख़ຎǴҭ࿶த೏

ຎࣁࢂβЕࡌ೛ϐߕឦπำǴ܌аӧπำࠔ፦ᆅڋس಍ǵೕጄ܈ᔠᡍڋࡋ΢Ǵ֡

҂ளډ࣬ᜢൂՏϐख़ຎᆶ๱ᏀǴठ٬೚ӭמೌೕጄϷᔠᡍ኱ྗష໶ǵᙤᇤǴᏤठ ޑ่݀൩ࢂӄѠ᡼ᆘϯჴ୍מೌǵπݤᝄख़ᇤ໺ǴࡼπคݤዴჴǴаᙤࣁ҅Ǵߏ යᆘϯπբਏ݀όᄆǴᆘϯԋҁόᘐคਏ׫Ε(ᒘᱝ⸓Ǵ2006)Ƕ߈ԃٰӢ҉ុғ

3

ᄊࡘዊᑫଆǴ෌ਭᆘϯςᅌᅌԖΑܴዴޑ኱ޑᆶيϩǴӢԜǴҁЎஒࣴزЬᚒ೛

ۓࣁϦӅπำύ෌ਭᆘϯπำϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛Ǵаඳᢀ஑཰ჴ୍فࡋϪΕ௖૸Ƕ

җܭϦӅπำጄᛑᆶᅿᜪፄᚇӭኬǴځύᆘϯΞаၰၡᆘϯࣁനεےǶϦၡ ࡌ೛ςҗၸѐѝ๱ख़ܭၰၡπำǵа೯ՉࣁЬǴᒿ๱ਔжሡ؃Ǵ౜Ϟ೴ᅌᙯӛ໪

ӕਔڀഢຎ᝺ඳᢀཀຝ฻фૈǴঋ៝ၰၡඳᢀǵғᄊᕉნ٠຾ޑኳԄǴࢂа෌ਭǵ

ྣܴǵ੝ਸπݤ…฻׷਑Ǵ൳Яࣁၰၡπำ܌Ѹाϐ೛࿼໨ҞǶ

ҁፕЎ௖૸ϐϦӅπำᜪࠠᒧۓӧϦၡπำǴϦၡᆘϯᕉნచҹݔ౦ࡋࣗ

ଯǴόՠᐉၠࠤໂӚᅿғᄊఊࡋǴࣗԿԖଯࢎၰၡΠޜ໔ǵӦय़ϩ႖ᆘ৞ᆘ஥а Ϸၡ਒ϐ΢ΠᜐڵǴ෌ਭᆘϯ೛ीکਭ୻ᆅ౛ԵໆӢનࡐӭǴ෌ނۓਥғػ୷፦

చҹৡ౦ཱུεǶϦၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำڀԖځ੝ਸ܄Ǵڙډᕉნज़ڋठ٬෌ਭӧၨᝄ दϐᕉნύғߏǴӵғߏόؼᇸ߾Ꮴठၰၡඳᢀᗒड़Ǵᝄख़ਔࣗԿ཮Ԗၡᐋॹ ༥ǵ೷ԋཞ໾฻௃׎ǴӢԶ׳໪๱ख़ӧࡼπᆶᆢᆅ΢ϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛Ǵ୍ѸගϲϦӅ πำߕឦᆘϯπำޑ஑཰ჴ፬ૈໆکՉࡹໆૈǴаዴჴၲډ҉ុว৖ϐ౛ۺǶ

ಃ

ಃΒ࿯ǵࣴزҞޑ

୷ܭ߻ॊޑࣴز୏ᐒǴҁࣴزஒаଞჹϦၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำࣁ௖૸ჹຝǴ๱ख़ ܭࡼπϷᎦៈ໘ࢤϐπำᆅ౛ǴҁࣴزϐҞޑԖΒε໨Ǻ

΋ǵġ Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำϐ੝܄ϩ݋Ϸதـୢᚒϐ௖૸Ƕ

Βǵġ ଞჹϦၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำࠔ፦ᆅ౛س಍຾Չᔠ૸Ǵ٠ӧඳᢀ஑཰ჴ୍΢ග рׯ๓ࡌ᝼Ƕ

׆Ꮗҁࣴز่݀ஒё଺ࣁ҂ٰࣴᔕ෌ਭᆘϯπำ୺ՉϐୖԵǴ຾Զჹၰၡඳ ᢀԖ܌շ੻ǶҗԜٿঁ᝼ᚒϐ௖૸ǴٰගϲϦӅπำߕឦᆘϯπำࠔ፦Ǵပჴඳ ᢀғᄊϐ౛ۺཀ఼ǴၲډȨғᄊ҉ុว৖ǵബཥ୯βᆘӦࡹ฼ᕮਏǵ஥୏୔ୱ֡

ᑽว৖ǵബഢᓬ፦ғౢᆶғࢲᕉნȩϐҞ኱Ƕ

4

ಃ

ಃΟ࿯ǵࣴز೛ीᆶБݤ

კ 1-1ǵࣴزࢬำკ

ۯុࣴزҞޑǴҁࣴزϐࢬำ२Ӄஒӣ៝୷ҁ౛ፕǺ҉ុว৖౛ፕǵϦӅπ ำғڮຼයᆅ౛ǵၰၡғᄊᏢϷᆘϯπำ੝܄ǴᙖҗΒભၗ਑ϷЎ᝘ፕॊϐ࣬ϕ

૸ፕǴዴҥҁࣴزϐࢎᄬᆶҞ኱Ǵӆ຾Չჴሞਢٯ૸ፕᆶࣴ݋Ǵᙖаڗள΋ભၗ

਑Ǵ٩Ᏽ่݀ᆶ૸ፕٰࣴ݋౜Չ෌ਭᆘϯπำࠔ፦ᆅ౛୺Չय़ޑୢᚒǵલѨǴᙖ аගр࣬ᔈޑׯ๓ࡌ᝼Ƕ

ϦӅπำғڮຼයᆅ౛! ࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋ! Ϧၡғᄊᆶ෌ਭᆘϯ!

ୢᚒཀ᛽ᆶࣴزҞޑ!

࣬ᜢᏢ౛ᆶჴ୍୷ᘵӣ៝!

ዴҥࣴزࢎᄬᆶҞ኱!

ჴሞਢٯϩ݋ǵ࣬ᜢΓ঩ೖፋ! ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ၗ਑᏾౛!

Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำࠔ፦ᆅ౛س಍ୢᚒᆶϩ݋!

่ፕᆶࡌ᝼!

5

΋ǵġ Ў᝘ӣ៝ݤ

Ў᝘ၗ਑ϩ݋ࢂ΋ᅿ໔ௗࣴزБݤǴӧޗ཮ࣴزύ೏ቶࣁၮҔǶӢࣁӧ΋ۓ ޑज़ࡋϐϣǴѬёаᔅշךॺᕕှၸѐǵख़ࡌၸѐǴှញ౜ӧǴаϷ௢ෳஒٰǶ ԜᅿࣴزБݤΏࢂᙖҗ౛ፕ௖૸ύޑᏢޣҥፕࢎᄬࣁ୷ᘵǴჹ܌ᇆ໣ޑӚፕЎ๱

բᆶԛભၗ਑฻ࣁຑ݋ჹຝǴ܈ࢂճҔࡽԖޑፓ่ࢗ݀຾Չၗ਑ᔠ᛾ϩ݋ǴаϷ ݙΕঁΓᏢಞᆶࣴزޑЈளǴ᏾౛р΋঺ࣴزޑࡘၡǶ

ҁࣴز܌ӣ៝ϐЎ᝘ǴନΑ࣬ᜢሦୱϐ౛ፕǵᏢೌፕॊǵ๱բѦǴҭᇆ໣Ϧ ၡᕴֽӚπำೀᐕԛᆘऍϯᆢៈ૸ፕ཮᝼ϐ࣬ᜢၗ਑ǴᙖԜࣴ݋Ϧၡ෌ਭᆘϯπ ำϐதـલѨǴ٠ᆶᏢೌፕॊǵೖፋၗ਑࣬ϕ௖૸Ǵයૈפр෌ਭᆘϯπำલѨ ޑୢᚒᜢᗖǴ٠ගрёૈϐׯ๓฼ౣǶ

Βǵġ ుࡋೖፋ

җܭుࡋೖፋݤࢂᙖҗፋ၉ޑၸำٰΑှࢌ٤Γӧࢌ٤٣ǵՉ୏΢ޑᄊࡋک ղᘐၸำޑ΋ᅿБݤǴΨࢂ፦ϯࣴزύനதҔٰᇆ໣ၗ਑ޑБݤǶೖፋջࢂ΋ᅿ ԖҞޑޑፋ၉ǶMisherȐ1986ȑᇡࣁǴೖፋࢂ΋ᅿҬፋޑՉ୏Ǵࢂڙೖޣᆶೖፋ ޣӅӕࡌᄬཀကޑၸำǶڙೖޣ٠όࢂஒς࿶Ӹӧတੇύޑ૶Ꮻӵჴޑև౜ǴԶ

ࢂҔ΋ᅿдᇡࣁೖ঩ёа౛ှޑǵॊᇥࡺ٣ޑБԄǴѐख़ᄬдޑ࿶ᡍکᐕўǶ܌

аೖፋ٠όࢂஒӧೖፋϐ߻൩ς࿶Ӹӧޑ࠼ᢀ٣ჴࡩ௚рٰǴԶࢂόᘐӧϕ୏ၸ ำύബ೷ཥޑཀကǶ

ࣴزଞჹ෌ਭᆘϯπำ࣬ᜢ܍ᒤΓ঩ǵ୺ՉΓ঩຾ՉుࡋೖፋǴڙೖޣ୷ҁ

ၗ਑ӵ߄1-2Ƕ೸ၸъ่ᄬԄೖፋǴ၌ୢЬᒤπำљ฻Γჹܭ౜Չ෌ਭᆘϯπำ ࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋޑ࣮ݤᆶჴሞ࿶ᡍǴڗளπำ୺Չቫय़ϐಃ΋Ћၗ਑Ǵᘏڗჴሞ܍

ᒤΓ঩ޑჴ୍ಕᑈǵଛӝЎ᝘ӣ៝ᆶਢٯࣴزٰҬϕ૸ፕǶೖፋБԄஒ௦Ҕၨڀ ቸ܄ޑъ่ᄬԄೖፋǴ؂΋ՏೖፋჹຝԿϿೖፋ΋ԛǴೖፋ߻཮аႝ၉ႣӃ೯ ޕǴ٠஌วೖፋୢᚒεᆜǴ٬ჹຝԖкϩޑਔ໔ჹୢᚒ຾Չࡘ઩ǴаϷྗഢࣴز

6

ሡाޑਜय़ၗ਑Ƕೖፋࡕᆶڙೖޣߥ࡭ᖄ๎Ǵ٠཮٩ྣࣴزޑሡाჹܭᒪᅅ܈Ԗ ᅪୢޑၗ਑ǴӆࡋೖፋڙೖޣǴऩคݤֹԋ྽य़ೖፋǴ߾཮ׯаਜय़ೖፋඹжǶ

߄1-2ǵڙೖޣ୷ҁၗ਑

ڙೖޣጓဦ ܄ձ ܌ೀൂՏ ᙍᆀ

A ζ π୍ࢤ ऊႿπ୍঩

B ت π୍ࢤ շ౛π୍঩

C ζ π୍ࢤ ऊႿπ୍঩

D ζ πำೀ ୋπำљ

E ζ ᕴֽ ᔅπำљ

Οǵġ ਢٯࣴزݤ

Cresswell (2007)ஒ፦܄ਢٯࣴزۓကࣁǺȨࢂ΋ҽ፦܄ࣴزБݤڗ৩ޑࣴ

زǶࣴزޣӧ΋ঁ੝ۓጄൎس಍(΋ঁਢٯ)Ǵ܈ӭঁ੝ۓጄൎس಍(ኧঁਢٯ)ύ ᐕਔፓࢗǴ೸ၸ၁ಒޑӭϡၗૻٰྍ(ӵᢀჸǵೖፋǵຎ᠋׷਑ǵᆶЎҹکൔ֋)

຾Չుࡋၗ਑ᇆ໣ǴаਢٯඔॊᆶਢٯࣁЬᚒൔ֋ϐǶȩ

җܭࣴزЬᚒۓՏࣁϦၡ෌ਭᆘϯπำǴࣴزጄൎ఼ᇂӄ࣪ϦၡᆘϯπำǴ х֖ଯξǵੇᔭǵѳӦ฻Ǵ୷ӦᕉნӚ౦ǴЪπำࠠᄊҭёϩࣁཥࡌीฝࠠᆘϯ πำϷ࿶த܄ᎦៈπำǴπำϣ৒ࣣᒿӚᅿᕉნᆶ܄፦ԶԖ܌όӕǴӢԜҁࣴز ஒᒧڗٿঁж߄܄ϐ෌ਭᆘϯπำਢٯǺඳᢀׯ๓πำϷᆘऍϯᆢៈπำǴჴሞ

૸ፕ෌ਭᆘϯπำ୺Չय़ϐલѨǵୢᚒᆶ֚ᜤǴ٠๱ख़ӧࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋࡼՉޑ౜

ݩϷୢᚒϩ݋௖૸ǴᙖԜ૸ፕ౜Չࠔᆅس಍ᔈҔӧ෌ਭᆘϯπำύޑ፾Ҕ܄Ϸ໪

ׯ຾ϐೀǶ

7

ಃ

ಃѤ࿯ǵᜢᗖຒှញ

΋ǵġ ϦӅπำ

ᖐΥࡹ۬рၗǵೕჄჹܭ೿ѱǵ҇౲ޑ҂ٰғࢲࠔ፦Ԗׯ๓܈ࢂߥምޑπ ำǴ೿ёᘜયࣁϦӅπำǶ੟ကጄൎޑϦӅπำ߾߯٩Ȩࡹ۬௦ᖼݤȩ܌ۓကϐ ϦӅπำǴࡰࡹ۬ᐒᜢǵϦҥᏢਠǵϦᔼ٣཰ᑫᒤϐπำǴӧӦय़΢Πཥࡌǵቚ ࡌǵঅࡌǵܨନᄬ೷ނᆶځ܌ឦ೛ഢϷׯᡂԾฅᕉნϐՉࣁǴхࡴࡌᑐǵβЕǵ НճǵᕉნǵҬ೯ǵᐒఓǵႝ਻ǵϯπϷځд࿶ЬᆅᐒᜢᇡۓϐπำǶ

