• 沒有找到結果。

依上述結論,本節旨在提出實質應用及後續研究方向之建議。建議如下:

一、實質應用方面

此部分主要針對健身產業經營及參與重量訓練者提出具體建議,敘述如下。

(一)健身產業經營者

健身產業屬於服務性的休閒運動產業,其所作所為都是為了要服務顧客、為顧客創 造最大的服務價值,相對於顧客,健身中心是許多渴望獲得肌肉發達體型的男性進行運 動訓練的首選場所,因此,業者可用適切的方式告知入場活動者正確的健身知識,以期 能有健康的心態並安全地進行鍛鍊。此部分建議業者可從與顧客親密接觸的現場教練做 起,直接將正確觀念傳達予參與者,例如:正確進行重量訓練的方式(頻率、強度、時 間調整等)、進行訓練真正目的(為改善肌肉適能而非使肌肉肥大)、進行訓練後功效(如 肌肉狀態的強化)。另外,再藉由醒目的海報文宣或電視牆等方式,將正確知識及訓練 效益以圖文、動畫方式公告,內容亦可加入不健康鍛鍊行為會產生的不良癥候等資訊,

以達到提醒、引起注意的效果。在現今網路發達的生活環境下,網路資訊傳送更是快速,

因此,可善加利用官方網站的經營或時下流行的交流平台(如 Facebook, Line 等)來發 佈資訊,其訊息傳達效果是明顯而可以預期的。

(二)參與重量訓練者

從事重量訓練者,首先應清楚知道重量訓練的本質乃在改善肌力、肌耐力及提昇個 人肌肉適能水準,訓練目的並不在獲得發達肌肉或健美身材(此為伴隨訓練所產生的附 加效果),因此,進行訓練時,不應以塑造健美身材為目標,反而要以個人目前實際體 行來建構適當的體型輪廓。此部分建議從事重量訓練者不要強迫自己過度關注體型塑造 效果或過度強調肌肉質量的獲得,在進行訓練過程中,也應當讓自己有適當的休息時

86

間,並適時調整參與目標,進而發展出符合個人能力且安全、有效的訓練計畫。

二、後續研究方面

此部分主要分為研究對象、取樣範圍及測量工具三面向的建議,敘述如下。

(一)研究對象

本研究之樣本僅選取從事重量訓練活動者,為單一活動型態的選取,因此,分析所 得到結果並無法完全推論至參與其他活動型態的群體。此部分建議後續研究能將取樣對 象擴大至其他與肌肉鍛鍊相關的活動型態。

(二)取樣範圍

本研究之樣本僅選取有在某一連鎖健身中心特定四個分部中進行訓練的群體,為單 一活動場所的選取,因此,分析所得到結果會受到訓練器材、運動氣氛等因素影響,並 無法完全推論至在其他活動場所進行訓練的群體。此部分建議後續研究可將取樣範圍擴 大至多縣市的健身中心。

87

第陸章 參考文獻

一、中文部分

尤嫣嫣(2001)。由身體意象觀點談體重控制計畫。學校衛生,38,56-69。

尤嫣嫣(2002)。大學生體型及其身體意象相關因素之研究-以中原大學新生為例。未出 版之博士論文,國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所,台北市。

