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Linguistic Characteristics of Modern Chinese Language

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Hanyu (漢語), usually called Chinese language in Hong Kong, belongs to

the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan Family. In comparison with other languages, the major characteristics of modern Chinese language are as follows –

1. Basically Using Monosyllabic Characters

Chinese characters are the written symbol of the Chinese language.

Generally, a Chinese character represents a syllable and carries a certain meaning.

For example, “水” (water), “人” (human), “狗” (dog). However, not every character can be used independently. In modern Chinese, some of the characters must be used together with other characters and form compound words, such as “習” (study) in “學 習” (learn + study) and “擊” (strike) in “攻擊” (attack + strike). There are also some characters that only have their meanings when grouped in words of two or more characters, such as “葡萄” (grape), “蜻蜓” (dragonfly).

2. Tonal

Chinese language is tonal. Putonghua has four tones, while Cantonese is generally thought to have nine tones. The same syllable, pronounced with different tones, will become different words and have different meanings. For example, “剛”

[gong1] is different from “港” [gong2] while “文” [man4] is different from “問” [man6].

3. Less Morphological Changes

For example, nouns do not change according to gender or quantity. A book is “書”, a few books are also “書”. Verbs do not need to change to match the subject. For example, the verb “去” (go) in “我去” (I go) and “他去” (he go) is totally the same. However, Chinese verbs have tenses, such as “吃了飯” (“eat perfective rice” for “finish taking a meal”) “吃着飯” (“eat continuous rice” for

“taking a meal”) and “吃過飯” (“eat experiential rice” for “have taken a meal”).

4. Subject-verb-object Order

The basic order of modern Chinese language is “subject-verb-object”

(SVO). For example, we will say “我坐車” (I sit car), but not “我車坐” (I car sit) and “車坐我” (car sit I).

5. Use of Classifiers Obligatory

In modern Chinese language, the use of classifier between a numeral and a noun is obligatory. For example, we will say “三隻貓” (three classifier cats) instead of “三貓” (three cats).

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In modern Chinese, the modifier is to be placed before the modified. For example, we will say “慢慢喝” (slowly drink) instead of “喝慢慢” (drink slowly);

“A red flower” is “一朶紅花” (a classifier red flower), but not “一朶花紅” (a classifier flower red).

7. Only Single Consonants Tolerated

Both in Cantonese or Putonghua, there are only single consonants. For example, in the initials of the two syllables “打破” [daa2] [po3], there are single consonants [d-] [p-] respectively. There are no consonant clusters like [br-] as

“break” in English. Transcriptions like [sh], [ch], [ng] in Hanyu Pinyin all represent single consonants.

As collected during the development of the Supplementary Guide, Urdu, English, Nepali, Tagalog, Hindi etc are more commonly used in NCS students’

families in Hong Kong. Among these languages, Urdu, Nepali and Hindi belong to the Indo-Iran Branch of the Indo-European Family, English belongs to the Germanic Branch of the same family, while Tagalog belongs to the Indonesian Branch of the Austroneasian Family. The above languages and modern Chinese language are compared as follows –

Language

Basically using monosyllabic

characters

Tonal

Less morphological

changes

SVO order

Use of classifiers/

measures obligatory

Modifier placed before the modified

Only single consonant

tolerated Modern

Chinese Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Urdu No No No No No Yes No

English No No No Yes No Yes No

Nepali No No No No No Yes No

Tagalog No No No Yes No No No

Hindi No No No No No Yes No

Table 1 - Comparison between modern Chinese language and usual languages of Hong Kong NCS students

The usual languages of Hong Kong NCS students listed above do not have the characteristics of modern Chinese like “basically using monosyllabic characters”,

“tonal”, “less morphological changes”, “use of classifiers obligatory” and “only single consonants tolerated”. On the other hand, only English and Tagalog are following the SVO word order like Chinese. In Urdu, English, Nepali and Hindi, modifiers are placed before the modified. Affected by their usual languages, NCS students may have habitual errors in the process of learning Chinese. These errors might constitute aspects of learning difficulty.

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Radicals and components are constituting parts of Chinese characters.

Radicals are categories of characters defined by dictionaries according to character grapheme and structure, while components are building units making up characters.

Grasping knowledge on radicals and components are helpful to recognising and writing Chinese characters and the use of dictionaries.

Radicals

In the Eastern Han era, Xu Shen (許慎) edited the classic, Explanation and

Study of Priniciples of Composition of Characters (說文解字), by categorising his

collected characters into 540 radicals. Since then, arrangement by radicals is commonly adopted in Chinese dictionaries for easy checking. Till the Qing Dynasty, the number of radicals was reduced to 214 in the Kangxi Dictionary. In 1983, 201 radicals were listed in the Uniformed Table of Radicals for Chinese Characters

(Draft) (漢字統一部首表(草案)) by State Commission of Language Reform (中國文

字改革委員會) and National Bureau of Publications (國家出版局).

Characters are categorised according to the difference of character graphemes and structures. In each category, the most simple character is listed on top and usually named as the “radical” of the category. For example, “口”, “木”,

“日” are radicals. Characters such as “吃”, “唱”, “吹” belong to the radical “口”, while “林”, “樹”, “果” belong to the radical “木”, and “昨”, “晚”, “明” belong to the radical “日”.

Knowledge on radicals enables students to look-up Chinese dictionaries and also inspires them on understanding the meaning of the characters. For example, characters belong to the radical “木” are usually related to plant and tree, while characters belong to the radical “水” are related to water. Differentiating between similar radicals would be very helpful to the correct use of Chinese characters.

Radicals listed in Kangxi Dictionary (康熙字典) and Uniformed Table of

Radicals for Chinese Characters (Draft) (漢字統一部首表(草案)) can be found

below for reference.

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Lexical Lists for Pirmary Learning (香港小學學習字詞表) published by the Education Bureau in 2007.

No. of Strokes Serial no. Radical Simulation of Cantonese pronunciation (直音) Hanyu Pinyin No. of Strokes Serial no. Radical Simulation of Cantonese pronunciation (直音) Hanyu Pinyin

1 1 一 [日 1] 2 19 力 [歷]

1 2 丨 [滾] gǔn 2 20 勹 [包] bɑ̄o

1 3 丶 [主] zhǔ 2 21 匕 [比]

1 4 丿 [撇] piě 2 22 匸 [方] fɑ̄ng

1 5 乙 [月] 2 23 匚 [係]

1 6 亅 [決] jué 2 24 十 [拾] shí

2 7 二 [義] èr 2 25 卜 [僕 6]

2 8 亠 [頭] tóu 2 26 卩/ [節] jié

2 9 人/亻 [人] rén 2 27 厂 [漢] hɑ̌n

2 10 儿 [人] rén 2 28 厶 [私]

2 11 入 [邑 6] 2 29 又 [右] yòu

2 12 八 [捌] bɑ̄ 3 30 口 [后 2] kǒu

2 13 冂 [扃] jiōng 3 31 囗 [圍] wéi

2 14 冖 [覓] 3 32 土 [討]

