一、 高齡者靜態行為與身體功能表現之建議
1. 本研究結果顯示，不管男女，帄均每日總靜態時間皆超過 15 小時。
建議未來政府在制定高齡者健康相關政策時，可以從改善高齡者 日常生活中坐式生活之習慣著手，促進高齡者身體健康。
2. 過往關於高齡者靜態行為與身體功能表現之研究，大多著重於總 靜態時間與身體功能表現之關係，建議未來研究可將靜態行為細 分為不同類型(如間斷久坐頻率)，以深入瞭解其與身體功能表現之 關聯性，來促進高齡者身體健康。
二、 未來研究建議
1. 本研究採用橫斷性研究，無法說明各變項間之因果關係，建議未 來研究可以長期追蹤的縱貫研究方法，來深入瞭解各變項間之因 果關係。
2. 本研究使用三軸加速規來客觀測量高齡者靜態行為，但此儀器有 無法測量姿勢之侷限性，可能站立時間可能被認誤為久坐不動，
因此建議未來研究，可同時採用主觀及客觀測量方式來收集靜態 時間，以獲得更全陎和完整的總靜態時間估計。
62
63
160-174。
林彥廷、麥財振 (2009)。籃球敏捷性之訓練方式。大專體育雙月刊，101，131-138。
林銀秓 (2003)。健康老年人的跌倒危機-骨骼肌肉系統及步態分析之討論。中華 體育，17 (3)，70-73。
洪偉欽、沈竑毅 (2007)。老化與帄衡能力。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，6(2)，
119-129。
胡月娟 (1993)。社區民衆健康意識與健康行爲初探。護理研究，1(4)，309-315。
國家發展委員會 (2018）。中華民國人口推計 (107 至 154 年)。取自
Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Whitt, M.C., Irwin, M.L., Swartz, A.M., Strath, S.J., ...& Leon, A.S. (2000). Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 498-504.
Atkin, A. J., Gorely, T., Clemes, S. A., Yates, T., Edwardson, C., Brage, S., … Biddle, S. J. (2012). Methods of measurement in epidemiology：sedentary behaviour. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 1460-1471.
Bankoski, A., Harris, T. B., McClain, J. J., Brychta, R. J., Caserotti, P., Chen, K. Y., … Koster, A. (2011). Sedentary activity associated with metabolic syndrome independent of physical activity. Diabetes Care 34, 497–503.
Bauman, A., Ainsworth, B., Sallis, J., Hagströmer, M., Craig, C., & Bull, F. …IPS Group.
(2011). The Descriptive Epidemiology of Sitting. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 228-235. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.003
Bey L., & Hamilton, M. T. (2003). Suppression of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity during physical inactivity: A molecular reason to maintain daily low-intensity activity. The Journal of Physiology, 551(2), 673-682.
Bischoff, H.A., Stähelin, H.B., Monsch, A.U., Iversen, M.D., Weyh, A., von Dechend, M., Akos, R., Conzelmann, M., Dick, W., & Theiler, R. (2003). Identifying a cut-off point for normal mobility: a comparison of the timed 'up and go' test in
64
community-dwelling and institutionalised elderly women. Age and Ageing, 32(3):315-20.
Bohannon, R.W. (2006). Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 29(2):64-8.
Buatois, S., Miljkovic, D., Manckoundia, P., Gueguen, R., Miget, P., Vançon, G., Perrin, P., & Benetos, A. (2008). Five times sit to stand test is a predictor of recurrent falls in healthy community-living subjects aged 65 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(8), 1575-7. doi:
10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01777.x.
Chen, L.K., Liu, L.K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.W., & Bahyah, K.S.
(2014). Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian working group for sarcopenia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 15, 95-101.
Cooper, A. J., Simmons, R. K., Kuh, D., Brage, S., Cooper, R., & López Lluch, G.
(2015). Physical activity, sedentary time and physical capability in early old age: British birth cohort study. PLoS One, 10(5), e0126465.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0126465
de Rezende, L.F., Rey-López, J.P., Matsudo, V.K., & do Carmo Luiz, O. (2014).
Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review. BMC public health, 14, 333. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-333.
Fleig, L., McAllister, M. M., Brasher, P., Cook, W. L., Guy, P., Puyat, J.
H., … Ashe, M. C. (2016). Sedentary behavior and physical activity patterns in older adults after Hip fracture: A call to action. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 24(1), 79–84. doi: 10.1123/japa.2015-0013
Gardiner, P.A., Healy, G.N., Eakin, E.G., Clark, B.K., Dunstan, D.W., Shaw, J.E., &
Owen, N. (2011a). Associations between television viewing time and overall sitting time with the metabolic syndrome in older men and women: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(5), 788-796.
