花蓮和平溪流域山崩作用與河川化性之相關性

୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢ౛ᏢଣӦ፦ࣽᏢࣴز܌

ᅺγፕЎ

Department of Geosciences College of Science

National Taiwan University Master Thesis

޸ጪکѳྛࢬୱξ஝բҔᆶݞοϯ܄ϐ࣬ᜢ܄

The relationship between landslide and river chemistry in Heping River, Hualien

ٍ݅ᑣ Chen-Han Lin

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋֻӹ റγ Advisor: Hongey Chen, Ph. D.

ύ๮҇୯ 102 ԃ 7 Д July, 2013

ᇞ ᇞᖴ

ҁࣴزளаֹԋǴ२ӃाགᖴࡰᏤ௲௤ഋֻӹറγǴӧ຾Չࣴزਔޑፌፌ௲ ᇧکፏӭࡌ᝼ǴᡣᏢғஹࡖӧࣽᏢࣴزޑ኷፪ϐύǴନԜϐѦǴᏢғ׳வԴৣي

΢ᏢډᏢޣᔈԖޑᄊࡋǵ॥ጄǴаϷࡑΓௗނޑБԄǴӧԜठ΢നଯޑᖴཀǶᅺ γғࢲޑ೭ٿԃࢂךΓғύࡐख़ाޑ΋ࢤਔӀǴך཮૶ՐԴৣ೭ٿԃٰޑ௲ᏤǴ ᝩុ۳ΓғޑΠঁ໘ࢤᗌ຾Ƕ

α၂ය໔ǴགᖴѠ᡼εᏢੇࢩࣴز܌݅᐀ݓԴৣǵύѧεᏢᔈҔӦ፦ࣴز܌

ဠৎ໋ԴৣǴаϷύᑫπำ៝ୢϦљߠޚ܍ୋᕴ࿶౛ǴჹܭҁፕЎޑεΚܬ҅Ǵ ٠๏ϒፏӭᝊ຦ޑཀـǴ٬ፕЎ׳уֹഢǴᏢғ૱ЈགᖴǶ

؃Ꮲය໔Ǵགᖴෞৎ௵Ꮲۊӧჴᡍ࠻ελ٣୍ޑᜢЈᆶᔅշǴѠεੇࣴ܌ᒘ

܃ဖϷ஭ذችᏢۊǴаϷӦ፦سഋΏᅼᏢۊӧჴᡍϩ݋ޑࡰᏤǴύѧεᏢ஭ύқ ԴৣϷ৪Ό։ᏢۊӧፁࢃቹႽޑᔅԆǴѠεβЕس໳ᔾ፵ԴৣϷڬܴࡹӃғӧჴ ᡍޑගٮᆶڐշǴӦፓ܌᝵ੀᆢӃғӧၗ਑ޑගٮǴಃ΋ݞοֽНኬޑ௦໣Ǵە ᔇᏢߏߘໆၗ਑ޑගٮǴқԲǵAKǵࠧᆢǵۓӹؒԖ࡜قӦഉךٌधрഁѦǶ

੝ձགᖴҁࣴز࠻߷◖ᏢߏǴӧኗቪፕЎਔ๏ϒ೚ӭᔅշکࡌ᝼ǴؒԖᏢߏޑᔅ ԆᏢ׌ךคݤ໩ճޑ౥཰ǴΨགᖴᝩໜᏢߏѳਔޑᜢЈکྣ៝Ƕགᖴࡼ൧ᑉǵၽ ԃൈϷ஭ᅴܴ฻ᏢߏჹፕЎޑࡰᗺǴૈӧԖ೭ሶӭᜫཀбрޑᏢߏۊޑࣴز࠻੿

ޑࡐ۩ၮǼགᖴຽ໥ǵ߷ᐇǵࠔ൏ΟՏᏢ׌ۂ೚ӭޑᔅԆǴаϷதഉךಠϺ቏ઍ קวᓸΚǴаࡕΨӳӳуݨǼΨགᖴ◖ᄀ೭٤ԃޑഉՔǴઔی҂ٰޑВη۩ᅽǵ ז኷ǶќѦǴᖴᖴ 237 εৎǴך཮ࡐᚶۺᆶӚՏΠϱૡಠϺӞ໭ޑ៿኷ਔӀǶᖴ ᖴ B96 ک R00 ӧ؃Ꮲය໔ޑϪዲکҬࢬǴઔӚՏӕᏢ߻೼໩ճǶᖴᖴӦ፦سᝣ کੇӦᖄ໗Ǵ๏Αךᅈᅈޑ዗Ոᆶག୏Ƕ೭ࢤය໔ჴӧڙډϼӭޑᔅշǴӆԛჹ ම࿶ࣁךбрޑ؂΋ঁΓᇥ΋ᖂǺȨᖴᖴȩǶ

നࡕǴ໻ஒҁЎ᝘๏΋ၡਭ୻ךǵЍ࡭ךޑৎΓǴࣁΑֹԋ೭ҁፕЎǴ឴࣊

೚ӭ࣬ೀਔ໔Ǵՠ҅ӢࣁԖգॺޑЍ࡭Ǵךωૈ୲࡭ΠѐǶᖴᖴǴךངգॺǶ

ᄔ ᄔा

ҁࣴزᙖҗϩ݋޸ጪکѳྛࢬୱ 2007 ԃԿ 2012 ԃޑѤঁξ஝٣ҹǴ௖૸஝

༥Ӧǵݞοϯ܄ǴаϷᒡࣳໆ໔ޑ࣬ϕჹᔈᜢ߯Ƕࣴز่݀ᡉҢǴ஝༥౗ᆶረ॥

ޑಕᑈߘໆϷफ़ߘமࡋԖܴᡉ҅࣬ᜢ܄Ǵ᝵܎ረ॥೷ԋϐξ஝Ԗനଯޑ஝༥౗ǵ ཥғ౗ᆶख़౜౗Ǵϩձࣁ 2.1%ǵ71.4%ǴаϷ 58.2%ǶԜѦǴ۟ᡏமࡋၨեޑᚴ ξቫک౥࿢ξቫǴэӄ୔ 80%а΢ޑ஝༥౗ǴᡉҢӚӦቫϐ஝༥౗ᆶ۟ᡏமࡋԖ

๱ॄ࣬ᜢޑᖿ༈Ƕவ஝༥Ӧӧڵᡏ΢ޑϩѲว౜ǴεऊԖ 30%ޑ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈ໣ύ ӧ᎞߈ݞၰޑՏ࿼Ǵ೭٤஝༥Ӧӧ᝵܎ረ॥ϐࡕӛ΢ᘉεǴᡂԋவݞၰۯ՜Կξ ᔂޑεࠠ஝༥ӦǴ٬ள׳ӭӦ፦׷਑ᆶᅹለᡶ᝜ނ฻ނ፦຾ΕݞοǴନΑගٮረ

॥ය໔ᒡࣳໆቚуޑٰྍǴΨᏤठ K⁺ǵCa²⁺ǵྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋǴаϷ δ¹³CDIC࡚ ᗊӦ΢ϲǶ

җ߈ 30 ԃޑᒡࣳໆीᆉ่݀ᡉҢǴҁࣴز୔ϐѳ֡ԃᒡࣳໆࣁ 14.45MtǴ ځύǴረ॥ኪߘޑؑڇᆶξ஝٣ҹࣁԃᒡࣳໆЬाޑٮᔈٰྍǴረ॥ය໔ޑಕᑈ ߘໆຫεǴᒡࣳໆэ၀ԃࡋᒡࣳໆޑКٯΨຫεǶԶᔸۑޑѳ֡ᒡࣳໆࣁଳۑޑ 12.1 ७ǴΨᡉҢҗܭᔸۑߘໆၨк؊Ǵ೷ԋଳᔸۑᒡࣳໆޑৡ౦܄Ƕ

வݞН Gibbs კளޕǴکѳྛϐݞНᚆηᐚࡋڙډ۟܄ቹៜǴឦܭȨ۟܄௓

ڋȩᜪࠠǴऊԖ 40%Կ 80%ٰԾܭᅹለᡶ᝜ނǶݞοϯ܄ᆶࢬໆޑᜢ߯ࡰрǴ Na⁺ک Mg²⁺ᐚࡋکࢬໆ໔ឦܭีញբҔޑᜢ߯ǴᔸۑਔޑᐚࡋၨեǹCl^-ᐚࡋکࢬ ໆ໔ឦܭНЎதኧѳᑽޑᜢ߯ǴଳᔸٿۑޑᐚࡋؒԖܴᡉϐৡ౦ǹCa²⁺ک K⁺ᐚ ࡋکࢬໆ໔ឦܭዎᔸբҔޑᜢ߯Ǵӧᔸۑਔޑᐚࡋϩձࣁଳۑਔޑ 1.13 ७ک 1.07 ७ǹྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋ߾ࢂӧࢬໆεܭ 20m³/sec ਔǴکࢬໆԖܴᡉ҅࣬ᜢޑᖿ༈Ƕ

ᜢᗖӷǺ஝༥Ӧǵᚆηᐚࡋǵྋှคᐒᅹǵδ¹³CDICǵᒡࣳໆ

Abstract

This research concerned the relationship among four typhoon-induced landslide events, river chemistry and sediment discharge in the catchment of the Heping River during 2007 to 2012. The analyzed results point out that higher rainfall intensity and cumulative rainfall would cause higher landslide ratios. Therefore, typhoon Saola triggered a highest landslide ratio of 2.1%, new generation ratio of 71.4%, and reactivated ratio of 58.2% among four typhoons. In addition, More than 80%

landslides occurred in Lushan and Pilushan Formations because of the weak rock strength. About 30% of landslides located near the river and expanded to hilltop after typhoon Saola. Consequently, more deposits and carbonate minerals were transported into the river, causing the concentration of K⁺, Ca²⁺, dissolved inorganic carbon and δ¹³CDICraised abruptly.

The average annual sediment discharge is 14.45 Mt and mainly resulted from the contribution of typhoon events. In comparison with sediment discharge and rainfall, the greater the cumulative rainfall during typhoon, the higher the proportion of typhoon-triggered sediment discharge to annual sediment discharge. The results also show that the average sediment discharge in wet season is 13.35 Mt, which is 12.1 times of dry season due to the difference of rainfall.

The plot of the total dissolved salts versus Na⁺/ (Na⁺+Ca²⁺) reflected that the chemical properties of Heping river belonged to rock-dominated type. Moreover, the relationship between water discharge and ionic concentrations indicate that the concentrations of Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased with increasing discharge, the ionic concentrations were lower in wet season. In contrast, the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ increased with increasing discharge, the concentrations in wet season were 1.13 and 1.07 times of the dry season, respectively. The concentrations of dissolved

inorganic have apparently positive correlation with discharge when discharge is higher than 20 m³/sec.

Keywords: landslide, ion concentration, dissolved organic carbon, δ¹³CDIC, sediment discharge

Ҟ Ҟᒵ

ठᖴ... I ᄔा... II Abstract ...III Ҟᒵ... V კҞᒵ... VIII ߄Ҟᒵ...XI

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ...1

1.1 ࣴز୏ᐒᆶҞޑ...1

1.2 Ӧ౛Տ࿼ϷҬ೯ཷݩ...2

ಃΒക ߻Γࣴز...4

2.1 फ़ߘکξ஝ϐᜢ߯...4

2.2 ᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉᆶ౦ख़ࢬ੝܄...6

2.3 ݞοϯ܄ᆶӦ፦ᕉნᜢ߯...9

2.4 ݞНྋှคᐒᅹ...11

ಃΟക ࣴز୔ୱཷݩ...13

3.1 Ӧ׎ཷݩ...13

3.2 Ӧ፦ཷݩ...16

3.3 βᝆཷݩ...19

3.4 ਻ংᆶНЎཷݩ...20

3.5 ረ॥٣ҹ...21

ಃѤക ࣴزБݤ...23

4.1 ഁѦፓࢗπբ...23

4.1.1 ኬࠔ௦໣...23

4.1.2 ࡼஏ੝ᗚ၂ᡍ...25

4.2 ჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍ...25

4.3 ஝༥Ӧղញ...25

4.4 ᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉ...31

4.5 ݞοϯᏢ܄፦ϩ݋...33

4.5.1 ഍ᚆηϩ݋Бݤ...34

4.5.2 ໚ᚆηϩ݋Бݤ...34

4.5.3 ྋှคᐒᅹϩ݋Бݤ...34

4.5.4 ۟ҡϡન֖ໆϩ݋Бݤ...35

4.5.5 ᚆηᐚࡋᆶӦ፦ᕉნ࣬ᜢ܄ϩ݋...35

4.5.6 ྋှคᐒᅹᆶӦ፦ᕉნ࣬ᜢ܄ϩ݋...39

ಃϖക ࣴز่݀...42

5.1 Ӧ፦׷਑܄፦၂ᡍ่݀...42

5.1.1 Ծฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍ...42

5.1.2 ۟ҡΚᏢ܄፦Ϸ੃ණऐΦ၂ᡍ...43

5.2 ஝༥Ӧղញ่݀...46

5.2.1 ஝༥Ӧ಍ी...46

5.2.2 ஝༥ӦӧڵᡏϩѲރݩ...50

5.2.3 ஝༥ᆶ۟ᡏமࡋکረ॥फ़ߘϐᜢ߯...53

5.3 ᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉ่݀...54

5.3.1 ᐕԃᒡࣳໆ಍ी...54

5.3.2 ᒡࣳໆᆶଳᔸۑϐᜢ߯...58

5.3.3 ޸ጪဂ᎜ჹᒡࣳᐚࡋϐቹៜ...60

5.4 ݞοϯᏢ܄፦ϩ݋่݀...63

5.4.1 Ьाᚆηᐚࡋϩ݋่݀...63

5.4.2 ྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋᆶᅹ 13 ӕՏનϩ݋่݀...67

5.5 ۟ҡϡન֖ໆϩ݋่݀...69

ಃϤക ஝༥Ӧᆶݞοϯ܄ϐᜢ߯...71

6.1 ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈᆶᚆηᐚࡋϐᜢ߯...71

6.2 ᚆηᐚࡋᆶ۟܄ϐ࣬ᜢ܄...73

6.3 ᚆηᐚࡋᆶࢬໆϐ࣬ᜢ܄аϷଳᔸۑᡂϯ...75

ಃΎക ૸ፕ...79

7.1 ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈᐒ౗ϩթϐКၨ...79

7.2 ᅹለᡶჹݞН໚ᚆηޑଅ᝘Кٯ...83

7.3 ᚆηᐚࡋᆶࢬໆϐӣᘜϩ݋...85

7.4 ౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹϐ௢՗...87

ಃΖക ่ፕ...90

ୖԵЎ᝘...92

ߕᒵ΋ ݞН௦໣ᆶኬࠔ߻ೀ౛Бݤ...106

ߕᒵΒ ࡼஏ੝ᗚൂᓸமࡋඤᆉ߄...107

ߕᒵΟ Ծฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍБݤ...108

ߕᒵѤ ᗺ಻ख़၂ᡍБݤ... 110

ߕᒵϖ ੃ණऐΦ၂ᡍБݤ... 112

ߕᒵϤ ഍ᚆηϩ݋Бݤ... 113

ߕᒵΎ ໚ᚆηϩ݋Бݤ... 114

ߕᒵΖ ྋှคᐒᅹϩ݋Бݤ... 115

კ კҞᒵ

კ 1.1 کѳྛ໣Н୔ࢬୱ࣬ᜢӦ౛Տ࿼... 3

კ 3.1 کѳྛࢬୱӦ׎კ... 14

კ 3.2 ࣴز୔ୱଯำϩѲკ... 14

კ 3.3 ࣴز୔ୱڵࡋϩѲკ... 15

კ 3.4 ࣴز୔ୱڵӛϩѲკ... 15

კ 3.5 ࣴز୔ୱӦ፦კ... 18

კ 3.6 ࣴز୔ୱӦቫϩѲკ... 18

კ 3.7 ࣴز୔ୱβᝆᅿᜪϩѲკ... 19

კ 3.8 کѳྛࢬୱНسǵНЎෳઠϩѲკ... 20

კ 3.9 ረ॥٣ҹၡ৩კ... 22

კ 4.1 ࣴز୔ୱ៛ᓐᢀෳᗺ... 24

კ 4.2 ஝༥ӦᆶݞၰǵξᔂຯᚆҢཀკ... 29

კ 4.3 ஝༥Ӧᆶݞၰǵξᔂຯᚆϐᜢ߯კ... 29

კ 4.4 ࣴز୔Ӧ׎ک஝༥ӦଯำϩѲКٯ... 30

კ 4.5 ஝༥Ӧکࣴز୔Ӧ׎ଯำϩѲКٯКၨ... 30

კ 4.6 ᒡࣳᐚࡋϷߘໆӆ౜ڬයԔጕ... 33

კ 4.7 ݞНᚆηᐚࡋ௓ڋӢન... 36

კ 4.8 Ca²⁺/Na⁺ک Mg²⁺/Na⁺ϐᜢ߯ ... 38

კ 4.9 ྋှᄊᚆηΟفკ... 38

კ 4.10 ݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹᓯӸ৤ٰྍᆶᐚࡋǵδ¹³C ϐჹᔈᜢ߯Ңཀკ ...41