2 15 冫 [冰] bīng 3 33 士 [示] shì

2 16 几 [椅/機] jǐ/jī 3 34 夂 [紙] zhǐ

2 17 凵 [勘] kɑ̌n 3 35 夊 [綏] suī

2 18 刀/刂 [都] dɑ̄o 3 36 夕 [直

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No. of Stro Serial no. Radical Simulation Canton pronuncia (直音 Hanyu Piny No. of Stro Serial no. Radical Simulation Canton pronuncia (直音 Hanyu Piny

3 37 大 [帶 6] dɑ̀ 3 57 弓 [工] gōng

3 38 女 [餒] 3 58 彑/ /彐 [計]

3 39 子 [止] 3 59 彡 [衫] shɑ̄n

3 40 宀 [棉] miɑ́n 3 60 彳 [斥] chì

3 41 寸 [串] cùn 4 61 心/忄/ [森] xīn

3 42 小 [蕭 2] xiɑ̌o 4 62 戈 [果 1]

3 43 尢/尣/兀 [汪] wɑ̄ng 4 63 戶 [互]

3 44 尸 [師] shī 4 64 手/扌 [守] shǒu

3 45 屮 [徹] chè 4 65 支 [之] zhī

3 46 山 [刪] shɑ̄n 4 66 攴/攵 [撲]

3 47 巛/川 [穿] chuɑ̄n 4 67 文 [民] wén

3 48 工 [公] gōng 4 68 斗 [豆] dǒu

3 49 己 [紀] 4 69 斤 [巾] jīn

3 50 巾 [斤] jīn 4 70 方 [芳] fɑ̄ng

3 51 干 [肝] gɑ̄n 4 71 无 [無]

3 52 幺 [腰] yɑ̄o 4 72 日 [逸]

3 53 广 [染] yɑ́n 4 73 曰 [藥] yuē

3 54 廴 [引] yǐn 4 74 月 [穴] yuè

3 55 廾 [拱] gǒng 4 75 木 [目]

3 56 弋 [亦] 4 76 欠 [謙 3] qiɑ̀n

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No. of S Seria Rad Simula Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny No. of S Seria Rad Simula Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny

4 77 止 [只] zhǐ 5 96 玉/ [欲]

4 78 歹/歺 [壓] è 5 97 瓜 [卦 1] guɑ̄

4 79 殳 [殊] shū 5 98 瓦 [雅] wɑ̌

4 80 毋 [無] 5 99 甘 [金] gɑ̄n

4 81 比 [彼] 5 100 生 [甥] shēng

4 82 毛 [巫] mɑ́o 5 101 用 [翁 6] yòng

4 83 氏 [是] shì 5 102 田 [填] tiɑ́n

4 84 气 [汽] 5 103 疋/ / [疏] shū

4 85 水/氵/氺 [雖 2] shuǐ 5 104 疒 [溺/牀] nì/

chuɑ́ng

4 86 火/灬 [伙] huǒ 5 105 癶 [撥]

4 87 爪/爫 [找] zhuɑ̌ 5 106 白 [帛] bɑ́i

4 88 父 [付] 5 107 皮 [疲]

4 89 爻 [肴] yɑ́o 5 108 皿 [茗] mǐn

4 90 爿 [牆] qiɑ́ng 5 109 目/罒 [木]

4 91 片 [騙] piɑ̀n 5 110 矛 [茅] mɑ́o

4 92 牙 [衙] yɑ́ 5 111 矢 [始] shǐ

4 93 牛/牜 [偶 4] niú 5 112 石 [碩] shí

4 94 犬/犭 [圈 2] quɑ̌n 5 113 示/ [士] shì

5 95 玄 [懸] xuɑ́n 5 114 禸 [蹂] róu

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No. of S Seria Rad Simula Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny No. of S Seria Rad Simula Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny

5 115 禾 [和] 6 134 臼 [舅] jiù

5 116 穴 [月] xué 6 135 舌 [屑 6] shé

5 117 立 [臘] 6 136 舛 [喘] chuɑ̌n

6 118 竹 [足] zhú 6 137 舟 [州] zhōu

6 119 米 [迷 5] 6 138 艮 [靳] gèn

6 120 糸 [覓] 6 139 色 [息]

6 121 缶 [否] fǒu 6 140 艸/ [草] cɑ̌o

6 122 网/ /

/ /冈 [網] wɑ̌ng 6 141 虍 [呼]

6 123 羊/ [陽] yɑ́ng 6 142 虫 [毀] huǐ

6 124 羽 [雨] 6 143 血 [何月 3] xuè

6 125 老 [魯] lɑ̌o 6 144 行 [恆] xíng

6 126 而 [兒] ér 6 145 衣/衤 [伊]

6 127 耒 [誄] lěi 6 146 襾/覀 [亞] xiɑ̀

6 128 耳 [以] ěr 7 147 見 [建] jiɑ̀n

6 129 聿 [律] 7 148 角 [各] jiɑ̌o

6 130 肉/ [玉] ròu 7 149 言 [延] yɑ́n

6 131 臣 [神] chén 7 150 谷 [菊]

6 132 自 [字] 7 151 豆 [逗] dòu

6 133 至 [志] zhì 7 152 豕 [始] shǐ

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No. of S Seria Rad Simula Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny No. of S Seria Rad Simula Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny

7 153 豸 [治] zhì 8 172 隹 [追] zhuī

7 154 貝 [輩] bèi 8 173 雨 [羽]

7 155 赤 [斥 3] chì 8 174 青 [稱] qīng

7 156 走 [酒] zǒu 8 175 非 [飛] fēi

7 157 足/⻊ [竹] 9 176 面 [麵] miɑ̀n

7 158 身 [申] shēn 9 177 革 [格]

7 159 車 [奢] chē 9 178 韋 [圍] wéi

7 160 辛 [新] xīn 9 179 韭 [久] jiǔ

7 161 辰 [臣] chén 9 180 音 [陰] yīn

7 162 辵/辶 [綽] chuò 9 181 頁 [業]

7 163 邑/阝

(右) [泣] 9 182 風 [封] fēng

7 164 酉 [有] yǒu 9 183 飛 [非] fēi

7 165 釆 [辨] biɑ̀n 9 184 食/飠 [蝕] shí

7 166 里 [李] 9 185 首 [手] shǒu

8 167 金 [今] jīn 9 186 香 [鄉] xiɑ̄ng

8 168 長/镸 [祥] chɑ́ng 10 187 馬 [螞] mɑ̌

8 169 門 [瞞] mén 10 188 骨 [橘]

8 170 阜/阝

(左) [埠] 10 189 高 [羔] gɑ̄o

8 171 隶 [逮] dɑ̌i 10 190 髟 [標] biɑ̄o

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No. of S Seria Radical Simulation Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny No. of S Seria Radical Simulation Canto pronunc (直音 Hanyu Piny