Gardiner, P. A., Clark, B. K., Healy, G. N., Eakin, E. G., Winkler, E. A., & Owen, N.
(2011b) Measuring older adults' sedentary time: reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(11), 2127–
2133.
Gehlsen, G. M., & Whaley, M. H. (1990). Falls in the elderly: Part II, balance, strength, and the flexibility. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilityation, 71, 735741.
Gennuso, K. P., Thraen-Borowski, K. M., Gangnon, R. E., & Colbert, L. H. (2016).
Patterns of sedentary behavior and physical function in older adults. Aging
65
Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(5), 943–950.
doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0386-4
Grimm, E.K., Swartz, A.M., Hart, T., Miller, N.E., & Strath, S.J. (2012). Comparison of the IPAQ-Short Form and accelerometry predictions of physical activity in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 20, 64–79.
Hamilton, M. T., Hamilton, D. G., & Zderic, T. W. (2004). Exercise physiology versus inactivity physiology: an essential concept for understanding lipoprotein lipase regulation. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 32(4), 161-166.
Hamilton, M. T., Hamilton, D. G, & Zderic, T. W. (2007). Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes, 56(11), 2655-2667.
Hart, T. L., Swartz, A. M., Cashin, S. E., & Strath, S. J. (2011). How many days of monitoring predict physical activity and sedentary behaviour in older adults?
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(8), 62.
Harvey, J. A., Chastin, S. F., & Skelton, D. A. (2013). Prevalence of sedentary behavior in older adults: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 10(12), 6645-6661.
Healy, G., Dunstan, D., Salmon, J., Shaw, J., Zimmet, P., & Owen, N. (2008).
Television Time and Continuous Metabolic Risk in Physically Active Adults.
Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise, 40(4), 639-645.
doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181607421
Healy, G. N., Clark, B. K., Winkler, E. A., Gardiner, P. A., Brown, W. J., & Matthews, C. E. (2011). Measurement of adults' sedentary time in population-based studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 216-227.
HM Government (2010). Healthy lives, healthy people: Our strategy for public health in England. Norwich, UK: HM Government.
Jones, C. J.,＆Rikli, R. E. (2002). Measuring functional. The Journal on Active Aging, 1, 24-30.
Landi, F., Abbatecola, A.M., Provinciali, M., Corsonello, A., Bustacchini, S., Manigrasso, L., …Lattanzio, F.. (2010). Moving against frailty: does physical activity matter?
Biogerontology, 11(5), 537-45. doi: 10.1007/s10522-010-9296-1.
Liao Y, Hsu H-H, Shibata A, Ishii K, Koohsari MJ, Oka K. Associations of total amount and patterns of objectively measured sedentary behavior with performance-based physical function. Prev Med Reports. 2018;12:128–34.
Lohne-Seiler, H., Hansen, B.H., Kolle, E., & Anderssen, S.A. (2014).
Accelerometer-determined physical activity and self-reported health in a population of older adults (65-85 years): a cross-sectional study, BMC Public Health, 14, 284. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-284.
66
Lusardi, M., Pellecchia, G., & Schulman, M. (2003). Functional performance in community living older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 26, 14-22.
Martínez-Gómez D., Guallar-Castillon, P., Mota, J., Lopez-Garcia, E., &
Rodriguez-Artalejo, F. (2015). Physical Activity, Sitting Time and Mortality in Older Adults with Diabetes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(14), 1206-1211. doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1555860.
Owen, N., Healy, G.N., Matthews, C.E., Dustan, D.W. (2010). Too much sitting: the population health science of sedentary behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 38,105–113.
Owen, N., Sugiyama, T., Eakin, E. E., Gardiner, P. A., Tremblay, M. S., & Sallis, J. F.
(2011) Adults' sedentary behavior: Determinants and interventions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 189-196.
Owen, N. (2012). Sedentary behavior: Understanding and influencing adults’
prolonged sitting time. Preventive Medicine, 55(6), 535-539.
Pate, R. R., Mitchell, J. A., Byun, W., & Dowda, M. (2011). Sedentary behaviour in youth. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 906-913.
Pate, R.R., O’Neill, J.R., Lobelo, F. (2008). The evolving definition of “sedentary”.
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 36, 173–178.
Pavey, T.G., Peeters, G.G., & Brown, W.J. (2015). Sitting-time and 9-year all-cause mortality in older women. British journal of sports medicine, 1-5.
Peddie, M. C., Bone, J. L., Rehrer, N. J., Skeaff, C. M., Gray, A. R., & Perry, T. L.