呂學超(2008)。大專男性追求肌肉發達的身體意象與自尊、生活品質之探索研究。未 出版之碩士論文,國立臺灣大學心理學研究所,臺北市。

但唐謨(譯)(2001)。猛男情結:男性的美麗與哀愁。臺北市:性林文化。

孫紀蘭(2005)。男性身體意象滿意度與猛男情結之關聯性研究。未出版之碩士論文,

國立臺灣大學新聞研究所,台北市。

陳素青(2005)。運動健康俱樂部消費者特徵之探討。大專體育,79 期,120-127。

陳龍弘、盧俊宏、蔡英美(2005)。健身運動依賴量表之編製。國立體育學院論叢,15

(2),217-228。

張志成(2010)。女性有氧舞蹈參與者運動依賴與自我呈現之關係研究。高雄行為科學 學刊,2,101-117。

黃柏竣(2009)。健身房男性會員運動行為、肌肉外顯滿意度與自尊關係之研究。未出 版之碩士論文,朝陽科技大學休閒事業管理系,台北市。

黃囇莉、張錦華(2005)。台彎民眾的身體意象及其預測因子:人際壓力、媒體信任作 為中介變項。中華心理學刊,47(3),269-287。

黎士鳴(譯)(2001)。身體意象。台北市:弘智文化事業有限公司。

盧俊宏(1998)。從事體適能運動所帶來的106種利益。學校體育,8(5),17-23。

盧俊宏、卓國雄、陳龍弘(2005)。健身運動心理學:理論與概念。台北:易利圖書。

88

盧俊宏、許雅雯、蔡鳳純、陳聖芝(2010)。健身運動依賴、承諾、認同和行為之關係。

大專體育學刊,12(2),23-31。

二、英文部分

Aidman, E. V., & Woollard, S. (2003). The influence of self-reported exercise addiction on acute emotional and physiological responses to brief exercise deprivation. Psychology of

Sport and Exercise, 4, 225-236.

Allegre, B., & Therme, P. (2008). Confirmative study of a French version of the Exercise Dependence Scale-revised with a French population. L'Encéphale, 34(5), 490-495.

Ben-Tovim, D., & Walker, K. (1991). Womens body attitude: A review of measurement techniques. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(2), 155-167.

Bell, K. (2007). Feminism and the invisible fat man. Body & Society, 13(1), 107-131.

Biddle, S. J. S. (1992). Depression and other mental illnesses. In S. J. H. Biddle, K. R. Fox, and S. H. Boutcher (Eds.), Physical activity and psychological well-being (pp. 226-21).

London: Routledge.

Bull, B. W. (2003). Exercise and mental health. Paper presented at the 8th World Congress of Sport Psychology, Lisbon.

Cachelin, F. M., Rebeck, R. M., Chung, G. H., & Pelayo, E. (2002). Does ethnicity influence body-size preference? A comparison of body image and body size. Obesity Research,

10(3), 158-166.

Cafri, G., & Thompson, J. K. (2004a). Measuring male body image: A review of the current methodology. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 5(1), 18-29.

Cafri, G., & Thompson, J. K. (2004b). Evaluating the convergence of muscle appearance attitude measure. Assessment, 11(3), 224-229.

Cafri, G., Thompson, K., Ricciardelli, L., McCabe, M., Smolak, L., & Yesalis, C. (2005).

89

Pursuit of the muscular ideal: Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(2), 215-239.

Cash, T. F. (1990). The psychology of physical appearance aesthetics, attributes, and images, In Cash, T. and Pruzinsky, T.(Eds.), Body images development, deviance and change.

New York: Guilford Press.

Cash, T. F., Morrow, J. A., Hrabosky, J. I., & Perry, A. A. (2004). How has body image changed? A cross-selection investigation of college women and men from 1983 to 2001.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1081-1089.

Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (1990). Body Images: Development, Deviance and Change. New York: The Guilford Press.

Chittester, N. I., & Hausenblas, H. A. (2009). Correlates of drive for muscularity: The role of anthropometric measures and psychological factors. Journal of Health Psychology,

14(7), 872-877.

Cooper, P. J., Taylor, M. J., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1986). The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 485-494.

Daniel, S., & Bridges, S. K. (2010). The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and objectification theory. Body Image, 7(1), 32-38.

Davis, C., Karvinen, K., & McCreary, D. R. (2005). Personality correlates of a drive for muscularity in young men. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 349-359.

Drewnowski, A., Kurth, C. L., & Krahn, D. D. (1995). Effects of body image on dieting, exercise, and anabolic steroid use in adolescent males. International Journal of Eating

Disorders, 17(4), 381-386.

Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M., Sadehgi-Azar, L., Anne Peplau, L., Haselton, M. G., Berezovskaya, A., & Lipinski, R. E. (2007). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men’s body

90

satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana. Psychology of Men and

Masculinity, 8(2), 103- 117.

Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dymorphia. Eating Disorders, 15(1), 63-80.

Griffiths, M. D. (1996). Behavioural addiction: An issue for everybody? Journal of Work

Place Learning, 8(3), 19-25.