10 191 鬥 [豆 3] dòu 12 203 黑 [克] hēi

10 192 鬯 [暢] chɑ̀ng 12 204 黹 [指] zhǐ

10 193 鬲 [歷] 13 205 黽 [敏] mǐn

10 194 鬼 [軌] guǐ 13 206 鼎 [頂] dǐng

11 195 魚 [如] 13 207 鼓 [古]

11 196 鳥 [裊] niɑ̌o 13 208 鼠 [暑] shǔ

11 197 鹵 [魯] 14 209 鼻 [備]

11 198 鹿 [陸] 14 210 齊 [妻 4]

11 199 麥 [陌] mɑ̀i 15 211 齒 [此] chǐ

11 200 麻 [媽 4] mɑ́ 16 212 龍 [隆] lóng

12 201 黃 [王] huɑ́ng 16 213 龜 [閨] guī

12 202 黍 [鼠] shǔ 17 214 龠 [躍] yuè

Table 3 – Radicals listed in Uniformed Table of Radicals for Chinese Characters (Draft) (漢字統 一部首表(草案))

1. There are totally 201 radicals, listed according to the number of strokes and also the order of the first stroke. Equivalents in the traditional character system and variants are listed in brackets, in light of easy retrieval according to stroke numbers.

2. For different kinds of dictionaries, radicals could be flexibly adopted in forms of simplified or traditional characters or their variants.

No. of

strokes Radical

一畫 1. 一 2. 丨 3. 4. 丶 5. 乙 (乛 乚亅) 二畫 6. 十 7. 厂( ) 8. 匚 9. 卜( ) (刂)

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(入) ( ) 13. 勹 ( ) 14.

15. 儿 16. 几( ) 17. 亠 18. 冫 (丷)

19. 冖 (讠) 20. 凵 21. 卩( ) (阝左)

(阝右) 22. 刀 ( 刂) 23. 力 24. 厶

25. 又 26. 廴 ( )

27. 干 28. 工 29. 土(士) (艹) 30. 廾

31. 大 32. 尢(兀尣) (兀) (扌) 33. 寸

34. 弋 ( ) 35. 口 36. 囗 37. 巾

38. 山 39. 彳 40. 彡 (犭) 41. 夕

42. 夂 (饣) 43. 丬(爿) 44. 广 (忄)

45. 门(門) (氵) 46. 宀 (辶) 47. 彐( 彑)

48. 尸 49. 己 50. 弓 51. 屮( ) 52. 女 53. 飞(飛) 54. 小( ) 55. 子 56. 马(馬) (纟) 三畫

(彑) 57. 幺 58. 巛

59. 王(玉) 60. 无(旡) 61. 韦(韋) (耂) 62. 木 63. 支 64. 犬(犭) 65. 歹(歺) 66. 车(車) 67. 戈

68. 比 (旡) 69. 牙 70. 瓦 71. 止

72. 攴(攵) 73. 日(曰 ) ( ) 74. 贝(貝) 75. 见(見) 76. 牛 77. 手( 扌) 78. 毛 79. 气 (攵) 80. 长(長镸) 81. 片 82. 斤 83. 爪( ) 84. 父 (尣) ( ) 85. 月( ) 86. 氏 87. 欠 88. 风(風) 89. 殳 90. 文 91. 方 92. 火(灬) 四畫

93. 斗 (灬) 94. 户 (礻) 95. 心(忄 )

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(玉) 98. 示(礻) 99. 甘 100. 石 101. 龙(龍) (歺) 102. 业 103. 目 104. 田 105. 罒 106. 皿 (钅) 107. 生 108. 矢 109. 禾 五畫

110. 白 111. 瓜 112. 鸟(鳥) 113. 疒 114. 立 115. 穴 (衤) ( ) 116. 疋( ) 117. 皮

(氺) 118. 癶 119. 矛 (母)

120. 耒 121. 耳 122. 老(耂) 123. 臣 124. 覀 (襾西) 125. 而 126. 页(頁) 127. 至 128. 虍(虎) 129. 虫 130. 肉 131. 缶 132. 舌 133. 竹( ) 134. 臼 135. 自 136. 血 137. 舟 138. 色 139. 齐(齊) 140. 衣(衤) 141. 羊 ( ) 142. 米 143. 聿 (肀 ) 144. 艮 145. 艸(艹) 146. 羽 六畫

147. 糸(纟)

148. 麦(麥) 149. 走 150. 赤 (車) 151. 豆 152. 酉 153. 辰 154. 豕 (镸) 155. 卤(鹵) (貝) (見) 156. 里 157. 足( ) 158. 邑(阝右) 159. 身 160. 辵(辶) 161. 采 162. 谷 163. 豸 七畫

164. 龟(龜) 165. 166. 言(讠) 167. 辛

168. 青 169. 170. 雨 (長) 171. 齿(齒) 172. 非 (虎) 173. 黾(黽) 174. 隹 175. 阜 八畫

(阝左) 176. 金(钅) 177. 鱼(魚) (門) 178. 隶 179. 革 (頁) 180. 面 181. 韭 182. 骨 九畫

183. 香 184. 鬼 185. 食(饣) (風) 186. 音

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十畫 188. 鬲 189. 髟 (馬) 190. 鬥 191. 高

192. 黄 (麥) (鹵) (鳥) (魚)

十一畫

193. 麻 194. 鹿

十二畫 195. 鼎 196. 黑 197. 黍 十三畫 198. 鼓 (黽) 199. 鼠 十四畫 200. 鼻 (齊)

十五畫 (齒) 十六畫 (龍)

十七畫 201. 龠 (龜)

Components

“Component” is a term in Chinese character studies. Components are composed of strokes, and characters composed of components. For example, the character “思” is composed of the two components “田” and “心”, while the character

“碧” is composed of “王”, “白” and “石”. Some components are at the same time radicals such as “木” and “日”, while some are not. For example, to decompose the word “ 偉” into components, only “人” and “口” are radicals and the other components are not. Based on different needs, there are various ways to decompose the components of Chinese characters. In 1997, the State Language Commission (國 家 語 言 文 字 工 作 委 員 會 ) listed 560 components in “Table of Fundamental

Components of Chinese Characters” (漢字基礎部件表), appended to the “Chinese Character Component Standard of GB 13000.1 Character Set for Information Processing” (信息處理用 GB13000.1 字符集漢字部件規範).

Some academics and teachers deem that though there are thousands of Chinese characters, once the learner grasps a few dozens of components, a large amount of characters can easily be formed. Non-Chinese speaking students may decompose Chinese characters into components and start learning by recognising and memorising commonly found components. In this way, recognising and writing Chinese characters would be easier and more effective.

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Chinese Language Learning Experience in Districts with Large Chinese Population

(Information collected in 2007)

Besides Hong Kong, territories around the world that use Chinese language as the major language, such as Mainland China, Macau, Taiwan and Singapore etc., are experienced in offering Chinese language learning to NCS learners. As such, they provide a good source of references. The experiences of teaching Chinese as a second language in Mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore are analysed below in terms of language policy, learning arrangement and teaching strategy.