ϦӅπำё٩фૈϷ܄፦ٰϩᜪǶՉࡹଣ࿶ᔮࡌ೛ہ঩཮ஒࡹ۬ϦӅࡌ೛ϩ ԋ9ε೽ߐ23ᜪձǴԶՉࡹଣϦӅπำہ঩཮܌ጓӈϐȨϦӅࡌ೛πำ࿶຤՗ᆉ ጓӈচ߾ȩύ߾ஒϦӅπำ٩πำ܄፦ϩԋ19ᜪǴٿޣϩᜪ၁ـ߄ΒǵΟǶ

߄1-2ǵϦӅπำ٩фૈϩᜪ

ࡪфૈϩᜪ

ၭ཰ࡌ೛ ၭ཰ࡌ೛

೿ѱࡌ೛ ՐӻǵΠНၰǵ೿ѱ໒ว

Ҭ೯ࡌ೛ Ϧၡǵॉၰၮᒡǵૐޜǵෝߑǵၗૻ೯ߞǵᢀӀ Нճࡌ೛ Нၗྍǵٛࢫ௨Н

π୘ࡌ೛ π୘೛ࡼ

ૈྍ໒ว ݨ਻ǵႝΚ

Ў௲೛ࡼ ௲ػǵЎϯǵᡏػ

ᕉნߥៈ ڱ֣ೀ౛ǵԦࢉٛݯǵ୯ৎϦ༜

ፁғᅽճ ፁғᙴᕍǵޗ཮ᅽճ

ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣ࿶ᔮࡌ೛ہ঩཮

߄1-3ǵϦӅπำ٩܄፦ϩᜪ

ࡪ܄፦ϩᜪ

Ϧၡπำ ଯೲϦၡǵזೲϦၡǵ΋૓ၰၡ

៓ၡπำ ଯೲ៓ၡǵ΋૓៓ၡ(Ѡ៓៓ၡ) ᐏఉπำ Ϧၡᐏఉǵ៓ၡᐏኺǵ௘ၮᐏఉ ᒾၰπำ Ϧၡᒾၰǵ៓ၡᒾၰǵᒡНᒾၰ

8

ࡪ܄፦ϩᜪ

௘ၮس಍πำ ೿཮௘ၮǵᇸॉ៓ၡǵ೯༇៓ၡϷԾ୏ၰॉ௘ၮ ᐒ൑πำ ୯ሞᐒ൑ǵ୯ϣᐒ൑ǵλࠠᐒ൑

ෝ᡼πำ ୘ෝǵᅕෝǵैෝ

Н৤πำ βҡᡘǵషᏉβख़ΚᡘǵషᏉβࡱᡘ НΚวႝπำ ᄍதНΚǵܜᆽНΚ

ԾٰНπำ ୔ୱ܄ǵ೿ѱϷπ཰୔ԾٰНس಍

ݞο᏾ݯπำ Ьाݞοǵԛाݞο

ΠНၰπำ ೿ѱϷπ཰୔ԡ(ߘ)НΠНၰس಍

ԡНೀ౛ቷπำ ᆕӝ܄π཰୔ቲНೀ౛ቷǵৎ৥ԦНೀ౛ቷ กϯቷπำ ΋૓ৎЊڱ֣ၗྍӣԏቷ

௝শ൑πำ ፁғ௝শ൑

βБၗྍ൑πำ ΋૓ϦӅࡌ೛πำ܌ሡϐॷβ൑ϷβБၗྍ୴࿼൑

ξڵӦ໒วπำ ΋૓ξڵӦ໒วπำ

ࡌᑐπำ ୯҇ՐӻǵՐ୘εኴǵᒤϦεኴ

π཰୔໒วπำ ΋૓π཰୔ǵᔭੇπ཰୔ǵᚆ৞π཰୔

ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣϦӅπำہ঩཮

Βǵġ ෌ਭᆘϯπำ

җ߄Βǵ߄Οёаว౜Ǵҁࣴز܌௖૸ϐȨ෌ਭᆘϯπำȩӧϦӅπำޑጄ ᛑ྽ύ٠҂೏ӈࣁ΋ঁ໨ҞǴԜΏӢࣁ෌ਭᆘϯπำεӭ೏ᇡࣁࢂӚᅿ໒วπำ ޑߕឦπำǴӵၰၡᆘϯǵࡌᑐ୷Ӧڬᜐᆘϯ฻฻Ƕ

෌ਭᆘϯπำǴҭёᆀբȨ෌ਭπำȩǵȨᆘϯπำȩ܈Ȩ෌ғπำȩǴ٠

҂ Ԗ ಍ ΋ ϐ Ӝ ຒ Ǵ Զ Ꮲ ೌ ΢ Ԗ ၨ ܴ ዴ ۓ က ޑ Ώ Ȩ ෌ ғ π ำ ȩ (vegetation engineering)ǴȨ෌ғȩȐvegetationȑΞᆀȨ෌೏ȩǴ߯ࢌ΋Ӧ୔ғߏϐ܌Ԗ෌

ނޑᕴکǴ੝ձࢂࡰӦ߄य़܌ғߏϐ૛ᜪǵᑱᜪǵឲЕϷൈЕ฻ଯ฻෌ނ Ƕ෌

ғπำ߯ࡰࣴز෌ғࡼπϐჹຝǴᒧڗ፾ەғߏϐ෌ғ׷਑Ǵଛӝ୷ᘵᆶߥៈπ ำϐᄬ࿼Ϸ෌ғᏤΕբ཰Ǵঈၲډ෌ғ೛ीҞޑϐБݤᆶמೌ(݅ߞ፵Ǵ2012)Ƕ

ӧ఼က΢Ǵ܌ᒏϐ෌ғπำᜪ՟Вҁϐᆘϯπำ܈ᆘϯπמೌǴҞ߻ᆵ᡼Ӧ

୔ҭע෌ғπำᆶᆘϯπำϐϣ఼ຎࣁ࣬฻࣮ࡑ(݅ߞ፵Ǵ2012)ǶฅԶȨ෌ғπ

9

ำȩϐۓကၨឦܭғᄊൺػޑጄᛑǴҁࣴز܌ᆀϐȨ෌ਭᆘϯπำȩ߾௦ၨࣁቶ ݱϐۓကǴх֖Αඳᢀຎ᝺ޑऍϯϷғᄊᕉნޑߥػǴ٠ஒ੝ձ๱ख़ӧ෌ނϐπ ำޑ௖૸ǹԜѦǴҁࣴزଞჹϐ௖૸ჹຝࣁ෌ނ׷਑ϐᅿ෌Ǵ٠όхࡴ΋૓ඳᢀ ᆘϯπำ܌఼ᇂϐฯᡏ೛ࡼǴӢԜ௦аȨ෌ਭᆘϯπำ(Planting Engineering)ȩ ᆀϐǶ෌ਭᆘϯπำ܌٬Ҕϐ෌ނ׷਑ޑᅿᜪх֖ൈЕǵឲЕǵ૛޸ϷӦ೏෌ނǴ πำεठёϩࣁΟঁ೽ϩǺ෌ਭ߻යբ཰(х֖෌ਭ୷ᘵπำ)ǵ෌ਭᅿ෌բ཰Ϸ

෌ਭᆢៈᆶᆅ౛Ǵ෌ਭᆘϯπำ੝܄ᆶጄᛑஒܭҁࣴزಃΟക຾Չ၁ಒޑ૸ፕǶ

ಃ

ಃϖ࿯ǵࣴزጄᛑᆶᆶज़ڋ

ҁࣴز܌ᆀϐϦၡջࢂࡰ߄1-3ύਢ܄፦ϩᜪϐଯೲϦၡǵזೲϦၡϷ΋૓

ၰၡπำǴ٩ᏵϦၡݤǴϦၡࡰٮً፶೯ՉϐၰၡϷځҔӦጄൎϣϐӚ໨೛ࡼǴ хࡴ୯ၰǵ࣪ၰǵᑜၰǵໂၰϷ஑ҔϦၡǶ୯ၰࡰᖄ๎Β࣪ (ѱ) а΢ǴϷख़ा

ෝαǵᐒ൑ǵᜐٛख़ᙼǵ୯ሞҬ೯ᆶख़ाࡹݯǵ࿶ᔮύЈϐЬाၰၡǹ࣪ၰࡰᖄ

๎Βᑜ (ѱ) а΢ǵ࣪ሞҬ೯Ϸख़ाࡹݯǵ࿶ᔮύЈϐЬाၰၡǹᑜၰࡰޑ߾ࢂ

ᖄ๎ᑜ (ѱ) Ϸᑜ (ѱ) ᆶख़ाໂ (ᙼǵѱ) ໔ϐၰၡǹໂၰࣁᖄ๎ໂ (ᙼǵѱ) Ϸ ໂ (ᙼǵѱ) ᆶ׸ǵٚǵচՐ҇೽ပ໔ϐၰၡǹԶ஑ҔϦၡ߾ࡰӚϦدᐒᄬҙፎ ϦၡЬᆅᐒᜢਡ঑ᑫࡌǴ஑ٮځҁيၮᒡϐၰၡǶ

ࣴزᒧڗϐਢٯᆶ௖૸ჹຝ߯ଞჹϦၡᕴֽᗄϣ܌ᆅጄൎ຾Չࣴ݋Ǵх֖࣪

ၰϷזೲၰၡǶۯុҁࣴزጔଆᆶୢᚒǴၸѐ෌ਭᆘϯӧϦӅπำሦୱ྽ύ΋ޔ

೏ຎࣁᚇ໨πำ܈ࢂߕឦπำǴӢғᄊᕉߥࡘዊޑᑫଆǴӧ҉ុϦӅπำޑਡЈ

ࢎᄬ྽ύǴ෌ਭᆘϯ೴ᅌԖΑၨܴዴޑ኱ޑᆶيϩǴӵՖૈ୼ዴჴၲډ෌ਭᆘϯ πำޑჴሞਏ੻ǴࣁҁࣴزനЬाϐࣴز኱ޑǴӢԶࣴز၂კӣᘜډπำࠔᆅ஑

཰ٰ૸ፕ෌ਭᆘϯπำޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋǴаπำൂՏჴሞ୺ՉϐᢀᗺрวǴ२Ӄ

೸ၸ࣬ᜢᏢ౛୷ᘵکཷۺጄᛑޑࣚۓࡌҥࣴزޑҥፕ୷ᘵǴௗុཷॊϦၡ෌ਭᆘ ϯπำϐ੝܄ᆶதـୢᚒǴനࡕаਢٯϩ݋ٰᔠຎϦӅπำࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋޑၮҔ

10

ࢂցૈ୼Ԗਏගϲ෌ਭᆘϯޑࠔ፦ǻҞ߻୺ՉޑԋਏӵՖǻࢂցԖځόى܈ۘ

ࡑׯ຾ϐೀǻനࡕ٩Ᏽ่݀ගр่ፕᆶࡌ᝼Ƕ

ࣴزϐ௖૸ჹຝ߯ଞჹϦၡᕴֽϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋ୺Չᒤ౛௃׎຾Չ૸ፕǴࣴ

ز่ፕԖځᔈҔϐज़ڋǴ҂ૈֹ᏾঺ҔԿځдϦၡπำᐒᜢǴӵଯೲϦၡֽǵ୯ ၰཥࡌπำֽ฻Ƕࣴزፕॊ߯аЬᒤᐒᜢϐفࡋрวǴӧࣴزБݤύᗨ௦аਢٯ

ࣴزݤᆶೖፋБԄǴՠ໻યΕЬᒤπำљ฻Γ(ҘБ)ϐཀـǴ٠҂຾Չࡼπቷ୘

(ΌБ)ೖୢǶЪҗܭϦၡπำёϩࣁཥࡌᆶᎦៈπำٿε೽ϩǴҁࣴزҭ໻ଞჹ Ꭶៈπำ຾Չ௖૸Ǵ٠҂఼ᇂཥππำǴჹܭཥࡌϦၡπำύ෌ਭᆘϯπำޑ੝

ਸ܄҂ૈԖ຾΋؁ుΕӦ௖زǴӵ௦ᖼǵ׫኱БԄǶԜѦǴҁࣴز߯ଞჹȨϦၡ ᕉნȩϐ෌ਭᆘϯπำǴځдᆘϯπำϐᕉნǴӵϦ༜ǵහ݅୔฻ࣣԖ܌ৡ౦Ǵ ҁࣴزϐ่݀໻ૈගٮ೽ϩୖԵǴࣰ҂ٰஒԖ׳ӭ෌ਭᆘϯπำϐ࣬ᜢࣴزǴа ճԜ΋ࣴزሦୱϐֹ᏾ᆶ຾৖Ƕ

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ಃ

ಃΒക Ў᝘ӣ៝Ǻ࣬ᜢᏢ౛୷ᘵکཷۺጄᛑޑࣚۓ

ۯុಃ΋കᆣፕ܌ගϐࣴزҞޑᆶࢬำǴҁകஒ٩ׇӣ៝҉ុว৖౛ፕǵπ ำғڮຼයᆅ౛ǵπำࠔ፦ᆅ౛Ϸמೌೕጄ࣬ᜢϣ৒ǴаϷϦၡඳᢀ࣬ᜢ౛ፕӵ ၰၡғᄊᏢǵ෌ਭᆘϯπำᆢៈᆅ౛฻य़ӛǴനࡕஒа҉ុว৖բࣁ૸ፕ୷ᘵǴ ᆕӝ૸ፕҁࣴز܌ట௖૸ϐ᝼ᚒ─෌ਭᆘϯπำϐׯ๓Ƕ

ಃ΋࿯ǵġ҉ុϦӅπำϐϣ఼Ϸჴ፬

΋ǵ҉ុว৖(Sustainable development)

҉ុว৖౛ۺ҅Ԅ೏ගрǴࢂӧ1987 ԃᖄӝ୯ȨШࣚᕉნϷว৖ہ঩཮ȩ ȐWorld Commission on Environmental and DevelopmentǴWCEDȑว߄ӧȨךॺ Ӆӕޑ҂ٰȩȐOur Common FutureȑޑѲើ੝ൔ֋ȐBrundtland ReportȑύǴځ ஒ҉ុว৖ۓကࣁǺȨૈᅈى྽жሡ؃ǴӕਔόཞϷ҂ٰШжᅈىځሡाޑว৖

