4. 國內規章與必要性測試談判歷史
4.2 國內規章準則談判歷程
4.2.1 專業服務工作小組時期
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開始了解國內規章的談判。
4.2 國內規章準則談判歷程
國內規章準則的談判之始,會員先以「部門別(sectoral)」的方式嘗試發展 國內規章準則,此由 1995 年起的專業服務工作小組(Working Party on Professional Services)負責。自 1998 年起,會員立基於專業服務工作小組的談判成果與經驗,
開始進一步嘗試發展跨不同服務部門的水平(horizontal)國內規章準則,此於國 內規章工作小組(Working Party on Domestic Regulation)當中進行。以下分別介 紹:
4.2.1 專業服務工作小組時期
專業服務小組於 1995 年成立,選定就「會計部門」發展國內規章準則,並 於 1998 年完成談判,以下分別就談判的歷程與成果進行介紹,當中又以必要性 測試最為關鍵,並基於前述基礎分析會計部門國內規章準則成功的關鍵。
4.2.2.1
談判歷程1995 年 ,部 長 會 議作 成 有 關專 業 服 務之 決 議 ( Decision on professional services),依據決議成立專業服務工作小組,負責檢視、回報與建議相關規範,
以確保專業服務相關的管制不致造成貿易障礙。
在部門別的選擇方面,因會計部門有較完整之國際、區域協定,加以業者支 持於多邊架構中調和國內管制,因此於此決議也確立自會計部門優先發展國內規 章準則36。
36 張新平,前揭註 11,頁 158。
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Accountancy Sector)於 1998 年談判完成,服務貿易理事會(Council for Trade in Services)採認會計部門國內規章準則,決議此準則僅適用於就會計部門有作出 質、專業能力、職業操守(integrity)。」40換言之,會員仍保有實現其正當目的37 WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Decision on Disciplines Relating to the Accountancy Sector, S/L/63 (Dec. 15, 1998).
38 Disciplines on domestic regulation in the accountancy sector Paragraph V: “Members shall make publicly available, including through the enquiry and contact points established under Articles III and IV of the GATS, the names and addresses of competent authorities (i.e. governmental or
non-governmental entities responsible for the licensing of professionals or firms, or accounting regulations)….”
39 Aik Hoe Lim & Bart de Meester, An Introduction to Domestic Regulation and GATS, in WTO DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE 11 (Aik Hoe Lim & Bart de Meester eds., 2014).
40 Disciplines on domestic regulation in the accountancy sector Paragraph III: “Members shall ensure that measures not subject to scheduling under Articles XVI or XVII of the GATS, relating to licensing requirements and procedures, technical standards and qualification requirements and procedures are not prepared, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating unnecessary barriers to trade
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據國際財務報導準則(International Financial Reporting Standards)編制41。在產業 環境方面,全球的會計部門也由所謂的「四大(Big Four)」事務所支配,包含德 勤(Deloitte)、普華永道(PwC)、安永(EY)、畢馬威(KPMG)42,產業的管 理與競爭相當集中,這也是國內規章準則的談判能迅速取得業者支持的關鍵。然in accountancy services. For this purpose, Members shall ensure that such measures are not more trade-restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective. Legitimate objectives are, inter alia, the protection of consumers (which includes all users of accounting services and the public generally), the quality of the service, professional competence, and the integrity of the profession.”
41 Who we are and what we do, About us, IFRS, 2016, available at http://www.ifrs.org/About-us/Documents/Who-We-Are-English-2016.pdf (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
42 Marion Dakers, BP picks Deloitte for one of Britain's most valuable audits, Business, THE
TELEGRAPH, Nov. 15, 2016, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/11/15/bp-picks-deloitte-for-one-of-britains-most-valuable-audits/ (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).
43 Aik Hoe Lim & Bart de Meester, supra note 39, at 10.
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是要致力於發展適用於所有部門的水平國內規章準則。