Experiences in Mainland China 1. Background

Mainland China is a multi-language and multi-ethnicity country. Hanyu (Chinese Language) is the common national language. Among the 55 ethnic minorities, 53 have their own languages and use 28 scripts. In the ethnic minority regions, bilingual education of ethnic languages and Hanyu is practiced in primary and secondary schools.

The surge in national power of China results in more frequent political, economic and cultural exchanges between China and countries around the world.

There is an increased demand in learning Chinese as a Second Language in the global context. In recent years, teaching Chinese as a Second Language has been on the rise and a lot of experiences in teaching and research have been accumulated.

2. Experiences

In Mainland China, many studies have been conducted on Hanyu (Chinese Language) learning for ethnic minorities and learning Chinese as a Second Language.

For example, the National Office of Chinese Language Council International (國家漢 語國際推廣領導小組辦公室) has conducted a study called “A Study on Hanyu competency standard” (漢語能力標準研究), the Institute of Applied Linguistics,

Ministry of Education (教育部語言文字應用研究所) studied on “Second Language

Groups” (第二語言群), which includes Chinese language (Chinese character writing) of overseas students and Chinese language learning in ethnic minority regions. The

Chinese Language International Research Centre (漢語語言國際推廣研究中心)

conducted research on language policies in different countries. Through these different researches, the characteristics of learning Chinese language by NCS learners who speak different languages can be understood, which contribute directly to carrying out researches and developing related theories and effective teaching pedagogies. Much of the experience is a good source of teaching references for Hong Kong, especially in terms of pedagogy. Some teaching principles and

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According to the experiences in Mainland China, there are guiding principles of Chinese Language teaching for NCS students as follows –

• Peer learning: In the process of language learning, peers have the greatest influence with teacher influence coming second.

• Learn from practice: It is important for students to practice Chinese Language continually, and acquire other knowledge by using Chinese Language in order to adjust their thinking and language habits through practice.

• Learning from childhood: The younger the students, the less influenced they are by their mother tongue in language learning. Thus it is easier to master the different tones, various syntactic characteristics and Chinese characters at an early age.

• Learning modes: Various learning modes are selected for the different development needs of students in preparing for their future. For example NCS students may study alongside Chinese-speaking students through immersion, those undergoing the bridging/ transition programme can switch to the immersion mode after a certain period of time, some others may be learning Chinese as a second language etc.

(2) Teaching Strategies

• Listen and speak first, then read and write: Listening and speaking is the first step in language communication, which facilitates students in grasping spoken Chinese communication skills and accumulation of language sense for a solid foundation leading to further development of reading and writing skills.

• Learn basic Chinese characters first: Basic Chinese characters include two levels, the first being the most common and necessary characters used in daily life. These characters are frequently used and hence are good for memory and effective communication. The second level has to do with characters that are versatile in building words. These kind of characters are mostly non-composite graphemes like “口”(mouth), “木”(wood), “日”

(sun). Learning these characters can help students draw inference and enrich their vocabularies quickly.

• Develop independent learning skills: Students should be guided to learn the basic knowledge of Chinese language, such as grammar, vocabulary and phonetic transcription etc., which allows them to apply what they have learnt, use reference books flexibly and construct their knowledge by inference.

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• Solve problems in grammar: Chinese grammar such as word order poses learning difficulties among NCS students. Assistance should be provided for students in teaching to prevent students from being affected by the grammatical habit of their mother tongue in Chinese language learning.

For examination, the Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK) assesses proficiency of students learning Chinese as a Second Language. The Minzu Hanyu Shuiping

Kaoshi (MHK) is developed from HSK, and is currently on its trial stage.

Experiences in Taiwan 1. Background

Taiwan is a multi-language society. Mandarin, Southern Min, Hakka, about 10 Austronesian languages and some foreign languages co-exist in the Taiwan society.

The majority of Taiwanese is able to communicate in their mother tongue, Mandarin or even other languages.

2. Experiences

For Chinese language learning by NCS students, there are a number of organisations (e.g. universities) that offer specific courses. Students may join the Test of Proficiency - Huayu (TOP) in accordance with their own needs. Such non-governmental language teaching courses organised according to the market condition usually makes flexible use of resources and can cater for the needs of NCS students of different language backgrounds. Hence, these courses are more flexible in programme design, pedagogy and selection of teaching materials.

Experiences in Singapore 1. Background

In Singapore, besides Chinese, Malaysians and Indians, there are also students of other ethnicities coming from Thailand, Korea, Indonesia and Myanmar.

Although Chinese is one of the four official languages in Singapore, English is the common language. People of different nationalities use English to communicate.

As for the language education policy for primary and secondary schools, Singapore adopts a bilingual policy. All students are required to learn the first language (English) and their mother tongue. The government provides mother tongue teaching of Chinese, Malay and Tamil. Students may learn the third language in secondary school and Chinese is one of the alternatives, which is called “Chinese Special Programme”.

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The Chinese curriculum for primary and secondary schools in Singapore is one of the mother tongue curricula using thematic approach. The curriculum is divided into two parts. The first part is the core curriculum, which accounts for 70-80% and is mandatory to all the students. The remaining 20-30% is divided into 3 modules in order to assist students with different abilities and needs. These comprise the Bridging Curriculum, the School-based Curriculum and the Enhanced Curriculum. The flexible design of the curriculum looks after different students’

needs. Take the Bridging Curriculum as an example: all students are required to study their mother tongue curriculum with the Government providing only Chinese, Malay and Tamil. If none of the languages are the students’ mother tongue and they choose Chinese for mother tongue learning, the Bridging Curriculum module will be of great importance in providing connective effect.

In 2006, the Chinese Special Programme for secondary schools was implemented. To solve the problems of resource shortage in individual schools and students’ needs in learning Chinese as a third language, the Government encourages secondary schools with more abundant resources to be the regional centres for the Chinese Special Programme and students from other schools are gathered to attend classes there. Students are generally arranged to have classes after school twice a week and 1 hour for each class.

Students may choose different examinations and exits such as GCE “O”

Level, GCE “A” Level or “Chinese B” Chinese language test in accordance with their varied needs.

