結論 - 國內規章：必要性測試的困境與解決

國

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6. 結論

為促進服務貿易的自由化，本文首先就服務貿易的本質進行觀察，並認為管制與服務息息相關，因此管制也最有可能形成主要的貿易障礙。然而，反觀服務貿易總協定的規範發展，處理管制的國內規章準則的發展卻幾近停滯，恐怕使保護主義遁入國內規章當中，對於國內規章準則的發展即有關切的必要。

在了解國內規章準則的發展前，勢必要先認識國內規章的本質。由於國內規章的本質即為管制，國內規章的準則是對於服務貿易的管制，在共同點為「管制」

的情況下，良好的管制即為其共同目標。良好管制的確立，必須透過成本效益評估來實現，此即國內規章準則中的必要性測試，透過必要性測試來排除浮濫、無效益的管制。因此，國內規章準則中最關鍵的要素即為必要性測試。

對於國內規章的本質有相當認識之後，則就國內規章準則的發展進行了解。

由國內規章準則談判授權所規範的管制態樣、談判授權的內容介紹最為基礎，進一步認識於專業服務工作小組、國內規章工作小組的談判歷程與議題。當中，又以必要性測試最為重要，爭議聚焦於管制目的之限縮，「正當目的」的價值判准建立上過於困難，「國家政策目標」又流於寬泛，無限縮之效。而在成本效益評估方面，則對於成本效益評估的範圍、方式與行政負擔提出擔憂。

會員接著嘗試就必要性測試的爭議提出解決方案，管制目的限縮方面，反面排除構成「隱藏性貿易限制」的措施，然而，同樣面臨「隱藏性」的判斷問題。

就成本效益評估所帶來的行政負擔，則提出過渡期、逐步執行期以及技術援助。

基此，本文認為管制目的限縮，就管制範疇廣泛的角度而言，應難為管制目的劃定範圍予以限縮，且細究管制目的限縮的功能實可以用成本效益評估加以取代，

復建議會員將必要性測試的談判聚焦於成本效益的談判，著重於要件的設計、轉換期、技術援助，方有可能於必要性測試的議題取得突破。

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立政治大學

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參考文獻

一、專書

1. DELIMATSIS,PANAGIOTIS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES AND DOMESTIC

REGULATIONS:NECESSITY,TRANSPARENCY, AND REGULATORY DIVERSITY (1st ed., 2009).

2. KRAJEWSKI,MARKUS, NATIONAL REGULATION AND TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN

SERVICES (1st ed. 2003)

二、專書論文

1. Lim, Aik Hoe & de Meester, Bart, An Introduction to Domestic Regulation and

GATS, in WTO

DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE (Aik Hoe Lim &

Bart de Meester eds., 2014).

2. Renda, Andrea, Regulatory Impact Assessment and Regulatory Policy, in REGULATORY POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE -AREADER'S COMPANION TO THE OECD REGULATORY POLICY OUTLOOK 2015 (OECD eds., 2015)

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1. 張新平，WTO 服務貿易國內規章有關問題之探討，政大法學評論，112 期。

2. Crozet, Matthieu, Milet, Emmanuel & Mirza, Daniel, The Impact of Domestic

Regulations on International Trade in Services: Evidence from Firm-Level Data, 44 J.

COMP.ECON. 585 (2016).

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GATS —Disciplining Regulatory Behavior in Service Through Article VI of the

GATS, 10 J.

INT'L ECON.L. 13 (2006).

‧

4. Kox, Henk & Nordås, Hildegunn K., Services Trade and Domestic Regulation, 49 OECDTRADE POLICY PAPERS 1 (2007).

四、談判會議記錄與相關文件

1. WTO, Council for Trade in Services, Decision on Disciplines Relating to the

Accountancy Sector, S/L/63 (Dec. 15, 1998).

2. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Report on the Meeting Hold

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Australia, S/WPDR/W/15 (May 3, 2001).

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on 20 March 2001, S/WPDR/M/10 (May 10, 2001).

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European Communities and Their Member States, S/WPDR/W/14 (May 1,

2001).

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on 11 May 2001 (Annex: Informal Summary of Discussions on the Checklist of Issues for WPDR), S/WPDR/M/11 (June 7, 2001).

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‧

on 12 March 2002, S/WPDR/M/15 (Apr. 10, 2002).

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on 31 March 2004, S/WPDR/M/25 (May 18, 2004).

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on 18 February 2005, S/WPDR/M/29 (July 11, 2005).

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and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago, JOB(06)/66 (Mar. 27, 2006).

20. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from the ACP

Group, JOB(06)/136 (May 2, 2006).

21. WTO, Communication from Australia; Chile; Colombia; Hong Kong, China;

Korea; New Zealand and The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Article VI:4 Disciplines – Proposal for Draft Text),

JOB(06)/193 (Jun. 19, 2006).