კ 5.1 Ӛ۟ቫଳൂՏख़ǵ֖НໆϷϾሜ౗... 43

კ 5.2 Ӛ၂ᡍϐൂᓸமࡋ... 44

კ 5.3 Ӛ۟ቫϐൂᓸமࡋ... 45

კ 5.4 Ӛ۟ቫ੃ණऐΦ܄ൻᕉࡰኧ... 46

კ 5.5 ஝༥Ӧᆶࣴز୔Ӧ׎ϐଯำϩѲ... 48

კ 5.6 ஝༥Ӧᆶࢬୱଯำᐒ౗ϩѲКၨ... 48

კ 5.7 ࢬୱڵᡏϷ஝༥ڵࡋᐒ౗ϩѲ... 49

კ 5.8 ஝༥ӦᆶξᔂǵڵဌϷݞၰ໔ϐ࣬ჹՏ࿼ޑᄽᡂ... 51

კ 5.9 வݞၰԿξᔂ஝༥य़ᑈᆶረ॥ය໔ᒡࣳໆჹᔈᜢ߯... 52

კ 5.10 ஝༥౗ᆶӚӦቫൂᓸமࡋϐᜢ߯... 53

კ 5.11 ஝༥౗ᆶረ॥फ़ߘໆϷफ़ߘமࡋϐᜢ߯... 54

კ 5.12 ԃߘໆǵԃᒡࣳໆϷԃ೵ࢬໆϐᜢ߯ϩѲკ... 56

კ 5.13 ረ॥ය໔ᒡࣳໆᆶԃᒡࣳໆϐ࣬ჹᔈᜢ߯... 57

კ 5.14 ረ॥ය໔ϐಕᑈߘໆϷᒡࣳໆᆶ၀ԃࡋᒡࣳໆϐ࣬ჹᔈᜢ߯... 58

კ 5.15 ଳᔸۑϐᒡࣳໆᆶߘໆϐჹᔈᜢ߯... 60

კ 5.16 ޸ጪဂ᎜߻ࡕࢬໆᆶᒡࣳᐚࡋޑᡂϯ... 61

კ 5.17 ޸ጪဂ᎜߻ࡕᒡࣳᐚࡋޑᡂϯ... 62

კ 5.18 ޸ጪဂ᎜߻ࡕൂՏᒡࣳᐚࡋᡂϯ... 62

კ 5.19 ӚДҽЬाᚆηᐚࡋکߘໆޑКၨ... 65

კ 5.20 کѳྛྋှᄊᚆηΟفკ... 66

კ 5.21 ྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋǵδ¹³CDICǵCa²⁺کࢬໆϐ࣬ჹᔈᜢ߯ ... 68

კ 5.22 ྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋᆶࢬໆϐᜢ߯... 69

კ 6.1 ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈᆶ໚ᚆηᐚࡋϐКၨ... 72

კ 6.2 ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈک K⁺ᐚࡋϐ࣬ᜢ܄ ... 72

კ 6.3 کѳྛݞН Gibbs კ ... 73

კ 6.4 Ca²⁺/Na⁺ک Mg²⁺/Na⁺ϐᜢ߯ ... 75

კ 6.5 ᚆηᐚࡋᆶࢬໆϐᜢ߯ኳԄ... 76

კ 6.6 ࢬໆᆶᚆηᐚࡋϐᜢ߯... 77

კ 6.7 ଳᔸۑЬाᚆηᐚࡋϐКၨ... 78

კ 7.1 کѳྛࢬୱረ॥٣ҹ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈᐒ౗ϩթ... 80

კ 7.2 Ӛࢬୱ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈᐒ౗ϩթϐКၨ... 80

კ 7.3 ߘໆǵᒡࣳᐚࡋکᅹለᡶჹ໚ᚆηଅ᝘Кٯϐჹᔈᜢ߯... 85

კ 7.4 ᐕԃჴෳࢬໆᆶᒡࣳᐚࡋ... 88

კ 7.5 ౦ख़ࢬߐᘖᆶफ़ߘໆϐჹᔈᜢ߯... 88

კ 7.6 1992 ᝊಹረ॥ය໔ࢬໆǵᒡࣳᐚࡋϷߘໆჹᔈᜢ߯... 89

კ 7.7 2007 ဃۦረ॥ය໔ࢬໆǵᒡࣳᐚࡋϷߘໆჹᔈᜢ߯... 89

߄ ߄Ҟᒵ

߄ 2.1 फ़ߘکξ஝ᜢ߯ϐ࣬ᜢࣴز... 5

߄ 2.2 ᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉϐ࣬ᜢࣴز... 7

߄ 2.3 ౦ख़ࢬ੝܄ϐ࣬ᜢࣴز... 8

߄ 2.4 ݞοϯ܄ᆶӦ፦ᕉნᜢ߯ϐ࣬ᜢࣴز... 10

߄ 2.5 ݞНύྋှคᐒᅹϐ࣬ᜢࣴز... 12

߄ 3.1 ࣴز୔ୱӚДҽफ़ߘໆ... 21

߄ 3.2 1982 ԃԿ 2010 ԃࣴز୔ୱД֡ྕ... 21

߄ 3.3 ረ॥٣ҹၗ਑... 22

߄ 4.1 ஝༥Ӧղញ٬ҔϐፁࢃቹႽၗ਑... 26

߄ 4.2 ݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹϐٰྍᆶځᐚࡋϷ δ¹³C ϐჹᔈᜢ߯ ...41

߄ 5.1 Ծฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍ่݀... 42

߄ 5.2 ۟ቫமࡋ၂ᡍ่݀... 44

߄ 5.3 ੃ණऐΦ၂ᡍ่݀... 45

߄ 5.4 ӚӦቫϐ஝༥౗ǵཥғ౗Ϸख़౜౗... 47

߄ 5.5 ஝༥Տ࿼ኧໆǵय़ᑈКٯ... 52

߄ 5.6 ᐕԃ೵ࢬໆǵᒡࣳໆаϷߘໆϐ಍ी՗ᆉ่݀... 55

߄ 5.7 ረ॥ය໔ᒡࣳໆ಍ी... 57

߄ 5.8 ଳᔸۑϐᒡࣳໆᆶߘໆϐКၨ... 59

߄ 5.9 ӚДҽЬाᚆηᐚࡋ... 64

߄ 5.10 ӚДҽྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋᆶG¹³CDIC... 68

߄ 5.11 ӚӦቫϡન֖ໆ... 70

߄ 6.1 ረ॥٣ҹࡕ΋ঁДϣѳ֡ᚆηᐚࡋ... 71

߄ 6.2 Ԍନफ़ߘቹៜϐᚆηᐚࡋᆶफ़ߘቹៜКٯ... 74

߄ 6.3 2011 ԃԿ 2012 ԃϐଳᔸۑЬाᚆηᐚࡋ... 78

߄ 7.1 Ӛࢬୱ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈکቹႽᜪࠠϐКၨ... 82 ߄ 7.2 ᅹለᡶჹݞН໚ᚆηଅ᝘Кٯ... 84 ߄ 7.3 ᚆηᐚࡋᆶࢬໆϐӣᘜᜢ߯Ԅ... 86

ಃ

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ

1.1 ࣴز୏ᐒᆶҞޑ

Ѡ᡼ޑӦ׎ଥ৘Ъ਻ংӭߘǴЀځӧহࣿٿۑѳ֡؂ԃԖѤঁረ॥ߟ᠍Ǵ஥

ٰᙦ؊໣ύޑफ़ߘໆ(Shieh, 2000ǹНճ࿿Ǵ2012)Ƕӧረ॥ය໔ǴߘНӧӦ߄༊

ᆫ٠࿶җᅖ೸բҔ຾ΕβᝆǴβᝆޑϾሜНᓸ΢ϲǴаठܭነᔔΚ෧ϿϷל୊ம ࡋफ़եǴ྽ל୊மࡋफ़եԿλܭ୊ᔈΚਔǴӼӄ߯ኧ཮λܭ 1Ǵᜐڵߡ໒ۈݮ๱

১य़ઇᚯǴ೷ԋ஝༥Ӧޑғԋ(Sidle and Swanton, 1982; Iverson, 2000)Ƕ஝༥Ӧว ғਔ཮ע۟ҡǵβᝆ฻Ӧ፦׷਑஥ΕݞၰǴ೭٤Ӧ፦׷਑ྋှӧݞН཮аᚆηޑ

׎ԄញрϡનǴቹៜݞοޑϯᏢ܄፦Ǵϸࢀ໣Н୔ϣޑ۟܄ಔԋکϯᏢ॥ϯߟᇑ բҔ(Tazaki, 2006; Reinhardt, 2008)Ƕќ΋Бय़ǴऩӦ፦׷਑аᝌੌᗭಈޑ׎Ԅ೏

ݞНཚၮǴߡԋࣁݞࢬύޑᒡࣳໆǴёаࡰҢ໣Н୔ϣ؈ᑈނޑٮᔈރݩکނ౛

॥ϯߟᇑբҔ(Dadson et al., 2004)ǶӢԜǴவ஝༥Ӧǵݞοϯ܄ǴаϷᒡࣳໆ໔ ޑ࣬ϕჹᔈᜢ߯ǴёаᕕှӦ፦ᕉნӧረ॥฻ཱུᆄ਻ংޑය໔ǴߟᇑբҔک؈ᑈ ނٮᔈٰྍޑᡂϯ௃׎Ƕ

ҁࣴزճҔ 2007 ԃဃۦረ॥ǵ2009 ԃ޴ᅦረ॥ǵ2011 ԃࠄᅦ೿ረ॥ǴаϷ 2012 ԃ᝵܎ረ॥฻Ѥঁረ॥٣ҹ߻ࡕޑξ஝٣ҹǴаϷ 1983 ԃԿ 2012 ԃය໔ ޑᒡࣳໆǴ௖૸஝༥ӦޑϩѲ੝܄ǴаϷᆶᒡࣳໆޑ࣬ᜢ܄ǶԜѦǴҁࣴز௦໣

کѳྛΠෞޑݞНኬࠔǴϩ݋ЬाᚆηᐚࡋǵྋှคᐒᅹϷځᅹ 13 ӕՏનǴ׆

ఈᙖҗݞНϯᏢ܄፦ޑϩ݋Ǵᕕှҁࣴز୔ϐξ஝բҔǵᒡࣳໆǴаϷݞοϯᏢ

܄፦ޑ࣬ϕჹᔈᜢ߯ǶӢԜǴҁࣴزπբޑख़ᗺхࡴΑǺ (1) ஝༥ӦޑϩѲ੝܄ᆶቹៜӢનǶ

(2) ஝༥Ӧکᒡࣳໆޑᜢ߯Ƕ

(3) ݞοϯ܄ӧረ॥٣ҹύޑৡ౦Ƕ (4) ݞοϯ܄ک஝༥Ӧޑᜢ߯Ƕ

1.2 Ӧ౛Տ࿼ϷҬ೯ཷݩ

کѳྛՏܭѠ᡼ܿч೽ەើᑜک޸ጪᑜޑҬࣚೀǴࣁܿ೽ޑЬाݞοϐ΋Ǵ วྍܭύѧξેࠄ෫εξ(3,742m)Ǵ఼ᇂەើᑜࠄᐞໂаϷ޸ጪᑜذ݅ໂ฻Չࡹ

୔Ǵӛܿࢬ࿶Կذ݅ໂکѳ׸ࡕݙΕϼѳࢩǶࢬୱ׎ރεठև౜ࣁՋч-ܿࠄӛ ޑં׎ϩѲǴчୁᆶࠄᐞྛ࣬ᎃǴࠄୁ߾ᆶҥᜦྛ࣬ᎃǴ୔ୱϣӭࣁξӦޑӦ׎

ϩѲǴၨଯޑξᔂхࡴǺчୁޑΟࢃξ(2,352m)ǵᔡξ(2,021m)ǶՋୁޑว২ξ (2,857m)ǵ״ᕞξ(2,765m)ǵࠄ෫чξ(3,536m)ǴаϷࠄ෫ܿξ(3,632m)Ƕࠄୁ߾

а᐀ࢃξ(2,654m)ǵΒηξ(2,565m)ǴаϷК݅ξ(2,381m)ࣁЬ(კ 1.1)Ƕ

җܭࣴز୔ϣξᔂଥ৘ǴନΑ႟ࢃฦξ؁ၰѦǴ൳Я೿ࣁԾฅ݅Еϐහ݅܌

ᙟᇂǴѠ 9 ጕϦၡаࠄчӛೣऀҁࣴز୔ΠෞѦൎޑݮੇӦ୔Ƕ຾Εҁࣴز୔Ь

ाёϩࣁٿచၡጕǴவΠෞѦൎޑѠ 9 ጕܢၲکѳ׸ࡕǴճҔѠ᡼ႝΚϦљޑी

ฝၰၡǴаϷϿໆޑ௦᝜ၰၡ຾Εྛα΋஥ޑξ୔Ǵ܈ࢂҗکѳ݅ၰ؁ՉԿࢬୱ ޑՋࠄୁǶԜѦǴऩᒧ᏷வ΢ෞ຾Εҁࣴز୔ǴёவѠ 7 ጕ຾ΕەើᑜࡕǴӆ࿶

җՋчୁϐϼѳ݅ၰௗ۳ѳϡ݅ၰǴёаܢၲࢬୱ΢ෞϩНᔂ΋஥ޑ୔ୱǶ

კ 1.1 کѳྛ໣Н୔ࢬୱ࣬ᜢӦ౛Տ࿼

ಃ

ಃΒക ߻Γࣴز

2.1 फ़ߘکξ஝ϐᜢ߯

வफ़ߘکξ஝ϐᜢ߯ޑࣴز΢Ǵёаஒξ஝วғϐᖏࣚߘໆޑ௢՗БԄ᏾౛

рΟঁኳԄ(Shuin et al., 2012)Ǻ(1)வᐕўξ஝٣ҹکफ़ߘၗ਑Ǵुۓफ़ߘமࡋک फ़ߘۯਔϐᜢ߯Ǵ຾Զ௢՗ξ஝วғਔϐᖏࣚߘໆ(Caine, 1980; Guzzetti et al., 2007; Cannon et al., 2008; Dahal and Hasegawa, 2008)Ǵ(2)ࡌҥफ़ߘໆჹᔈβᝆϣ ϾሜН֖ໆޑኳԄǴӆीᆉβᝆޑᔸዎำࡋٰղᘐࢂց஝༥཮ౢғ(Crozier and Eyles, 1980; Crozier, 1999; Glade et al., 2000)Ǵ(3)ճҔβᝆޑНΚ໺Ꮴ߯ኧǵβᝆ மࡋǴаϷβᝆࠆࡋ฻ୖኧǴीᆉڵᡏઇᚯکफ़ߘޑ࣬ᜢ܄(Okimura and Ichikawa, 1985; Montgomery and Dietrich, 1994; Wu and Sidle, 1995; Iverson, 2000; Dhakal and Sidle, 2004)Ƕ

फ़ߘวғࡕߘНᅖ೸ԿβᝆǴ೷ԋϾሜНᓸ΢ϲ٠फ़եל୊மࡋǴ྽ל୊ம ࡋλܭ୊ᔈΚǴᜐڵ൩཮όᛙۓԶౢғ஝༥(Sidle and Swanston, 1982)ǶAleotti (2004)ᇡࣁǴନΑफ़ߘ೷ԋڵᡏϣϾሜНᓸ΢ϲϐѦǴ୔ୱϣޑНЎǵӦ׎ǵ۟

ቫ฻Ӧ፦ᕉნΨࢂቹៜξ஝ޑӢનǶCaine (1980)಍ीШࣚӚӦޑξ஝ၗ਑Ǵी

ᆉрफ़ߘமࡋکफ़ߘۯਔޑჹᔈᜢ߯Ԅࣁ I=14.82D^-0.39(I ࣁफ़ߘமࡋǴD ࣁफ़ߘ ۯਔ)Ǵ٠ճҔԜᜢ߯Ԅ௢՗рβҡࢬวғϐߘໆᖏࣚॶǶKeefer et al. (1987)ሒ

ௗ Caine ޑБݤǴ٠уΕಕᑈफ़ߘໆٰ຾Չ՗ᆉǴ٠ଛӝᇿෳߘໆکफ़ߘႣൔس

಍ǴႣෳрξ஝วғޑਔ໔ᗺǶGuzzetti et al. (2004)߾ճҔૐޜྣТղញξ஝Ǵ வಕᑈߘໆکೱុफ़ߘໆჹᔈξ஝วғϐਔ໔ᗺǴٰ຾Չफ़ߘᇨวξ஝ޑࣴزǶ Wieczorek et al. (2000)ࣴزࡰрǴى୼ޑଯफ़ߘமࡋаϷफ़ߘۯਔǴࢂβҡ ࢬวғޑѸाచҹǶChang et al. (2008)Ψவႜၲफ़ߘၗ਑ύᢀჸډǴനεΟλਔ ϐफ़ߘமࡋаϷफ़ߘۯਔǴک஝༥ӦޑวғԖஏϪޑ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕၨଯޑफ़ߘமࡋک फ़ߘۯਔǴ཮Ԗၨεޑ஝༥ӦғԋǴཥғکᙑԖޑ஝༥ӦΨ೿཮࡭ុᘉε(೚ৎ ሎǴ2008)Ƕ

߄ 2.1 फ़ߘکξ஝ᜢ߯ϐ࣬ᜢࣴز

բޣ ࣬ᜢࣴز

Aleotti (2004) फ़ߘ཮٬ڵᡏϣޑϾሜНᓸ΢ϲǴՠ஝༥ࢂց཮วғᗋा

ڗ،ܭ୔ୱϣޑНЎکӦ፦ᕉნǶ

Caine (1980)

಍ीШࣚӚӦޑξ஝ၗ਑Ǵीᆉрफ़ߘமࡋکफ़ߘۯਔޑ ჹᔈᜢ߯Ԅ I=14.82D^-0.39Ǵ٠ճҔԜᜢ߯Ԅीᆉβҡࢬวғ ϐߘໆᖏࣚॶǶ

Chang et al. (2008) வႜၲफ़ߘၗ਑ύᢀჸډǴനεΟλਔϐफ़ߘமࡋаϷफ़ ߘۯਔǴک஝༥ӦޑวғԖஏϪޑ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕ

Guzzetti et al.