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Exemplar on Adaptation of School-based Learning Objectives

(Information provided by Delia Memorial School (Broadway))

進階中國語文課程學習重點:(參照課程發展議會發布小學及中學中國語文課程建議學習重點加以調適)

第一階段

(小一至小三)華語

第二階段

(小四至小六)華語

第三、

階段

(中一至中五)華語

階段

範疇

(中一)非華語 (中二及中三)非華語 (中四至中六)非華語

基礎知識 漢字:

形音義

¾ 認識漢字筆畫、筆順

¾ 認識字形間架結構

¾ 認識常見偏旁、部件

¾ 認識字形的手寫體和印刷體 ¾ 認識字形的正體和俗體字

¾

認識漢字的形體:甲骨文、小 篆、隸書、草書、楷書和行書

¾ 認識漢字正體、俗體和異體

¾ 認識簡化字的特點

¾ 認識六書:象形、指事、會意、

are adapted from Suggested Learning Objectives recommended by Curriculum Development Council for the Chinese Language subject at Primary and Secondary levels. Words in bold type listed on the table below indicate key parts of teaching in the school, while those in Kai Shu (楷書) indicate parts of special attention for NCS students’ learning. This exemplar is applicable to the curriculum mode - “Immersion in Chinese Language Lessons”.

Appendix IV

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¾ 認識造字法:象形、形聲、指事、會意

¾ 認識漢語聲、韻、調

¾ 認識常見同音字

形聲、轉注和假借

¾ 認識漢語聲、韻、調

¾ 認識多音字和多義字

¾ 認識反義詞、同義詞、近義詞和多義詞

¾ 認識口語和書面語詞彙的不 同

¾ 認識詞語配搭

¾ 認識詞語褒貶配搭 詞語

¾ 認識不同詞類:名詞、動詞、形容詞、數詞、量詞、代詞、連詞、

語氣詞、歎詞、副詞、介詞、助詞

¾ 量詞和數詞、名詞的關係

¾ 認識詞語的感情色彩(褒貶、

比喻)

¾ 認識不同詞類:副詞、介詞、

助詞

¾ 認識古漢語詞彙的特點

句子 ¾ 認識句子結構主、謂、賓

¾ 認識語句間的關係

¾ 認識句子結構主、謂、賓、定、

¾ 認識語句間的關係

¾ 認識句子結構主、謂、賓、定、

狀、補

¾ 認識語句間的關係

¾ 認識常見文言文句式

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標點符號 ¾ 認識句號、逗號、問號、嘆號、

頓號、省略號、書名號、專名 號

¾ 認識冒號、引號的引述說話用 法

¾ 句號與 full stop; 逗號、頓號 與 comma; 引號與 quotation mark

¾ 認識括號、引號的其他常見用 法

¾ 認識冒號的提示或引起下文 的用法

¾ 認識分號作並列分句之間停 頓的用法

¾ 認識破折號的解釋或說明用 法

¾ 認識著重號、連接號、間隔號 的用法

遣詞用字 ¾ 認識遣詞用字在表達上的效果 ¾ 認識遣詞用字在表達上的效 果

¾ 認識常用的修辭手法 篇章 ¾ 認識不同性質的文字(敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論)的特點

¾ 認識實用文(書信、便條、日記、周記、通知、報告、說明書、廣 告、海報、單張、標語、告示)的功能及應用範圍。

¾ 認識實用文字(啟事、通告、

章則、演講辭、會議紀錄、新 聞稿、建議書)的功能和特點 (如用語和格式)

¾ 認識詩、文、小說、戲劇等文 學體裁的特點

¾ 認識古今中外名家名作 工具書 ¾ 認識常用檢索法的使用,如部首、筆畫、音序

¾ 認識常用的字典(書籍及電子版)、兒童百科全書

¾ 認識常用的字典辭典(書冊及 電子版)、百科全書

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聆聽範圍 ¾ 不同性質的話語:敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 不同類型的話語:口頭指示、故事、學校廣播、報告、新聞報導、

演講、對話、訪問、辯論、戲劇等

¾ 不同題材的話題:生活、科普、歷史、文化、藝術等

¾ 敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議 論

¾ 對話、報告、演講、訪問、討 論、辯論、視聽資訊

¾ 社會、政治、經濟、醫健

¾ 聽出話語中的主要信息

¾ 感受話語所表達的感情

¾ 聽出不同的觀點

¾ 聽出故事中的寓意 聆聽能力:

理解語意

¾ 聽出說話後的實際意義

¾ 理解話語內容(話語重心、表 達順序)

¾ 理解說話人的立場、意圖和觀 點

¾ 理解話語的深層意義

¾ 分辨事實與意見 ¾ 分析話語內容,如語段間的銜 接和呼應關係

¾ 綜合話語內容,如概括全篇意思 聆聽能力:

分析綜合

¾ 比較不同觀點

¾ 分析話語層次、前後關係

¾ 比較、分析、綜合不同說話者 的觀點、論點

聆聽能力:

評價

¾ 簡單評價內容,如是非美惡 ¾ 評價話語內容,如是否與主題 有關、是否合理

¾ 評價話語的內容和表達方法

¾ 品評語詞優劣 聆聽範疇

聆聽能力:

探究創新

¾ 在理解的基礎上,推斷話語以外的內容和見解

¾ 運用聯想和想像,產生新的意念

¾ 探究話語的內容,對內容有個 人的感受,產生新的意念、觀 點和建議

¾ 聯繫相關的材料,提出新的問 題或見解

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聆聽能力:

掌握視聽 資訊

¾ 理解音像材料(如互聯網、視像光碟、電視節目)所傳遞的信息 ¾ 理解影視節目的情節結構、人 物塑造、畫面的象徵意義等

¾ 比較從不同媒體篩選所得的 資料,識別事實與意見

¾ 比較、分析、綜合來自不同媒 體的資料,評價資料的呈現效 果(如語言文字、畫面、影像)

¾ 欣賞和評價不同媒體所傳遞 的訊息及其傳播效果

¾ 探 究 不 同 媒 體 所 傳 遞 的 信 息,對訊息有個人的感受,產 生新的意念、觀點或建議

¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識以理解話語 聆聽策略:

掌握聆聽

策略 ¾ 因應不同的聆聽材料,採取適 當的聆聽方法,如邊聽邊想像

¾ 因應不同的聆聽材料,採取適 當的聆聽方法,如邊聽邊記重 點、抓住關鍵詞句

¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識以 理解話語

¾ 因應不同聆聽材料、不同的目 的(如交際、求知、評議、消 閒),運用適當的或綜合運用

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¾ 利用多種途徑資源 (如鑑貌辨色、音像材料、資訊科技)以幫助聆 聽

不同的聆聽方法(如聯想、想 像、邊聽邊思考、邊聽邊記、

找出重點詞語)

¾ 注意說話人的勢態語、語調,

以幫助聆聽 聆聽興趣、

態度習慣:

(樂於聆 聽、認真聆 聽)

¾ 樂於聆聽不同類型的話題

¾ 安靜、耐心、專注地聆聽

¾ 有禮貌,不隨意插話

¾ 仔細聆聽,認真思考

¾ 與人交流時尊重對方,理解對方處境

¾ 聆聽時作適當回應,如點頭、微笑、鼓掌、應答

¾ 樂於聆聽不同類型的話題

¾ 安靜、耐心、專注地聆聽

¾ 有禮貌,不隨意插話

¾ 仔細聆聽,認真思考和判斷

¾ 持開放態度,尊重不同意見觀 點

¾ 聆聽時作適當回應(如運用勢 態語)

