專業化策略的基本理論

產業專業化之趨勢起自於全球競爭環境的改變，由於高科技製造業正發展 為競爭者眾且供過於求之產業結構，產業驅動力由供給面逐步轉為需求面 (Uiardot, 1998)²，資訊流通再無界線，各國產業之比較競爭優勢已成全球化架構 下產業競爭的關鍵成功要素(Christensen, 2001)³，而專業化策略正為各企業在衡 量比較競爭優勢下，選取最低機會成本與最具利基的產業定位方法。

過去學者分別從產業競爭趨勢演進與比較競爭優勢之角度，探討專業化之 定義與模式(Derek, 1980⁴, Kotler, 1994⁵, Slywotzky, 1996⁶, Trout, 2004⁷, You, Tu and Shyu, 2006⁸)；其後，逐漸發展出多種不同的專業化策略，從供給面觀之，產 品專業化係最常被學者提出的企業層級專業化策略(Jeff and Lawrence, 1987⁹, Steven and Dean, 1996¹⁰, Lundvall, 1998¹¹, Hamid, 2002¹²)，廠商可依據針對特定產 品的優勢，取得市場利基，其中，Allen與Kendall(1992)¹³則針對不同廠商資料，

2 Uiardot, E., Successful Marketing Strategy for High-Tech Firms, 1998, Artech House.

3 Christensen, C. M., “The Past and Future of Competitive Advantage＂, MIT Sloan Management Review 42, 2: 105-109, 2001.

4 Derek, A., Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning, New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 1980, pp. 192-196

5 Kotler, P., Marketing Management, New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1994, pp. 246-247

6 Slywotzky, A. J. Value Migration: How to Think Several Moves ahead of the Competition, Corporate Decisions. 1996.

7 Trout, J., Trout on Strategy, New York: McGraw Hill, 2004, pp. 77-90

8 You, H. C., Tu, Y. M. & Joseph Z. Shyu, “Strategic Clustering of Innovation in Developing Countries＂, International Conference on International Association of Management of Technology, Beijing, China, 2006

9 Jeff, M, Lawrence C. R.＂Are Product Specialization and International Diversification Strategies Compatible?＂ Management International Review.Vol.27, Iss.3; 1987, pp.38-45.

10 Steven W, Dean M. “Competitive strategy and the adoption and usage of process innovation＂

International Journal of Commerce & Management.Vol.6, Iss.3/4; 1996, pp5-22.

11 Lundvall, B.＂Why study national systems and national styles of innovations?＂ Technology Analysis &

Strategic Management. Abingdon: Dec Vol.10, Iss. 4; 1998, pp 407-422.

12 Hamid, H., “Fong urges industries to go for product specialization＂, Business Times. Kuala Lumpur:

Oct 11, 2002. pp04.

13 Allen J., Kendall. ＂A Taxonomy of Business-Level Strategies in Global Industries＂ Strategic Management Journal. Chichester: Sep 1992.Vol.13, Iss. 6; pp 399-418.

進行實證分析。此外，多位學者亦提出聚焦於產業中特定關鍵技術發展的特定 技術專業化策略(Malerba, Orsenigo, and Peretto, 1997¹⁴, Phene, Madhok, and Liu, 2005¹⁵)，其中，Tsang(1999)¹⁶則以全球電腦產業零組件為例，說明技術專業化策 略之運行。製造或系統設計之專業化策略在全球分工的趨勢下，亦逐漸成為重 要的研究課題，包括OEM策略的發展與執行，均有大量實證研究成果(Christer, 1992¹⁷, Gephen and Rothanberg, 2000¹⁸, Chang, 2002¹⁹)，Paul與Bradley(1994)²⁰則從 產業發展趨勢之角度，探討製造專業化的未來發展策略；對全球分工明顯的電 子產業而言，製造專業化已行之多年，相關實證研究也極為廣泛(Hunt and Jones, 1998²¹, Meller and DeShazo, 2001²²)。

14 Malerba, F., Orsenigo, L. and Peretto, P., “Persistence of Innovation Activities, Sectoral Patterns of Innovation and International Technological Specialization＂, International Journal of Industrial Organization 15, 1997, pp. 801-826.

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18 Geffen, C., Rothenberg S. “Suppliers and environmental innovation The automotive paint process＂, International Journal of Operations & Production Management. Bradford: 2000.Vol.20, Iss. 2; pp166.

19 Chang, C. “Procurement policy and supplier behavior-OEM vs. ODM＂, Journal of Business and Management. Fort Collins: Spring 2002.Vol.8, Iss. 2; pp181-198.

20 Paul A, Bradley S.＂The future of original equipment manufacturers＂, The Journal of Business &

Industrial Marketing. Santa Barbara: 1994.Vol.9, Iss. 3; pp38-44.

21 Hunt, I. Jones., R. “Winning new product business in the contract electronics industry＂, International Journal of Operations & Production Management. Bradford: 1998.Vol.18, Iss. 2; pp 130.

22 Meller, R., DeShazo, R., “Manufacturing system design case study: Multi-channel manufacturing at electrical box & enclosures＂, Journal of Manufacturing Systems. Dearborn: 2001.Vol.20, Iss. 6;

pp445-457.

就需求面而言，最常被提及的正為聚焦於品牌、通路發展或特定市場需求 的市場專業化(Capon, Hulbert, Farley, and Martin, 1988²³, Gael and Christopher, 1992²⁴, Frost & Sullivan, 2006²⁵)；與此概念相反的是，利用市場多角化策略，取 得範疇經濟與成本優勢的多角化專業化策略(Peter, 1996, Sheth, Sisodia and Sharma., 2000²⁶, Tanner, 2001²⁷)；此外，隨著產業群聚於全球各地的產生，透過 產業聚落所發展之資源整合，亦逐漸成為廠商發展過程中所追求的定位策略之 一(Feldman and Audretsch, 1999²⁸, Fujita and Thisse, 2002²⁹, Roy and Mohapatra, 2002³⁰, Desrochers and Sautet, 2004³¹, Roland-Holst, Verbiest and Zhai, 2005³²)，此 地緣策略可稱之為另一種區域集群之專業化，例如針對美國矽谷(Saxenian, 1994³³)、生技產業(Feldman, 2003³⁴)與中國大陸產業聚落(Bai, Du, Tao and Tong, 2004³⁵)等研究，均提出類似的論點。

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29 Fujita, M., and Thisse, J. F., Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, Industrial Location, and Regional Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

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31 Desrochers, P. Sautet. F. “Cluster-Based Economic Strategy, Facilitation Policy and the Market Process＂, Review of Austrian Economics. Washington: Jun 2004.Vol.17, Iss. 2-3; pp233.

32 Roland-Holst, D., Verbiest, J., Zhai F. “Growth and Trade Horizons for Asia: Long-term Forecasts for Regional Integration＂, Asian Development Review. Manila: 2005.Vol.22, Iss. 2; pp76-108.

33 Saxenian, S., Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Boston:

Harvard University Press, 1994.

34 Feldman, M. P. “The Locational Dynamics of the US Biotech Industry: Knowledge Externalities and the Anchor Hypothesis＂, Industry and Innovation.Sydney: Sep 2003.Vol.10, Iss. 3; pp311.

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