БԄȩǴ၀ൔ֋٠ᇡࣁȨΓᜪӅӕϐ҂ٰѝԖӧ҉ុޑ౛ۺΠǴࣁᕉნߥៈᆶ࿶

ᔮว৖൨פр࣬৒ϐၰǴБԖёૈȩǴ၂კ٬ᕉნߥៈᆶ࿶ᔮว৖ঋ৒٠ӸǶ҉

ុว৖൨؃࿶ᔮว৖ǵᕉნߥៈϷޗ཮҅ကΟεय़ӛޑѳᑽǴᆶπ཰ॠڮаٰΓ ᜪ۴ܺԾฅޑࡘᆢǴჹᕉნǵၗྍϒڗϒ؃а؃࿶ᔮว৖ǴԖཱུεৡձǴ҉ុว

৖மፓШж໔ޑѳᑽǴΨख़ຎжϣ࿶ᔮǵᕉნϷޗ཮όӕय़ӛޑѳᑽǴ٬ள҉ុ

ว৖ޑཷۺගрࡕᒿջЇଆቶε଑ៜǴ߈ΒΜԃٰ҉ុว৖᝼ᚒ࡭ុ೏૸ፕǴቶ ݱᔈҔܭӚঁሦୱǶ

׵҉৖(2002a)ᘜ่раΠ൳ᗺ҉ុว৖ޑۓကǺ

(΋) ᅈى྽жϐሡाǴԶόཞϷࡕжᅈىځሡाޑว৖ᐒ཮ȐѲើጪۓကȑ Ȑthe Brundtland definitionȑȐWCED, 1987ȑǶ

(Β) ӧόຬрᆢ࡭ځғᄊس಍ޑ৒ڙΚΠׯ๓Γᜪޑғࢲࠔ፦Ȑ IUCN,

12

UNEP, and WWF, 1991ȑǶ

(Ο) ว৖ޑ៾ճᔈ၀೏ჴ౜ǴаߡϦѳӦᅈى྽жϷࡕжη৊ޑว৖ᆶᕉნ ሡ؃ȐȠٚऊ࠹قȡಃΟచচ߾ȑǶ

(Ѥ) ࣁჴ౜҉ុว৖Ǵᕉნߥៈᔈ೏ຎࣁ᏾ᡏว৖ޑ΋೽ҽǴԶЪόᔈᐱҥ ܭว৖ϐѦȐȠٚऊ࠹قȡಃѤచচ߾ȑǶ

(ϖ) ዴߥғࢲӧȨᕉნЋࢤȩȐenvironmental meansȑϐϣޑว৖Ϸ੃຤Ǵ ԖਔΨё߄ၲࣁ٩ᒘᕉნȨճ৲ȩԶόࢂȨҁߎȩԶғࢲȐSmith &

Williams, 1998ȑǶ

(Ϥ) ᅈىߥៈᕉნϷ੃ନ೦ጁޑᚈख़ा؃ȐMcLaren et al., 1998ȑǶ

(Ύ) Γᜪ໪ӧᕉნ৒ڙΚޑज़ڋΠǴࡌᄬϦѳޑޗ཮ǵߦ຾࿶ᔮޑਏ౗Ǵа ගܹΓᜪޑғࢲࠔ፦Ǵ…ԜΞёှ᠐ࣁȨғᄊǵғࢲǵғౢȩޑȨΟ ғȩǹΟғᔈࡌᄬӧᡏڋȐݤзڋࡋȑϐΠǴԜջȨΟғ΋ᡏȩޑ҉

ុว৖ڂጄȐ׵҉৖Ǵ2001ȑǶ

҉ុว৖ޑ౛ۺଆྍǴᗨฅаᕉნᜢᚶբࣁрวЬືǴฅԶҞ߻ޑว৖᝼ᚒ ς࿶ᘉкԿ࿶ᔮᆶޗ཮฻࣬ᜢሦୱǴӕਔǴΨѸ໪ၠຫӚᅿᏢࣚ຾ՉวقǴගр

᏾ӝޑӅӕՉ୏Ƕ٣ჴ΢Ǵ҉ុว৖٠ߚ໻ࢂൂપޑᕉნߥػՉ୏฼ౣǴ׳ा؃

аӭኬϣ఼ǵၠሦୱޑᢀۺ᏾ӝǴа؃ᕉნǵ࿶ᔮǵޗ཮໔ޑѳᑽว৖(׵҉

৖,2002b)ǶԜѦᕉნ࿶ᔮᏢޣHerman Daly ࡰр҉ុว৖ޑచҹ(ఉⲦǴ2009)Ǻ

(΋) ёӆғၗྍޑ٬Ҕ౗όຬၸдॺޑ׳ཥ౗Ƕ

(Β) όёӆғၗྍޑ٬Ҕ౗όຬၸёӆғඹжࠔޑࣴᇙೲ౗Ƕ

(Ο) Ԧࢉ௨ܫ౗όຬၸᕉნޑ੃ϯ֎ԏૈΚ

(Ѥ) ၗྍૈϦѳϷଯਏ౗Ӧ٬ҔǴᅈىΓᜪϐሡ؃Ƕ

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࿶ᔮǵޗ཮Ϸࣽמޑว৖ӵՖᆶԾฅᕉნၲډѳᑽǵӅғӅᄪࢂࣁ౜Ϟ҉ុ

ว৖ޑനεፐᚒǴ҅ӵHerman Daly܌قǴଓ؃ၗྍϦѳଯਏ٠ӝە٬Ҕᔈࢂπ ำύനࣁਡЈޑҞ኱Ƕ

Β

Βǵ҉ុϦӅπำ

٩ᏵȨ҉ុว৖ȩޑჴ፦ཀ఼Ǵځཀკᙁقϐջࢂట෧ϿΓᜪޑᅹىၞǵ࿯

ऊૈྍǵ٠٬Ҕ׳ϿޑၗྍϷଯਏ٬Ҕ฻Ǵӕਔᡣࡌᑐک୷ᘵ೛ࡼჹΓॺᆶӦౚ ᕉნ׳ࣁ϶๓ǶࣁΑჴ౜೭٤Ҟ኱Ǵ౜Ϟޑࡌ೛Ка۳ҺՖਔж೿׳у٩ᒘࣽמ ޑബཥǴӵཥԄޑ׷਑ǵπำϩ݋ᆅ౛ǵᔼࡌၗૻኳࠠǵԾ୏ϯ௓ڋǵӦ౛ၗૻ

س಍܈ૈྍ઻ཞᅱ௓……฻Ƕࣽמ࡭ុബཥว৖ǴஒёаЍජВ੻ቚߏϐ҉ុว

৖ޑౢ཰Ǵߦ٬׳ӭޑϦӅπำೕჄ೛ीکࡼπૈပჴૈྍਏ౗ک෧Ͽၗྍੁ຤

ޑ௃׎ǴаᅈىΓᜪғࢲǵπբکၯ኷ޑሡ؃Ƕ

ᕉნ᝼ᚒӧԐයϦӅࡌ೛ޑ௢୏ၸำύǴࢂ৒ܰ೏۹ౣޑፐᚒǴ׳೏πำ஑

཰ຎࣁట۴ܺޑჹຝǶฅԶǴӧ҉ុࡘᆢ೴؁Їሦว৖ޑਔжǴӵՖᆶԾฅᚈគ ӅӸǴςԋࣁ౜Ϟࡌԋᕉნ҉ុ࿶ᔼख़ाޑ΋ᕉǶ

҉ុว৖ςฅԋࣁШࣚӚ୯ଓ؃ޗ࿶ว৖ਔѸ໪٩ൻޑӺ߾Ǵ᠙ܭԜǴբࣁ ୯ϣπำനଯࡰᏤᐒᄬޑϦӅπำہ঩཮߈ԃٰ๱ЋೕჄ୯ϣϦӅπำВࡕ܌

ᔈᒥൻϐচ߾ǴӧගϲΓ҇ғࢲࠔ፦ޑӕਔǴΨठΚܭၲډޗ཮ǵᕉნᆶ࿶ᔮΟ य़ӛޑѳᑽว৖ǶՉࡹଣ97ԃ11Д11ВਡൺȨ҉ុϦӅπำɡ࿯ૈ෧ᅹࡹ฼қҜ ਜȩύ҉ុϦӅπำϐۓကࢂࡰ಄ӝᕉნߥػǵޗ཮Ϧကک࿶ᔮԋߏ܌ೕჄǵࡌ

࿼ǵᔼၮᆶᆅ౛ϐϦӅπำǶځࡹ฼Ҟ኱Ԗ6໨Ǻ

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(΋) ௢୏҉ុϦӅπำǴပჴ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ౛ۺǶ

(Β) ࡌҥ࿯ૈ෧ᅹຑ՗ᆶ،฼ᡏسǴԖਏճҔၗྍǶ

(Ο) ว৖а܄ૈࣁᏤӛϐϦӅπำǴႴᓰബཥࣽמǶ

(Ѥ) ࡌᄬࡽԖϦӅ೛ࡼᆢៈᆅ౛ڋࡋǴඓඝ୯ৎၗౢǶ

(ϖ) ௢୏ϦӅ೛ࡼۯტीฝǴගଯਏૈᆶტڮǶ

(Ϥ) уம҉ុϦӅπำዛᓰᆶ࠹ᏤᡏسǴ׎ԋ௢୏ΚໆǶ

ϦӅࡌ೛ӧҞޑ΢ڀԖ୍ܺϦ౲ޑϦ੻܄፦ǴฅԶϦӅπำޑ୺Չᆶၸำჹ ܭᕉნԶقϝ཮೷ԋ໾্ǴόᆅπำޑೕኳελǴவᔼࡌࡼπډᆅ౛ᆢៈޑӚ໘ ࢤǴ೿཮઻Ҕεໆޑၗྍ٠ჹᕉნ೷ԋόӕำࡋޑቹៜǶय़ჹ྽߻ޑᕉნࡷᏯǴ

໺಍ޑᙑࡘᆢς࿶ό಄ӝਔжሡ؃ǴѸ໪ख़ཥᔠ૸ፓ᏾Ǵஒ҉ុว৖ޑཷۺЇΕ ډϦӅπำғڮຼයޑᆅ౛྽ύǴջࣁӢᔈ᏾ᡏᕉნᖿ༈ޑಃ΋؁Ƕ

Ȩ҉ុϦӅπำȩࢂࡰа಄ӝȨᕉნߥػȩǵȨޗ཮ϦကȩکȨ࿶ᔮว৖ȩ Οঁ౛ۺࡌ࿼ǵᔼၮᆶᆅ౛ϐϦӅπำǴ٠аȨ࿯ૈ෧ᅹȩբࣁਡЈ௢୏ޑख़ᗺǶ ٩ᏵϦӅπำہ঩཮ܭ2008ԃϐȨࡌҥ҉ុϦӅπำࡰ኱س಍ϐࣴزȩीฝϣ

৒Ǵ҉ុϦӅπำёϩࣁ 8εࡰ኱ᆶ 17ঁԛࡰ኱ǴΖεࡰ኱ϩձࣁӼӄࡰ኱ǵ ਏ੻ࡰ኱ǵғᄊࡰ኱ǵ࿯ૈࡰ኱ǵ෧ቲࡰ኱ǵऐΦࡰ኱ǵΓЎࡰ኱ᆶബཀࡰ኱(კ 2-1)ǶҗԜ΋ࡰ኱س಍ёаว౜Ǵ҉ុϦӅπำޑᜢᗖ౛ۺǴӧܭᆢ࡭ϦӅ೛ࡼ

ᔈԖ୍ܺࠔ፦ᆶ٬Ҕਏ੻ޑচ߾ΠǴ೸ၸჹԖज़ၗྍޑԖਏճҔǵΞफ़եჹ᏾ᡏ ᕉნޑቹៜǹҭႴᓰ཰ࣚวචቺ୯໱Ƿ᚟ণլȠѤ७ኧ--ၗྍ٬Ҕ෧ъǴΓ҇ᅽ

ࣸу७ȡ౛ۺǴၮҔࣽמࣴวബཥ׷਑ǵബཥπݤǴᡣ཰ࣚӧၲܭᕉნߥៈǵ࿯

ૈ෧ᅹϐሞǴᗋૈബཥว৖ǵගϲ୯ሞᝡݾΚ(πำ཮Ǵ2008)Ƕ

҉ុϦӅπำࢂѠ᡼ޑϦӅπำӢᔈ᏾ᡏᕉნᖿ༈ޑಃ΋؁Ƕӧ᏾ᡏᕉნ҉

ុว৖߻ගΠǴ໺಍ϦӅπำޑᙑࡘᆢ-ΓۓയϺᢀۺǴΨ೴؁ፓ᏾ǴׯаᆘՅ

15

ϣ఼ᆶғڮຼයຑ՗(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)ϩ݋ࡌᄬ಄ӝ࿯ૈ෧ᅹޑҞ

኱Ǵ٠ගٮӢᔈ҂ٰؠ্Ϸᕉნᖿ༈ޑ୷ᘵᆶБӛǶӧࡕុക࿯ύஒᇥܴ҉ុϦ ӅπำϐਡЈࢎᄬᆶѤ໨ᆘՅϣ఼Ǵ٠௖૸෌ਭᆘϯπำӧځύ܌תᄽϐفՅǶ

კ 2-1ǵ҉ុϦӅπำࡰ኱(ϦӅπำہ঩཮Ǵ2008)

Ο

Οǵ҉ុϦӅπำϐᆘՅϣ఼

҉ុϦӅπำаȨӄғڮຼයȩࣁਡЈࢎᄬǴவϦӅπำीฝޑёՉ܄ຑ՗ǵ

ೕჄ೛ी೛ीǵπำࡼπǵᆢៈᆅ౛ǴΏԿܭҺ୍ಖЗ฻໘ࢤǴஒ҉ុว৖Ϸ࿯

ૈ෧ᅹޑԵໆયΕ؂΋໨ᕉ࿯Ǵ٠аӄғڮຼයࣁ΋᏾ᡏ຾Չ᏾ӝ܄ޑࡘԵᆶೕ

ჄǶπำ཮ନΑࡌᄬрֹ᏾ޑࢎᄬᡣ୯ϣπำࣚளа٩ൻϐѦǴΨ๱౳ܭҥ୷ܭ

੃຤ᆄޑᅹىၞϩ݋ે๎Ǵගᆜ৽ሦӦஒ΢ॊޑϦӅπำӄғڮຼයᆅ౛ᐚᕭࣁ Ѥ໨ᆘՅϣ఼ǺᆘՅᕉნǵᆘՅπݤǵᆘՅ׷਑ϷᆘՅૈྍ(ӵკ2-2ǵ2-3)Ƕ

ĵĶ ĵĶ ĵĶ ĵĶĵĶ ĵĶ ĵĶ ĵĶ

⩇…

㐆䖈

䏝〉

䩾侻

㳙ⶠ

从ᴃ ᵸ㑅 ℳ⿍

ĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĵĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶĶ

侻

x㑻ⲣ⩇…

xḽ䏦⩇…_{㗇⃧ⲣ䣉㫶䵊}

僅䩾侻㳙䝱⪤

宨㐆䖈ᴉḚ㽸

x㔭塾乌⇔

x㑅⇔䔺⬓

x㫏䗼⊁僅

x⍿宨 xⶴ➻

x㐆䖈夓ᷮ

x弧䐴塍㣟

x㟋㛻䱞⇔

x䏝䄧⟘㣡 x⚸◮ẛ㫲

x侻㵎㗇㐆⃧䏦 x㖽ᶡ侻㵎⃧䏦

xⶠ㞂䄧㳙悍 x宅㵎⁋⃧䏦

㫶䵊

‪ ⲣ䣉

16

კ2-2ǵ҉ុϦӅπำਡЈࢎᄬᆶҞ኱

კ2-3ǵ҉ុϦӅπำᆘՅϣ఼ࡰ኱ᆶۓက კТٰྍǺhttp://ecopark.gold-joint.com/project.php

ӣᘜډҁࣴزЬᚒȨ෌ਭᆘϯπำȩǴёаว౜࣬ၨܭځдࡌ೛πำϐ܄፦Ǵ

෌ਭᆘϯπำҁيջх֖ΑᆘՅϣ఼ޑҁ፦Ǵځύၨࣁ࣬ᜢޑࡰ኱─ᆘՅᕉნǴ аΠ੝ձගр௖૸Ƕ

ᆘՅᕉნ൩ӷय़ཀကԶقǴёаۓကࣁᆶচԖޑԾฅғᄊکᒋӅӸǵڀғڮ Κᆶ଼நޑғᄊᕉნǴ҉ុϦӅπำޑȨᆘՅᕉნȩۓကࣁǺ಄ӝᕉߥǵ࿯ૈǵ

଼நаϷᆶচԖޑԾฅғᄊکᒋӅӸޑ϶๓ᕉნǶᆘՅᕉნޑᔼ೷ǴନΑচԖғ ᄊᕉნޑߥػаϷ࿯ૈ෧ᅹޑҞ኱ϐѦǴჹܭ਻ংޑፓ࿯ᆶғࢲᕉნࠔ፦ޑගϲ

฻ҭڀԖ࣬྽շ੻ǶԶӧ҉ុϦӅπำᆛઠѤ໨ᆘՅϣ఼ޑϟಏύǴஒȨᆘՅᕉ ნᔼ೷ȩޑբݤᆶࡘԵБӛǵբݤ၂ӈᖐӵΠ߄Ǻ

17

߄2-1ǵᆘՅᕉნᔼ೷ᆶࡘԵБӛ

ࡰ ኱

໨ Ҟ ࡰ኱໨Ҟϐբݤ

ᆘ Յ ᕉ ნ

ຑ՗ӝ౛ᔼࡌೕ

ኳǴफ़եჹғᄊ ᕉნޑፂᔐ

πำޑѸा܄ᆶᒧ֟ࣁ΋໒ۈջѸ໪Ӄዴჴຑ՗ᆶᔠ ຎѦǴӧᔼࡌೕኳ΢ǴΨѸ໪ԵໆനλЪӝ౛ޑᔼࡌೕ

ኳǶ

଑ᗉǵ෧ᇸǵံ

ᓭচ߾

πำᒧ֟Ϸ୔ୱჄ೛ਔჹጄൎϣϐख़ाғᄊᕉნ܈ғ ᄊ௵ག୔ᔈ຾Չ଑ᗉǶคݤֹӄ଑ᗉ߾ᅰёૈ෧ᇸπ ำჹᕉნޑፂᔐǴ٠ԵໆࡕុჹচԖᕉნޑံᓭբࣁǶ ғᄊᕉნߥػ ჹܭচԖғᄊᕉნȐӵǺ୏෌ނ෈Ӧᆶғᄊس಍ȑу

аᆢៈǴफ़եԦࢉǵᔼ೷ғނӭኬ܄ᕉნǶ

ඳᢀᆘϯ

ܭ୷ӦϣԾฅβቫаϷ࣬ᜢ೛ࡼ΢ϐᙟβቫਭᅿ፾྽

ϐӚᅿ෌ނǴቚуᆘϯϐय़ᑈǶඳᢀᆘϯନૈ୼ऍϯ ᕉნǵፓ࿯ྕࡋǵගଯᕉნ๤፾ࡋѦǴӕਔΨڀԖᑈ

ཱུޑڰᅹਏ݀Ƕ

෌ਭё௦Ҕচғނᅿ຾Չ෌ғᆘϯǴ٠аߥៈচԖ౜

Ӧ෌ਭᆶ߄βǴϷ౜Ӧ෌ਭ౽෌Կִ፾Ӧᗺ຾Չᆘϯ ࣁচ߾ǶԜѦǴ຾Չ෌ਭਔǴҭᔈຑ՗෌ނޑғӸ੝

܄ᆶᕉნሡ؃ٰ೛ी෌ਭޑᕉნǶ

୷ӦߥН ִ๓ޑ୷Ӧ௨Н೛ीԖਏ෧Ͽफ़ߘϐӦ߄೵ࢬǴफ़ե ΠෞНၡ೵ࢬϐॄ಻Ǵ٠ගϲӦΠН਼֖ਏ੻Ƕ

௦ҔϺฅ׷਑

Ϻฅ׷਑ޑᔈҔࣁᔼ೷ᆘՅᕉნϐख़ाբݤǴᗉխၸ ӭޑΓࣁ೷ނޑࡼբǴ೸ၸεໆԾฅᕉნύӚ໨Ϻฅ

׷਑Ǵӵڵ௠ᆛय़෌ғ௦Ҕ޸૛ᐋЕ܈༧ҡ฻ᔈҔǶ

෧Ͽᜐڵ໒ࡩ

ჹܭς࿶ᛙۓޑᜐڵᏃໆόуаᘋ୏Ǵаफ़եࡼπჹ π֟ᕉნϐቹៜǴᆢ࡭চԖᜐڵᛙۓ٠٬ຼᎁᕉნڙ ډߥៈǶ

࿯ૈ೛ी

௦Ҕ࿯ૈ೛ഢȐӵ࣪ႝᐩڀǵ࿯Нး࿼ȑफ़եૈྍ੃

઻ѦǴёаวචബཀǴ೸ၸჹࡌᑐނᡏޑ೛ीǴബ೷

΋ঁԾฅޑ࿯ૈ෧ᅹޑᕉნǶᕅय़෌ғᆘϯᆶᆘࡂഗ ޑ೛ीǴҭёаԖਏ֎ԏ዗ᒟ৔ၲډ࿯ૈ෧ᅹޑਏ݀Ƕ

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ҉ុϦӅπำᆛઠǴҁࣴز᏾౛

ځύȨඳᢀᆘϯȩ΋࿯Ǵջ߄ܴΑ෌ਭᆘϯӧᆘՅᕉნᔼ೷ύޑख़ा܄Ǵ෌

ਭҁيջж߄ΑᆘՅϣ఼྽ύޑᆘՅ੝፦ǴԜѦǴ೸ၸ෌ਭᆘϯޑ೛࿼Ǵҭёၲ

18

ډᆘՅᕉნᔼ೷ޑځдਏ݀ǴӵǺ୷ӦߥНǵғᄊᕉნߥػǵ࿯ૈ೛ी฻ǶѤ໨

ᆘՅϣ఼ޑࡰ኱໨Ҟ྽ύǴ෌ਭᆘϯҭёբࣁ΋ᅿᆘՅ׷਑ǴԶ෌ਭᆘϯπำӧ ቶက΢ٰᇥΨёᆀբࢂᆘՅπݤǴ෌ਭޑᅿ෌ӕਔΨૈၲډ࿯ऊૈྍޑਏ݀Ƕ

Ȩ෌ਭᆘϯπำȩᗨฅӧ౜Ϟπำ஑཰ύ࿶຤܈ೕኳ܌՞КٯၨλǴฅԶК ଆځдβࡌπำǴ෌ਭᆘϯ܌ౢғޑਏ੻ӧϦӅπำ҉ុว৖ǵ࿯ૈ෧ᅹޑҞ኱

྽ύǴନΑࢂѸाޑЋࢤᆶၸำǴҭࢂЬा኱ޑϐ΃ǴӢԜёаᇥࢂ҉ុϦӅπ ำ྽ύޑਡЈᜢᗖǶբࣁϦӅπำޑᜪࠠϐ΃Ǵ෌ਭᆘϯπำӧځȨӄғڮຼ

යȩǴҭջೕჄǵ೛ीǵࡼπᆶᆢៈ໘ࢤΨ཮Ԗၗྍ੃઻ǵᅹ௨ܫ฻௃׎วғǴ ӢԜ୺Չؼӳޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛ஒԖշ෧Ͽၗྍޑ઻ཞǴ٠ߦ຾ᆘϯਏ੻ޑวචǴΠ΋

࿯྽ύஒଞჹӄғڮຼයϷࠔ፦ᆅ౛຾Չ௖૸Ƕ

ಃ

ಃΒ࿯ǵġπำғڮຼයᆅ౛Ϸࠔ፦ᆅ౛

΋ǵ҉ុϦӅπำϐӄғڮຼයᆅ౛

҉ុϦӅπำࢂаȨӄғڮຼයᆅ౛ȩբࣁਡЈࢎᄬǴᆘՅϣ఼ӧϦӅπำ ӄғڮຼයޑӚ໘ࢤޑပჴǴࢂϦӅࡌ೛યΕ࿯ૈ෧ᅹբݤޑख़ा฼ౣǶғڮຼ

ය౛ፕࢂऍ୯ࠖՕεᏢ௲௤ႜᆾቺǷѷၭܭ1966ԃ܌ගрࡕǴځᔈҔό໻ज़ܭౢ

ࠔຑ՗Ǵ׳ё፾Ҕܭπำຑ՗Ƕࡪ୯ሞ኱ྗಔᙃ(ISO)ޑۓကǺȨғڮຼයϩ݋

ࢂჹ΋ঁౢࠔس಍ޑғڮຼයύޑᒡΕǵᒡрϷወӧᕉნቹៜޑᆕӝຑ՗ȩǶ

Ԑයޑғڮຼයϩ݋ёଓྉډ1960ԃжǴऍ୯ёαё኷ϦљճҔ၀Бݤჹό ӕᅿᜪޑ໯਑৒Ꮤޑᕉნቹៜ຾Չϩ݋Ƕ1970ԃжૈྍอલǴ೚ӭᇙ೷୘໒วр

΋٤Бݤٰຑ՗ౢࠔғڮຼයޑૈᳫୢᚒǴаගଯᕴૈྍճҔਏ౗Ƕࡕٰ೭٤Б ݤ຾΋؁ᘉεډၗྍکቲకނБय़ǶډΑ1980ԃж߃Ǵᒿ๱π཰ғౢჹᕉნቹៜ ޑቚуǴаϷᝄख़ᕉნ٣ҹޑวғǴߦ٬Ҿ཰ाӧ׳εޑጄൎϣ׳ԖਏӦԵቾᕉ ნୢᚒǶΞᒿ๱΋٤ᕉნቹៜຑሽמೌޑว৖Ǵғڮຼයϩ݋БݤВᑪԋዕǶ

19

຾Ε1990ԃжࡕ၀БݤӧӄౚጄൎϣளډቶݱᔈҔǶ1992ԃǴኻࢪᖄӝ཮໒ ۈ୺ՉȨғᄊ኱കीჄȩǴځύғڮຼයޑཷۺբࣁౢࠔᒧ᏷ޑ΋ঁ኱ྗǴӕԃ р౜Αғڮຼයϩ݋ޑ୷ҁБݤࢎᄬǴ1993ԃ೏ӈΕISO14000سӈा؃ύǶ1997 ԃ୯ሞ኱ྗಔᙃ҅Ԅр౜Α”ISO14040 ᕉნᆅ౛ғڮຼයຑሽচ߾ᆶࢎᄬ”Ǵа ୯ሞ኱ྗ׎ԄගрΑғڮຼයϩ݋Бݤޑ୷ҁচ߾ᆶࢎᄬǶ٠ܭ1998ԃଆഌុϦ թ࣬ᜢϐ኱ྗǴаբࣁᕉߥ܄ຑ՗ޑ୷ҁπڀǶ

ஒπำᏤΕғڮຼයཷۺȐӵკ2-4ȑǴёஒϐჄϩࣁԾᄬགྷ໒ۈᐕ࿶ёՉ

܄ࣴزǵೕჄǵ೛ीǵࡼπǵᆢៈᆅ౛Կܨନख़ࡌ฻໘ࢤ(݅דෂ฻Ǵ2010)ǶϦ Ӆπำғڮຼයᆅ౛ޑЬाཀကǴࢂჹϦӅπำ௦ڗዴߥϷԖշܭځᔼၮϐբ ࣁǴаᆢ࡭ᔼၮфૈϷԖਏۯߏ٬ҔტڮǴᗉխၸࡋޑၗྍᆶૈྍ੃઻Ǵ٬ளϦ Ӆπำ٬Ҕਏ੻ૈԖਏගܹǶ

კ 2-4ǵπำғڮຼයཷۺკ(݅דෂǴ2008)

Лݯ୯ǵഋబӹ(2011)ࡰрғڮຼයࣁ΋ᅿౢࠔவচނ਑໒ۈǴԿനಖೀ࿼

ޑය໔Ǵ൩πำԶقࣁ᏾ঁϩ݋׫ၗය໔ޑਔ໔Ǵջ೛ࡼрғډܨନख़ࡌޑਔ ໔ǶғڮຼයёϩࣁೕჄȐPlanningȑǵ೛ीȐDesignȑǵࡼπȐConstructionȑǵ

20

ᆢៈȐMaintenanceȑ฻4ঁ໘ࢤǴځύཞᚯࡕϐቲకӣԏёຎࣁᆢៈ໘ࢤϐനಖ ᆅ౛πբǴа΢4ঁ໘ࢤёᙁᆀࣁPDCMຼයǶ΋૓ԶقǴೕჄ໘ࢤځਔ໔Кٯ ऊ 2ɴ3%ǵ೛ी໘ࢤऊ 2ɴ3%ǵࡼπ໘ࢤऊ 4ɴ6%Ǵᆢៈ໘ࢤਔ໔നΦǴऊࣁ 88ɴ92%Ƕ

კ2-5ǵӄғڮຼයᆅ౛ࢎᄬკ

ϦӅπำғڮຼයᆅ౛ޑЬाཀကǴࢂჹϦӅπำ௦ڗዴߥϷԖշܭځᔼၮ ϐբࣁǴගϲπำࠔ፦ബ೷࿶ᔮճ੻Ϸᕉნਏ੻аᆢ࡭ᔼၮфૈϷԖਏۯߏ٬Ҕ ტڮǴᗉխၸࡋޑၗྍᆶૈྍ੃઻Ǵ٬ϦӅπำ٬Ҕਏ੻ૈԖਏගܹǶԐයܭೕ