說話範圍 ¾ 不同性質的話語:敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 不同類型的話語:複述、講述(見聞、故事、感想)、報告、交談、討論、辯論、訪問、游說等

¾ 按表達需要確定說話內容 ¾ 因應情境和對象確定說話內 容

說話能力:

目的內容、

表達方式 ¾ 確定表達方式,如敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 因應目的、聽者、場合,確定 說話內容和表達方式

說話範疇

說話能力:

組織結構

¾ 有條理地說話

¾ 說話扣住主題、圍繞中心

¾ 組織話語(如圍繞中心、安排 層次、前後連貫)

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¾ 按需要剪裁說話內容,安排詳 略

¾ 展開話題和結束話語

¾ 正確地發音,清晰地吐字

¾ 運用適當的語氣:陳述、感歎、疑問、祈使

¾ 語調自然、穩定,並運用聲調變化(如輕重、升降、抑揚頓挫)以表 情達意

¾ 說話快慢、停連、長短適當

¾ 按需要適當調節音量 說話能力:

口語表達

¾ 用準確口語詞、禮貌用語說話

¾ 說話意思完整

¾ 按情境選擇得體的用語表達

¾ 發音正確,吐字清晰

¾ 運用不同的語氣(如感歎、疑 問、祈使、命令)

¾ 語調自然,運用聲調變化(如 輕重、升降、抑揚頓挫)以表 情達意

¾ 按需要調節音量和語速(如快 慢、停連)

¾ 用語確切、豐富

¾ 表達簡潔、流暢、得體

¾ 闡述觀點清楚、全面 說話策略:

掌握說話 策略

¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識以構思話語

¾ 因應不同的目的,採取適當的說話方式,如先想後說,邊想邊說,

運用勢態語,運用觀察、想像

¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識構 思說話

¾ 多讀多聽,多觀察,運用聯想

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¾ 利用各種途徑資源(如使用圖 片、圖表、講稿、資訊科技) 以協助說話

和想像,豐富說話內容

¾ 因應不同的目的、對象、場 合,運用適當的或綜合運用不 同的說話方法(如實話實說、

適時讚美、提問、重複、轉換 話題、以問代答、適當運用幽 默感、勢態語等)

¾ 按情境變化,調整說話內容和 表達形式(如用語、語調)

¾ 主動與他人交談

¾ 主動發言,積極參與討論

¾ 有自信地發言,敢於說出自己的意見

¾ 尊重他人發言 ¾ 尊重他人的不同意見 說話興趣、

態度習慣:

(樂於表 達、勇於表 達、應對得 體)

¾ 說話坦誠

¾ 說話有禮貌、不粗鄙、不隨便插話

¾ 積極參與討論

¾ 具自信心、勇於表達自己的觀 點

¾ 尊重他人的不同意見

¾ 說話真誠、謹慎、客觀

¾ 說話文雅大方

¾ 樂於與人溝通

¾ 提出不同意見及更正他人錯 誤時,運用適當的語氣和措辭

¾ 不隨意夾雜外語,避用口頭禪

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閱讀範圍 ¾ 不同性質的材料:敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 從不同來源 (如課文、兒童讀物、報章、雜誌、互聯網) 閱讀不同 類型的材料:童話、詩歌、故事、寓言、散文、小說、實用文 (如 書信、便條、日記、周記、通知、報告、說明書、廣告、海報、

標語、告示) 等

¾ 不同題材的讀物:生活、科普、歷史、文化、藝術等

¾ 不同性質的材料:敘述、描 寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 不同類型的材料:取材自古今 優秀作品、翻譯作品、科普文 字、實用文字、報紙、雜誌、

視聽資訊 (電視節目、電影、

戲劇、音像材料等)

¾ 不同題材的讀物:生活、歷 史、文化、科普、社會、政治、

經濟、藝術、醫健等 閱讀能力:

認讀文字

¾ 認讀常用字

¾ 辨識字形、字音、字義

¾ 辨識字形、字音、字義

¾ 理解學習和生活中常見的詞語 閱讀範疇

閱讀能力:

理解詞語 ¾ 理解所學篇章中與現代語義

不同的文言詞語

¾ 理解字詞在不同語境中的含 義

¾ 理解常用文言虛詞的意義及 用法

¾ 辨析多義詞及詞類活動

¾ 連繫古今詞義的關係,比較古 今詞義的異同

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閱讀能力:

理解句子

¾ 理解句子的意思 ¾ 理解句子的意義和在段落或

篇章中的作用

¾ 理解句子、段落的銜接關係 閱讀能力:

理解段落

¾ 理解句子前後銜接關係

¾ 理解段意

¾ 理解段意和內容層次

¾ 理解內容大意、內容要點、主旨、寓意,體會作者表達的思想感情 閱讀能力:

理解篇章 ¾ 辨識簡單的敘述手法,如順 敘、倒敘

¾ 辨識不同性質的表達方法,如 描寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 理解作品的主旨

¾ 理解作者的思想和感情

閱讀能力:

分析綜合

¾ 分析、綜合內容 (如概括段落及篇章的意思、作出總結、分辨事實 與意見) ,分析組織結構、寫作目的

¾ 分析寫作目的、作者觀點

¾ 分析作品結構、寫作技巧

¾ 比較、分析、綜合不同作品的 內容和觀點

閱讀能力:

評價

¾ 評價內容,如人物的性格和行為 ¾ 評價作品的思想內容和寫作

手法 閱讀能力:

探究創新

¾ 在理解的基礎上,推斷閱讀材料以外的內容和見解

¾ 運用聯想和想像,產生新的意念

¾ 探究作品的內涵,對作品有個 人的感悟,產生新的意念、觀 點或建議

¾ 聯繫相關的材料,提出新的問 題或見解

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閱讀能力:

欣賞

¾ 欣賞作品中優美的語言 (如韻律、節奏) 和生動的形象 ¾ 感受作品的藝術形象、語文之 美、體味作品的思想感情

¾ 欣賞作品的內容美、形式美和 二者相互結合的美

閱讀能力:

掌握視聽 資訊

¾ 理解音像材料 (如互聯網、視像光碟、電視節目) 所傳遞的信息 ¾ 理解影視節目的情節結構、人 物塑造、畫面的象徵意義等

¾ 闡釋圖表所傳遞的信息

¾ 比較從不同媒體篩選所得資 料,識別事實與意見

¾ 比較、分析、綜合來自不同媒 體的資料 (如語言文字、數 字、圖表、畫面、影像)

¾ 欣賞、評價不同媒體所傳遞的 訊息及其傳播的效果

¾ 探 究 不 同 媒 體 所 傳 遞 的 訊 息,對訊息有個人的感受,產 生新的意念、觀點或建議 閱讀策略:

掌握策略 重點

¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識以理解閱讀材料 ¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識以 理解閱讀材料