(2004)

ճҔૐޜྣТղញξ஝Ǵவಕᑈߘໆکೱុफ़ߘໆჹᔈξ

஝วғਔ໔ᗺǴ຾Չफ़ߘᇨวξ஝ޑࣴزǶ Keefer et al.

(1987)

ሒௗ Caine ޑБݤǴ٠уΕಕᑈफ़ߘໆ຾ՉीᆉǴଛӝᇿ

ෳߘໆीکफ़ߘႣൔس಍ǴԋфႣෳξ஝วғޑਔ໔ᗺǶ Sidle & Swanston

(1982)

ߘНᅖ೸ԿβᝆǴ೷ԋϾሜНᓸ΢ϲ٠फ़եל୊மࡋǴ྽

ל୊மࡋλܭ୊ᔈΚǴᜐڵ൩཮όᛙۓԶౢғ஝༥Ƕ Wieczorek et al.

(2000)

ى୼ޑଯफ़ߘமࡋаϷफ़ߘۯਔǴࢂβҡࢬวғޑѸाచ ҹǶ

೚ৎሎ (2008)

ၨଯޑफ़ߘமࡋکफ़ߘۯਔǴ཮Ԗၨεޑ஝༥ӦғԋǴཥ ғکᙑԖޑ஝༥ӦΨ೿཮࡭ុᘉεǶ

2.2 ᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉᆶ౦ख़ࢬ੝܄

Li (1975)ճҔᚆηᐚࡋϷНЎෳઠᒡࣳໆᢀෳၗ਑Ǵीᆉύѧξે୔ୱނ౛

গᇑೲ౗ࣁ 1,300 mg/cm²yrǴϯᏢগᇑೲ౗ࣁ 65 mg/cm²yrǶDadson et al. (2003) ճҔჴෳࢬໆکᒡࣳᐚࡋǴ௢՗Ѡ᡼ޑߟᇑೲ౗ǴीᆉрѠ᡼؂ԃԖ 384 ԭ࿤Ꮢ ޑ؈ᑈނ೏ᒡଌԿੇࢩǶ

Dadson (2004)ճҔΟᅿѳ֡ݤکΟᅿ౗ۓԔጕݤǴीᆉрѠ᡼Ьाݞοޑԃ ѳ֡ᒡࣳໆǴჹКН৤ఫᑈೲ౗ࡕว౜ǴД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤ(Monthly Weighted Average, MWA)ၨ፾ӝ௢՗Ѡ᡼ݞοޑߏԃᒡࣳໆǶ݅߷◖(2005)ճҔޔௗѳ֡ݤ(Direct Average)ǵД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤǵ౗ۓԔጕݤ(Rating Curve Estimate, RC)аϷคୖኧ౗

ۓԔጕݤ(Non-parametric Rating Curve Estimate)ीᆉഋԖើྛԃᒡࣳໆǴ่݀ᡉ ҢаД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤ՗ीԃᒡࣳໆၨࣁӝ፾ǶHouvis et al. (2000)ӧࢬໆᆶᒡࣳໆ౗

ۓԔጕޑჹᔈᜢ߯ύǴว౜җܭ؈ᑈނٮᔈໆόىǴᏤठᒡࣳໆӧեࢬໆޑ௃ݩ

཮ِೲΠफ़Կ 0ǴӢԜᇡࣁѠ᡼ܿ೽ݞࢬϐᒡࣳໆڙ؈ᑈނٮᔈໆ௓ڋǴό፾Ҕ

౗ۓԔጕݤٰ຾ՉीᆉǴឦܭȨٮᔈज़ڋȩᜪࠠ(Supply-limited)ǶKou et al. (2005)

߾ᇡࣁᒡࣳໆӧեࢬໆਔΠफ़Կ 0 ޑ௃ݩǴࣁໆෳሺᏔޑᆒஏࡋόىԶ೷ԋǴவ ჴෳၗ਑ᡉҢǴࢬໆکᒡࣳໆӧ౗ۓԔጕݤԖؼӳޑჹᔈᜢ߯ǴӢԜᇡࣁѠ᡼ܿ

೽ݞοޑ؈ᑈނٮᔈкىǴό཮Ԗٮᔈज़ڋޑ௃׎Ǵ፾ӝа౗ۓԔጕݤٰीᆉᒡ

ࣳໆǴឦܭȨཚၮज़ڋȩᜪࠠ(Transport-dominated)Ƕ݅ۏᓪᆶ݅ߪӄ(2003)ճҔ

౗ۓԔጕݤ຾Չើ໚ྛᒡࣳໆϩ݋ว౜Ǵረ॥ය໔ޑᒡࣳໆ՞၀ԃࡋᒡࣳໆޑ 59%ǴᡉҢረ॥ࣁԃᒡࣳໆޑЬाٰྍǶ

Dadson et al. (2004)ک Chuang et al. (2009)Кၨύ೽Ӧ୔Ǵ921 Ӧ᎜߻ࡕޑᒡ

ࣳໆว౜ǴӦ᎜ၸࡕࣴزӦ୔ޑβҡᡂޑၨࣁ᚞ණǴ৒ܰ೏ߘНؑڇԿݞοǴᒡ

ࣳໆ΢ϲऊѤ७ϐӭǶLin et al. (2011)ӧڒࠄྛޑᒡࣳໆ಍ीύǴӕኬΨว౜Ӣ Ӧ᎜ቹៜǴ೷ԋࢬୱߟᇑբҔቚуϐ౜ຝǶ

߄ 2.2 ᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉϐ࣬ᜢࣴز

բޣ ࣬ᜢࣴز

Chuang (2009) ύ೽Ӧ୔ӧ 921 Ӧ᎜߻ࡕޑᒡࣳໆКၨว౜ǴӦ᎜ၸࡕࣴز Ӧ୔ޑβҡᡂޑၨࣁ᚞ණǴᒡࣳໆ΢ϲऊѤ७ϐӭǶ

Dason (2004)

ճҔΟᅿѳ֡ݤکΟᅿ౗ۓԔጕݤǴीᆉѠ᡼Ьाݞοޑԃ ѳ֡ᒡࣳໆǴჹКН৤ఫᑈೲ౗ࡕว౜ǴД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤၨ፾

ӝ௢՗Ѡ᡼ݞοޑߏԃᒡࣳໆǶ Dadson et al.

(2003)

ճҔჴෳࢬໆکᒡࣳᐚࡋǴीᆉрѠ᡼؂ԃԖ 384 ԭ࿤Ꮢޑ

؈ᑈނ೏ᒡଌԿੇࢩǶ

Houvis et al.

(2000)

Ѡ᡼ܿ೽ݞࢬϐᒡࣳໆڙ؈ᑈނٮᔈໆ௓ڋǴᒡࣳໆӧեࢬ ໆޑ௃ݩ཮ِೲΠफ़Կ 0Ǵό፾Ҕ౗ۓԔጕݤٰ຾ՉीᆉǴ ឦܭȨٮᔈज़ڋȩᜪࠠǶ

Li (1975)

Ѡ᡼ύѧξે୔ୱނ౛গᇑೲ౗ࣁ 1,300 mg/cm²yrǴϯᏢগ ᇑೲ౗ࣁ 65 mg/cm²yrǶ

Lin et al. (2011) ڒࠄྛޑᒡࣳໆ಍ीǴว౜ӢӦ᎜ቹៜǴ೷ԋࢬୱߟᇑբҔ ቚуϐ౜ຝǶ

Kou et al. (2005)

ᒡࣳໆӧեࢬໆਔΠफ़Կ 0 ޑ௃ݩǴࣁໆෳሺᏔޑᆒஏࡋό ىԶ೷ԋǶࣁѠ᡼ܿ೽ݞοޑ؈ᑈނٮᔈкىǴ፾ӝа౗ۓ ԔጕݤٰीᆉᒡࣳໆǴឦܭȨཚၮज़ڋȩᜪࠠǶ

݅ۏᓪᆶ݅ߪӄ (2003)

٬Ҕ౗ۓԔጕݤीᆉើ໚ྛᒡࣳໆว౜Ǵረ॥ය໔ᒡࣳໆ՞

၀ԃࡋᒡࣳໆޑ 59%ǴࣁԃᒡࣳໆޑЬाٰྍǶ

݅߷◖ (2005)

ճҔޔௗѳ֡ݤǵД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤǵ౗ۓԔጕݤǴаϷคୖኧ

౗ۓԔጕݤीᆉഋԖើྛԃᒡࣳໆǴځύǴаД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤ

՗ीԃᒡࣳໆၨࣁӝ፾Ƕ

Mulder and Syvitski (1995)ࣴزᇡࣁǴӧѠ᡼рੇαޑ୔ୱǴ྽ݞοᒡࣳᐚࡋ ຬၸ 40,000ppmǴջԖёૈᇨว౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹǴ஥ٰεໆ؈ᑈނԿੇࢩుೀ୴ᑈǶ Milliman and Kuo (2008)ፓࢗᐜНྛӧລդረ॥ය໔ޑᒡࣳໆว౜Ǵረ॥ය໔ϐ ᒡࣳໆ՞၀ԃࡋޑ 70%Ǵ٠Ъа౦ख़ࢬբҔཚၮԿѠ᡼ੇ৙ύ୴ᑈǶ݅රے฻Γ (2006)ޑࣴزΨࡰрǴ౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹޑวғ཮ᘋ୏ҡߐН৤ϣޑఫݝǴᏤठНᡏᐜ ࡋޑ΢ϲǶDadson et al. (2005)а 40,000ppm ࣁ౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹߐᘖॶǴ٠Ъଞჹᐜ Нྛࢬୱޑϩ݋ว౜Ǵ౦ख़ࢬӆ౜ڬයӧ 921 Ӧ᎜ࡕவ 7 ԃΠफ़Կ 1 ԃǶ݅߷◖

(2010)٩ྣ Dadson et al. (2005)ޑБԄǴϩ݋Ѡ᡼ 12 చЬाݞοޑ౦ख़ࢬளޕǴ Ѡ᡼Ӧ୔ޑ౦ख़ࢬӆ౜ڬයϟܭ 1.5 ԃԿ 87.6 ԃϐ໔Ǵ٠ЪаΒϘྛޑӆ౜ڬය നอǶ

߄ 2.3 ౦ख़ࢬ੝܄ϐ࣬ᜢࣴز

բޣ ࣬ᜢࣴز

Dadson et al. (2005)

ᐜНྛࢬୱޑ౦ख़ࢬӆ౜ڬයӧ 921 Ӧ᎜ࡕவ 7 ԃΠफ़ Կ 1 ԃǶ

Milliman and Kuo (2008)

ᐜНྛӧລդረ॥ය໔ϐᒡࣳໆ՞၀ԃࡋޑ 70%Ǵ٠Ъ а౦ख़ࢬբҔཚၮԿѠ᡼ੇ৙ύ୴ᑈǶ

Mulder and Syvitski (1995)

Ѡ᡼рੇαޑ୔ୱǴ྽ݞοᒡࣳᐚࡋຬၸ 40,000ppmǴ ջԖёૈᇨว౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹǶ

݅߷◖ (2010)

Ѡ᡼Ӧ୔ޑ౦ख़ࢬӆ౜ڬයϟܭ 1.5 ԃԿ 87.6 ԃϐ໔Ǵ ٠ЪаΒϘྛޑӆ౜ڬයനอǶ

݅රے฻Γ (2006)

౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹ཮ᘋ୏ҡߐН৤ϣޑఫݝǴᏤठНᡏᐜࡋ΢

ϲǶ

2.3 ݞοϯ܄ᆶӦ፦ᕉნᜢ߯

໣Н୔ύϐӦ፦׷਑ڙډӦ߄Н܈ݞНޑߟᇑǴϡન཮வ۟ҡύញрǴ٠а ᗭಈᄊ܈ྋှᄊӸӧܭݞНύǴӢԜǴݞοё଺ࣁೱ่۟ҡ୮аϷН୮ޑؼӳ൞ ϟ(Dalai, 2002)ǶMeybeck (1987)ᇡࣁݞοޑϯᏢ܄፦کࢬୱϣ۟܄ಔԋԖᜢǴё аϸࢀݞНک҆۟ޑҬϕբҔ௃׎ǶChen (2002)ϩ݋ࢬ࿶ᇃวᡶکᅹለᡶӦቫޑ ݞНύว౜Ǵ౷ለਥᚆηکෛᚆηᐚࡋԖၨଯϐ౜ຝǶXu and Lin (2007)ࣴزύ ΨࡰрǴӦቫύ౷ϯނޑ᝜ނ਼ϯǴ཮ගٮբࣁݞН౷ለਥᚆηᐚࡋޑٰྍǶ

ӧݞοϯ܄کӦ፦ᕉნޑᜢ߯΢ǴNédeltcheva et al. (2006)ᇡࣁǴࢬୱϣޑӦ ቫ᝜ނ֖ໆǵ਻ংᡂϯǵ෌೏ᙟᇂǵ໣Н୔य़ᑈǴаϷଯำ฻ӢનǴࣣ཮ቹៜݞ οϯ܄ǶZhang et al. (2007)߾ࡰрǴӧൂ΋໣Н୔ϣǴݞοϯ܄ڙ௓ܭࢬໆǵफ़ ߘǴаϷ਻ং฻НЎచҹޑᡂϯǴԶӧόӕ໣Н୔ύǴ߾ࢂڙ௓ܭӦቫಔԋǵ෌

೏฻Ӧ፦ᕉნޑόӕǶӧ஝༥Ӧᆶݞοϯ܄ޑϩ݋Бय़ǴTazaki (2006)ࣴزว౜Ǵ

஝༥Ӧวғࡕ཮ஒӦ߄᝜ނϷԖᐒނ፦஥ΕݞၰǴቹៜݞοϯ܄ǶReinchards (2008)ࣴزऍ୯୯ৎϦ༜ϣޑН፦ࡕΨว౜Ǵ1995 ԃኪߘ٣ҹӧ໣Н୔ϣ೷ԋޑ εໆ஝༥ǴჹН፦ౢғΑቹៜǶ

Salmon et al. (2001)ஒݞНᚆηᐚࡋکࢬໆޑᜢ߯ᘜયࣁΟᅿኳԄǺ(1)ีញ բҔǵ(2)ዎᔸբҔǴаϷ(3)НЎதኧѳᑽǶJohnson et al. (1969)ک Feller and Kimmins (1979)ϩձ٬ҔᚈԔጕϦԄаϷჹኧڄኧϦԄǴኳᔕࢬໆᆶᚆηᐚࡋޑ

ีញբҔᜢ߯ǶځύǴჹኧڄኧϦԄၨࣁᙁܰǴڙډቶݱၮҔǴԶᚈԔጕϦԄ࿶

җ Salmon et al. (2001)অ҅ࡕǴΨ೴ᅌ໒ۈ೏ၮҔǶ

໳҅ؼ฻(2007)ܭ 2001 ԃਲ޲ረ॥ය໔Ǵϩ݋ጪ๮ԣΓπ݅ޑྛНϯ܄Ǵ ว౜ε೽ϩޑᚆηᐚࡋᆶࢬໆևॄ࣬ᜢǴ໻ NO3-

ᐚࡋᆶᒡࣳᐚࡋکࢬໆև҅࣬

ᜢǶԶᛥγᅽ(2006)ӧ 2005 ԃੀճረ॥ය໔Ǵϩ݋ྛᓐ၂ᡍ݅ྛНϯ܄ޑ่݀

ᡉҢǴK⁺ᐚࡋӧረ॥ය໔ᐚࡋቚуޑ౜ຝǴёૈࢂӢࣁ෌ނᡏ܈ᆭ፦෌ύ೏రྋ рٰԶ೷ԋǶ

߄ 2.4 ݞοϯ܄ᆶӦ፦ᕉნᜢ߯ϐ࣬ᜢࣴز

բޣ ࣬ᜢࣴز

Chen (2002) ࢬ࿶ᇃวᡶکᅹለᡶӦቫӦ୔ޑݞНǴԖ౷ለਥᚆηکෛ

ᚆηᐚࡋၨଯϐ౜ຝǶ Feller and Kimmins

(1979)

Johnson et al. (1969)

ϩձගр٬ҔჹኧڄኧϦԄаϷᚈԔጕϦԄǴኳᔕࢬໆᆶ ᚆηᐚࡋޑีញբҔᜢ߯Ƕ

Meybeck (1987) ݞοޑϯᏢ܄፦کࢬୱϣ۟܄ಔԋԖᜢǴϸࢀݞНک҆۟

ޑҬϕբҔǶ Nédeltcheva et al.