Gruber, A. J., Pope, H. G., Jr., Borowiecki, J., & Cohane, G. (1999). The development of the somatomorphic matrix: A bi-axial instrument for measuring body image in men and women. In T. S. Olds, T. Dollman, J., & K. I. Norton (Eds.), Kinanthropometry VI.

Sydney: International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.

Hale, B. D., Roth, A. D., DeLong, R. E., & Briggs, M. S. (2010). Exercise dependence and the drive for muscularity in male bodybuilders, power lifters, and fitness lifters. Body

Image, 7(3), 234-239.

Hausenblas, H. A., & Fallon, E. A. (2002). Relationship among body image, exercise behavior, and exercise dependence symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorder,

32(2), 179-185.

Hausenblas, H. A., & Symons Downs, D. (2002a). Exercise dependence: A systematic review.

Psychology of Sports and Exercise, 3(2), 89-123.

Hausenblas, H. A., & Symons Downs, D. (2002b). How much is too much? The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale. Psychology and Health, 17(4), 387-404.

Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological

Review, 94(3), 319-340.

Hildebrandt, T., Lagenbucher, J., & Sclundt, D. G. (2004). Muscularity concerns among men:

Development of attitudinal and perceptual measure. Body Image, 1(2), 169-181.

91

Hildebrandt, T., Schlundt, D., Langenbucher, J., & Chung, T. (2006). Presence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology among male weight lifters. Comprehensive Psychiatry,

47(2), 127-135.

Johnson, E. (1995). Exercise dependence syndrome. Sports Medicine, 19, 49-55.

Kanayama, G., Barry, S., Hudson, J. I., & Pope, H. G. (2006). Body image and attitudes toward male roles in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. The American Journal of

Psychiatry, 163(4), 697-703.

Lejoyeux, M., Avrill, M., Richoux, C., Embouazza, H., & Nivoli, F. (2008). Prevalence of exercise dependence and other behavioral among clients of a Parisian fitness room.

Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(4), 353-358.

Leone, J. E., Sedory, E. J., & Gray, K. A. (2005). Recognition and treatment of muscle dysmorphia and related body image disorders. Journal of Athletic Training, 40(4), 352- 359.

Lynch, S. M., & Zellner, D. A. (1999). Figure preferences in two generations of men: The use of figure drawings illustrating differences in muscle mass. Sex Roles, 40(9/10), 833-843.

Massara, E., & Stunkard, A. (1979). A method of quantifying cultural ideals of beauty and obese. International Journal of Obesity, 3, 149-152.

McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Sociocultural influences on body image and body changes among adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Social Psychology, 143(1), 5-26.

McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health, 48(6), 297-30.

McCreary, D. R., Sasse, D. K., Saucier, D., & Dorsch, K. D. (2004). Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the Drive for Muscularity.

Menzel, J. E., Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Mayhew, L. L., Brannick, M. T., & Thompson, J.

92

K.(2010). Appearance-related teasing, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: A metaanalysis. Body Image, 7(4), 261-270.

Mishkind, M. E., Rodin, J., Silberstein, L. R., & Striegel-Moore, R. (1986). The embodiment of masculinity: Cultural, psychological, and behavioral dimensions. American

Behavioral Scientist, 29(5), 545-562.

Morgan, W. P. (1979). Negative addiction in runner. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 7, 57-70.

Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., Hopkins, C., & Rowan, E. T. (2004). Muscle mania:

Development of a new scale examining the drive for muscularity in Canadian males.

Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(1), 30-39.

Munroe-Chandler, K. J., Kim, A. J., & Gammage, K. L. (2007). Using imagery to predict weightlifting dependency in men. International Journal of Men’s Health, 3(2), 129-139.

Peters, M. A., & Phelps, L. (2001). Body image dissatisfaction and distortion, steroid use, and sex differences in college age bodybuilders. Psychology in Schools, 38(3), 283-289.

Pickett, T., Lewis, R., Cash, T., & Pope, H. G. (2005). Men, muscles, and body image:

Comparisons of competitive bodybuilders, weight trainers, and athletically active controls. British Journal of Sport Medicine, 39(4), 217-222.

Pope, H. G., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics,

38(6), 548-557.