¾ 因應不同目的、不同閱讀材

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¾ 因應不同的閱讀材料,採取適 當的閱讀方法,如精讀、默 讀、朗讀 (配合感情、有自信 地朗讀優美的文字)

¾ 因應不同的閱讀材料,運用適 當的閱讀方法,如略讀、瀏 覽、主題閱讀法、找出關鍵語

¾ 利用各種途徑資源 (如插圖、互聯網、工具書、圖書館、博物館) 以 幫助閱讀

料,運用適當的閱讀方法,如 讀前想後文、先推測後證實;

透過誦讀文學作品,感受語文 之美和體味作品思想感情;運 用想像、聯想,再現作品的藝 術形象

¾ 借助工具書、音像材料、互聯 網及相關資料以幫助閱讀 閱讀興趣、

態度習慣:

(樂於閱 讀、勤於閱 讀、認真閱 讀)

¾ 培養閱讀興趣,感受閱讀的趣味

¾ 專注地閱讀

¾ 經常閱讀,多利用圖書館

¾ 主動尋找閱讀材料,養成課外閱讀的習慣

¾ 交流閱讀心得,與其他說話、聆聽、寫作活動結合

¾ 投入閱讀活動,如參加閱讀計畫

¾ 培養閱讀興趣,享受閱讀的樂 趣

¾ 專注地閱讀

¾ 經常閱讀,持之以恆

¾ 獨立、主動閱讀

¾ 樂於與人分享和交流閱讀經 驗

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寫作範圍 ¾ 不同性質的表達:敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 不同類型的寫作:詩歌、童話、故事、賀卡、邀請卡、書信、便 條、日記、周記、報告等

¾ 不同性質的表達:敘述、描 寫、抒情、說明、議論

¾ 不同類型寫作:一般寫作、文 學創作 (散文、詩歌、小說、

戲劇)、實用寫作 (書信、啟 事、通知、章則、說明書、演 講辭、會議記錄、新聞稿、報 告、建議書、專題介紹、評論、

宣傳文字、電子簡報等)

¾ 書寫常用字

¾ 硬筆、毛筆的執筆和運筆方法 書寫能力:

寫字

¾ 正確的寫字姿勢和良好的書 寫習慣,如書寫規範、端正、

整潔

¾ 良好的書寫習慣,如書寫工 整、行款整齊、文本整潔 寫作範疇

寫作能力:

目標內 容、表達方 式

¾ 按寫作需要確定寫作內容

¾ 確定表達方式,如敘述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論

審題立意:

¾ 確定讀者、題意,確立中心、

主題

¾ 根據需要,選用適當的或綜合 運 用 不 同 的 表 達 方 式 ( 敘 述、描寫、抒情、說明、議論)

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¾ 選取合適素材 ¾ 選擇能突出重點的素材

¾ 按需要剪裁內容,安排詳略

¾ 開頭展開話題,結尾收束全篇 寫作能力:

組織結構

¾ 分段表達 ¾ 按表達重點分段

¾ 有條理地表達

¾ 過渡銜接

布局謀篇:

¾ 圍繞中心,選用適當的材料

¾ 剪裁內容,安排詳略、突出中 心

¾ 組織結構 (如開頭結尾、過渡 照應、層次條理)

寫作能力:

書面語運 用

¾ 運用閱讀和生活中學到的書面語

¾ 按表達需要運用不同語氣

¾ 完整、通順地表達

¾ 運用合適修辭手法以提高表達效果

¾ 按表達需要使用常見的標點符號

書面表達:

¾ 語言文字合乎語文規範

¾ 運用不同修辭手法以提高表 達效果

¾ 準確使用標點符號 寫作能力:

修訂

¾ 修改有明顯錯誤的詞句 ¾ 修訂語句,推敲字詞

¾ 調整內容,增刪材料

¾ 推敲字詞、語句

¾ 修正觀點、增刪材料

¾ 調整結構 寫作能力:

表達方式 的運用

¾ 敘述,如順敘、倒敘

¾ 描寫,如直接描寫、間接描寫 (例如通過事件間接描寫人物)

¾ 抒情,如直接抒情、間接抒情 (例如通過事件間表抒發感受)

¾ 敘述:運用不同的敘述手法 (如順敘、倒敘、插敘);運用 不同人稱敘述

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¾ 說明,如解說日常用品的使用 步驟

¾ 議論,如提出理由支持意見

¾ 說明,如舉例、比較、分類

¾ 議論,如舉出例證支持意見

¾ 描寫:運用直接描寫、間接描 寫等方法;運用人物描寫、景 物描寫、場面描寫等方法

¾ 抒情:如懷人、感事、感物、

感時;運用直接抒情、間接抒 情的手法

¾ 說明:運用各種說明方法 (如 分類、對比)

¾ 議論:如論事、論理、論人;

運 用 各 種 議 論 方 法 ( 如 例 證、因果、比較、類比、比喻、

歸納、駁論、正反立論、對 比);運用一般的推論方法 (如 三段論式)

¾ 確定對象,使用合適的格式和用語 寫作能力:

實用寫作 ¾ 游說,如提出要求及理由

¾ 確定對象,因應寫作目的,運 用合適的格式和用語

寫作能力:

文學創作

¾ 嘗試不拘形式、自由地把見聞、感受和想像寫出來 ¾ 運用基本的創作方法和技巧 進行創作

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寫作策略:

掌握寫作 策略

¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識以構思寫作內容

¾ 因應不同的寫作要求,採取適 當的寫作方法,如先說後寫,

運用順序觀察、多感官觀察,

運用聯想、想像

¾ 因應不同的寫作要求,運用適 當的寫作方法,如運用對比及 分類

¾ 利用各種途徑資源 (如互聯網、工具書、交換寫作心得) 以協助寫 作

¾ 聯繫生活經驗及已有知識構 思寫作內容

¾ 多讀多聽、多觀察、運用聯想 和想像,豐富寫作內容

¾ 因應寫作目的、場合和對象,

運用不同的寫作方法

¾ 運用創意策略 (如假設法、反 習慣法、思潮泉湧法、腦衝擊 法、強烈組合法)

¾ 利用字典辭書、百科全書以協 助寫作

¾ 透過各種途徑 (如書籍、報 刊、互聯網、音像資料) 搜集 寫作材料

¾ 結合多種媒體 (如圖表、聲 音、影像) 加強表達效果

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寫作興趣、

態度習慣:

(樂於寫 作、勤於寫 作、認真寫 作)

¾ 與其他說話、聆聽、閱讀活動結合,欣賞他人的作品,分享寫作心 得與樂趣

¾ 培養創作意識,主動投入,體會寫作樂趣

¾ 樂於嘗試不同類型的寫作

¾ 勤於練筆

¾ 通過不同途徑 (如觀察生活、蒐集喜愛作品並分類、讀報) 積累寫 作材料,並作摘錄

¾ 認真思考、反復修改

¾ 樂於與人分享和交流寫作心 得

¾ 培養創作意識,主動投入,體 會寫作樂趣

¾ 樂於嘗試不同類型的寫作

¾ 勤於練筆

¾ 樂於發表

¾ 認真思考,反復修改

¾ 樂於接納別人的意見

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Exemplar on Adaptation of Learning Objectives and Learning Modules