(2006)

ࢬୱϣޑӦቫ᝜ނ֖ໆǵ਻ংᡂϯǵ෌೏ᙟᇂǵ໣Н୔य़ ᑈǴаϷଯำ฻ӢનǴࣣ཮ቹៜݞοϯ܄Ƕ

Reinhards (2008) 1995 ԃኪߘ٣ҹӧ໣Н୔ϣ೷ԋޑεໆ஝༥Ǵჹऍ୯୯ ৎϦ༜ϣޑН፦ౢғΑቹៜǶ

Salmon et al. (2001)

ஒݞНᚆηᐚࡋکࢬໆޑᜢ߯ᘜયࣁΟᅿᖿ༈ǴϩձࣁǺ (1)ีញբҔǵ(2)ዎᔸբҔǴаϷ(3)НЎதኧѳᑽǶ

Tazaki (2006) ஝༥Ӧวғࡕ཮ஒӦ߄᝜ނϷԖᐒނ፦஥ΕݞၰǴቹៜݞ οϯ܄Ƕ

Xu and Lin (2007) Ӧቫύ౷ϯނޑ᝜ނ਼ϯǴ཮ගٮբࣁݞН౷ለਥᚆηᐚ ࡋޑٰྍǶ

Zhang et al. (2007)

ӧൂ΋໣Н୔ϣǴݞοϯ܄ڙ௓ܭНЎచҹޑᡂϯǴԶӧ όӕ໣Н୔ύǴ߾ࢂڙ௓ܭӦ፦ᕉნޑόӕǶ

໳҅ؼ฻ (2007)

ਲ޲ረ॥ය໔Ǵጪ๮ԣΓπ݅ޑᚆηᐚࡋǴε೽ϩޑᆶࢬ ໆևॄ࣬ᜢǴ໻ NO3-

ᐚࡋᆶᒡࣳᐚࡋکࢬໆև҅࣬ᜢǶ

ᛥγᅽ (2006)

ྛᓐ၂ᡍ݅ޑྛНϯ܄Ǵӧੀճረ॥ය໔ǴK⁺ᐚࡋԖᐚࡋ ቚуޑ౜ຝǴёૈࢂӢరྋբҔԶ೷ԋǶ

2.4 ݞНྋှคᐒᅹ

ݞНޑཚၮբҔೱ่ᅹ֖ໆᙦ൤ޑഌӦ୮کੇࢩ୮ǴݞοஒഌӦޑ֖ᅹނ፦

஥ΕੇࢩǴӕਔΨکε਻ύޑΒ਼ϯᅹ຾Չ਻ᡏҬඤ(Cole and Caraco, 2001)Ǵځ ύǴᒡΕੇࢩύޑऊԖ 40%ឦܭคᐒᅹǴ೭٤คᐒᅹЬाٰԾܭβᝆکӦቫύޑ ᅹለᡶ᝜ނ(Ludwig et al., 1996)ǶBarth et al. (2003)ޑࣴزΨࡰрǴջ٬ࢬୱϣӦ ቫѝӸӧϿໆᅹለᡶ᝜ނǴϝฅࣁݞοྋှคᐒᅹޑЬा௓ڋӢનǶ

ྋှคᐒᅹ(DIC)ޑϩ݋БݤЬाࢂаޔௗ؈ᐘݤک਻ᡏܫрݤٰ຾ՉǴځ ύǴAtekwana and Krishnamurthy (1998)ׯ຾਻ᡏܫрݤޑໆෳБԄǴѝሡϿໆޑ НኬջёӕਔᆒዴໆෳྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋаϷᅹ 13 ӕՏન(δ¹³CDIC)Ǵ׳ճҔׯ຾

ࡕޑБݤϩ݋ஏՋਥԀޑݞНǴว౜ྋှคᐒᅹԖځۑ࿯܄ᡂϯޑόӕᐚࡋǶ Hélie et al.(2002)ޑࣴزΨᡉҢǴӢβᝆύ¹³C ޑٮᔈໆǵβᝆԖᐒނ਼ϯǴаϷ ӀӝբҔೲ౗ޑόӕǴᅹ 13 ӕՏન཮ᒿ๱ۑ࿯ౢғᡂϯǶྋှคᐒᅹޑޜ໔ৡ ౦܄Бय़ǴAmiotte-Suchet et al. (1999)ᇡࣁǴݞο΢ෞ෫Н܈Н৤Ǵҗܭࢬೲၨ

ᄌǴНᡏᅉ੮ޑਔ໔ၨߏǴྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋڙډғނࢲ୏ޑቹៜၨࣁܴᡉǶYang et al. (1995)ޑࣴزࡰрǴӧݞοΠෞӦ୔ӢࣁЍࢬ༊ΕޑቹៜǴᅹ 13 ӕՏનԖ

೴ᅌ۳Πෞ෧λޑᖿ༈Ƕ

߄ 2.5 ݞНύྋှคᐒᅹϐ࣬ᜢࣴز

բޣ ࣬ᜢࣴز

Amiotte-Suchet et al.

(1999)

ݞο΢ෞ෫Н܈Н৤ǴҗܭࢬೲၨᄌǴНᡏᅉ੮ޑਔ໔ၨ

ߏǴྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋڙډғނࢲ୏ޑቹៜၨࣁܴᡉǶ

Atekwana and Krishnamurthy (1998)

ׯ຾਻ᡏܫрݤޑໆෳБԄǴѝሡϿໆޑНኬջёӕਔᆒ ዴໆෳ DIC ᐚࡋаϷ δ¹³CDICǴ׳ճҔׯ຾ࡕޑБݤϩ݋ஏ ՋਥԀޑݞНǴว౜ྋှคᐒᅹޑۑ࿯܄ᡂϯǶ

Barth et al. (2003) ջ٬ࢬୱϣӦቫѝӸӧϿໆᅹለᡶ᝜ނǴϝฅࣁݞοྋှ

คᐒᅹޑЬा௓ڋӢનǶ Cole and Caraco

(2001)

ݞοஒഌӦޑ֖ᅹނ፦஥ΕੇࢩǴӕਔΨکε਻ύޑΒ਼

ϯᅹ຾Չ਻ᡏҬඤ

Hélie et al.(2002)

Ӣβᝆύ ¹³C ޑٮᔈໆǵβᝆԖᐒނ਼ϯǴаϷӀӝբҔ ೲ౗ޑόӕǴδ¹³CDIC཮ᒿ๱ۑ࿯ౢғᡂϯǶ

Ludwig et al. (1996)

ᒡΕੇࢩύޑคᐒᅹऊԖ 40%ឦܭคᐒᅹǴ೭٤คᐒᅹЬ

ाٰԾܭβᝆکӦቫύޑᅹለᡶ᝜ނ

Yang et al. (1995) ݞοΠෞӦ୔ӢࣁЍࢬ༊ΕޑቹៜǴδ¹³CDICԖ೴ᅌ۳Πෞ

෧λޑᖿ༈Ƕ

ಃ

ಃΟക ࣴز୔ୱཷݩ

3.1 Ӧ׎ཷݩ

کѳྛՏܭѠ᡼ܿ೽ەើᑜک޸ጪᑜҬࣚೀǴࢬ࿶ەើᑜࠄᐞໂᆶ޸ጪᑜذ

݅ໂǴࢂە޸ٿᑜޑࣚݞǶӧکѳྛࢬୱܿчୁҗᐞ޸ξǵஷৱξǵ໭хξǵ൤

ϼξǵ໡ॣξаϷఈࢩξ܌ᄬԋޑϩНᔂǴᆶەើᑜࠄᐞྛࢬୱ࣬ᎃǴՋчୁҗ Οࢃξǵӭߐξǵـනξکว২ξᆶើ໚ྛ࣬ϕ୔႖ǴՋࠄୁ߾җࠄ෫εξǵՋ ӓࠄξǵК݅ξǵΒηξǵ᐀ࢃξǵమНξǴаϷѓ۞ξᄬԋޑϩНᔂǴکѠύ εҘྛϷ޸ጪҥᜦྛࢬୱ࣬ᎃǶ

کѳྛวྍܭࠄ෫εξ(3,742m)ǴЬࢬߏࡋऊ 50.7 ϦٚǴࢬୱय़ᑈ 561.6 ѳ БϦٚǴ᏾ᡏև౜ՋଯܿեޑӦ׎ᖿ༈٠ӛՋݙΕϼѳࢩǴவ΢ෞྍᓐԿрੇα 40 Ϧٚޑޔጕຯᚆޑଯำৡຬၸ 3,000 ϦЁ(კ 3.1)Ǵ೷ԋΑቃਗ਼ޑߟᇑբҔЪ

஥ٰΑଯᒡࣳໆǴӢԜکѳྛΞԖȨεᐜНྛȩϐձᆀǶکѳྛЬाҗΟచЍࢬ

༊໣ԶԋǴϩձࢂวྍܭࠄ෫εξޑکѳࠄྛǵวྍܭࠄ෫чξ(3,536m)ޑکѳ чྛаϷวྍܭߎணξ(1,725m)ޑོྛǶکѳࠄྛᆶکѳчྛӧຯᚆрੇα 12 ϦٚѰѓ༊໣ǴԶོྛ߾Կрੇα 2.3 Ϧٚೀω༊ࢬԿکѳྛǶ

᏾ᡏԶقǴࣴز୔ୱଯำϩթவ 10 ϦЁԿ 3,634 ϦЁǴଯำѳ֡ऊӧ 1,800 ϦЁǶځύଯำεܭ 1,000 ϦЁޑ୔ୱэࢬୱय़ᑈޑ 70%Ǵଯำຬၸ 2,000 ϦЁ ޑय़ᑈэࢬୱय़ᑈޑ 54%(კ 3.2)ǴᡉҢԜࣴز୔ୱଯำৡ౦εޑ੝܄Ƕ

ӧڵࡋБय़Ǵࣴز୔ୱޑڵࡋϩթӧ 0±ډ 75±ϐ໔Ǵѳ֡ڵࡋऊࣁ 32±Ǵڵ ࡋຬၸ 30±ޑ୔ୱऊэࢬୱय़ᑈޑ 60%ǴЀځ໣ύӧ 30±Կ 40±ϐ໔ǴэΑࢬୱ य़ᑈޑ 35%(კ 3.3)ǴԜڵࡋϩթ׳ᡉҢΑԜ୔ѳӦၨϿǴξڵӦၨӭޑӦ׎ᖿ

༈Ƕࣴز୔ୱϣڵᡏаܿکܿчԜٿय़ӛനӭǴӝीऊэࢬୱय़ᑈޑ 29%Ǵځд ڵӛϐڵᡏ՞ࢬୱय़ᑈКٯϟܭ 10.9%Կ 15.5%ϐ໔(კ 3.4)Ƕεܢ΢Ǵҁࣴز୔

ୱޑӦ׎ϩթӭаଯำεܭ 1,000 ϦЁǴڵࡋεܭ 30±ޑଥ৘ξڵӦࣁЬǴޔډ

᎞߈рੇαོྛᆶکѳྛ༊ࢬϐೀωԖၨѳڶޑӦ׎Ƕ

კ 3.1 کѳྛࢬୱӦ׎კ

კ 3.2 ࣴز୔ୱଯำϩѲკ

კ 3.3 ࣴز୔ୱڵࡋϩѲკ

კ 3.4 ࣴز୔ୱڵӛϩѲკ

3.2 Ӧ፦ཷݩ

٩Ᏽ࿶ᔮ೽ύѧӦ፦ፓࢗ܌ΒΜϖ࿤ϩϐ΋ޑӦ፦კ(2000)ᡉҢǴҁࣴز୔

ޑ۟ቫађғжఁයԿύғжϐᡂ፦ᚇ۟ǴаϷཥғжۈཥШᆶύཥШϐ٥ᡂ፦

۟ࣁЬǶ۟ቫҗԴډཥǴ٩ׇࣁεࠄᐞТ۟Тഞ۟ࢤǵε౛۟ࢤǵ໵ՅТ۟ᆶᆘ ՅТ۟ࢤǵ౥࿢ξቫǵᚴξቫаϷ౜жؑᑈቫ฻Ϥঁ۟ቫൂՏ(კ 3.5)Ƕҁࣴز ϐӦቫՏᄊǴεठևܿч-ՋࠄوӛϩѲǴӧՋч೽ξ୔р៛ޑӦቫࢂаࠆቫ݈

۟ǵίݍ۟ޑύཥШᚴξቫکۈཥШ౥࿢ξቫࣁЬǴύǵΠෞ߾ࢂа໵ՅТ۟ǵ ᆘՅТ۟ǵТഞ۟ǵε౛۟аϷᔻҡޑђғжఁයԿύғжεࠄᐞТ۟ࣁЬǴӧ ݞαޑ۟܄߾җ౜жؑᑈቫ܌ᄬԋǶ

ҁࣴز୔ޑӦቫࢂаεࠄᐞТ۟ǵ໵ՅТ۟ǴکᆘՅТ۟ࢤ܌эޑКٯനεǴ ϩթय़ᑈၲ 269 ѳБϦٚǴऊэӄ୔ޑ 48%Ǵځԛࣁ౥࿢ξቫǴय़ᑈࣁ 172 ѳБ ϦٚǴऊэӄ୔ޑ 31%ǶεࠄᐞТ۟ϐТഞ۟ࢤǵε౛۟ࢤǴаϷᚴξቫޑय़ᑈ ϩձࣁ 45 ѳБϦٚǵ37 ѳБϦٚǵ35 ѳБϦٚǴӚձэӄ୔ޑ 8%ǵ7%ǵ6%Ǵ य़ᑈനλޑࣁ౜жؑᑈቫࣁ 2.1 ѳБϦٚǴऊэӄ୔ޑ 0.4%(კ 3.6)Ƕ

