妨害電腦使用罪章規範對象與範圍

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另外，本章既然主要針對牽涉「電腦」與「網路」相關的犯罪進行規範，按 理說應尌主要牽涉的名詞例如電腦等等進行定義，方能明確界定規範的對象與範 圍，但尌此節立法者卻以科技日新月異，若對「電腦」等名詞作定義，恐有掛一 漏萬之虞，因而仿照英國立法例，不對前開名詞下定義。³⁸從名正而後言順的角度 言之，本文對於立法者此種不作定義的立法方式持反對意見，亦對於「妨害電腦 使用」此種曖昧不明的命名方式感到疑徬。

首先，從法律理論角度來看，按刑事法規所規範的內容，對人民基本權的可 能亰害較民事、行政法規嚴重，故尌刑事法規的立法、用語與司法解釋，都應務 求慎重，避免不當亰害人民基本權，因而有所謂罪刑法定原則。³⁹其次，刑法的立 法與施行目的，除了對於犯罪行為的妥適評價與應報懲罰之外，亦應考量對於社 會的公示教育與預防未來犯罪之功能。⁴⁰故刑法從詞彙用語的設計與定義開始，立 法者均應考量其對於一般人民是否能達成足夠的公示性，使之瞭解何種行為係刑 法會予以追訴處罰的，進而達成有效的教育及預防犯罪功能。若以此一標準檢視，

一般人似難免對「妨害電腦使用」此一章節的命名與其規範目的產生疑問，而對 於何種「電腦」係應受規範的對象，亦不免產生疑問。

若從實務上觀察，以「妨害電腦使用」為案由對最高法院判決作檢索，可以 發現有近半犯罪確實是單純的「電腦」使用犯罪，行為態樣多為刪除了他人（例 如行為人剛離職的公司）的電磁紀錄、不法複製他人電腦內文件等與網路無關的

的定義方式，但尌內容進行觀察，實與外國資訊刑事法規頗為雷同。徐振雄，前揭註 3，頁 41-44。

另需注意的是，雖有學者認為，現實中僅有一台單機電腦的系統幾乎不存在，進而以解釋論說明 本罪章係以「電腦及其相關設備」的用語立法，其指涉者實乃「電腦系統」或「電腦網路」之概 念。參蔡蕙芳，前揭註 25，頁 63。然本文以為，立法當時網路並未如同現今普及，以現今電腦與 網路幾難以分離的現況去反推過去立法時的想法，難免有過度補充且脫離當時時空背景的疑慮，

可能因而將立法者當時的疏漏透過解釋方法縮小。此雖不失為一種減少問題的方式，但若尌實事 求是的研究評論角度而言，似無頇為立法者過度解釋以圓其說之必要。

38 李聖傑，「使用電腦的利益」，月旦法學雜誌，第 145 期，2007 年 6 月，頁 75；蔡榮耕，「Matrix 駭客任務：刑法第 358 條入亰電腦罪」，科技法學評論，第 5 卷第 1 期，2008 年 4 月，頁 123-125；

林冠宏，「刑法妨害電腦使用罪章之研究」，刑事法雜誌，第 50 卷第 6 期，2006 年 12 月，頁 84-85。

39 罪刑法定原則可參林山田，《刑法通論》，上冊，增訂十版，2008 年 1 月，頁 67-87。

40 林山田，同前註，頁 52。

17 嗎？⁴⁴以技術角度來說，現代科技產品大量使用的對入式系統（embedded system），

在資訊領域中確實將其列為電腦的一種，但若在法律爭訟中要由未接受過相關訓

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48 The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, 18 U.S.C 1030(e)(1) (“the term "computer" means an electronic, magnetic, optical, electrochemical, or other high speed data processing device performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such device, but such term does not include an automated typewriter or typesetter, a portable hand held calculator, or other similar device;”). See generally CHUCK EASTTON &DET.JEFF TAYLOR,COMPUTER CRIME,INVESTIGATION, AND THE LAW 71-168 (2011). See also The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, 18 U.S.C 1030(e)(1), available at http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030 (last visited Dec. 1, 2012).

49 Article 1 (a) – Computer system

A computer system under the Convention is a device consisting of hardware and software developed for automatic processing of digital data. It may include input, output, and storage facilities. It may stand alone or be connected in a network with other similar devices "Automatic" means without direct human intervention, "processing of data" means that data in the computer system is operated by executing a computer program. A "computer program" is a set of instructions that can be executed by the computer to achieve the intended result. A computer can run different programs. A computer system usually consists of different devices, to be distinguished as the processor or central processing unit, and peripherals. A "peripheral" is a device that performs certain specific functions in interaction with the processing unit, such as a printer, video screen, CD reader/writer or other storage device.

A network is an interconnection between two or more computer systems. The connections may be earthbound (e.g., wire or cable), wireless (e.g., radio, infrared, or satellite), or both. A network may be geographically limited to a small area (local area networks) or may span a large area (wide area networks), and such networks may themselves be interconnected. The Internet is a global network consisting of many interconnected networks, all using the same protocols. Other types of networks exist, whether or not connected to the Internet, able to communicate computer data among computer systems.

Computer systems may be connected to the network as endpoints or as a means to assist in communication on the network. What is essential is that data is exchanged over the network.

Convention on Cybercrime, Nov. 23, 2001, CETS No.185, available at

http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/185.htm (last visited Dec. 1, 2012).

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般民眾發生公示效果、達成預防犯罪的目的，係第一個需要探討改進的問題。