Pope, H. G. Jr, Gruber, A. J., Mangweth, B., Bureau, B., deCol, C., Jouvent, R., Hudson, J. I.

(2000). Body image perception among men in three countries. American Journal of

Psychiatry, 157(8), 1297-1301.

Sachs, M. L., & Pargman, D. (1979). Running addiction: A depth interview examination.

Journal of Sport and Behavior, 2, 143-155.

93

Schilder, P. (1950). The image and appearance of the human body. New York: International

Universities Press.

Secord, P. E., & Jourard, S. M. (1953). The appraisal of body cathexis: Body cathexis and the self. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 17, 343-347.

Sicilia, Á ., & González-Cutre, D. (2011). Dependence and Physical Exercise: Spanish Validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R). The Spanish journal of

Psychology, 14(1), 421-431.

Slade, P. D. (1994). What is body image? Behavior Research and Therapy, 32, 497-502.

Slade, P. D., & Russell, G. F. M. (1973). Awareness of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa:

Cross sectional and longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 3, 188-199.

Smith, D., & Hale, B. (2005). Exercise-dependence in bodybuilders: Antecedents and reliability of measurement. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45(3), 401- 408.

Swami, V., Begum, S., & Petrides, K. V. (2010). Associations between trait emotional intelligence, actual-ideal weight discrepancy, and positive body image. Personality and

Individual Differences, 49(5), 485-489.

Symons Downs, D., Hausenblas, H. A., & Nigg, C. R. (2004). Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the exercise dependence scale-revised. Measurement in

Physical Education and Exercise Science, 8(4), 183-201.

Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, 12(5), 489-499.

Thompson, J. K. (1990). Body image disturbance assessment and treatment. New York:

Pergamon Press.

Thompson, J. K. (1996). Assessing body image disturbance: Measures, methodology, and implementation. In J. K. Thompson (Ed.), Body image, eating disorders, and obesity: An

94

integrative guide for assessment and treatment (p.49-81). Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.

Thompson, M. A., & Gray, J. J. (1995). Development and validation of a new body-image assessment scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(2), 258-269.

Veale, D. (1987). Exercise dependence. British Journal of Addiction, 82(7), 735-740.

Wertheim, E., Paxton, S. J., & Tilgner, L. (2004). Test-retest reliability and construct of Contour Drawing Rating Scale scores in a sample of early adolescent girl. Body Image,

1(2), 199-205.

Wright, M. R. (1989). Body image satisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(1), 71-83.

Yang, J., Gray, P., & Pope, H. G. (2005). Male body image in Taiwan versus the West:

Yanggang Zhiqi meets the Adonis complex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 263-269.

95

附錄一 正式問卷

您好:

本 研究 在 瞭解 我 國男性 從 事重量 訓 練目的 和行為屬性 ,過程 中需要您的 參 與 及 配合,即請 您依目 前 現況及 心 理感受, 完成題 項的勾選。 您的參 與 幫 助很 大!此調查並希望在最大意願下進行,如您同意參與,請在底下「□」勾選。

□我願意參與此調查,並完成題項之填寫

本研究調查 獲 得資料 , 將遵循 學 術倫理 守則,分析 後全部 銷毀,絕對 不會 洩露個人情資或挪作他用,敬請 放心!

執行單位:國立高雄大學運動 健康與休閒學系

指導教授:張志成 副教授 研 究 生:李明璦

聯絡電話:0916-198407

◎底下在瞭解您的背景資料,請依目前現況填寫 1.您的出生日期是: 年 月 日

2.您目前婚姻狀況是 :□未婚 □已 婚 □ 離婚或分居 □配偶去世

3.您目前最高學歷是:□高中職以下 □專科 □大學或技術學院 □研究所以

◎底下在瞭解您的運動行為特性,請依目前現況填寫

1.您從事重量訓練理由為何:□為了健康 □建構男子氣概 □雕塑身材

□滿足興趣

2.您平均每次運動時間是:□1 小時以下 □1 至 3 小時以下 □3 至 5 小時以下

□5 小時以上

3.您每次運動後的感覺是:□非常累 □有點累 □還好 □有點輕鬆

□非常輕鬆

96

97