Ⴤǵ೛ी໘ࢤεӭ໻аࡼπԋҁ܈ࡼπᙁܰ܄ࣁന٫Бਢᒧ᏷ϐԵໆǴૈஒೕჄ

೛ीϐԵቾख़ᗺۯ՜ԿᆢៈԋҁǴԶ໻ԵቾೕჄǵ೛ीǵࡼπ3ঁ໘ࢤ܌ౢғϐ ന٫࿶ᔮБਢǴࠅёૈ೷ԋࡕុᆢៈόܰ܈ᆢៈԋҁቚуޑ௃ݩ(Лݯ୯ǵഋబ ӹǴ2011)Ƕ҉ុϦӅπำஒӄғڮϐຼයᆅ౛଺ࣁਡЈࢎᄬǴځҞޑջӧܭԵ ໆ᏾ᡏғڮຼයǴܭೕჄǵ೛ी໘ࢤǴନࡼπϐπයǵԋҁᆶמೌёՉ܄ѦǴჹ

҂ٰᆢៈਏ౗Ϸᆢៈԋҁ΋ٳԵቾǴа಄ӝനεғڮຼයԋҁਏ੻ϐҞ኱Ǵၲډ നεޑ࿶ᔮ܄ਏ੻Ƕ

21

җ΢ॊёޕǴа۳ӧπำຼය྽ύǴၨࣁ๱ख़ޑ೿ࢂӧೕჄǵ೛ीᆶࡼπ໘ ࢤǴฅԶᆢៈᆅ౛ࠅӧਔ໔Кٯ΢՞ԖΑ80%а΢Ǵ೛ࡼᎦៈᆅ౛ϐҞޑӧܭග ٮ҇౲Ӽӄǵ໩ᄣᆶߡ௘ޑ٬ҔᕉნǴӢԜǴᏤΕғڮຼයᆅ౛ޑᢀۺǴૈ୼٬

ᆢៈᆅ౛բ཰ޑ๱Κᗺҗ΋໨໨ൂᐱቩຎǴܫεࣁ೛ࡼғڮຼයӄय़܄Ϸߏය܄

฼ౣϐᔕۓᆶᔠຎǶ

Β

ΒǵϦӅπำࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋ

πำ཮ࣁගϲϦӅπำࡼπࠔ፦ǴዴߥϦӅπำࡼπԋ݀಄ӝ೛ीϷೕጄा

؃Ǵ٠ပჴࡹ۬௦ᖼݤಃΎΜచπำ௦ᖼࠔ፦ᆅ౛ϷՉࡹଣႧȨϦӅπำࡼπࠔ

፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋȩϐೕۓǴᆒጏϯϷਏૈϯගϲϦӅπำӄғڮຼයࠔ፦Ǵܭ҇୯85 ԃڋۓϦӅπำࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛բ཰ाᗺǴ٠ᐕ࿶87ԃǵ88ԃǵ91ԃǵ93ԃǵ96 ԃϷ101฻6ԛঅ҅Ǵ׆Ꮗ೸ၸᝄᙣϐࠔᆅڋࡋගϲ୯ৎ୷ᘵࡌ೛ϦӅπำࠔ፦Ƕ ٠ܭ91ԃ8ДวѲπำࡼπࢗਡλಔಔᙃྗ߾Ϸբ཰ᒤݤٿηݤǴ92ԃ9Дঅ҅π ำࡼπࢗਡλಔբ཰ᒤݤǴ92ԃ9ДڄႧπำࡼπࢗਡλಔᕮਏԵਡբ཰ाᗺǴ ٠ۓය٩ჴሞ୺Չ௃׎ϒаᔠ૸অ҅ǶΟቫભࠔ፦ᆅ౛ࢎᄬკӵკ2-6Ƕ

კ2-6ǵϦӅπำࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋࢎᄬკ(πำ཮Ǵ2013) ЬᒤπำൂՏ!!

ࡼπࠔ፦ߥ᛾س಍!

ȐಃΒભȑ!!

ቷ୘!!

ࡼπࠔ፦ᆅڋس಍!

Ȑಃ΋ભȑ!!

πำࡼπࠔ፦!

πำ཮ϷπำЬᆅᐒᜢ!

πำࡼπࢗਡᐒڋ!

ȐಃΟભȑ!

ӄᡏ୯҇!

ӄ҇࿎πس಍!

22

πำࠔ፦ന୷ҁޑۓကࣁᅈى཰ЬȐ܈஑ਢᆅ౛ᐒᄬȑǵπำ܍ᡙቷ୘ǵ೛

ीޣϷ٬Ҕޣޑሡ؃ǶԶϦӅπำЬाࢂගٮ๏҇౲ٰ٬ҔǴӢԜϦӅπำѸ໪

ӧӼӄǵऍᢀǵ๤፾ࡋᆶᐒૈ܄ाᅈى཰Ьǵ஑ਢᆅ౛ᐒᄬǵπำ܍ᡙቷ୘ǵ೛

ीޣǵ٬ҔޣϷ҇౲٬ҔҞޑޑा؃Ƕ

ࠔ፦ᆅ౛߾ࢂȨ،ۓࠔ፦ࡹ฼ǵҞ኱ϷೢҺϐӄ೽ᆅ౛фૈޑ܌Ԗ܈ࢲ୏а Ϸӧࠔ፦س಍ϣǴᔈҔࠔ፦ೕჄǵࠔ፦ᆅڋǵࠔ፦ߥ᛾Ϸࠔ፦ׯ຾฻ϒа୺ՉǶȩǹ Զࠔ፦ᆅڋࣁǺȨҔаၲԋࠔ፦ा؃ޑբ཰מೌϷࢲ୏ǶȩǶᙁقϐǴᆅڋࢂӃ ዴҥࠔ፦኱ྗǴᝩԶ຾ՉӚ໨բ཰܈ࢬำፓࢗǵ௓ڋǴᒿਔߥ࡭ࠔ፦኱ྗޑ΋س ӈࢲ୏Ƕࠔ፦ᆅڋࢂ΋ᅿᆕӝ܄ᆶӄय़܄௓ڋࠔ፦ޑБݤǴ໪җπำ஑ਢঁঁୖ

ᆶޣӅӕոΚଛӝǴ٠ӧಔᙃ΢ϒаӄय़ϐೕჄϷڐፓǴςၲԋࠔ፦ᆅڋϐҞ

኱Ƕ΋૓ԶقǴԖਏޑࠔ፦ᆅڋس಍ᔈх֖ΠӈѤঁ୷ҁाન(໳ߎҖǵ݅דෂǵ ڬࠄξǴ2009)Ǻ

(΋) ዴҥ኱ྗǺхࡴࡌҥԋҁǵ܄ૈǵӼӄϷё᎞܄฻ӚБय़ޑࠔ፦኱ྗǴ аճܭᆅڋำׇޑ୺ՉǶаϦӅπำԶقǴԜջࡼπೕጄϐुۓǶ

(Β) ຑ՗ϷਡۓǺࢗਡౢࠔࢂցၲډೕጄा؃Ƕ

(Ο) অ҅લѨǺஒ٬Ҕޣޑӣ㎸ཀـ଺ࣁঅुำׇϷा؃ޑୖԵǴаගϲ٬

ҔޣჹౢࠔϐᅈཀࡋǶ

(Ѥ) ࡌ᝼ౢࠔׯؼᐒڋǺନΑᔈ٬Ҕޣޑा؃଺ౢࠔׯؼϐѦǴπำ୺Չൂ

Տᔈӧԋҁǵ܄ૈǵӼӄϷё᎞܄Бय़όᘐׯ๓Ǵࡌҥ҉ុ܄ޑౢࠔ ׯؼᐒڋǶ

ࠔ፦ᆅڋޑѤ໨ाનǴځЬाᜢᗖ൩ӧܭुۓܴዴЪᝄᙣޑ኱ྗǵᏵаပჴ

௢୏Ǵ٠຾Չࡕុޑࢗਡǵຑ՗ᆶϸ㎸Ƕמೌ኱ྗ(SpecificationǴҭᆀࣁೕጄ) ᙁൂٰᇥջࣁȨԖᜢ੝ۓ໨Ҟޑౢࠔǵس಍کำׇޑਜय़׷਑Ƕȩ(Liebing, 2000)Ǵ ԶӧAIAۓက྽ύǴೕጄ߾ࢂࡰȨҗ׷਑ǵ೛ഢǵس಍ǵ኱ྗǵπ᛬מೌϷ܄ૈ

23

࣬ᜢ୍ܺ฻ಔԋԶԋޑਜय़Ўҹǵࠨऊȩ(Rosen et. al, 2005)ǶԜѦǴೕጄҭѸ໪

ࢂȨஒמೌ኱ྗྗዴǵкϩЪమධӦۓကǴගрϦ҅ЪϦѳޑा؃Ǵࢂ΋ҽૈ୼

ӧܕǵ׫኱ǵࡼπਔૈᙁܰ٬ҔǵڀԖݤࡓਏҔޑЎҹǶȩ(Cliff , Richard ; 2003)Ƕ ӧࡌҥࠔ፦኱ྗύǴྗഢкϩ၁ಒޑೕጄࢂѸाޑǶᆕӝа΢Ǵёаว౜኱ྗࢂ

ࠔ፦ԋ൩ޑ୷ᘵǴࠔ፦ૈ୼೸ၸပჴ΋ठޑ኱ྗٰჴ౜Ƕ

ஒࠔ፦ᆅ౛ޑཷۺЇΕπำӄғڮຼය྽ύǴջࢂӧೕჄǵ೛ीǵࡼπᆶ ᆢៈѤ໘ࢤ຾Չࠔ፦ᆅڋǶՉࡹଣ82ԃႧѲϐȨϦӅπำࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋȩǴ ջӧࡌҥቷ୘ǵЬᒤൂՏϷЬᆅᐒᜢᆶπำ཮ϐΟঁቫભޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛ࢎᄬǶπำ

཮91ԃ٩ࡹ۬௦ᖼݤಃ70చೕۓǴஒಃΟቫભঅׯࣁࡼπࠔ፦ࢗਡᐒڋǶΟቫભ ࠔᆅڋࡋёϩࣁࡼπࠔ፦ᆅڋس಍ǵࡼπࠔ፦ߥ᛾س಍Ϸࡼπࠔ፦ࢗਡᐒڋΟቫ ભࠔᆅǴځЬाπբ໨Ҟ᏾౛ӵ߄2-2Ƕ

߄2-2ǵΟቫભࠔᆅЬाπբ໨Ҟ

ቷ୘(΋ભ) Ьᒤᐒᜢǵᅱ೷ൂՏ(Βભ) πำЬᆅᐒᜢ(Οભ)

ࡼπࠔ፦ᆅڋس಍ ࡼπࠔ፦ߥ᛾س಍ ࡼπࠔ፦ࢗਡᐒڋ 1. ुۓࠔ፦ीฝ٠Ᏽа௢ ୏

ჴࡼ

2. ԋҥϣ೽ࠔᆅಔᙃ٠ुۓᆅ

౛ೢҺ

3. ुۓࡼπाሦ 4. ुۓࠔ፦ᆅ౛኱ྗ

5. ुۓ׷਑Ϸࡼπᔠᡍำׇ٠ Ᏽа୺Չ

6. ुۓԾЬᔠࢗ߄٠୺Չᔠࢗ

7. ुۓόӝ਱ࠔϐᆅڋำׇ

8. ୺Չᕖ҅ᆶႣٛ௛ࡼ

9. ୺Չϣ೽ࠔ፦ዽਡ 10. ࡌҥЎҹइᒵᆅ౛س಍

1. ुۓᅱ೷ीฝ٠Ᏽа௢୏

ჴࡼ

2. ԋҥᅱ೷ಔᙃ

3. ቩࢗࠔ፦ीฝ٠ᅱ࿎୺Չ 4. ቩࢗࡼπीฝ٠ᅱ࿎୺Չ 5. ܜᡍ׷਑೛ഢࠔ፦

6. ܜࢗࡼπࠔ፦

7. ୺Չࠔ፦ዽਡ

8. ࡌҥЎҹ૶ᒵᆅ౛س಍

1. ೛࿼ࢗਡλಔ 2. ჴࡼࢗਡ 3. ଓᙫׯ๓ 4. ᒤ౛ዛᚵ

ၗ਑ٰྍǺπำ཮(2013)

24

௢୏Οભࠔᆅڋࡋࢂ㵝ΑගܹϦӅπำޑࠔ፦ǴࡌҥԖਏޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛س

಍Ǵᙖа࿎ߦǵᕖ҅ǵႣٛቷ୘ࠔ፦ᆅ౛ޑલѨǶࡼπࠔ፦٠ߚᙖҗᅱ೷ൂՏǵ

஑ਢᆅ౛ൂՏ܈ЬᒤᐒᜢޑࠔߥֹٰԋǴ׳όࢂҗ΢ભൂՏࠔ፦࿎Ꮴޑ୺Չ൩ૈ

୼ၲډǴزځ୷ᘵǴπำϐࠔ፦Ѹ໪җࡼπቷ୘ᐱҥֹԋǴҭջࡼπቷ୘ҁيѸ

໪ܴዴပჴԾЬᔠࢗǵࠔ፦ᆅڋޑࠔᆅᡏسϷπբ໨ҞǴӧԜ΋ᡏسΠֹԋࠨऊ πำࠔ፦Ҟ኱Ƕ

Ο

Οǵࡼπᆶᆢៈ໘ࢤϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛

ᆕӝ΢ॊǴёаว౜ೕჄᆶ೛ी໘ࢤޑਔ໔ၨอǴԶࡼπϷᆢៈਔ໔Кٯ

΢ၲ90%ǴЪӧΟቫࠔ፦ᆅ౛ࢎᄬύǴҭёჸ᝺πำࠔ፦ᆅ౛ऩाගϲǴ໪җࡼ

πϷᆢៈٿ໘ࢤѐᝄ਱עᜢǴவࡼπቷ୘ǵᅱ೷ൂՏډЬᆅᐒᜢǴ؂΋ቫભܴዴ ပჴ௢୏܌ᔈ຾Չࡼᆅ౛໨ҞǶ୯ϣཥࡌπำᖿܭႫکǴϦӅ୷ᘵࡌ೛ςவȨໆȩ ޑቚуǴ೴ᅌරӛख़ຎȨ፦ȩޑගܹǶ౜ԖϦӅ೛ࡼ຾Չؼӳᆢៈᆅ౛Ǵ٬ځਏ