ᚴξቫр៛ҁࣴز୔Ջч೽Ǵε೽ϩҗ໵ՅډుԪՅޑฯ।۟ǵ݈۟Ϸίݍ

۟کుԪՅޑฯࣳ۟ϕቫಔԋǴ֖Ԗ႟ࢃණѲޑݝԪ۟ი༧(ՖࡾᇄǴ1986)Ƕӧ Ѡ᡼ч೽ޑᚴξቫёаϩࣁΟࢤ(ֆ҉շǴ1976)Ǵ΢ࢤ۟܄аསԪՅࠆቫฯ।۟

܈݈۟ಔԋǴӧֽ೽֨Ԗᖓቫಒಈᡂ፦ࣳ۟Ǵӧύࢤ߾аಒಈᡂ፦ࣳ۟ࣁЬǴ֨

݈۟ӦϕቫǴࠆऊ 400 Կ 800 ϦЁǴΠࢤ۟܄ک΢ࢤ۟܄࣬ӕǴࣁฯ।۟ک݈۟

ಔԋǴ֨Ԗᖓቫಒಈᡂ፦ࣳ۟Ƕ

౥࿢ξቫр៛ӧҁࣴز୔ޑՋч೽ǵӧᚴξቫޑܿୁǴа݈۟کίݍ۟ࣁЬ

ा۟܄Ǵՠӧᡂ፦ޑݝ፦۟ቫύ֨Ԗၨࠆޑᡂ፦ࣳ۟ቫǴԖޑࣁҡԪ፦ࣳ۟ǴԖ ޑࣁߏҡ፦ࣳ۟Ǵࣳ۟ಈࡋҗಒಈԿಉಈǴ۟ቫࠆࡋό΋ǴԖᖓԖࠆ(ՖࡾᇄǴ 1986)Ƕ౥࿢ξቫޑ੝ᗺࣁ݈۟த֨ԖᆘՅԿསआՅޑОξ۟с᜔ᡏǴЪӭъς

࿶ᡂ፦ǶԜѦǴ౥࿢ξቫϣத֖ԖҡԪ۟܈ݝԪ۟܌ᄬԋޑ۟ቫ܈с᜔ᡏǴ٠த ԖۈཥШεࠠԖϾᙝр౜ӧ೭٤ҡԪ፦۟ቫϐύǶ

εࠄᐞТ۟ࢂҁࣴزр៛നӭޑ۟ቫǴځ۟܄ёϩࣁ໵ՅТ۟کᆘՅТ۟ǵ ε౛۟ࢤǵТഞ۟ࢤǶԜ୔ޑ໵ՅТ۟ևుԪՅԿ໵ԪՅǴڀԖวػؼӳޑယ౛

य़ǴதՔᒿ๱ᖓቫԿࠆቫޑᆘՅТ۟ಔԋǴ۟ቫϣӭೀ೏λҡमે܌ऀϪǴТރ کс᜔ރޑᔻҡΨ֨஥ܭځύǶ۟ቫᗭಈࣁύಈԿಒಈǴЬाᄬԋ᝜ނхࡴҡमǵ

໦҆ǵᆘݝҡǵ໊ߏҡکҡᏀ(ՖࡾᇄǴ1986)ǶᆘՅТ۟߾ևᆘՅԿԪᆘՅǴӭ ኧࣁ୷܄Оξ۟ࢬϷ࿗৕۟ᡂ፦ԶٰǴڀԖؼӳޑТ౛Ǵӭࣁࠆቫǵᖓቫ܈с᜔

ᡏǴதᆶ໵ՅТ۟ǵቫރᔻҡϷᡂ፦ҡԪ۟ӅғǴЬाಔԋ᝜ނࣁᆘݝҡǵᆘᛚ ҡǵҡमǵБှҡک໊ߏҡǶ

ҁࣴز୔ε౛۟ӭр៛ӧΠෞೀǴԋ༧ރ܈ࠆቫރǴӭࣁభԪՅԿుԪՅǴ

໵ՅکқՅၨϿǴ۟ቫ่ᄬࣁಒಈډಉಈǴکӚᅿТ۟ԋࣁϕቫǴԜѦǴқ໦۟

Ψதᆶε౛۟ӅғǴҁࣴز୔Ψමࣁқ໦۟Ьा໒௦୔ୱϐ΋(ഋ୻ྍǴ2008)Ƕ Тഞ۟ӧ΢ǵύǵΠෞࣣԖр៛ǴՠаΠෞۚӭЪᆶε౛۟࣬ϕௗ᝻ǴТഞ۟ё ϩࣁҡमߏҡ፦ޑୋТഞ۟ک޸஢۟፦ޑ҅Тഞ۟ٿεᜪ(ৱථ੝฻Ǵ1981)Ƕҁ

ࣴز୔ࣁҡमߏҡ፦ޑୋТഞ۟ǴᚑՅևుԪԿభԪՅǴ۟౛ࣁಉಈТഞ۟ރЪ ڀԖූ੮ޑ࿗৕ރ۟౛Ǵ᝜ނಔԋЬाࣁҡमǵ໵໦҆ǵ௹ߏҡǵқ໦҆ǵᆘݝ ҡکᆘᛚҡ฻Ǵӭࣁ஥ރ܈с᜔ރϩѲЪ໵қٿՅ࣬໔ǴևऊౣѳՉϐТഞ۟౛

(ഋᆬহǴ1998)Ƕ

კ 3.5 ࣴز୔ୱӦ፦კ(অׯԾӦፓ܌Ǵ2000)

კ 3.6 ࣴز୔ୱӦቫϩѲკ

3.3 βᝆཷݩ

ҁࣴز୔ϣޑβᝆЬाёϩࣁ 4 ᅿᜪࠠǴҗ΢ෞԿΠෞޑϩѲǴ٩ׇࣁԪϯ βǵҡ፦βǵ஝ᑈβаϷؑᑈβ(კ 3.7)ǶځύΞа஝ᑈβࣁനЬाޑβᝆᜪࠠǴ ऊэࢬୱय़ᑈޑ 55%Ǵځԛࢂҡ፦βϷԪϯβǴэࢬୱय़ᑈ 25%Ϸ 19%Ǵؑᑈ βӧࢬୱϣэޑय़ᑈനϿǴ໻ѝԖ 1%Ƕ஝ᑈβࢂҗᎃ߈ଯξӦ୔ϐβᝆނ፦Ӣ ᄾပǵྖफ़ǵࣗԿ஝༥฻Տ౽բҔԶғԋǴ֖ҡໆऊ 25%Ƕ٩Ᏽ߄βޑԖᐒ፦֖

ໆӭჲёϩࣁȨསՅ஝ᑈβȩ܈Ȩ఩Յ஝ᑈβȩǴӭวғӧξ୔ڵࡋၨ጗ޑ஝ᑈ Ӧ׎΢Ƕҡ፦β߾җ҆۟࿶ᙁൂ॥ϯԶԋϐβᝆǴ֖ҡໆຬၸ 50%Ǵӭϩթӧξ ڵӦ฻ଥ৘୔ୱǶԪϯβࢂឦܭեྕӭߘޑᕉნǴ٬ளβᝆന΢БԖ΋ࠆࡋऊ 5 ϦϩѰѓϐܴᡉޑԪՅቫǴӭғԋܭ 1,500 ϦЁа΢ޑଯξ܈࿦ጕ΢ѳڶӦ׎୔Ƕ

ؑᑈβ߾ࢂβᝆނ፦࿶ݞࢬؑڇࡕ஥ԿΠෞǴӆ೴ᅌڰۓԋβᝆǶ٩Ᏽβᝆނ፦

ޑٰྍόӕǴ܈ࢂβቫύᚑՅޑόӕǴёаϩԋȨཥؑᑈβȩ܈ࢂȨԴؑᑈβȩ (ᖴҙӂϷЦܴ݀Ǵ1991)Ƕ

კ 3.7 ࣴز୔ୱβᝆᅿᜪϩѲკ(অׯԾᖴҙӂϷЦܴ݀Ǵ1991)

3.4 ਻ংᆶНЎཷݩ

کѳྛࢬୱϣӅԖ 6 ঁߘໆઠ(კ 3.8)ǴϩձࣁکύǵϼѳξǵεᐜНǵϼ ѳξǵکѳྛаϷϼѳξǴ೭٤ߘໆઠϩձᗧឦܭύѧ਻ຝֽǵѠ᡼ႝΚϦљک Нճ࿿Ǵҁࣴز୔ୱѳ֡ԃफ़ߘໆࣁ 2,821 Ϧᮯ(߄ 3.1)ǴЬाϩѲӧ 5 ДԿ 10 ДޑᔸۑǴᔸۑޑДѳ֡फ़ߘໆࣁ 322 ϦᮯǴଳۑޑДѳ֡फ़ߘໆࣁ 102 ϦᮯǴ

࣬ৡΑऊ 3 ७ϐӭǴԶځύᔸۑޑ 7 ДԿ 10 Д׳ࢂѠ᡼ޑረ॥ۑ࿯Ǵ஥ٰᙦ؊

ޑफ़ߘໆǴࣁԃࡋफ़ߘໆޑЬाٰྍǶ

ӧ਻ྕБय़Ǵҁࣴز୔ୱԃ֡ྕऊӧ 22±C Կ 23±C ϐ໔ǴځύΞа 7 Дޑ 28.6±C ࣁനଯྕǴ1 Дޑ 16.4±C ࣁനեྕ(߄ 3.2)ǶӧݞοࢬໆБय़Ǵࣴز୔ୱ ϣӅԖ 3 ঁНЎෳઠǴϩձࣁکѳࠄྛǵکѳчྛаϷ׆ૈ঵ෳઠǴ೭ 3 ঁНЎ

ෳઠࣣᗧឦܭНճ࿿ǴਥᏵНճ࿿НЎԃൔ׆ૈ঵ෳઠҗ 1975 ԃԿ 2011 ԃޑ಍

ीၗ਑Ǵԃѳ֡ࢬໆࣁ 40.38m³/secǴԃѳ֡೵ࢬໆࣁ 12.7 ሹҥБϦЁǶ

კ 3.8 کѳྛࢬୱНسǵНЎෳઠϩѲკ

߄ 3.1 ࣴز୔ୱӚДҽफ़ߘໆ(Нճ࿿Ǵ1991~2011)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ԃफ़ߘໆ(mm) εᐜН 72 79 64 84 166 169 277 323 448 549 268 118 2,615 کѳྛ 38 59 43 50 131 149 258 313 393 457 152 82 2,125 ϼѳξ 101 126 96 106 259 296 476 631 723 559 209 143 3,724 ѳ֡ 70 88 68 80 185 204 337 422 521 522 210 114 2,821

߄ 3.2 1982 ԃԿ 2010 ԃࣴز୔ୱД֡ྕ(ύѧ਻ຝֽ)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ѳ֡(±C)

਻ྕ 16.4 16.9 18.8 21.6 24.4 26.9 28.6 28.2 26.6 23.8 20.9 17.7 22.6

3.5 ረ॥٣ҹ

ҁࣴز௖૸߈ԃٰޑረ॥٣ҹǴхࡴΑ 2007 ԃဃۦረ॥ǵ2009 ԃ޴ᅦረ॥ǵ 2011 ԃࠄᅦ೿ረ॥ǴаϷ 2012 ԃ᝵܎ረ॥(߄ 3.3)Ƕ4 ԛረ॥٣ҹύǴΞаဃۦ ረ॥کࠄᅦ೿ረ॥ޑၡ৩ၨࣁ࣬߈(კ 3.9)Ƕ2007 ԃဃۦረ॥ߟѠޑਔ໔ࣁ 8 Д 16 ВԿ 19 ВǴረ॥ය໔ϣޑԖਏಕᑈߘໆࣁ 652 ϦᮯǴനεВफ़ߘໆࣁ 258 Ϧ ᮯǴനεफ़ߘமࡋၲ؂λਔ 69 ϦᮯǶ2009 ԃ޴ᅦረ॥ߟѠޑਔ໔ࣁ 10 Д 3 В Կ 6 ВǴረ॥ය໔ϣԖਏಕᑈߘໆࣁ 849 ϦᮯǴനεВफ़ߘໆࣁ 681 ϦᮯǴനε फ़ߘமࡋၲ؂λਔ 81 ϦᮯǶ2011 ԃࠄᅦ೿ረ॥ߟѠޑਔ໔ࣁ 8 Д 27 ВԿ 31 ВǴ ረ॥ය໔ϣԖਏಕᑈߘໆࣁ 279 ϦᮯǴനεВफ़ߘࣁ 151 ϦᮯǴനεफ़ߘமࡋၲ

؂λਔ 26 ϦᮯǶ2012 ԃ᝵܎ረ॥ߟѠਔ໔ࣁ 7 Д 30 ВԿ 8 Д 3 ВǴረ॥ය໔ ϣԖਏಕᑈߘໆࣁ 977 ϦᮯǴനεВफ़ߘࣁ 498.5 ϦᮯǴനεफ़ߘமࡋၲ؂λਔ 125 ϦᮯǶ

߄ 3.3 ረ॥٣ҹၗ਑

ረ॥Ӝᆀ ረ॥மࡋ ረ॥Вය ฦഌВයVmax (m/s)

ಕᑈߘໆ (mm)

നεВफ़ߘ (mm)

നεफ़ߘமࡋ (mm/hr)

ဃۦ மਗ਼ 2007

(8/16~8/19) 8/18 53 652 258 69

޴ᅦ ύࡋ 2009

(10/03~10/6) 10/05 43 849 681 81

ࠄᅦ೿ மਗ਼ 2011

(8/27~8/31) 8/29 53 279 151 26

᝵܎ ύࡋ 2012

(7/30~8/3) 8/02 38 977 498.5 125

*Vmax ࣁ߈ረ॥ύЈനε॥ೲǴၗ਑ٰྍࣁНճ࿿Ϸύѧ਻ຝֽǶ

კ 3.9 ረ॥٣ҹၡ৩კ

ಃ

ಃѤക ࣴزБݤ

ࣁΑᕕှࣴز୔ୱϣݞοϯ܄ᆶξ஝٣ҹϷᒡࣳໆϐ࣬ᜢ܄ǴҁࣴزБݤ఼

ᇂΑѤঁ೽ϩǺ(1)ഁѦፓࢗπբǵ(2)ჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍǵ(3)ၗ਑ϩ݋ीᆉǴаϷ(4)ݞ οϯᏢ܄፦ϩ݋ǶځύǴഁѦፓࢗπբхࡴΑኬࠔ௦໣Ǵکࡼஏ੝ᗚ၂ᡍǹჴᡍ

࠻၂ᡍхࡴΑԾฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍǵᗺ಻ख़၂ᡍǴаϷ੃ණऐΦ၂ᡍǹၗ਑ϩ݋ी

ᆉхࡴΑ஝༥Ӧղញǵᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉǹݞοϯᏢ܄፦ϩ݋߾хࡴΑ഍໚ᚆηϩ݋ǵ

۟ҡϡન֖ໆϩ݋ǴаϷྋှคᐒᅹϷځӕՏનϩ݋Ƕ

4.1 ഁѦፓࢗπբ

ഁѦፓࢗπբЬाࣁᕕှ໣Н୔ࢬୱϣϐӦ፦׷਑ޑமࡋǵ஝༥ӦϩѲǴа Ϸ၂ᡍኬࠔޑ௦໣Ǵፓࢗၡ৩Ьाࢂݮ๱୔ୱϣޑ௦᝜ၰၡǵکѳ݅ၰǵᆧঢ়݅

ၰаϷکѳྛϐݞ׉฻ёаډၲޑጄൎǴ຾Չჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍ܌ሡޑኬࠔ௦໣բ཰Ǵ ٠ᒧڗڀԖж߄܄ϐ۟ቫ຾Չࡼஏ੝ᗚ၂ᡍෳໆ۟ᡏமࡋǶӧ຾ՉഁѦፓࢗπբ ਔǴΨӕਔ຾Չࢬୱϣ஝༥ӦϩթޑᔠෳǴаϷቹႽղញ΢ޑዴᇡǶ

4.1.1 ኬࠔ௦໣

ኬࠔ௦໣ЬाࢂࣁΑ຾ՉԾฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍǴаϷ۟ҡΚᏢ܄፦ޑ၂ᡍ฻π բǶ௦໣ޑၡጕࢂҗ໣Н୔Πෞ۳΢ෞǴݮ๱௦᝜ၰၡவᆧঢ়݅ၰՋчୁ຾Ε΢