(2013). Breaking prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glycemia in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomized crossover trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(2), 358-366. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.051763
Rantanen, T., Avlund, K., Suominen, H., Schroll, M., Frändin, K.,＆Pertti, E. (2002).
Muscle strength as predictor of onset of ADL dependence in people aged 75 years. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 14(3 Suppl), 10-15.
Reid, K. F., & Fielding, R. A. (2012). Skeletal muscle power: A critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 40(1), 4. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31823b5f13
Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J.(1999). Functional fitness normative scores for
community-residing older adults, ages 60-94. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 7, 162-181.
Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J.(2001). Senior fitness test manual. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Rikli, R. E., & Jones, C. J.(2013).Senior fitness test manual. Champaign,IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
67
Rose, D.J., Jones, C.J. and Lucchese, N. (2002) Predicting the Probability of Falls in Community-Residing Older Adults Using the 8-Foot Up-and-Go: A New Measure of Functional Mobility. JAPA, 10, 466-475.
https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.10.4.466
Rosenberg, D. E., Bellettiere, J., Gardiner, P. A., Villarreal, V. N., Crist, K., & Kerr, J.
(2016). Independent associations between sedentary behaviors and mental, cognitive, physical, and functional health among older adults in retirement communities. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 71(1), 78–83. doi:10.1093/gerona/glv103
Rosenberg, D.E., Norman, G.J., Wagner, N., Patrick, K., Calfas, K.J., & Sallis, J.F.
(2010). Reliability and validity of the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) for adults. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 7(6), 697–705.
Salbach NM, Mayo NE, Higgins J, Ahmed S, Finch LE, Richards CL. (2001).
Responsiveness and predictability of gait speed and other disability measures in acute stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82, 1204-1212.
Santos, D. A., Silva, A. M., Baptista, F., Santos, R., Vale, S., Mota, J., & Sardinha, L.
B. (2012). Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independently related to functional fitness in older adults. Experimental Gerontology, 47(12), 908–
912. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.07.011
Sardinha, L. B., Santos, D. A., Silva, A. M., Baptista, F., & Owen, N. (2015).
Breaking-up sedentary time is associated with physical function in older adults.
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 70(1), 119–124. doi:10.1093/gerona/glu193
Sedentary Behaviour Research Network. (2012). Letter to the editor: standardized use of the terms "sedentary" and "sedentary behaviours". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37(3), 540-542. doi: 10.1139/h2012-024 Sparling, P. B., Howard, B. J., Dunstan, D. W., & Owen, N. (2015).
Recommendations for physical activity in older adults. BMJ, 350, h100.
Stamatakis, E., Davis, M., Stathi, A., Hamer, M. (2012). Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults. Preventive Medicine, 54, 82-87.
Tiedemann, A., Shimada, H., Sherrington, C., Murray, S., & Lord, S. (2008). The comparative ability of eight functional mobility tests for predicting falls in community-dwelling older people. Age Ageing, 37(4):430-5. doi:
10.1093/ageing/afn100. Epub 2008 May 1
Thorp, A. A., Owen, N., Neuhaus, M., & Dunstan, D. W. (2011). Sedentary behaviors
68
and subsequent health outcomes in adults: A systematic review of longitudinal studies, 1996-2011. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(2), 207-215.
Tremblay, M.S., Aubert, S., Barnes, J.D., Saunders, T.J., Carson, V., Latimer-Cheung, A.E., …on behalf of SBRN Terminology (2017). Sedentary Behavior
Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14, 75. doi: 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8 PMCID: PMC5466781
Van Cauwenberg, J., Van Holle, V., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Owen, N, Deforche, B.
(2014). Older adults’ reporting of specific sedentary behaviors: validity and reliability. BMC Public Health, 14, 734.
Visser, M., & Koster, A. (2013). Development of a questionnaire to assess sedentary time in older persons - A comparative study using accelerometry. BMC Geriatrics, 13(1), 80.
Wang, L., Larson, E.B., Bowen, J.D., & Van Belle, G. (2006). Performance-based physical function and future dementia in older people. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1115–1120.
Ward, D. S., Evenson, K. R., Vaughn, A., Rodgers, A. B., & Troiano, R. P.
(2005).Accelerometer use in physical activity: Best practices and research recommendations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37 (11), 582-8.
Wilson, C.M., Kostsuca, S.R., & Boura, J.A. (2013). Utilization of a 5-Meter Walk Test in Evaluating Self-selected Gait Speed during Preoperative Screening of Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery. Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal, 24(3):36-43.
World Health Organization (2012). Good Health Adds Life to Years: Global Brief for World Health Day 2012. Geneva: WHO press.