ૈӆගܹǴаගٮ׳ӳޑ୍ܺࠔ፦Ǵځख़ा܄٠ό٥ܭཥࡌ೛ࡼ(၏ܴ߿ǵᄃᆬ

ܴǵᚑֻণǴ2011)ǶӢԜаΠஒଞჹࡼπᆶᆢៈ໘ࢤޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛຾Չӣ៝௖૸Ƕ

(΋) ࡼπ໘ࢤϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛

ӧϦӅπำޑȨࡼπ໘ࢤȩǴख़ᗺӧܭပჴӧ΢ॊȨೕჄ೛ी໘ࢤȩ܌೛ۓ ޑӚ໨Ҟ኱Ǵаߡᡣ᏾ঁࡼπၸำ೿ૈԖᆒྗǵёໆϯޑຑ՗٩ᏵǴբࣁ౜൑ࡼ

πࠔ፦ׯ຾ޑ୷ྗǶࡼπࣁπำғڮຼයಖஒӚ໨߻࿼բ཰бፏჴ౜ޑ໘ࢤǴҭ ࣁҞ߻ϦӅπำࠔ፦ᆅڋޑख़ᗺǴԜਔࡼπቷ୘ޑᓬӍᆶ཰Ьޑࢗਡᐒڋஒޔௗ

ቹៜനಖޑԋࠔࠔ፦Ƕࡼπ໘ࢤޑࠔ፦πբख़ᗺӧܭځᆅ౛ᆶዽਡᐒڋǴаዴߥ ԋࠔࠔ፦ޑᛙۓᆶӝЯ೛ीा؃ǶӢԜቬऊᆅ౛ԋࣁࡼπ໘ࢤख़ाޑԋ௳ᜢᗖǶ

٩Ᏽπำ཮܌ڋۓϐϦӅπำࡼπᡍԏբ཰ำׇࢬำ(კ2-7)Ǵёว౜ࠔ፦ᆅ

౛ϐЬाπբ໨Ҟх֖Ǻࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋǵϩ໨ࠔ፦ीฝǵ೛ഢϷ׷਑ᔠȐ၂ȑ

25

ᡍǵࡼπࠔ፦ࢗᡍǵόӝ਱ࠔϐೀ౛ǵࠔ፦Ўҹᆶइᒵᆅ౛Ƕࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋ ᔈҗӚᐒᜢୖԵϦӅπำہ঩཮ϐࡼπࠔ፦ᆅ౛բ཰ाᗺڋۓ፾Ҕܭᐒᜢวх ϐӚ໨πำǴӧࠨऊЎҹύܴु܍х୘ᔈගଌ᏾ᡏϷϩ໨ࠔ፦ीฝǵ೛ഢϷ׷਑

(၂)ᡍ฻ЎҹǶ

კ2-7ǵϦӅπำࡼπᡍԏբ཰ำׇࢬำკ (πำ཮Ǵ2013)

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೛ഢᆶ׷਑ᔠ(၂)ᡍǴቷ୘ᔈ٩ࠨऊೕۓխ຤ගٮᐒᜢᒤ౛ࢗᡍǵෳ၂܈ᔠ ᡍ܌Ѹ໪ϐ೛ഢϷၗ਑ǶࠨऊೕۓаѦϐࢗᡍǵෳ၂܈ᔠᡍǴځ่݀ό಄ӝࠨऊ

ೕۓޣǴҗቷ୘ॄᏼ܌ғϐ຤Ҕǹ่݀಄ӝޣǴҗᐒᜢॄᏼ຤ҔǶՠࠨऊќԖೕ

ۓޣǴόӧԜज़Ƕቷ୘όளӢᐒᜢᒤ౛ࢗᡍǵෳ၂܈ᔠᡍǴԶխନځ٩ࠨऊ܌ᔈ ቬՉ܈܍ᏼϐೢҺϷ຤ҔϐॄᏼǶ׷਑ᔠᡍϐाᗺӵΠǺ

1. ቷ୘Ծഢϐ׷਑ǵᐒڀǵ೛ഢǴᔈԾॄࠔ፦ᆶӼӄೢҺǶЪӧ຾൑߻Ǵ ᔈஒԖᜢၗ਑ϷёගٮޑኬࠔǴ٩ࠨऊೕۓӃଌᅱ೷ൂՏቩࢗӕཀǶ

2. ٩ࠨऊೕۓ໪ᒤ౛ᔠȐ၂ȑᡍޑ໨ҞǴቷ୘ᔈൔፎᅱ೷ൂՏ٩ೕۓբ౜

൑ᔠᡍ܈཮ӕ࣬ᜢൂՏڗኬଌᔠȐ၂ȑᡍᐒᄬᔠȐ၂ȑᡍǴ࿶ᔠȐ၂ȑ ᡍόӝ਱ޣǴόள٬ҔǶܜᡍၸำ୍໪ᝄᙣᆅڋǴዴߥܜᡍኬࠔϐж߄

܄Ǵᗉխࢬܭ׎ԄԶ෷ғᄄᆄǶ

3. ቷ୘ࠔ፦ीฝϐ׷਑ϷࡼπᔠᡍำׇǴᔈ൩ᒳโǵషᏉβǵᛅߙషᏉβ Ϸځд፾྽ᔠᡍ໨ҞǴᔈҗቷ୘཮ӕᅱ೷ൂՏڗኬǴଌҬࡹ۬ᐒᜢǵε

஑ଣਠ೛࿼ϐჴᡍ࠻܈ύ๮҇୯ჴᡍ࠻ᇡ᛾ᡏسȐCNLAȑᇡёϐჴᡍ

࠻ᒤ౛ᔠᡍǴ٠җ၀ჴᡍ࠻рڀᇡё኱ᇞϐᔠᡍൔ֋Ƕ

ࡼπࠔ፦ࢗᡍԜ΋໨Ҟനख़ाޑ൩ࢂ܍х୘ϐԾЬࡼπᔠࢗǴቷ୘ᔈዴჴ٩ ᐒᜢਡۓϐࠔ፦ीฝᆶᔠᡍำׇᒤ౛ԾЬᔠࢗǴ؂΋ࡼπ໘ࢤϐԾЬࡼπᔠࢗ

߄Ǵ࿶ځπӦж߄ϷࠔᆅΓ঩ᛝᇡǴ٠࿶ᅱ೷ൂՏഢࢗࡕǴۈள຾Չԛ΋໘ࢤϐ

ࡼπ໨ҞǶᅱ೷ൂՏᔈ൩ቷ୘ҬଌϐԾЬࡼπᔠࢗ߄຾Չܜࢗ܈ӄय़ፄࢗǴჹӚ

ࡼπբ཰ჴࡼࢗਡ࿎Ꮴ฻բ཰Ǵ٠༤ڀࡼπࠔ፦इᒵ߄Ƕว౜લѨਔǴᔈ೯ޕቷ

୘ज़යׯ๓ࡕӆፄᡍǴ٠ा؃ځ௦ڗႣٛ௛ࡼǶ

ࠔ፦ᆅ౛ڋࡋύനࣁख़ाޑπբ໨Ҟջࣁ׷਑ϐᔠ(၂)ᡍаϷӧࡼπၸำ ύ຾Չࢗᡍаዴߥࡼπࠔ፦Ƕπำ஑ਢύ՞ࡼπႣᆉКٯനӭޑ൩ࢂ׷਑೛ഢ຤

ҔǴӢԜ຾਑ᔠᡍᆶᆅڋޑπբ൩ԋࣁ२ाޑπբǴπำ׷਑ᗨᅿᜪᕷӭǴՠऩ

27

ૈԖس಍ǴԖ؁ᡯޑࡌҥᔠᡍکᆅڋբ཰Ǵ٩Ᏽೕጄᆶ኱ྗϐೕۓ୺ՉǴԾૈߥ ም׷਑೛ഢϐࠔ፦ǶԜѦǴሡ੝ձݙཀȨೕጄ኱ྗȩࢂπำࠔ፦ޑ୷ᘵǴࠔ፦Н

ྗᆶ୺Չϐ٩ᏵѸ໪ӣᘜډࠨऊೕጄϐೕۓǴ೛ीޣஒ཰Ьሡ؃ϐࠔ፦Нྗమཱ

኱Ңܭࠨऊǵೕጄǵ኱ྗϣǴٮᔈ୘٩Ԝ଺ӳᇙำࠔᆅ٠٩ೕۓғౢሽऍނ༹ϐ

׷਑೛ഢǴࡼπޣ٩Ԝϐ௦ᖼǵ຾਑ᔠᡍᆶࡼπଛӝǴ཰Ь٩ԜӕཀᡍԏбීǴ

֡аԜೕጄǵ኱ྗࣁ٩ᏵǴࡺ၁ಒǵܴዴǵӝ౛ޑೕጄᆶ኱ྗǴჴࣁೣऀ᏾ঁπ ำനЬाϐ೽ҽǶ

(Β) Ꭶៈ໘ࢤϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛

ᆢៈᆅ౛ޑۓကǴᙁقϐ൩ࢂ΋ᅿ࿶தόᘐޑπբǴѝӧᆢ࡭΋ᅿ೛ीǵ೛

ഢܭԜ௃ݩΠǴૈ࿶தճҔځচٰ܈೛ीޑૈໆᆶਏ౗(ቅܴ୯Ǵ1987)Ƕᆢៈπ ำࠔ፦ᆅ౛ϐҞޑΏࢂӧπำຼයϣǴаന࿶ᔮӝ౛ޑԋҁǴᙖҗֹ๓ޑᆅ౛ࢬ ำᆶ኱ྗڋࡋٰ୺ՉᏹբǴ٬ځၲډന٫ޑ٬ҔᆶၮᙯރᄊǴ٠੃ନځወӧޑӒ ᓀӢηǴᡣ٬ҔޣӧӼӄǵ๤፾ǵ଼நޑᕉნΠᏹբ٬ҔǴЪගଯ่ᄬނޑ٬Ҕ ሽॶǶϦӅπำᆢៈᆅ౛πբς೏Ӛ୯ࡹ۬ख़ຎǴӧӃ຾୯ৎςஒ࣬ᜢբ཰ࢬ ำǵᆅ౛ڋࡋаϷ຤Ҕጓӈྗ߾฻БԄуаပჴǶ

ؼӳޑᔼၮᆢៈࠔ፦ᆅ౛ǴନΑёаගٮ׳࣪ૈྍǵ׳๤፾ǵ׳Ӽӄޑғࢲ ޜ໔Ǵᗉխख़εঅᙄޑ௃׎วғѦǴᗋૈၲډ٣ъф७ϐᆅ౛ਏ౗ǶӢԜᔈӧ٬

Ҕϐ߃ߡࣴᔕ፾྽ޑᔼၮᆢៈࠔ፦ᆅ౛ीჄǴନΑૈԖਏӦዴߥ೛ࡼس಍ޑ҅த ၮբϐѦǴ׳ૈۯߏ೛ࡼޑ୍ܺԃज़Ǵၲԋၗྍ҉ុޑҞ኱ǶՠҞ߻୯ৎϦӅࡌ

೛தаȨཥࡌπำਏ੻ᇻᓬܭπำᆢៈ܌ബ೷ޑਏ੻ȩԵໆΠǴჹܭπำᆢៈࠔ

፦ᆅ౛ፐᚒߏΦаٰ٠҂ڙډϼӭख़ຎǶഋ҉౺(2001)ߡࡰрϦӅπำᆢៈᆅ౛

ϐୢᚒǴѠ᡼ӚϦӅ೛ࡼϐЬᆅ៾ឦӢځфૈǵೕኳϷࡌ೛଄ྍϐόӕԶϩණܭ ύѧӚ೽཮ǵޔᗄѱ܈ӦБᑜѱࡹ۬ǴӵϦၡᆅ౛߯௦ϩભϩπচ߾Ǵ٩Չࡹس

಍ቫભόӕǴځЬᆅϐᙍ៾ҭԖ܌ৡ౦ǶਥᏵπำ཮ޑࣴزፓࢗᆶ୯ࣽ཮ࣽמ཮

᝼૶ᒵ༼᏾ǴࡽԖϦӅπำय़ᖏޑ࠶ુᆶࡷᏯё᝭ӈӵΠǺ

28

1. ϦӅ೛ࡼЬᆅൂՏ៾ೢόܴǴલЮྎ೯ᆶ᏾ӝޑᐒڋǶ

2. ԴᙑϦӅࡌ೛લЮ፾྽ᆅ౛Ϸ׳ཥीฝǴදၹወᙒӒᐒǴЪӒᐒᆅ౛

ཀ᛽ᇡޕόىǶ

3. ϦӅ೛ࡼϐᆢঅ܈׳ཥǴલЮ᏾ᡏ܄ϐයำೕჄᆶᐉӛ᏾ӝǶ

4. ၸࡋख़ຎ࿶ᔮԋߏϷβӦຬज़٬ҔǴ۹ౣౢ཰ᡂᎂϷᕉნ܍ၩΚǶ

5. ϦӅ೛ࡼӭୃख़ཥࡌǴᇸ۹ࡽԖ೛ࡼޑᆢៈǵਏૈගϲᆶۯტǶ

6. ϦӅ೛ࡼᆢៈᆅ౛܌ሡϐ୷ҁၗ਑લᅅǶ

7. ᆢঅࣽמࣴว҂ڙى୼ख़ຎǴ࿶຤όىǴલЮߏය܄ࣽᏢ܄ࣴزೕჄǶ

ᆕӝ΢ӈӚᗺ௶ॊǴϦӅπำޑᆢៈᆅ౛ୢᚒᗺёᘜયࣁݤೕय़ޑ᏾ӝǵ࿶

຤ޑᝢ௛ᆶጓӈǵמೌޑ᏾ӝၮҔᆶ୷ҁၗ਑ޑ༼᏾ӣ㎸ǶఉⲦ(2009)ᇡࣁᆢៈ

πำӧπำޑೕჄǵ೛ीډࡼπ໘ࢤ೿ᆶ໺಍ޑཥࡌπำόӕǴ൩ೕჄԶقǴᆢ

ៈπำ࿶຤ޑڗளᆶϩଛǴ׳ሡԵໆፄᚇޑ࿶ᔮय़ǵᕉნय़ǵᆅ౛य़аϷמೌय़Ǵ

ࣗԿࡹݯय़Ƕ൩೛ीԶقǴᆢៈπำό໻ሡჹ౜Ԗ೛ࡼ຾Չфૈຑ՗Ǵᔠຎচ೛

ࡼϐ೛ीϷࡼπࠔ፦٠ϩ݋೛ࡼϐᔼၮ౜ݩϷѦӧᕉნǴӕਔҭሡԵໆࡼπמೌ

ϐёՉ܄Ǵаၲԋځ܌ሡфૈ٠फ़եёૈޑፂᔐǶനࡕǴ൩ࡼπԶقǴᆢៈπำ ޑ຾ՉନԵໆჹπ୔ϐ຾ࡋǵԋҁǵࠔ፦ϷӼӄፂᔐѦǴჹܭЊѦޑӼӄ܄ᆶܺ

୍܄ǴаϷѦӧᕉნޑቹៜǴхࡴԦࢉ฻ҭሡуаԵቾǶ၏ܴ߿ǵᄃᆬܴǵᚑֻ

ণ(2011)ҭଞჹ୯ϣ౜ՉϦӅπำᆢៈᆅ౛࣬ᜢݤೕय़ӛ຾Չ௖૸Ǵᆕ᏾ځୢᚒ ᗺӵΠკ(კ2-8)Ƕ

29

კ 2-8ǵϦӅπำᆢᆅޑୢᚒᗺ(၏ܴ߿ǵᄃᆬܴǵᚑֻণǴ2011)