ෞϩНᔂ΋஥Ǵ຾Չ 5cm x!5cm x 2cm ऊ 300 ঁ۟ҡኬࠔޑ௦໣πբǴճҔЋ࡭

Ԅ GPS س಍ۓՏ៛ᓐ০኱ӧӦ፦კ΢(კ 4.1)Ǵ٠ӕਔ૶ᒵόӕӦቫϐ៛ᓐᗺޑ

۟܄੝ቻǶݞНኬࠔޑ௦໣ࢂҗݞοֽΓ঩ڐշ຾ՉǴӧ׆ૈ঵НЎෳઠ຾Չ؂

ԃऊ 30 ԛޑ௦ኬπբǴ௦ኬБԄ٩ྣऍ୯୯ৎᕉნߥៈֽ(EPA, 2001)ޑН፦ᔠ

ෳБݤ(ߕᒵ΋)Ǵஒᛣ઩ᛠ௠৒ໆࣁ΋Ϧϲϐ PE ௦Н౟׫ΕݞύǴዎࢱΟԛࡕ ஒݞНးΕځύǴӅ௦໣Ο౟஥ӣჴᡍ࠻຾Չࡕុϩ݋πբǶ

კ 4.1 ࣴز୔ୱ៛ᓐᢀෳᗺ

4.1.2 ࡼஏ੝ᗚ၂ᡍ

ҁ၂ᡍ٩ྣ୯ሞ۟ҡΚᏢᏢ཮(ISRM, 1981)ޑೕጄǴճҔ Proceq Ϧљғౢϐ NR ࠠࡼஏ੝ᗚ(Schmidt-Hammer, NR Type)Ǵаࠟޔ۟ቫޑБӛᄟᔐ۟ᡏ߄य़Ƕ ҁࣴزӅ຾Չ 172 ಔࡼஏ੝ᗚ၂ᡍǴ؂ঁ៛ᓐᗺԿϿ຾Չ 10 ԛа΢ޑ၂ᡍǴ؂

ঁናᔐᗺ໔ຯόளλܭ 10 ϦϩǴϸቸࡕளډޑኧॶ૶ᒵΠٰǴஒ౦தၗ਑ᗺѐ ନࡕளډޑѳ֡ॶǴམଛԾฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍ؃ளޑଳൂՏख़Ǵ࿶җ Barton(1976) ගрޑඤᆉ߄(ߕᒵΒ)Ǵीᆉр۟ቫޑൂᓸமࡋǶ

4.2 ჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍ

ჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍх֖ΑԾฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍǵᗺ಻ख़၂ᡍаϷ੃ණऐΦ၂ᡍ฻Ο໨

πբǶԾฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍх֖ΑଳൂՏख़ǵޜሜКǵϾሜ౗аϷႫک֖Нໆ฻Ѥ

໨ǴᕴӅ຾Չ 246 ಔ၂ᡍǴ၁ಒ၂ᡍБݤᆶीᆉϦԄـߕᒵΟǶᗺ಻ख़၂ᡍࢂ٩

ྣ ISRM(1981)ගрޑࡌ᝼ೕጄ຾Չ၂ᡍǴໆෳ٠૶ᒵ۟༧ޑߏǵቨǵଯࡕǴӆ

٬Ҕ၂ᡍሺჹ۟༧ࡼуᓸΚ٬ځઇᚯǴ૶ᒵઇᚯਔޑനεᓸΚǴஒᓸΚک၂ᡏЁ κ஥ΕϦԄ؃ளᗺ಻ख़ࡰኧ(IS)Ǵ٠ճҔᗺ಻ख़ࡰኧکൂᓸமࡋޑ࿶ᡍϦԄीᆉ рൂᓸமࡋǶҁࣴزӅ຾Չ 275 ಔᗺ಻ख़၂ᡍǴ၁ಒ၂ᡍБݤᆶीᆉϦԄـߕᒵ ѤǶ੃ණऐΦ၂ᡍЬाࢂஒ 24 ಔ۟༧ኬࠔୖྣ ISRM(1981)܌ࡌ᝼ޑೕጄǴӧଳ ᔸکྕৡϸᙟൻᕉբҔΠ຾Չ۟ҡ۟ҡל॥ϯޑૈΚ၂ᡍǴ၁ಒ၂ᡍБݤـߕᒵ ϖǶ

4.3 ஝༥Ӧղញ

ҁࣴز຾Չ஝༥Ӧղញਔ܌ᒧڗޑፁࢃቹႽхࡴΑǴ2007 ԃဃۦረ॥߻ޑ SPOT5 ፁࢃቹႽǴаϷረ॥ࡕޑ FORMOSAT-2 ፁࢃቹႽǹ2009 ԃ޴ᅦረ॥߻ǵ ࡕޑ SPOT5 ፁࢃቹႽǴ2011 ԃࠄᅦ೿ረ॥߻ǵࡕޑ SPOT5 ፁࢃቹႽǴаϷ 2012 ԃ᝵܎ረ॥߻ǵࡕޑ SPOT5 ፁࢃቹႽ(߄ 4.1)Ƕ೭٤ᒧڗޑፁࢃቹႽǴ߾٬Ҕ ESRI Ϧљᇙբϐ ArcMap9.3 ೬ᡏٰ຾ՉΓπ஝༥ӦղញϷ୮ᛤኧϯǴஒኧϯࡕ஝༥Ӧ

ᆶύѧӦ፦ፓࢗ܌ගٮϐ 40m x 40m ϐኧॶӦ׎ኳࠠ(Digital Terrain Model, DTM)

຾Չ঺᠄Ǵ٠ճҔ ArcMap9.3 ೬ᡏϣޜ໔ϩ݋಍ीϐфૈٰ௖૸ࣴز୔ϣϐǺ(1)

஝༥౗ǵཥғ౗Ϸख़౜౗Ǵ(2)஝༥ӦଯำϩթǴ(3)஝༥ӦڵࡋϩթǴ(4)஝༥Ӧ ᜐڵՏ࿼΢ϩթǴ(5)஝༥Ӧय़ᑈᐒ౗ϩթǶ

߄ 4.1 ஝༥Ӧղញ٬ҔϐፁࢃቹႽၗ਑

٣ҹ ፁࢃᜪࠠ ௗԏਔ໔ ၗ਑ٰྍ

ဃۦረ॥߻ SPOT5 2007/07/23 02:23:35 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ ဃۦረ॥ࡕ FORMOSAT-2 2007/10/28 02:12:06 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ ဃۦረ॥ࡕ FORMOSAT-2 2007/10/27 02:11:07 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ

޴ᅦረ॥߻ SPOT5 2008/12/03 02:19:53 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ

޴ᅦረ॥ࡕ SPOT5 2009/10/27 02:20:37 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ ࠄᅦ೿ረ॥߻ SPOT5 2011/08/30 02:25:25 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ ࠄᅦ೿ረ॥ࡕ SPOT5 2011/09/29 02:20:51 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ

᝵܎ረ॥߻ SPOT5 2012/07/11 02:13:53 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ

᝵܎ረ॥ࡕ SPOT5 2012/09/11 02:19:52 ύѧεᏢϼޜᇿෳύЈ

஝༥౗ǵཥғ౗Ϸख़౜౗ޑ՗ᆉǴࢂаረ॥٣ҹ߻ࡕ܌୮ᛤޑ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈ࣬

ϕКၨϐࡕ؃ள(Lin et al., 2008)Ƕ஝༥౗ࢂࡰረ॥٣ҹၸࡕޑ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈǴନа

໣Н୔ޑᕴय़ᑈ܌؃ளǶཥғ౗ࢂࡰረ॥٣ҹࡕǴ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈԌନ၀஝༥Ӧӆԛ

஝༥ޑय़ᑈࡕǴନаረ॥٣ҹࡕᕴ஝༥Ӧय़ᑈ܌؃ளǶख़౜౗߾ࢂࡰረ॥٣ҹࡕǴ ၀஝༥Ӧӆԛวғ஝༥ޑय़ᑈǴନа٣ҹ߻၀஝༥Ӧޑᕴय़ᑈǶ஝༥౗ǵཥғ౗Ǵ Ϸख़౜౗ޑӚ໨ीᆉϦԄӵΠ܌ҢǺ

஝༥౗ = ^{ረ॥ၸࡕ஝༥ᕴय़ᑈ}

໣Н୔ᕴय़ᑈ



ረ॥ၸࡕϐᕴ஝༥य़ᑈ



ረ॥߻ϐᕴ஝༥य़ᑈ



ࣁΑ׳຾΋؁ᕕှӚረ॥٣ҹ܌೷ԋޑ஝༥ӦኧໆǴаϷӚ஝༥Ӧӧᜐڵ΢

ޑϩѲՏ࿼Ǵҁࣴز٬ҔΑ 40m x 40m ኧॶଯำኳࠠ(DTM)ǴаϷ ArcGIS ೬ᡏ ϣ Analysis Tool ک Spatial Analyst Tools ϐၮᆉπڀीᆉрǺ(1)஝༥ӦനଯᗺԿ ၀ڵᡏξᔂޑຯᚆ aǴ(2)஝༥Ӧӧ၀ᜐڵ΢܌ۯ՜ϐߏࡋ bǴаϷ(3)஝༥Ӧനե ᗺԿ၀ڵᡏݞၰޑຯᚆ c ฻ΟঁޑՏ࿼ϩѲ(კ 4.2)ǶҗܭӚ஝༥ӦߏࡋᆶӚᜐ ڵޑڵߏԖ܌όӕǴӢԜӧीᆉϐӕਔǴӃஒ᏾ᡏᜐڵޑຯᚆதᄊϯीᆉр Dtop

ک Dstream(Ԅ 4.4 ϷԄ 4.5)ǴӆᆶӚ஝༥Տ࿼຾ՉКၨǴаዴჴᕕှ஝༥Ӧӧᜐڵ

΢ޑϩթރݩ(Meunier, 2008; Sepúlveda et al., 2010)ǶځதᄊϯޑϦԄӵΠǺ

஝༥Ӧᆶξᔂதᄊϯຯᚆ Dtop = ^ୟ

ୟାୠାୡ

஝༥Ӧᆶݞၰதᄊϯຯᚆ Dstream= ^ୡ

ୟାୠାୡ

ӧ஝༥Ӧᆶݞၰǵξᔂຯᚆϐᜢ߯კύ(კ 4.3)ǴӚ஝༥Ӧޑ X ০኱ࣁ஝༥ Ӧᆶξᔂޑதᄊϯຯᚆ DtopǴY ০኱ࣁ஝༥Ӧᆶݞၰޑதᄊϯຯᚆ DstreamǴӧޔ ف০኱س಍ύಃ΋ຝज़ޑ୔໔ϣǴஒӚ஝༥Ӧа༝୮ᛤᇙܭჹᔈޑ০኱Տ࿼Ǵ༝

୮ӧკύ࣬ჹՏ࿼ж߄஝༥Ӧӧᜐڵ΢ޑϩѲރݩǴъ৩ຫεж߄၀஝༥Ӧޑय़ ᑈຫεǶ྽ X ০኱ኧॶຫεǴж߄၀஝༥ӦനଯᗺᚆξᔂຯᚆຫᇻǴΨջ஝༥ Ӧനեᗺຯᚆݞၰຫ߈Ǵӧკύ཮۳ѓΠفᖿ߈ǹ࣬ϸޑǴ྽ Y ০኱ኧॶຫεǴ ж߄၀஝༥ӦനեᗺᚆݞၰޑຯᚆຫᇻǴΨջ஝༥Ӧനଯᗺᚆξᔂຯᚆຫ߈Ǵӧ კύ཮۳Ѱ΢فᖿ߈ǹऩ X ০኱ኧॶᆶ Y ০኱ኧॶࣣλܭ 0.1Ǵ၀஝༥Ӧܭკύ

߾཮Տܭௗ߈চᗺޑՏ࿼ǴԜ่݀ж߄၀஝༥Ӧឦܭவξഗۯ՜Կݞၰޑεࠠ஝

༥ӦǶ

ҁࣴزஒ஝༥Ӧܭᜐڵ΢ϐՏ࿼ϩԋϤঁ೽ϩǴҗݞၰԿξᔂ٩ׇࣁ(I)᎞߈ ݞၰǵ(II)Πᜐڵǵ(III)ύᜐڵǵ(IV)΢ᜐڵǵ(V)᎞߈ξᔂаϷ(O)ξഗԿݞၰޑ εࠠ஝༥(݅߷◖Ǵ2010)(კ 4.3)Ƕ಍ी 2007 ԃԿ 2012 ԃѤঁረ॥٣ҹࡕޑ஝༥ Ӧϩթ௃׎Ǵᕕှᜐڵ΢Ӛ୔໔ޑ஝༥ӦኧໆаϷय़ᑈελǴ٠ᢀჸவ 2007 ԃ Կ 2012 ԃය໔Ǵᜐڵ΢஝༥ӦՏ࿼ޑᄽᡂǴКၨόӕޑረ॥٣ҹӧᜐڵ΢όӕ Տ࿼ޑቹៜૈΚৡ౦Ƕ

ќѦǴࣁᕕှࣴز୔ୱϣޑ஝༥ӦӧӚଯำ΢ޑϩѲ௃׎Ǵ੝Ӧஒረ॥٣ҹ

܌׎ԋ஝༥ӦϐӦ׎ǴаϷࣴز୔ϣচۈӦ׎ଯำϐٿঁόӕ౜ຝǴаଯำ 500 ϦЁࣁ΋ঁભຯǴϩձीᆉ೭ٿঁόӕ౜ຝ࣬ჹܭ࣬ӕભຯϣޑϩѲКٯǶځύǴ

஝༥ӦϩѲܭόӕଯำ΢ޑКٯࣁ P(ls)(კ 4.4)Ǵࣴز୔ϐচۈӦ׎ϩѲܭόӕ ଯ ำ ΢ ޑ К ٯ ࣁ P(topo) Ǵ ஒ ೭ ٿ ޣ ϐ ϩ Ѳ К ٯ ޑ ჹ ᔈ ᜢ ߯ ࣬ ϕ К ၨ ࡕ (P(ls)/P(topo))Ǵӆٰ຾Չϩ݋(კ 4.5)Ƕ྽Кၨࡕޑ่݀ P(ls)/P(topo) ≥ 1Ǵж߄ϩ Ѳܭ၀ଯำϐӦ୔ǴԖ஝༥Ӧ໣ύޑ౜ຝǹ࣬ϸޑǴऩ P(ls)/P(topo) < 1Ǵ߾ж߄ ϩѲܭ၀ଯำϐӦ୔Ǵค஝༥Ӧ໣ύޑ౜ຝǶ

კ 4.2 ஝༥ӦᆶݞၰǵξᔂຯᚆҢཀკ

კ 4.3 ஝༥Ӧᆶݞၰǵξᔂຯᚆϐᜢ߯კ

კ 4.4 ࣴز୔Ӧ׎ک஝༥ӦଯำϩѲКٯ

კ 4.5 ஝༥Ӧکࣴز୔Ӧ׎ଯำϩѲКٯКၨ

4.4 ᒡࣳໆ՗ᆉ

ࣴز୔ୱϣᙦ؊ޑफ़ߘத཮ஒӦ߄ޑӦ፦׷਑ؑڇԿݞၰύǴ೭٤׷਑ڙډ ݞНޑཚၮբҔǴவ΢ෞᒡଌԿΠෞǴεܢ΢ёϩࣁᝌੌၩ(Suspended Load)ǵ ݞ׉ၩ(Bed Load)аϷྋှނ(Solute)฻Ο໨(Strahler, 1998)ǴځύǴᝌੌၩޑཚၮ ໆջࣁݞο૶ᒵϐᒡࣳໆǴࢂҗ౜Ӧໆෳϐࢬໆکᒡࣳᐚࡋ࣬४܌؃ளǶ΋૓Զ قǴӧؒԖ౜Ӧໆෳၗ਑ޑ௃ݩΠǴᒡࣳໆޑ՗ᆉၨத٬ҔޑБݤԖǺ(1)ޔௗ

ѳ֡ݤ(Cohn, 1995)ǵ(2)Д៾ख़ѳ֡ݤ(Thomas & Lewis, 1995)ǵ(3)౗ۓԔጕݤ (Walling, 1977)ǵаϷ(4)คୖኧ౗ۓԔጕݤ(Duan, 1983)฻ѤᅿБݤǶ

ݞοޑࢬໆᆶᒡࣳໆϐ໔ᜢ߯ஏϪǴӧݞНཚၮᒡࣳໆਔ཮ᒿ๱ࢬໆޑᡂϯ

ၲډ୏ᄊѳᑽޑރᄊ(Kao and Liu, 2001)Ǵ΋૓ٰᇥᒡࣳໆޑٮᔈБԄёаϩࣁ Ȩٮᔈज़ڋȩ(Supply-limited)کȨཚၮज़ڋȩ(Transport-limited)ٿᅿᜪࠠ(Fuller et al., 2003)ǶȨٮᔈज़ڋȩᜪࠠж߄ݞο܌ཚၮޑᒡࣳໆǴڙډࢬୱϣӦ፦׷਑ٮ

