• 沒有找到結果。

依據研究發現,本節內容茲分成未來研究方向及實際應用兩部分提出建議。

一、未來研究方向

(一)建議探討不同動作練習方式或回饋的安排對序列動作編序的影響。

(二)建議探討不同年齡族群序列動作程式特徵及動作參數分派的差異。

(三)動作編序為個體訊息處理的內在歷程,建議結合生物力學及心生理學研究方法,

從個體外顯行為及大腦活動兩方面,進一步對序列動作編序現象進行探討。

二、實際應用

(一)老年人序列動作後續工作難度高時,需要比其他年齡族群個體更長的動作時間,

透過感覺回饋進行動作修正,才能完成序列動作目標。因此在老年人活動設計上 應考量此特性,適時調整序列動作時間限制,或降低工作難度。

(二)與年輕成人相仿,動作經驗減少兒童及老年人動作編序時間,提升動作執行速度,

並造成兒童序列動作型態的改變,顯示動作經驗對兒童及老年人的重要性。因 此,序列動作活動設計時,可事先多安排兒童及老年人動作練習機會,再續之進 行活動。

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附 錄

附錄一

實驗參加者須知及同意書

您好:

我是國立臺灣師範大學體育學系博士班的研究生,目前正在進行「練習對序列動作 表現效果」之相關研究,誠摯地邀請您參與本研究。本研究實驗過程共計四天,以慣用 手持筆進行快速點觸二個目標動作。研究所進行之動作不具危險性,也不會對您的身心 健康帶來任何的傷害。為確保您的隱私權,任何有關您的資料均會被妥善保管,他人無 從得知,且在未來研究發表或出版時亦不會顯現出來,您可以自由選擇是否參加此研 究,您的簽名代表您願意參與本研究;在您簽名同意後或研究期間,若您改變意願想退 出,可隨時通知研究者而不受任何限制。若有任何疑問,歡迎與研究者聯繫。

研究者:林尚武

指導教授:卓俊伶博士

單位:國立臺灣師範大學體育學系博士班 聯絡電話:林尚武 0936367726

卓俊伶 (02) 7734-3201

研究參與者同意書

經過詳細閱讀以上內容,我已了解且同意參與此項研究。

姓名(簽名): 性別:

出生日期:民國 年 月 日 聯絡電話:

(未滿18 歲之實驗參加者需法定監護人之同意簽名)

法定監護人簽名:

附錄二

老年人認知功能問卷

謝謝您參與本研究,請您回答下列問題:

一、您今年幾歲?______

二、您的出生年月日?_______年______月______日 三、您母親的本姓?________

四、今天幾號?______年______月______日 五、今天是星期幾?___________

六、您現在身在何處?_____________

七、您的住址?_____________________________________

八、您的電話?_______________

九、現任總統是誰?__________

十、前任總統是誰?__________

十一、10  2 =

姓名: 日期:民國 年 月 日

附錄三

用手習慣問卷

謝謝您參與本研究,請依照您個人平時的習慣勾選回答下列問題:

項目 勾選欄

用筷子吃飯時,我會用 □右手 □左手

簽名時,我會用 □右手 □左手

畫圖時,我會用 □右手 □左手

需要切水果時,我會用 □右手 □左手 需要用湯匙喝湯時,我會用 □右手 □左手 喝飲料需插吸管時,我會用 □右手 □左手 使用剪刀時,我會用 □右手 □左手

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姓名: 填寫日期:民國 年 月 日

附錄四

5 各年齡層不同第二目標尺寸各運動學參數的平均數與標準差

表6 各年齡層不同第二目標尺寸第一段動作時間混合設計二因子變異數分析

表10 各年齡層不同第二目標尺寸第一段動作最大速度混合設計二因子變異數

表14 各年齡層不同第二目標尺寸第一目標停留時間混合設計二因子變異數分

在b1(小目標) 549485.79 02 274742.89 28.55* a3>a1>a2 在b2(大目標) 319313.08 02 159656.54 16.59* a3>a1>a2 細格內誤差 635144.41 66 009623.40

表18 各年齡層不同第二目標尺寸第二段動作平均速度混合設計二因子變異數

表22 各年齡層不同第二目標尺寸第二段動作減速時間百分比混合設計二因子

表26 各年齡層不同第二目標尺寸分段動作時間比率混合設計二因子變異數分

表30 反應時間之區間主要效果的事後比較表

表32 各年齡層不同區間第一段動作時間混合設計二因子變異數分析摘要表

34 各年齡層不同區間第一段動作時間的平均數與標準差

表37 第一段動作平均速度之區間主要效果的事後比較表

表39 各年齡層不同區間第一段動作最大速度混合設計二因子變異數分析

42 各年齡層不同區間第一段動作最大速度的平均數與標準差

45 各年齡層不同區間第一段動作減速時間百分比的平均數與標準差

兒童 年輕成人 老年人

組別 平均數 標準差 平均數 標準差 平均數 標準差 區間1 53.7 6.0 51.1 6.7 60.6 7.2 區間2 51.6 6.2 50.6 4.3 60.4 8.7 區間3 51.4 6.2 49.1 4.8 60.2 10.40 區間4 52.0 7.7 49.5 3.5 59.4 9.6 區間5 52.2 8.9 51.2 4.7 58.5 9.1 區間6 53.2 6.6 48.9 5.9 56.9 9.4 區間7 54.0 6.7 50.1 7.2 57.1 9.3 區間8 53.7 7.1 49.0 7.3 56.7 10.30 區間9 52.4 6.7 50.1 8.2 59.1 7.9

單位:百分比

表46 各年齡層不同區間第一目標停留時間混合設計二因子變異數分析摘要表 變異來源 離均差平方和 自由度 均方 F 2 power 年齡 (A) 0693942.73 002 346971.36 4.95* .23 0.77 區間 (B) 0025530.59 008 003191.32 4.30* .12 1.00 交互作用 (A × B) 0020232.76 016 001264.55 1.70* .09 0.93 誤差項 (A) 2311849.97 033 070056.06 誤差項 (B) 0195964.60 264 000742.29

* p < .05

表47 各年齡層不同區間第一目標停留時間之單純主要效果變異數分析摘要表

表49 各年齡層不同區間第二段動作時間混合設計二因子變異數分析摘要表

52 各年齡層不同區間第二段動作時間的平均數與標準差

兒童 年輕成人 老年人

組別 平均數 標準差 平均數 標準差 平均數 標準差 區間1 430.1 060.3 274.9 57.3 513.9 142.5 區間2 430.7 067.1 255.2 43.3 458.2 143.8 區間3 427.3 075.1 255.4 44.1 463.4 138.8 區間4 433.6 064.6 256.4 51.8 449.4 139.4 區間5 418.5 086.1 249.4 46.5 451.0 146.4 區間6 422.4 091.5 241.6 46.3 446.8 151.3 區間7 416.5 084.7 244.6 45.9 454.8 152.7 區間8 410.3 083.2 240.2 41.2 443.5 140.3 區間9 388.3 100.5 237.2 45.2 455.1 131.5

單位:毫秒

表53 各年齡層不同區間第二段動作平均速度混合設計二因子變異數分析

表53 各年齡層不同區間第二段動作平均速度混合設計二因子變異數分析