表一︰學習重點的調適

為非華語學生學習中文進行的調適 學習重點(第三學習階

段:中一至中三) 調適學習重點 調適教學 說 明

閱 讀

y

理解字詞在不同語境中 的含義

y

理解學習和生活中 常見的詞語(第一、

二學習階段)

y

理解字詞在不同語 境中的含義

在學習時,遇到需要辨 別字詞的一詞多義、同 義詞、詞義色彩的地 方,教師宜多加解釋,

教學生分辨。

非華語學生學習中文時,由於缺乏類似母語習得 的語感,對詞義判斷不夠準確,而且積累的詞彙 量不多,所以首先要從基礎學起。例如教師在設 計閱讀活動時,配合非華語學生心智發展,選取 適合青少年、貼近他們生活的內容作為學習材 料,另一方面在開始時對學習內容的要求不宜太 高,先採用小學學習階段的重點,從理解字詞的 意思開始,再進一步深入理解不同語境中字詞的 含義。

寫 作

y

組織結構(如開頭結 尾、過渡照應、層次條 理)

y

分段表達(第一學習 階段)

y

整體組織

教師宜先讓學生口頭表 達,經過口語的選詞用 字、說話組織等思考後 再寫作。

非華語學生受文字表達的限制,或未能一開始即 組織文章整體結構,因此在學習重點的學習上宜 循序漸進,從語段開始,而在教學上則可多利用 他們口語表達的優勢帶動寫作。

festivals of homelands among students could promote cultural exchange. This exemplar is suitable for Primary 4 – 6.

The two exemplars are both applicable to the curriculum mode - “Immersion in Chinese Language Lessons”.

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聽 信息(第一、二學習

階段)

y

理解話語的深層意 義

義,教師宜教學生分辨 字詞的同音、同義、一 詞多義和詞義的色彩,

以聽出話語中的主要信 息。

方面的要求,對於非華語學生來說,宜首先從聽 出話語中的主要信息開始,進而探究其中的深層 意思。

說 話

y

組織話語(如圍繞中 心、安排層次、前後連 貫)

y

組織話語(如圍繞中 心、安排層次、前後 連貫)

加強字詞的一詞多義、

同義詞、詞義的色彩、

話語連貫等方面的教 學。

說話一般是非華語學生學習的強項,在說話方面 的學習重點不需特別調適,不過教師仍需在詞語 運用及話語連貫方面多加注意。

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範疇 中國傳統節日 節日(中國或其他地方的節日) 說 明

閱讀 內容︰《清明時節掃墓 去》、《中秋觀燈 記》

重點︰學習劃分段落,歸 納段落大意

內容︰《中秋觀燈記》、《歡渡新年》

重點︰學習理解內容大意

非華語學生需要融入香港社會,同時對中華文化很 有興趣,在學習中國傳統節日時,宜先了解節日背 後的文化和歷史意義。如中秋節,教師宜先向學生 介紹節日的歷史和來源,作深入淺出而有趣的講 解。教師可將其中一篇文章換成講述非華語學生熟 悉的節日,如不同族裔的新年,與中國的農曆新年 作比較。在學習重點上,讓學生先理解內容大意,

再嘗試歸納每一段的意思。

寫作 內容︰《我最難忘的節日》

重點︰學習按需要剪裁內 容,安排詳略

內容︰《我最難忘的節日》

重點︰學習按寫作需要確定寫作內容

同樣的寫作題目,在內容上,非華語學生可以寫本 民族或中國的傳統節日。在重點上,則學習根據寫 作需要確定內容。

聆聽 內容︰《重陽節的意義》

重點︰學習邊聽邊記重點

內容︰《重陽節的意義》(或可換成《節 日介紹》/《 節的意義》) 重點︰學習聯繫生活經驗及已有知識以

理解話語

為避免非華語學生因不了解重陽節的文化背景而 影響學習,教師宜先向學生介紹節日的歷史和來 源。教師亦可以因應非華語學生不同的文化背景,

更換或增加相關的內容,例如探討不同民族如何慎 終追遠,帶領學生進行多元文化交流。

說話 內容︰「中國傳統節日」

重點︰學習按需要剪裁說 話內容,安排詳略

內容︰「我最喜歡的節日」

重點︰學習有條理地說話

學生可以根據生活經驗及文化背景,選擇最喜歡的 本民族或中國傳統節日來介紹,增進學生之間的多 元文化交流共享。

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Exemplar on Chinese Language Teaching Plan (Information provided by Delia Memorial School (Broadway))

一、教學理念

1. 學校採全納多元文化教育(Inclusive and Multi-cultural Education)

原則,所有學生享有平等和有效的學習機會,包括中文;

2. 體現校訓「和而不同」(Harmony in Diversity)的精神。

二、科目結構

教務部

中文領域

主流中文 調適中文 沉浸中文 普通話

中學會考 中國語文

中學會考 普通話科 GCSE-中文

Learning Area of Chinese Language Education. The curriculum consists of Putonghua, Mainstream Chinese language, Chinese Adaptation Programme and Chinese Immersion Programme. The design of each programme varies in meeting the diversified ability and needs of NCS students. Schools divide students into classes according to their ability to care for individual learning needs. Students may apply for relevant public examinations according to their learning experiences.

This exemplar integrates various modes in accordance with students’ diverse backgrounds and learning progress, which satisfies students’ needs and expectations, and enhance teaching effect at the same time.

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1. 普通話(Putonghua)

依課程指引及教科書施教,採用普通話音標教學;

中一至中三級與常規中文並修,中四、五改為選修科,並保送中 學會考。

2. 主流中文(Mainstream Chinese Language)

依課程指引及教科書施教,以粵語教學;

中一至中五必修科目,並保送中學會考;

2007 年會考取消課文篇章,增加聽說,並採水平參照模式評核。

3. 調適中文(Chinese Adaptation Programme)

依課程指引進行調適,設計校本教材,以粵語教學;

如調適中文跟常規中文掛鈎,須確保學生有基本能力考取中學會 考中國語文科;否則宜在中四級轉軌。

4. 沉浸中文(Chinese Immersion Programme)

因應特定目標設計課程;

以英語及粵語音標為過渡工具教學,逐漸過渡至漢字學習;

中一至中三級為必修課程,中四、五屬選修課程。

四、學生分流

1. 所有入讀中一級華裔學生參加學能測驗;非華裔學生參加由中文 第二語言科組設計的測驗,並按學生的表現分配到適合的中文班 級;

2. 所有插班生如屬非華裔學生,須完成擬報讀班級的中文測試,以 便編入適當的中文組別;

3. 學生須定期接受診斷測試,以便有效轉流。

參考文獻

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