ഋѤο(2003)ଞჹ୯ϣϦၡᎦៈڋࡋϐࣴزǴځ่ፕёᘜયࣁϖᗺǺ

1. ϦၡᎦៈڋࡋە٩ၰၡ฻ભҗӚᆅ౛ൂՏᎦៈǴோᆅ౛៾ೢѸ໪ܴዴჄ ϩǶ

2. ୷ቫᎦៈڋࡋಔᙃό଼ӄǴ҂ૈวචځᔈԖфૈǴᎦៈπբԋਏЖ٫Ƕ

3. Ꭶៈ࿶຤όىЪᎦៈ࿶຤ϩଛКٯୃեǴև౜ϩଛό֡Ъόӝ౛౜ຝǴ ЪᎦៈ࿶຤தࢬҔܭ΋૓ཥπׯ๓πำǴаठᎦៈπբԋਏό٫Ƕ

4. ᎦៈൂՏᔈаᎦៈπբࣁЬǴཥࡌπำەќѦԋҥཥπൂՏॄೢǶ

5. ۘ҂ࡌҥϦၡᎦៈբ཰ᆅ౛ᆢៈၗૻس಍Ǵаठค࠼ᢀޑᎦៈ኱ྗ଺ࣁ Ꭶៈ฼ౣ٩ᏵǶ

ӢԜځࡌ᝼ϦၡᎦៈൂՏѸ໪ࡌҥ΋঺ֹ᏾Ꭶៈಔᙃբ཰س಍ǵֹ᏾ϦၡᎦ

ៈբ཰኱ྗаϷӚᅿᆅ౛ᆢៈၗ਑৤س಍Ƕӧཥ៘Ϸܗቨπำׯ๓ೕฝ೛ीਔǴ ջᔈԵቾډֹπ೯ًࡕޑᎦៈୢᚒǴ೛ीਔගଯ೛ी኱ྗǵࡼπਔᝄ਱ा؃ࠔ

፦Ǵ෧ᇸВࡕ೚ӭᎦៈπբǴБૈගଯᎦៈπբϐਏૈǴගϲϦၡ୍ܺࠔ፦Ƕ

30

ᆕӝа΢ࣴزፕॊǴёаว౜໺಍ޑπำᆅ౛ᢀۺǴࣣ๱ख़ӧ߻යࡼπ໘ ࢤǴԶ۹ౣΑࡕុޑᆢᆅǴόፕӧ࿶຤܈ΓΚ΢೿ၨᆢอલǴЪ҂ࡌҥᎦៈᆅ౛

ڋࡋǵᆶځдൂՏޑϟय़᏾ӝҭᡉόى฻Ƕӣᔈډҁࣴزޑ᝼ᚒǴஒ๱ख़ӧ௖૸

෌ਭᆘϯπำޑࡼπᆶᎦៈ໘ࢤǴ೸ၸჴሞਢٯޑೖࢗஒࣴ݋ځЬाޑલѨख़ ᗺǴ٠Ᏽаගрׯ๓ࡌ᝼Ƕ

Ѥ

ѤǵԾЬᔠࢗϷࡼπܜࢗᐒڋ

ԾЬᔠࢗᐒڋࢂྍԾܭಃ΋ભࠔ፦ᆅڋس಍ޑ΋೽ϩǴࡼπܜࢗᐒڋ߾ࢂྍ

ԾܭಃΒભࡼπࠔ፦ߥ᛾س಍ޑ΋೽ϩǶπำ཮ुۓϐࠔ፦ीฝਜᇙբᆜाಃΎ കȨԾЬᔠࢗ߄ȩς࿶ܴुቷ୘ӧᇙբϷ୺ՉԾЬᔠࢗ߄ਔǴᔈݙཀϐख़ᗺǶќ ѦǴπำ཮ҭुԖᅱ೷ीฝਜᇙբᆜाǶӧᅱ೷ीฝਜᇙբᆜाಃΎകȨࡼπܜ

ࢗำׇϷ኱ྗȩҭԖܴዴೕۓᅱ೷ൂՏӧᇙբࡼπܜࢗ߄ൂϷ୺Չࡼπܜࢗޑำ

ׇ܌ᔈݙཀޑ٣໨Ƕ

ࡼπԾЬᔠࢗ߄ࣁࠔ፦ीฝύന୷ҁϐࠔ፦ࢗ᛾߄ൂǵന୷ᘵՠ໪၁ಒܴዴ ϐࡼπᆅڋ߄Ǵځᓬᗺӧܭځࣁ΋ᅿ೸ၸᙁൂޑჄ૶ǵ಄ဦǵኧӷीΕ߄਱܈კ ߄Ǵջૈ΋ҞᕕฅӦ࣮рځ่݀ޑ΋ᅿЋݤϷπڀǴЪૈҔܭВதᆅ౛ׯ๓΢Ƕ ӕਔૈ୼ჹܭԖᜢ໨ҞکႣۓԏ໣ޑኧᏵǴ٩ځ٬ҔޑҞޑǴаᙁൂޑ಄ဦ༤ ຏǴ٠уа಍ी᏾౛ኧᏵǴբࣁᕕှ౜ރǵ଺ࣁϩ݋܈ਡჹ٬ҔǶ

πำ཮ගϷٿ໨ԾЬᔠࢗख़ᗺǴ΋ঁࢂȨԾЬᔠࢗ߄ϐ೛ीȩǴќ΋ঁࢂȨԾ Ьᔠࢗ߄ϐ୺ՉȩǹќѦǴπำ཮ჹܭࡼπܜࢗำׇϷ኱ྗϐख़ᗺǴӚϩձ௶ॊ

ӵΠǶ

(΋) ԾЬᔠࢗ߄ϐ೛ी

ԾЬᔠࢗࢂցዴჴ୺Չቹៜቷ୘ࡼπࠔ፦ϐؼ⫠ǴӢԜ؂΋π໨ӵՖԾ ךᔠࢗǴаᗉխࡼπᒱᇤϐวғǴ೛ी΋ঁ੿҅٩πำϐሡाǴ٠ߡܭ౜൑

31

ࡼπΓ঩ૈዴჴᔠࢗޑ߄਱Ǵ߾ࢂߚதख़ाޑ΋ҹ٣Ƕଷӵգ৾ډ΋஭ԾЬ ᔠࢗ߄ډΑπӦǴԶคݤ٩ྣ໨ҞѐᔠࢗǴ܈คݤዴᇡࡼπϐჹᆶᒱǴ߾Ԝ ᔠࢗ߄൩ѨѐਏҔǶԾЬᔠࢗ߄ϣ৒ԿϿᔈхࡴǺᔠࢗ໨Ҟǵᔠࢗ኱ྗȴ֖

኱ྗॶϷᔠෳȐࢗȑॶȵǵᔠ่ࢗ݀ϐ૶ᒵ฻ឯՏǹԾЬᔠࢗ߄ϣϐᔠࢗॶ

໪٩ྣࠨऊǵ೛ीკᇥϷࡼπೕጄ܌ुϐࠔ፦ᆅ౛኱ྗुۓǶԾЬᔠࢗ߄ᔈ ڀഢӵΠచҹǺ

1. ᔠࢗ኱ྗܴዴܰᔉǴղձ৒ܰǶ

2. ᔠࢗϐ໩ׇ؁ᡯ٩ׇጓ௨Ƕ

3. ӝЯπӦჴҔǴ߄਱ϯǵइᒵ৒ܰǶ

4. ኱ྗॶ٩Ᏽࠨऊೕጄ୯ৎ኱ྗ܈ϦᇡϐೕጄՉೕኧᏵǶ

5. ᓯӸᔠࢗइᒵǴ৒ܰࢗ᛾Ƕ

6. ё٩߄ӵჴᔠࢗइᒵϷዽਡǵࢗ᛾Ǵаዴߥπำࠔ፦Ƕ

(Β) ԾЬᔠࢗϐ୺Չ

ԾЬᔠࢗ߄ࢂଞჹࢌ΋੝ۓπբ໨Ҟϐࡼπԋ݀уаᔠࢗǴԶߚቶݱޑ բ཰ࢬำٰᆅڋǶԾЬᔠࢗ߄җπӦ౜൑πำৣᔠࢗǴֹ౥ࡕᔈ྽൑ᛝӜǴ όᔈ٣ࡕаᇂകБԄೀ౛Ƕᔠࢗ߄٬ҔБݤ

1. ߄܌ӈ໨ҞǴ೴໨ᔠࢗ٠इᒵǴջ٬ค໪၀໨ҞǴҭᔈຏܴǶ

2. ጓ௨ϩᜪဦዸǵԛኧǵ।ኧ฻Ƕ

3. ᔈຏܴ၀ԛᔠࢗ୔Տ܈ጄൎǴբࣁ՗ᡍ٩ᏵǶ

4. ᔠࢗΓ঩ᛝӷǴ٠ຏܴᔠࢗВයǵж߄୔ՏǶ

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Զӧࡼπܜࢗำׇ΢߾ࢂᅱ೷ൂՏᔈ٩πำࠨऊϣ৒Ǵᔠ૸ुۓࡼπܜࢗբ

཰ࢬำϷ܌٬Ҕϐܜࢗइᒵ߄Ƕܜࢗਔᐒϩࣁᔠᡍଶ੮ᗺȐhold pointǴΞᆀज़З ᗺȑᔠᡍᆶᒿᐒܜࢗٿᜪǴჹܭόӕϐܜࢗБԄȐᔠᡍଶ੮ᗺ܈ᒿᐒܜࢗȑǴᔈ

ुۓόӕϐբ཰ࢬำϷ࣬ჹ٬Ҕϐܜࢗइᒵ߄ൂǶࣁԖਏࢗ᛾ቷ୘ϐࡼπࠔ፦Ǵ ᅱ೷ൂՏᔈܴዴӈрࡼπᔠᡍଶ੮ᗺǴܴዴ֋ޕᔠᡍਔᗺǴаճቷ୘ܭࠔ፦ीฝ ύଛӝुۓǴ٠ᏵаගрᔠᡍҙፎǶჹᔠᡍଶ੮ᗺϐुۓǴᔈୖྣᆅ౛኱ྗ߄ϣ ϐᔠᡍਔᐒǴோᔠᡍଶ੮ᗺϐुۓǴϝ໪٩࣬ᜢೕۓϷჴሞሡ؃ुۓǶ

ᅱ೷ൂՏࣁܴዴೢҺǴόᔈӧቷ୘ԾЬᔠࢗ߄ൂ΢ᛝ᛾ǴӢࣁЬᒤᐒᜢ܈ᅱ

೷ൂՏޑࢗਡ٠όឦܭቷ୘ԾЬࠔᆅޑ΋ᕉǶᅱ೷ൂՏޑࡼπࠔ፦ܜࢗइᒵ߄ޑ ϣ৒ᔈх֖ᅱ೷ൂՏቩࢗቷ୘࣬ᜢࠔ፦ЎҹइᒵǴаϷॅ౜൑ܜෳ่݀Ƕჹܜࢗ

่݀ϐೀ࿼ϷᆅڋБݤǵᔈҔ߄ൂᇥܴǶᅱ೷ൂՏӧܜࢗࡼπࠔ፦ਔǴӃዴᇡࡼ

πቷ୘ࢂցς٩Ᏽࠔ፦ीฝ຾ՉӚ໘ࢤޑԾЬࠔᆅπբǴ٠җࡼπቷ୘ςֹԋԾ Ьᔠࢗ೽ҽ຾ՉܜࢗǶܜ่ࢗ݀ӵว౜ϝԖό಄ӝރݩਔǴջᔈᔠ૸ࡼπቷ୘ࠔ ᆅΓ঩ޑ፾Һ܄ǹӵว౜ԾЬࠔᆅ҂఼ᇂ٣໨ǴϝԖόӝ਱٣໨ਔǴ߾ᔈᔠ૸ࠔ

፦ीฝǶ

٩πำࠨऊϣЬाࡼπ໨ҞǴुۓځȨࡼπܜࢗ኱ྗȩȐхࡴ׷਑Ϸ೛ഢȑǴ բࣁܜࢗᔠᡍਔղۓӝ਱ᆶցϐ٩ᏵǶӧࡼπܜࢗ኱ྗക࿯ύᔈ߄ӈрᔕᆅ౛ϐ

ࡼπ໨ҞǴ၁ಒϐȨࡼπܜࢗ኱ྗȩϣ৒ǴёаߕᒵБԄᇙբǶȨࡼπܜࢗ኱ྗȩ ԿϿхࡴӵΠǺ

1. πำ໨ҞǺ೴໨ӈрᆅ౛ϐӚࡼπ໘ࢤǶ

2. ᆅ౛ाሦǺଞჹӚࡼπ໘ࢤǴӈрᆅ౛໨Ҟǵᆅ౛኱ྗǵᔠࢗਔᐒȐ֖

ᔠᡍଶ੮ᗺȑǵᔠࢗБݤǵᔠࢗᓎ౗ᆶό಄ӝϐೀ౛БԄǶ

3. ᆅ౛इᒵǺᔈ੮Ӹϐ࠼ᢀ՘᛾Ƕ

4. ഢԵǺ࣬ᜢݤೕᆶ኱ྗǶ

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ߋࠧৰ(2011)ଞჹϦӅπำԾЬᔠࢗ߄ϐပჴ຾Չ௖૸ǴӧځࣴزύගϷǴ ٩Ᏽӄ୯πำࡼπࢗਡλಔπำࢗਡ߻10εલѨǴᐕԃٰϐ२ाલѨջࣁȨࠔᆅ ԾЬᔠࢗ߄҂ပჴ୺Չ܈ᔠࢗ኱ྗ҂ुໆϯȩǴԜѦߋҭว౜ቷ୘ࢂցዴჴ୺Չ ԾЬᔠࢗஒቹៜډπำࡼπࢗਡਔޑຑϩϷࢗਡ฻ಃǴ׳຾΋؁Ǵπำࡼπࢗਡ