๏ޑज़ڋቹៜǴݞࢬᒡࣳໆޑӭჲ٠ό཮ᒿ๱ࢬໆޑ΢ϲԶคज़ڋޑቚуǴ྽ࢬ ໆ΢ϲၲډ΋ۓำࡋޑਔংǴᒡࣳໆջၲډ΢ज़ॶǴࣗԿӧեࢬໆޑ௃ݩΠǴΨ

཮วғӢࣁӦ፦׷਑ޑٮᔈໆόىǴᏤठᒡࣳໆୃեǴࣗԿᒡࣳໆࣁ 0 ޑ௃ݩว ғ(Hovius et al., 2000)Ƕ࣬ჹޑǴȨཚၮज़ڋȩᜪࠠж߄ࢬୱϣޑӦ፦׷਑ό཮Ԗ લЮޑ௃ݩวғǴёаؒԖज़ڋޑගٮ؈ᑈނբࣁݞοᒡࣳໆޑٰྍǴѝाӧԖ ى୼ࢬໆޑ௃׎ΠǴࢬୱջёගٮ࣬ჹᔈޑᒡࣳໆԿݞούǴ྽ࢬໆեޑਔংග ٮޑᒡࣳໆ൩եǴ࣬ϸޑǴ྽ረ॥ᇬߘ฻ଯࢬໆރᄊਔǴᒿ๱ଯࢬໆޑؑڇǴջ

཮ஒ׳ӭޑӦ፦׷਑ᒡଌݞࢬύǴගٮၨଯϐᒡࣳໆ(Kao and Liu, 2001)Ƕ ӧѠ᡼ݞοᒡࣳໆޑࣴزύǴDadson (2004)ճҔޔௗѳ֡ݤǵД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤǵ ᐒ౗៾ख़ѳ֡ݤ฻Οᅿѳ֡ݤǴаϷ౗ۓԔጕ՗ीݤǵനλᡂ౦Ϧѳ౗ۓԔጕ՗

ीݤǵคୖኧࡓۓԔጕ՗ीݤ฻Οᅿ౗ۓԔጕݤǴٰ຾ՉӄѠ᡼܌ԖЬाݞοᒡ

ࣳໆޑ՗ᆉǴځ่݀ჹКН৤ޑఫᑈೲ౗ࡕว౜Ǵаѳ֡ݤύޑД៾ख़ѳ֡ݤၨ

፾ӝ௢՗ݞοޑߏයᒡࣳໆǴԶ Kao et al. (2005)ଞჹѠ᡼ܿ೽Ӧ୔ޑݞοᒡࣳໆ

ࣴزࡰрǴѠ᡼ܿ೽Ӧ୔؈ᑈނٮᔈٰྍкىǴό཮Ԗٮᔈज़ڋޑރݩౢғǴឦ

ܭཚၮज़ڋᜪࠠǴԜᜪࠠ፾ӝа౗ۓԔጕݤٰ຾Չᒡࣳໆޑ಍ीǶӧҁࣴز୔ୱ ޑჴෳၗ਑ᢀჸύΨว౜Ǵ٠ؒԖӢٮᔈज़ڋԶ೷ԋᒡࣳໆࣁ 0 ޑ௃׎วғǴӢ ԜǴҁࣴزஒа౗ۓԔጕݤ຾Չᒡࣳໆޑ՗ᆉǴځϦԄӵΠǺ

QS = κQ^b (Ԅ 4.6)

ځύ Q ж߄ࢬໆǴൂՏࣁ m³/secǴQSࣁᒡࣳໆǴൂՏࣁ tonǴκ ک b ߾ࢂ଑

ᘜᜢ߯Ԅύޑ߯ኧǶ࿶ᔮ೽Нճ࿿ಃ΋ݞοֽӧکѳྛΠෞεᐜНᐏೀ೛࿼׆ૈ

঵ෳઠ(2500H003)Ǵ၀ෳઠၗ਑хࡴΑ(1)؂Вѳ֡ࢬໆǴ(2)όۓයჴෳࢬໆǴ аϷ(3)ჴෳᒡࣳᐚࡋ฻Ο໨Ƕ؂Вѳ֡ࢬໆࢂճҔεᐜНᐏ΢܌೛࿼ޑຬॣݢ ሺᏔ؂ВໆෳϐНՏଯࡋǴᆶࢬໆޑ౗ۓԔጕᜢ߯ӣ௢؃ளВѳ֡ࢬໆॶǶᒡࣳ

ᐚࡋࢂ٬Ҕ DH-48 ӄుڗኬᏔ຾ՉໆෳǴԶᒡࣳໆ߾ࢂճҔჴෳᒡࣳᐚࡋکВ ѳ֡ࢬໆ࣬४܌؃ளǶӚ໨ჴෳբ཰ࢂவ྽ԃޑ 11 ДԿ႖ԃ 4 Дޑଳۑය໔Ǵ

؂ঁДऊ຾Չ 2 ԛޑໆෳǴ5 ДԿ 10 Дޑᔸۑය໔Ǵ߾؂ঁДεऊໆෳ 3 Կ 4 ԛǴ؂΋ԃεऊໆෳ 30 ԛǶҁࣴزΨӕਔճҔჴሞໆෳϐࢬໆᆶीᆉ؃ளϐᒡ

ࣳໆǴ܌ࡌҥϐ౗ۓԔጕᜢ߯Ǵٰ௢՗คჴෳၗ਑ਔޑᒡࣳໆǴΨջஒ΋ԃύ؂

Ϻޑѳ֡Вࢬໆ஥Εᜢ߯ԄǴಕᑈࡕߡёளډԃᒡࣳໆǶረ॥ᒡࣳໆ߾ࢂճҔረ

॥ය໔ϐλਔࢬໆ஥Εᜢ߯ԄǴӆஒλਔᒡࣳໆಕीࡕߡё؃ளǴҁࣴزᒧҔک ѳྛΠෞޑ׆ૈ঵ෳઠவ 1983 ԃԿ 2012 ԃϐНЎၗ਑Ƕ

ќѦǴ߻ΓࣴزࡰрǴӧѠ᡼рੇαޑᒡࣳᐚࡋऩຬၸ 40,000ppm ջԖёૈ

ᇨว౦ख़ࢬ(Mulder and Syvitski, 1995)Ǵࣁᕕှ౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹޑӆ౜ڬයаϷکߘໆ ޑ࣬ჹᔈᜢ߯Ǵҁࣴز٬Ҕ Dadson (2005)ගрޑϦԄ(Ԅ 4.7)Ǵٰीᆉᒡࣳᐚࡋ ᆶ 24 λਔߘໆޑӆ౜ڬයԔጕǶӧӆ౜ڬයԔጕύǴ౦ख़ࢬวғߐᘖޑᒡࣳᐚ ࡋ܌ჹᔈϐਔ໔ߏࡋǴջࣁ౦ख़ࢬޑӆ౜ڬය(კ 4.6)ǴԶஒ౦ख़ࢬӆ౜ڬයჹ ᔈԿ 24 λਔߘໆޑӣᘜԔጕǴߡё؃рᇨว౦ख़ࢬ٣ҹޑ 24 λਔߘໆǶӆ౜ڬ යԔጕीᆉϦԄӵΠǺ

Ri= ^{ሺ୘ାଵሻ}

୒_౟ (Ԅ 4.7)

ӧԄ 4.7 ύǴRiࣁӆ౜ڬයǴT ࣁᢀෳਔ໔ߏࡋ(ҁࣴزύࣁ 30 ԃ)ǴNiࣁჴ

ෳᒡࣳᐚࡋ٩ྣελޑ௨ׇǴനଯޑᐚࡋ܌ჹᔈϐ Niࣁ 1Ǵԛଯޑᐚࡋ܌ჹᔈϐ Niࣁ 2Ǵ٩Ԝᜪ௢Ƕ

კ 4.6 ᒡࣳᐚࡋϷߘໆӆ౜ڬයԔጕ

4.5 ݞοϯᏢ܄፦ϩ݋

ҁࣴزࣁᕕှࣴزӦ୔ϐӦ፦ᕉნಔԋǴаϷࣴزӦ୔ӧረ॥஝༥٣ҹکۑ

࿯܄਻ংफ़ߘޑᡂϯ܌ϸࢀӧݞοϯᏢ܄፦΢ޑቹៜǴߡճҔ 2011 ԃ 1 ДԿ 2012 ԃ 12 Дය໔Ǵа؂Д 2 Կ 4 ԛޑ௦ኬᓎ౗Ǵӧکѳྛ׆ૈ঵ෳઠ௦໣Ӆ 57 ಔݞ Нኬࠔ຾ՉϯᏢ܄፦ϩ݋Ƕϩ݋໨Ҟх֖ΑЬा഍໚ᚆηᐚࡋǵྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋ (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, DIC)ǴаϷᅹ 13 ӕՏન(δ¹³CDIC)Ƕӧ۟ҡϡન֖ໆ Бय़ǴஒഁѦ௦໣Ӆ 38 ಔӚӦቫ۟ҡኬࠔᑃԋણ҃Ǵໆෳϡન֖ໆǴ٠ᆶݞН

Ьाᚆηᐚࡋ຾ՉКၨǶځύǴЬा഍໚ᚆηᐚࡋǴаϷ۟ҡϡન֖ໆޑϩ݋฻

ٿ໨πբǴܭѠ᡼εᏢੇࢩࣴز܌ੇࢩϯᏢჴᡍ࠻຾ՉǴԶྋှคᐒᅹᆶӕՏન ޑϩ݋ǴܭѠ᡼εᏢӦ፦ࣽᏢس਻ᡏӦౚϯᏢჴᡍ࠻຾ՉǶ

4.5.1 ഍ᚆηϩ݋Бݤ

഍ᚆηϐϩ݋х֖Α SO42-

Ϸ Cl^-ٿᅿǴϩ݋БԄࢂ௦Ҕᚆηቫ݋ݤٰ຾Չ (O’Dell et al., 1984)Ǵ೭ঁБݤЬाࢂ٬Ҕੇࢩࣴز܌ϣϐ Dionex ICS-1000 ᚆη ቫ݋ሺǴམଛ഍ᚆηҬඤᆅࢊ(Ionpac AS4A)ǴаϷᏤႝࡋୀෳሺ฻Ο೽ϩϐሺᏔ

ٰ຾Չ(ߕᒵϤ)Ƕ

4.5.2 ໚ᚆηϩ݋Бݤ

໚ᚆηϐϩ݋х֖ Na⁺ǵK⁺ǵCa²⁺ک Mg²⁺฻ѤᅿǴኬࠔӧෳໆόӕᚆη߻໪

٩όӕКٯีញǴЬाࢂ٬Ҕੇࢩࣴز܌ϣϐОฃԄচη֎ԏӀ᛼ሺ(PE3000 Atomic Absorption spectrometer)ٰ຾Չϩ݋(ߕᒵΎ)Ƕ೭ঁБݤЬाࢂճҔሺᏔϣ ϐОฃஒࡑෳނϣ܌֖ޑߎឦচηϯǴӆа഍ཱུ৔ጕᆅ܌วр੝ۓݢߏޑӀǴஒ ځᙯඤԋᐚࡋॶ(ೱഩಹǴ2009)Ƕ

4.5.3 ྋှคᐒᅹϩ݋Бݤ

ࣴزݞНύޑྋှคᐒᅹ(Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, DIC)ᐚࡋᆶᅹ 13 ӕՏ નॶ(G¹³CDIC)Ǵёᔅշᕕှᅹለᡶ۟ᜪکݞοϯ܄ϐ໔ޑ࣬ϕբҔᜢ߯(Li et al., 2010)Ƕεܢ΢ǴྋှคᐒᅹӧݞࢬύӸӧޑ׎Ԅх֖ྋှᄊ CO2ǵᅹለణਥᚆ η(HCO3-)ǵᅹለਥᚆη(CO32-)ǴаϷᅹለ(H2CO3)฻ѤᅿԋϩǴ΋૓а HCO3-

ࣁ ЬǶҁࣴز٬ҔӦ፦ࣽᏢسܭ 2010 ԃᖼ࿼ޑᅹӕՏનϩ݋ሺ(Picarro iTOC-CRDS isotopic carbon analyzer)Ǵٰ຾Չྋှคᐒᅹ֖ໆϷӕՏનޑϩ݋Ǵ၁ಒჴᡍࢬำ ـߕᒵΖǶ

4.5.4 ۟ҡϡન֖ໆϩ݋Бݤ

۟ҡϡન֖ໆϩ݋х֖ NaǵKǵCa ک Mg ฻ѤᅿϡનǴϩ݋߻ሡӃаౚᑃ ᐒǴஒኬࠔᑃԋελऊ 0.75͔m ޑણ҃Ǵӆа༾ݢ੃ϯݤ(Kokot et al., 1992; Lin et al., 2002)Ǵஒኬࠔҗڰᄊޑણ҃ᙯᡂࣁనᄊޑ੃ϯనǴໆෳόӕϡન߻ǴሡӃஒ

੃ϯన٩όӕКٯีញǴӆаੇࢩࣴز܌ϣϐОฃԄচη֎ԏӀ᛼ሺٰ຾Չϩ݋

(ـߕᒵϤ)Ƕ

4.5.5 ᚆηᐚࡋᆶӦ፦ᕉნ࣬ᜢ܄ϩ݋

ݞοϯᏢ܄፦ёаϸࢀ໣Н୔ϣޑӦ፦ᕉნǵ۟܄ಔԋǵफ़ߘբҔаϷᇃว բҔ฻όӕϐቹៜӢનǶࣁΑ௖૸ҁࣴز୔ϐݞοϯᏢ܄፦ޑЬा௓ڋӢનǴҁ

ࣴز჋၂ճҔ Gibbs(1970)ගрޑъჹኧ০኱კޑϩ݋ǴٰղᘐቹៜݞНಔԋޑ Ьाٰྍ(კ 4.7)Ƕკύޑᐉືࣁ[Na⁺]/([Na⁺]+[Ca²⁺])Ǵж߄ݞοϯ܄ڙډε਻ύ ᇃวբҔکफ़ߘբҔޑቹៜำࡋǴᕵືࣁᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆ(Total Dissolved Salts, TDS)ǴځीᆉϦԄࣁᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆ(TDS)=[Na⁺]+[K⁺]+[Mg²⁺]+[Ca²⁺]+[Cl^-]+

[SO42-]+[HCO3-]+[H4SiO4]ǶऩݞούӚᅿᚆηޑᐚࡋຫଯǴᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆΨ཮

ቚଯǶҁࣴز௦Ҕೱഩಹ(2009)ܭҁࣴز୔܌ໆෳϐ([Na⁺]+[K⁺]+[Mg²⁺]+[Ca²⁺]+

[Cl^-]+[SO42-])/ᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆ(TDS)ᐚࡋКॶǴӆஒҁࣴزໆෳϐᚆηᐚࡋ஥Ε ԜКॶǴीᆉрҁࣴز୔ޑᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆǶ

εܢ΢ǴGibbs კϣёаϩࣁΟᅿᆄԋϩǴϩձж߄Ȩᇃว-ӆ่඲௓ڋȩǵȨ۟

܄௓ڋȩаϷȨफ़ߘ௓ڋȩ฻Οঁ೽ϩǶӧᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆϟܭ 70 Կ 300ppmǴ Ъ Na⁺ᐚࡋޑಔԋК౗ၨեޣޑݞοǴኧᏵ཮০ပܭ Gibbs კύޑѰୁǴϸࢀ၀ ݞοϯ܄ࢂڙډ۟܄௓ڋࣁЬǹऩᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆၨଯǴNa⁺ᐚࡋޑಔԋК౗ၨ

ଯޣޑݞοǴኧᏵ཮০ပܭ Gibbs კύޑѓ΢فǴж߄၀୔ୱၨଳײǴ٬ளᇃว բҔၨࣁܮ౰Ǵϸࢀрݞοϯ܄ࢂаᇃว-ӆ่඲բҔ௓ڋࣁЬǹऩᕴྋှނ፦

֖ໆၨեǴNa⁺ᐚࡋޑಔԋК౗ၨଯޣޑݞοǴځኧᏵ཮০ပӧ Gibbs კύޑѓ

ΠفǴж߄җܭफ़ߘբҔ཮೷ԋᕴྋှނ፦֖ໆޑᐚࡋफ़եǴϸࢀр၀୔ୱݞο ϯ܄ࢂаڙډफ़ߘ௓ڋࣁЬǶ

კ 4.7 ݞНᚆηᐚࡋ௓ڋӢન(অׯԾ Gibbs, 1970)