22. WTO, Summary of the Informal Meeting Held on 19 and 20 June 2006, JOB(06)/235 (Aug. 14, 2006).

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on 22 June 2005, S/WPDR/M/30 (Sept. 6, 2006).

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Party on Domestic Regulation to the Council for Trade in Services (2007),

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on 1 April 2009, S/WPDR/M/40 (May 12, 2009).

‧

26. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Informal Meeting of 14 and

15 December 2009, RD/SERV/1 (Jan. 11, 2010).

27. WTO, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4

(2010 Annotated Text and Informal Note by the Chairperson), RD/SERV/10

(Mar. 14, 2010).

28. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Informal Meeting of 2

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29. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Communication from Brazil,

Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).

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Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).

31. WTO, Working Party on Domestic Regulation—Disciplines on Domestic Regulation Pursuant to GATS Article VI:4 (Chairman's Progress Report), S/WPDR/W/45 (Apr. 14, 2011).

五、其他

1. 司法院釋字 476 號解釋理由書

2. Chao, Loretta & Efrati, Amir, China Renews Google's License, Tech, THE

WALL STREET JOURNAL, July 11, 2010,

available at

http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527487040756045753565529395 07706 (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).

3. Dakers, Marion, BP picks Deloitte for one of Britain's most valuable audits,

Business,

THE TELEGRAPH, Nov. 15, 2016,

available at

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/11/15/bp-picks-deloitte-for-one-of-britains-most-valuable-audits/ (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).

4. Drummond, David，關於谷歌中國的最新聲明，GOOGLE，2010 年 3 月 23

‧ 國

立政治大學

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N a tio na

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6. WTO Trade in Services Division, Disciplines on Domestic Regulation

Pursuant to GATS Article (Background document), Service, W

ORLD TRADE

ORGANIZATION, June 2011,

available at

https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/dom_reg_negs_bckgddoc_e.doc (last visited Dec. 22, 2016).

在文檔中國內規章：必要性測試的困境與解決 - 政大學術集成 (頁 55-60)

結論

國

立 政 治 大 學

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N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

6. 結論

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參考文獻

GATS, in WTO

Regulations on International Trade in Services: Evidence from Firm-Level Data, 44 J.

GATS —Disciplining Regulatory Behavior in Service Through Article VI of the

GATS, 10 J.

‧

Accountancy Sector, S/L/63 (Dec. 15, 1998).

on 14 July 1999 , S/WPDR/M/2 (Sept. 2, 1999).

on 12 July 2000, S/WPDR/M/7 (Sept. 19, 2000).

on 2 October 2000 (Annex: Summary of Informal Discussion on the Checklist of Issues for WPDR), S/WPDR/M/8 (Nov. 17, 2000).

on 29 November 2000, S/WPDR/M/9 (Mar. 12, 2001).

Australia, S/WPDR/W/15 (May 3, 2001).

on 20 March 2001, S/WPDR/M/10 (May 10, 2001).

on 11 May 2001, S/WPDR/M/11 (June 7, 2001).

on 3 July 2001, S/WPDR/M/12 (Aug. 16, 2001).

European Communities and Their Member States, S/WPDR/W/14 (May 1,

on 11 May 2001 (Annex: Informal Summary of Discussions on the Checklist of Issues for WPDR), S/WPDR/M/11 (June 7, 2001).

‧

on 12 March 2002, S/WPDR/M/15 (Apr. 10, 2002).

on 15 May 2003, S/WPDR/M/21 (June 23, 2003).

on 1 July 2003, S/WPDR/M/22 (Sept. 22, 2003).

on 3 December 2003, S/WPDR/M/24 (Jan. 22, 2004).

on 31 March 2004, S/WPDR/M/25 (May 18, 2004).

on 18 February 2005, S/WPDR/M/29 (July 11, 2005).

and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago, JOB(06)/66 (Mar. 27, 2006).

Group, JOB(06)/136 (May 2, 2006).

Korea; New Zealand and The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Article VI:4 Disciplines – Proposal for Draft Text),

on 22 June 2005, S/WPDR/M/30 (Sept. 6, 2006).

Party on Domestic Regulation to the Council for Trade in Services (2007),

on 1 April 2009, S/WPDR/M/40 (May 12, 2009).

‧

15 December 2009, RD/SERV/1 (Jan. 11, 2010).

(2010 Annotated Text and Informal Note by the Chairperson), RD/SERV/10

February 2010, RD/SERV/11 (Mar. 22, 2010)

Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).

Canada and the United States, S/WPDR/W/44 (Mar. 22, 2011).

available at

Business,

available at

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Pursuant to GATS Article (Background document), Service, W

available at

立政治大學

立政治大學

立政治大學