฻ಃᆶπำࠔ፦Ԗ΋ۓޑᜢᖄǶӢԜǴቷ୘ऩࢂόዴჴ୺ՉԾЬᔠࢗǴ߾ёૈᏤ ठ၀πำࠔ፦եပǶځࣴزว౜ቷ୘ुۓԾЬᔠࢗ߄ਔதـϐલѨኬᄊӵΠǺ

1. ख़ᗺᔠࢗ໨Ҟᅅӈ

2. ܌ۓᔠࢗ໨Ҟό಄ӝঁਢ੝܄

3. ᔠࢗ኱ྗޜқ

4. ᔠࢗ኱ྗόܴዴ܈҂ໆϯ

5. ҂ुۓᔠࢗ኱ྗ৒೚ᇤৡॶ

6. ᔠࢗ኱ྗᆶࠨऊ܈ᅱ೷ीฝೕۓό಄

7. ҂ुۓȨჴሞᔠࢗ௃׎ឯՏȩ

ӧߋࠧৰϐࣴزύǴᝩុ௖૸ԾЬᔠࢗ߄લѨวғϐচӢǴځว౜Ȩुۓᔠ

ࢗ߄લѨख़ाวғচӢȩࣁۓु߄ൂΓ঩ૈΚόىǵᐒᜢ܈ᅱ೷ൂՏԖा؃ω

଺ǵᐒᜢ҂ुۓᔠࢗ߄ൂጄٯǵᅱ೷ൂՏ҂ပჴቩਡ฻4ঁচӢǶԶӧ୺Չ΢Ǵ ᅱ೷Γ঩҂ပჴᅱ೷ǵᔠࢗΓ঩คឫ஥߄ൂ୺Չᔠࢗϐಞᄍǵଵ೷ᔠࢗ௃׎ǵ҂

ပჴ࿎Ꮴǵа૶Ꮻ௃׎ᙯฦܭ߄ൂ฻Ǵࣣࣁ୺ՉԾЬᔠࢗ߄લѨวғϐচӢǶ

ᆕ΢Ǵቷ୘ϐԾЬᔠࢗᗨࣁ᏾ঁࠔ፦ᆅ౛നख़ाޑ΋ᕉǴฅԶځࢂցዴჴ୺

ՉϝԖᒘܭᅱ೷ൂՏޑᅱ࿎ᆶڐշǴӢԜᅱ೷ൂՏޑࡼπܜࢗᐒڋǵࡼπܜࢗ኱

ྗޑ୺Չᆶुۓҭ໪ڙډख़ຎǴࠔᆅᐒڋࢂցԖ҅ዴޑၮբωࢂᅱ࿎ਡЈޑᜢ ᗖǴԶߚว౜લѨǶԜѦǴࡌҥ଼ӄޑᔠࢗ߄ൂጄٯΨࢂѸाπբǴЬᆅᐒᜢǵ ᅱ೷ൂՏᔈ٩ϦӅπำᆜाೕጄुۓ಍΋ޑᔠࢗ߄ൂጄٯǴ٠೸ၸࠔ፦ᆅ౛س಍

34

ޑࡌ࿼Ǵ٩Ᏽπำ܄፦ஒόӕ໨Ҟϐᔠࢗ኱ྗ࿼Εᔠࢗ߄ൂጄٯύǴᗉխቷ୘܈

ᅱ೷ൂՏ΋ࢁ٬Ҕ࣬ӕǵڋԄޑᔠࢗ߄ൂǶ

ಃ

ಃΟ࿯ǵġϦၡғᄊᆶ෌ਭᆘϯπำ

ၰၡࡌ೛ϐπำӄғڮڬයӚ໘ࢤǴჹԾฅᕉნޑቹៜӚԖόӕޑᜢݙ᝼ᚒ Ϸှ،ჹ฼ǴӵՖᡣၰၡ໒วǵׯ๓ਔΨӕਔ፟ϒᕉნঅൺޑᐒ཮Ǵගϲၰၡޑ ඳᢀऍ፦Ϸᕉნڐፓޑғᄊਏ੻฻Ǵᔼ೷Ҭ೯ᆶඳᢀғᄊᕉნӅᄪޑၰၡǴჴࣁ

྽߻௢୏ၰၡࡌ೛ਔᔈયΕϐཥࡘᆢǶ

ҁࣴز܌ଞჹޑЬᡏࣁϦၡπำޑ෌ਭᆘϯπำǴԶനಖϐࣴزҞޑ׆ఈၲ

ډπำ҉ុว৖ޑҞ኱ǶϦӅࡌ೛ନࣁΑߦ຾ౢ཰Ϸ࿶ᔮว৖ѦǴ׳ӧബ೷ᓬ፦

҉ុޑғࢲᕉნǵᑼӝғᄊس಍ᆶπำמೌǴ٠வୢᚒਥྍ๱ЋǴঋ៝ᕉნޑ҉

ុ࿶ᔼǴନԵໆচԖޑфૈǵӼӄ฻ѦǴ׳ाჹᕉნǵғᄊǵඳᢀǵࣗԿЎϯ฻

ԵໆǴаߦ٬ฯᡏπำࡌ೛ᆶ᏾ᡏᕉნёᑼӝǴӕਔᆢៈғނӭኬ܄ǶӢԜӧ຾

Εჴሞ௖૸ϐ߻ǴԖѸा२Ӄӣ៝ၰၡғᄊᏢ౛ፕǴᙖԜٰ௖زϦၡඳᢀᆘϯӧ

҉ុ࿶ᔼၰၡπำύޑख़ाفՅǴ٠଺ࣁࡕុ૸ፕ෌ਭᆘϯπำࡼπǵᆢៈ໨Ҟ ޑচ߾ᆶ኱ޑǶ

΋ǵၰၡғᄊᏢ(road ecology)

ၰၡғᄊᏢࢂࡰၮҔғᄊᏢکඳᢀғᄊᏢޑচ౛ٰ௖઩کှ،ၰၡǵً፶ᆶ ڬᜐᕉნϐ໔࣬ϕբҔޑ΋ߐࣽᏢ(Forman, 2003)Ǵࣴزϣ৒х֖җၰၡࡌ೛Ї ଆޑ෌ނǵഁғ୏ނǵНғғᄊس಍ǵ॥ᆶε਻ਏᔈǵНࢬǵ؈ᑈނǵϯᏢނ፦

฻ୢᚒǴ᏾ӝΑҬ೯πำᏢǵНЎᏢǵғނᏢǵ༜᛬฻ޕ᛽ǴځҞޑӧܭჴ౜ၰ ၡࡌ೛ᆶғᄊᕉნޑ҉ុว৖Ƕ

35

ၰၡғᄊᏢЬा׎ԋܭ20Шइ80ԃжޑኻऍ୯ৎǴځว৖ᐕำёϩࣁ๴޵

යǵғߏයǵԋዕය3ঁ໘ࢤǶ

(΋) ๴޵ය

ऊࣁ19Шइύයၰၡεೕኳࡌ೛Ǵډ20Шइ80ԃжၰၡғᄊᏢ๴޵ޑ೭ ࢤਔයǶᚳεǵஏ໣ޑၡᆛᏤठΑғᄊϩപǵβӦ՞Ҕǵғނ෈৲Ӧߟᘋǵ ނᅿ഼ѨǵНβࢬѨаϷޜ਻ǵНᡏǵᏓॣԦࢉ฻ፏӭୢᚒǴၡᆛس಍Ψڙ ډΑԾฅࣚޑߟ্کυᘋǶ 20Шइ70ԃжǴҗܭޗ཮ᕉߥཀ᛽ଯᅍǴफ़ե Ԧࢉޑ΋سӈݤࡓݤೕ࣬ᝩुۓჴࡼǴԜਔයޑၰၡࡌ೛໒ۈᜢݙᕉნᆶऍ ᏢޑୢᚒǶ

(Β) ғߏය

80ԃжԿ21Шइ߃ǴၰၡғᄊᏢ౛ፕ೴؁׎ԋǶҁ໘ࢤЬाᜢݙၡ਒Ծ ฅ෌೏ǵၰၡჹഁғ୏ނޑቹៜǵၰၡғᄊߥػޑ௛ࡼ3Бय़ǶၰၡࡌԋࡕǴ

෌ނ൩໒ۈΑҗ΋ԃғ॥൞ᅿηޑᚇ૛Ǵර๱ӭԃғ૛ҁǵឲЕǵࣗԿᐋ݅

ޑ጗ᄌᄽඹၸำǶΓࣁυႣ(ӵً፶ǵၭ཰ࢲ୏฻)کഁғғނ(ӵചǵᇋီ฻) ޑ௦ڗ१ނቚуΑၡ਒෌ނޑᙦ൤ࡋǴӕਔΨࣁഁғғނගٮΑ෈৲ӦǶ

ฅԶྕཪޑၡय़த֎Їٿ෈ᜪǵݽՉᜪ୏ނǴᏤठࡐӭၰԝ٣ҹ(road kill)ǴќѦӵܲᙝǵথ٢ᜪΨ࿶தԖᜪ՟௃׎วғǶၰၡޑঅࡌکၮᔼቹៜ Α୏ނ෈৲Ӧࠔ፦Ǵ೷ԋځғნکᅿဂઇ࿗ϯǴ΋٤থ٢୏ނӢԜวғᎂழ ޑ౜ຝǶ᠙ܭԜǴၰၡғᄊߥػ௛ࡼഌុޑр౜Ƕ20Шइ60ԃжݤ୯നԐࡌ ҥޑȨᆘᐏ(green bridge)ȩǴҞޑࢂᡣ୏ނૈ୼ऀၸଯೲϦၡǴԜࡕऍ୯ǵ у৾ε฻୯ৎΨࣁόӕޑഁғғނගٮΑऀຫ൴ၰǶ಻ើǵᐞεճ٥ǵቺ୯ǵ

ྷγǵኻࢪ୷ᘵ೛ࡼᆶғᄊᆛၡ(Infra Eco Network Europe)ಔᙃ฻࣬ᝩԋҥ ၰၡғᄊࣴزᐒᄬǶӧݤࡓБय़Ǵऍ୯୯཮ޑȠϦၡݤȡ२ԛा؃Ӛε೿ѱ

୔ԋҥ΋ঁ୔ୱ܄ᐒᄬǴа௢୏ပჴȨೱុǵӄय़ǵڐፓޑ3C(Continuing,

36

Comprehensive, Coordinated)ȩၰၡೕჄπբǴȠ୯ৎᕉნࡹ฼ݤਢȡ(NEPA) аϷ2000ԃऍ୯ᖄٖϦൔтӑᆶNEPA࣬ᜢᖄޑݤࡓ߾ගрΑၰၡࡌ೛Ѹ໪

ݙख़ߥៈғᄊᕉნǶ

(Ο) ԋዕය

Ԝਔයа2003ԃȠၰၡғᄊᏢȡрހࣁ኱ᇞǶऍ୯ࠖՕεᏢRichard T.T.

Forman௲௤ࢂၰၡғᄊᏢޑ໒ܗޣک൚୷Γϐ΋ǶдಔᙃНЎǵғᄊǵၰၡ Ӆ14Տ஑ৎܭ2003ԃрހΑಃ΋೽ၰၡғᄊᏢ஑๱ȠRoad Ecology-Science and SolutionsȡǴගрၰၡғᄊᏢ࣬ᜢࣴز౛ፕکሦୱǴࢂၰၡғᄊᏢޑ΋

ঁख़ाٚำ࿞Ƕ၀໘ࢤܗ৖ΑၰၡᆶНǵ਻ǵϯᏢԦࢉᜢ߯ޑࣴزǴᜢݙၡ ᆛჹғᄊඳᢀޑుᇻቹៜǴڥᢣΓॺᔈख़ຎၰၡჹғᄊᕉნޑుᇻቹៜǶ

ၰၡࡌ೛ࢂߦ຾ౢ཰ว৖ᆶѳᑽࠤໂৡຯޑख़ाϦӅπำǶฅԶၸѐၰၡޑ ᑫࡌ۳۳ѝ៝ቾډҬ೯ሡ؃Ǵ۹ౣΑၰၡჹғᄊᕉნ೷ԋޑፂᔐǴጰࠆتǵߋሎ

ྍǵֈችᑉ(2003)ࡰрǴၰၡϷၡୁᗨ໻՞೚ӭ୯ৎ1~2%ޑβӦय़ᑈǴՠӢࣁၰ ၡس಍ᅖ೸຾ԾฅᕉნϐύǴՔᒿၰၡԶٰޑғᄊፂᔐஒၲډ୯βय़ᑈϐ 10~20%Ƕၰၡࡌ೛ჹܭԾฅ෈ӦޑቹៜхࡴǺ෈ӦཞѨ(habitat loss)ǵ෈ӦӍϯ (habitat degradation)ᆶ෈Ӧېҥ(habitat isolation)Ǵځ่݀ஒ೷ԋғᄊ΢ޑې৞ਏ ᔈǴቹៜډނᅿޑҬࢬԶᏤठ୷Ӣ১ϯǴࣗԿނᅿྐ๊(Forman, 2003)Ƕ

Ҟ߻୯ϣଞჹၰၡғᄊᏢ຾ՉၨࣁԖܴᡉޑ௛ᖐǴ྽ឦϦӅπำہ঩཮௢୏

ϐғᄊπݤǴځۓကࣁǺȨΓᜪ୷ܭჹғᄊس಍ϐుϪᇡޕǴࣁပჴғނӭኬ܄

ߥػϷ҉ុว৖Ǵ௦ڗағᄊࣁ୷ᘵǵӼӄࣁᏤӛǴа෧ϿჹԾฅғᄊس಍೷ԋ

໾্ޑ҉ុس಍πำȩǶၰၡπำғᄊπݤޑЬाҞ኱ࢂ೸ၸׯ๓ၰၡπำ೛

ीǴуமჹၰၡڬൎᕉნޑғᄊߥػǴхࡴჹԾฅᕉნદ౛ޑ൧ख़Ǵᅰёૈᆢ࡭

ғᄊӭኬ܄Ǵᆢៈ໩ᄣޑғނᎂழ൴ၰǴ٠ᑼΕڀᡏޑғᄊπݤ฻ೀ౛௛ࡼǶ