• 沒有找到結果。

假設性學習路徑(hypothetical learning trajectory, HLT)的觀點下,將學生學 習、評量、教學活動與課程發展視為一個整體。如何結合學習路徑的理論,專注 在某一數學內容,形成符合學生認知的教學與評量,並設計課程,成為教育研究 的新潮流;不少研究皆是朝此方向努力(Clements & Sarama, 2014)。以下我們就 學生學習、學生評量、教學活動、課程發展各面向,指出本研究可以貢獻的地方,

以及未來研究可以發展的方向。

一、學生學習

如何引導學生學習數學,是重要的數學教育核心問題。尤其是結合了學習路 徑的觀點下,進行特定內容的學習,以發展假設性學習路徑。學生對於積木方塊 的三視圖有許多自發性的解題策略和想法。如何藉由教學引導,使學生的自發性 概念產生改變,逐步走向課程所設定的科學性概念?由於學生在討論過程中,常 呈現豐富的解題想法;因此透過同儕討論,提升同學思考的面向和層次,是一個 可行的方法。而透過教學中可操作活動的設計,例如:本研究中所發展的積木探 索活動,找出具有相同視圖的立體積木,以及三視圖大富翁,拼組出符合三視圖 的立體積木,讓學生在遊戲中進行三視圖編碼解碼的練習,可提升學生的學習興 趣。

Ben-Chaim 等人(1989)建議在中學階段給予學生多種表徵協調的機會,以 促進其空間溝通能力。三視圖評量時,本研究探討了給定積木的情境下:由立體 圖構造立體積木,進而選出三視圖(視圖編碼),和由雙視圖構造立體積木,進 而檢驗另一視圖(視圖解碼)的表現。以及不給定積木的情境下:由立體圖形成 積木方塊的心像,進而選出三視圖,和協調三個視圖以形成積木方塊的心像(空 間推理)的表現。發現給定積木與否,學生僅在部分任務表現有顯著差異。三視

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圖教學時也發現,學生可由構造積木方塊的具體經驗,繪出立體圖、分層圖,和 三視圖;並將積木方塊作圖的能力進一步發展成為空間推理的能力。因此,三視 圖教學時,也應提供學生其他表徵的編碼與解碼機會,以增進學生的空間溝通和 推理能力。

二、學生評量

評量有三層目的:評量學習的結果(assessment of learning)、評量以引導學 習(assessment for learning)、評量即學習(assessment as learning)。在這個脈絡 底下,評量結果可作為學習路徑修正時的參考,學生的學習結果也可進一步反饋 到評量的修正,評量與學習路徑一樣,是一個不斷修正的歷程。

本研究參考過去的文獻(Ben-Chaim, et al., 1988;Shyi & Huang, 1995;林慧 美,2011),發展了三種三視圖相關任務,任務一:由視圖選立體圖、任務二:

由底層和視圖計數、任務三:由視圖選相容視圖,其中任務三按所給定的視圖資 訊,又分為三個子任務:右俯、前俯,和前右。結果也如研究者所預期,任務一:

和任務二較任務三容易。三個子任務中,右俯和前俯也較前右容易。對試題進行 因素分析則發現,任務一和任務二代表的是同一個構念,而任務三則按應選選項

(一個或多個)分為兩個構念。由此可知,由視圖選相容視圖,即使給定不同方 向的視圖,測驗的可能仍是同一個能力。因此,教師設計三視圖評量試題時,也 應一併考慮應選選項一個或多個,對學生帶來的不同影響。

研究者以所發展的三視圖問卷評量學生三視圖學習成效,結果發現,三視圖 的學習成效顯著。但為了驗證其學習經驗是否可遷移,研究者建議,在三視圖教 學後,可就學習內容(如:二立方不懸空)加以延伸,加入其他的積木情境(如:

二立方可懸空、三立方不懸空),以評估學生的學習成效。

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三、教學活動

由三視圖教學活動的設計經驗,我們發現動手做或是小組互動是一個好的模 式,可提高學生的學習興趣。動手做包含:畫出立體圖、畫出三視圖的活動設計。

小組互動則可考慮以遊戲的方式,使學生參與在三視圖的解題過程。教學活動的 設計,可以參考評量的結果進行修訂,例如:國小的教學實驗發現,學生對於「由 視圖選出相容視圖」的能力較弱,可增加「由底層和視圖計數」等單層解碼的活 動,以刺激學生的思考。

從本研究的教學活動設計經驗發現,在視圖解碼的過程中,部分學生會發現 先看俯視圖的好處,部分學生則無法發現。研究者推論可能原因是,在二立方的 情境下,積木的可能性不多,因此不論從哪個視圖出發,都可順利完成解題。建 議可由兩個面向著手,一是增加方塊數目( 2 2 3  或三立方),二是變化積木情 境(由不懸空至可懸空),以使學生主動發現積木方塊不懸空時,俯視圖即底層 的特性。

四、課程發展

課程發展的基礎,在於了解各年齡的學生的先備知識,本研究透過三視圖問 卷的調查,對於 5 至 8 年級學生的三視圖能力和迷思概念已有了初步的了解。本 研究發現,俯視圖或上視圖等名詞,影響學生對三視圖概念的了解。例如:上視 圖容易讓學生誤以是指積木方塊的上層。而缺乏畫圖能力可能阻礙學生的三視圖 學習。這些都是在課程設計時,需加以注意的。

本研究也發現,從國小至國中,學生的三視圖能力有明顯進步,尤其表現在 較困難的「由視圖選出相容視圖(前右)」任務上(見圖 4-7-1)。進一步分析達 到各試題預設層次的學生比例,也發現到達整合(多解)層次的學生比例,國中 學生明顯較國小學生多。推論其可能原因,可能是心智成熟影響其推理能力;也

第陸章 結論與建議

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可能是外在因素(如:數學課程、其他學科的學習)造成。由於國中生活與科技 課程有三視圖的內容,學過該課程的學生,可增加其畫圖的能力。但研究者發現,

學生不一定具有空間溝通的能力,即以方位:上、下、左、右來描述空間中積木 的位置。學生也不一定能形成三視圖的相關推論,如:論述俯視圖即底層,或論 述某個位置不可能能有方塊。在設計數學三視圖課程時,需特別注意空間溝通和 空間推理在學生學習三視圖所扮演的角色。

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