ҁࣴز୔ୱޑԃफ़ߘໆऊࣁ 3,000mmǴᡉҢफ़ߘჹܭݞНᚆηᐚࡋޑቹៜǴ ࣁ΋໨όё۹ౣޑٰྍǶࣁΑ௖૸۟܄ჹܭݞНᚆηᐚࡋޑቹៜǴѸ໪ӃԌନफ़ ߘჹᚆηᐚࡋޑଅ᝘ໆ(Roy et al., 1999; Stallard and Edmond, 1981)Ƕफ़ߘჹݞН ᚆηᐚࡋޑቹៜǴ೯தࢂаᒧ᏷ෛᚆηٰ଺ࣁୖԵޑࡰ኱ǴӢࣁෛᚆηޑЬाٰ

ྍԖٿᅿǴಃ΋ᅿࢂவᇃว۟܌ගٮǴಃΒᅿ߾ࢂ࿶җफ़ߘ຾ΕݞНύޑቹៜǶ җܭҁࣴز୔ϣ٠ؒԖᇃว۟ޑϩթǴ࣬ჹޑǴҗ໣Н୔ϐ۟ᡏ׷਑ගٮ๏

ݞНύϐෛᚆη֖ໆΨࡐեǴќ΋ঁගٮޣ൩ࢂഌӦ΢ޑफ़ߘǴЬाࢂٰԾܭੇ

Нޑᇃว܌׎ԋǶӢԜǴӃ຾Չϩ݋ੇНύӚϡનჹෛᚆηޑᐚࡋКٯǴӆஒݞ

НύޑᚆηᐚࡋǴԌନफ़ߘவੇНᇃණύᕇளޑ೽ϩǴаঅ҅फ़ߘჹݞНᚆηᐚ ࡋޑቹៜКٯ(Stallard and Edmond, 1981)ǶځीᆉϦԄӵΠǺ

ns-[X] = [X]river – [Cl]river x ([X]/[Cl])seawater (Ԅ 4.8)

΢ॊϦԄύǴns-[X]ࣁԌନफ़ߘቹៜࡕϐᚆηᐚࡋǴ[X]riverࣁҁࣴزໆෳϐ ݞНᚆηᐚࡋǴ[Cl]riverࣁҁࣴزໆෳϐݞНෛᚆηᐚࡋǴ([X]/[Cl])seawaterࣁੇН ύᚆηᐚࡋᆶෛᚆηᐚࡋޑКॶǴԄ 4.8 ύ܌٬ҔޑੇНᚆηᐚࡋኧᏵၗ਑ٰԾ ୯ሞ኱ྗੇН(IAPSO)(Stallard and Edmond, 1981)Ƕ

ஒफ़ߘჹᚆηᐚࡋޑቹៜԌନϐࡕ(ns-[X])ǴݞНޑᚆηᐚࡋᡂϯ([X]river)Ǵ ߡёаϸࢀрࣴز୔ୱϣ҆۟ޑϩѲǴԜБݤࢂ٩Ᏽ Negel et al.(1993)ፓࢗখ݀

ࣧӦޑݞНϯᏢၗ਑ࡕǴࣁΑ੃ନݞНڙډีញբҔаϷᇃวբҔޑቹៜǴஒ Ca²⁺ک Mg²⁺ϩձନа Na⁺ǴճҔ[Ca²⁺]/[Na⁺]ک[Mg²⁺]/[Na⁺]ޑᜢ߯ǴٰᡉҢݞο ϯ܄܌ёૈڙډ۟܄ޑቹៜǶԶ Gaillardet et al.(1999)ճҔШࣚӚӦόӕࢬୱޑݞ Нϯ܄ၗ਑Ǵ٩ྣ Negel et al.(1993)ගрޑБݤǴаΒࡋޜ໔բკޑБԄǴஒ [Ca²⁺]/[Na⁺]բࣁᐉືǴ[Mg²⁺]/[Na⁺]բࣁᕵືٰ຾Չϩ݋Ǵว౜ឦܭᇃวᡶᜪǵ ޖለᡶᜪǵᅹለᡶᜪޑኧᏵ཮ӚԾᐱҥޑϩթӧΟঁόӕޑ୔໔ϐύǴӢԜǴु

ۓрΟᅿ۟ᜪϐᆄᗺ(კ 4.8)Ƕऩ໣Н୔ϣςӸӧӚόӕ۟ᜪϐϩѲǴݞНᚆη ᐚࡋޑϸᔈǴջࢂӚᅿόӕ۟ᜪషӝբҔޑ่݀ǴճҔኧᏵϩթӧკ΢ޑՏ࿼Ǵ ߡёᕕှ໣Н୔ϣόӕ۟ᜪޑಔԋКٯǶ

Guglielmi et al.(2000)ճҔ໚ᚆηΟفკٰ߄ҢӚόӕ۟ᡏ࣬ჹᚆηޑቹៜ КٯǴ೭ঁБݤࢂᒧۓ Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺ǵNa⁺ک K⁺բࣁΟفკޑΟঁᆄᗺ(კ 4.9)ǴЬ

ाࢂϩձж߄ᅹለ۟ǵᇃว۟аϷޖለ۟฻Οᅿ۟ᡏǶӧԾฅࣚύǴCa²⁺ک Mg²⁺

ЬाࢂٰԾܭᅹለᡶ۟ᜪǴӵҡԪ۟ǵқ໦۟ǵε౛۟฻ǶNa⁺ࢂᇃว۟ϣޑ֖

ໆၨࣁᙦ൤ޑᚆηǴٯӵ۟ᡶǶK⁺߾ࢂӧޖለ۟ᜪύၨࣁதـǶӢԜǴӧх֖ٿ ᅿ۟ᜪа΢ޑ໣Н୔ύǴёᙖҗԜΟفკٰ௖૸όӕ۟ᜪჹ໣Н୔ᚆηᐚࡋޑٮ ᔈКٯǶ

კ 4.8 Ca²⁺/Na⁺ک Mg²⁺/Na⁺ϐᜢ߯

კ 4.9 ྋှᄊᚆηΟفკ

4.5.6 ྋှคᐒᅹᆶӦ፦ᕉნ࣬ᜢ܄ϩ݋

аྋှᄊޑ׎ԄǴᓯӸӧݞНύޑคᐒᅹᕴ֖ໆǴߡᆀϐࣁݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹ ᓯӸ৤ǶЬाٰྍх֖ΑǺ(1)ЍࢬǵӦΠН฻όӕНྍޑ༊ΕǴ(2)βᝆύԖᐒ

፦ϩှک෌ނਥسڥ֎ౢғޑΒ਼ϯᅹྋှǴ(3)ᅹለᡶ᝜ނޑϯᏢ॥ϯբҔǴ(4) ε਻ύΒ਼ϯᅹᆶݞНޑ࣬ϕբҔǴаϷ(5)Нᡏύғނޑڥ֎բҔᆶӀӝբҔ (Yang et al., 1996; Ludwig et al., 1996; Atekwana and Krihnamurthy, 1998)Ƕόӕٰ

ྍ܌׎ԋޑྋှคᐒᅹǴ཮ϸࢀӧྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋǴک δ¹³C ΢Ԗόӕޑᡂϯᖿ

༈ǶӢԜǴёаᙖҗྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋک δ¹³C ޑᡂϯǴٰ୔ϩྋှคᐒᅹޑٮᔈ

ٰྍ(კ 4.10)Ƕ

ӧԾฅࣚޑε਻ǵݞοǴаϷғނᡏϣǴӸӧ๱ၨᇸޑ¹²C کၨख़ޑ¹³C ٿ ᅿᅹޑᛙۓӕՏન(Walther, 2005)Ƕ΋૓ԶقǴ೭ٿᅿࣅޑᛙۓӕՏનǴ཮а δ¹³C

ٰ߄Ңኬࠔϐ໔ޑ࣬ჹ֖ໆǴΨջኬࠔύ¹³C ک¹²C ޑК౗Ǵᆶ኱ྗࠔύ¹³C ک

12C К౗ޑৡ౦ίϩКǴीᆉϦԄӵΠǺ

Ɂ ^ଵଷ ሺΩሻ ൌ ൬ሺ ^஼

భయ

భమ஼ሻ_{௦௔௠௣௟௘} ሺ ^஼

భయ

భమ஼ሻ_{௦௧௔௡ௗ௔௥ௗ}

൘ െ ͳ൰  ൈ ͳͲͲͲ (Ԅ 4.9)

Ԅ 4.9 ύǴሺ^భయ஼

భమ஼ሻ_{௦௔௠௣௟௘}ࣁኬࠔϣ¹³C ک¹²C ޑК౗ǴԶሺ^భయ_భమ^஼_஼ሻ_{௦௧௔௡ௗ௔௥ௗ}ࣁ኱ྗࠔ ϣ¹³C ک¹²C ޑК౗Ǵځॶεऊࣁ 0.011237Ƕ྽ሺ^భయ_భమ^஼_஼ሻ_{௦௔௠௣௟௘}ᆶሺ^భయ஼

భమ஼ሻ_{௦௧௔௡ௗ௔௥ௗ}࣬߈ਔǴ ځ δ¹³C ཮ᖿ߈ܭ 0Ƕ࣬ჹޑǴ྽ሺ^భయ_భమ^஼_஼ሻ_{௦௔௠௣௟௘}λܭሺ^భయ஼

భమ஼ሻ_{௦௧௔௡ௗ௔௥ௗ}ਔǴځ δ¹³C ߡ཮ࣁ

ॄॶǶӢԜǴδ¹³C ߄Ңޑࣁ¹³C ک¹²C ޑ࣬ჹ֖ໆᜢ߯ǴԶߚჴሞ֖ໆϐᐚࡋǶ வၸѐޑࣴز(Buhl et al., 1991, Aucour et al., 1999)Ǵёа᏾౛рݞࢬྋှค ᐒᅹᓯӸ৤ϣϐݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹޑٰྍᆶځᐚࡋᆶ δ¹³C ޑ࣬ჹᔈᜢ߯(߄ 4.2)Ƕ

΋૓ԶقǴβᝆύΒ਼ϯᅹޑ δ¹³C εऊࣁ-26‰(Diens, 1980, Mariotti, 1991)ǴК ݞНύϐ δ¹³C եࡐӭǴӢԜ྽βᝆύΒ਼ϯᅹྋှӧݞНύǴ཮٬ளྋှคᐒ

ᅹޑᐚࡋቚуǴδ¹³C फ़ե(Mariotti, 1991)ǶќѦǴ΋૓ᅹለᡶ᝜ނϣ֖Ԗޑ δ¹³C εऊ೿ᖿ߈ܭ‟0”Ǵ߄Ңᅹለᡶ᝜ނϣϐ^భయ஼

భమ஼ᆶ኱ྗࠔϐ^భయ஼

భమ஼࣬߈ǴКݞНύϐ δ¹³C ଯ(Amiotte et al., 1999)ǶӢԜǴ྽ᅹለᡶ᝜ނڙډϯᏢ॥ϯ຾ΕݞࢬǴྋှคᐒ ᅹᐚࡋک δ¹³C ཮ቚуǶ

ε਻ύϐΒ਼ϯᅹޑ δ¹³C КݞНύϐ δ¹³C ଯ(Mook et al., 1974)Ǵӧε਻ک ݞНޑΒ਼ϯᅹҬϕբҔၸำύǴΒ਼ϯᅹޑྋှ཮೷ԋݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋǴ аϷ δ¹³C ӕਔϲଯ(Zhang et al., 1995)Ƕ࣬ϸޑǴݞНύϐΒ਼ϯᅹຽණԿε਻

ޑӕਔǴځྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋǴаϷ δ¹³C ཮फ़եǶ

ԶНᡏϣғނ֎ԏΒ਼ϯᅹޑՉࣁǴΨ཮ቹៜݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹᓯӸ৤ϣӚᅿ όӕᅹϡનޑᡂϯǶӧӀӝբҔਔǴғނ໼ӛᓬӃ֎ԏ ¹²CǴᏤठݞНύޑ ¹²C ෧ϿǴගଯΑ^భయ஼

భమ஼ޑК౗ǴӢԜǴӀӝբҔ཮೷ԋྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋ෧ϿǴаϷ δ¹³C ቚуǶ࣬ϸޑǴғނӧڥ֎բҔਔ܌ញܫޑΒ਼ϯᅹǴӢࣁ֖Ԗၨଯޑ¹²CǴफ़ եΑ ^஼

భయ

భమ஼ޑК౗ǴӢԜǴڥ֎բҔ཮೷ԋྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋቚуǴδ¹³C ෧Ͽޑᖿ༈

(Flintrop et al., 1996; Buhl et al., 1991; Pawellwk and Veizer, 1994)Ƕ

᏾ᡏԶقǴճҔྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋک δ¹³C ΢ϲکΠफ़ޑᡂϯᖿ༈Ǵёа୔ϩ ྋှคᐒᅹޑٰྍǶӢԜǴҁࣴز׳຾΋؁ճҔᚆηᐚࡋکྋှคᐒᅹٰ຾ՉК

ၨǴёа׳ᕕှᅹለᡶᜪჹݞНϯᏢ܄፦ϐቹៜǶ

კ 4.10 ݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹᓯӸ৤ٰྍᆶᐚࡋǵδ¹³C ϐჹᔈᜢ߯Ңཀკ(অׯԾ Atekwana and Krishnamurthy,1998)

߄ 4.2 ݞࢬྋှคᐒᅹϐٰྍᆶځᐚࡋϷ δ¹³C ϐჹᔈᜢ߯

ٰྍ ྋှคᐒᅹᐚࡋ δ¹³C

ε਻Β਼ϯᅹྋှ ΢ϲ ΢ϲ

ݞНΒ਼ϯᅹຽණ Πफ़ Πफ़

βᝆΒ਼ϯᅹྋှ ΢ϲ Πफ़

ӀӝբҔ Πफ़ ΢ϲ

ڥ֎բҔ ΢ϲ Πफ़

ᅹለᡶ᝜ނྋှ ΢ϲ ΢ϲ

ಃ

ಃϖക ࣴز่݀

5.1 Ӧ፦׷਑܄፦၂ᡍ่݀

5.1.1 Ծฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍ

வҁࣴز୔ୱϣᚴξቫǵ౥࿢ξቫϷεࠄᐞТ۟฻ 3 ᅿόӕޑӦቫύǴ௦໣

ޑኬࠔ܌຾ՉޑԾฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍ่݀ᡉҢ(߄ 5.1)Ǵεܢ΢ᚴξቫک౥࿢ξቫ җܭ۟܄ಔԋ࣬߈ǴӢԜ٠คܴᡉৡ౦ǴԶεࠄᐞТ۟ޑଳൂՏख़߾ౣεܭځд Ӧቫ(კ 5.1)Ƕӧ֖НໆБय़Ǵᚴξቫک౥࿢ξቫၨځдӦቫଯǴёૈᆶ۟ቫᗭ ಈၨಒǴ֎ߕНϩૈΚၨமԖᜢǶӧϾሜ౗ϷޜሜКБय़ǴεࠄᐞТࣣ۟ၨᚴξ ቫᆶ౥࿢ξቫଯǶ

߄ 5.1 Ծฅނ౛܄፦၂ᡍ่݀

Ӧቫ ᚴξቫ ౥࿢ξቫ εࠄᐞТ۟

۟܄

ฯ।۟ǵ݈

۟ǵίݍ۟

ίݍ۟ǵ݈

۟ǵࣳ۟

໵ՅТ۟ǵ ᆘՅТ۟

Тഞ۟ ε౛۟

ಔኧ 59 31 50 60 40

ଳൂՏख़ (g/cm³)

1.90~3.20 (2.55²0.24)

1.77~4.91 (2.62²0.53)

1.98~4.10 (2.76²0.33)

2.05~3.64 (2.81²0.32)

2.39~4.89 (2.73²0.39)

֖Нໆ (%)

0.49~7.34 (2.13²1.70)

0.56~8.12 (2.76²1.61)

0.10~1.74 (0.6²0.43)

0.05~1.53 (0.32²0.24)

0.11~0.74 (0.27²0.13) Ͼሜ౗

(%)

4.95~15.92 (10.76²2.75)

6.07~15.92 (11.10²2.44)

4.86~23.00 (15.27²3.59)

9.43~27.75 (14.9²3.12)

10.36~22.70 (14.85²3.02)

ޜሜК

0.05~0.19 (0.12²0.03)

0.06~0.19 (0.13²0.03)

0.05~0.30 (0.18²0.05)

0.10~0.38 (0.18²0.05)

0.12~0.29 (0.18²0.04) (! )ࣁѳ֡ॶϷ኱ྗৡ