第六章 結論
第三節 後續研究
第二節 研究建議
性侵害案件的特徵就是所留存的證據很少,而且性行為每天都以合意的形式 合法的發生。在 DNA 鑑定如此發達的今日,即使科學證據能夠證明兩造曾經發 生性行為,也無法對於被害人的欠缺同意提出佐證。父權社會對於被害人以及行 為人所強加的想像形成了所謂「真正性侵害」典型,它嚴重的影響了每個刑事制 度參與者對於性侵害的認識,使得在此認識下不符合「真正性侵害」典型的案件 提前在偵察甚或警詢的篩漏階段被排除於司法程序之外,少數得以進入審判程序 的案件也可能在性侵害迷思嚴格的檢視下因為被害人未盡到「性別表演責任」而 被犧牲。
作為協助陪審團對於事實建構的法規範,性侵害證據法則的改革除了希望避 免陪審團接觸與本案無相關性的證據外,也在性侵害審判中積極納入新的證據類 型,以證明「被害人欠缺同意」證據的不足,美國證據法則基於此目的所進行的 改革雖然已獲致部分成效,但是卻無法處理性侵害迷思的「刻板印象」期待下對 於無法符合角色描寫的女性所抱持的不信賴,而這種不信賴感才是我們除了既有 的法規範外還須要其他證據的引進以協助事實判斷的原因。判決所彰顯的不應該 是主流,而是正義;司法除了反映,更應該改變現實。本文認為,後續性侵害法 制改革的重心應是解構事實發現者對於既定性別角色的認知,動搖主流思想強加 於被告與被害人的形象,以重建社會對於具有「典型」特質以外女性的信賴,才 是使性侵害審判能夠實踐性別正義的根本解決之道。
第三節 後續研究方向
126
相較於美國近 40 年來的發展,我國於性侵害案件的審判上較少出現特殊的 證據法則。性侵害防治法自民國 86 年公佈以來僅於第 16 條有類似於美國性侵害 被害人保護法的相關規範。我國性侵害防治法第 16 條第二項規定: 「審判長因 當事人或辯護人詰問被害人不當而禁止其詰問者,得以訊問代之。」同條第三項 則規定:「性侵害犯罪之被告或其辯護人不得詰問或提出有關被害人與被告以外 之人之性經驗證據。但法官、軍事審判官認有必要者,不在此限。」換言之,被 害人與被告間的性經驗不須經法院裁量即可進入審判程序,與他人間之性經驗原 則不得進入審判程序,例外經法院裁量其必要性後決定,至於裁量標準則付之闕 如。在專家證人部份,我國雖無相關規定,但應仍可以證人或是鑑定人之規範為 依據允許檢察官提出專家證人就被害人案發後有違性侵害迷思之不尋常行為進 行說明。至於性侵害被告過去犯罪行為作為品格證據部分,我國於刑事訴訟法第 163 條第 1 項規定:「當事人、代理人、辯護人或輔佐人得聲請調查證據,並得於 調查證據時,詢問證人、鑑定人或被告。審判長除認為有不當者外,不得禁止之。」
刑事訴訟法第 288 條第 4 項並規定:「審判長就被告科刑資料之調查,應於前項 事實訊問後行之。」未就其被告過去犯罪行為的證據能力有進一步的說明,依刑 事訴訟法第 163 條第 1 項之文義,審判長應有允許品格證據進入審判程序適當與 否的裁量權限。
也就是說,對於性侵害審判各項證據的證據能力,法官掌握了相當大的決定 權限。加上我國並未採行陪審團制度,事實發現與法律適用的工作皆由法官擔 任,因此法官對於性別角色的認知將是影響性侵害審判的最大因素,如何矯正法 官處理性侵害案件時所存有的性侵害迷思是於刑事制度中追求性別平等的一大 重心。本文認為,聯邦證據法第 413 條的立法模式在熟識者性侵害的適用可能難 達預期效果。現行性侵害防治法第 16 條對於被害人過往性經驗進入審判程序的 限制則須要更細緻的規範。我國刑事訴訟法在現行法秩序中有無採納專家證人,
以使法官有機會對於被害人行為進行理解的必要亦有討論空間。除此之外,在現
127
行事實發現與法律適用角色合一、卷證併送之體制下,如何避免法官在性侵害事 實認定過程中產生的偏見也是未來可以繼續研究的方向。
i
參考文獻 一、中文書籍
王兆鵬,《辯護權與詰問權》,台北:元照出版,2007 年。
王兆鵬,《當事人進行主義之刑事訴訟》,台北:元照出版,2004 年。
王兆鵬,《美國刑事訴訟法學術論文集》,台北:元照出版,2007 年。
吳巡龍,《刑事訴訟與證據法全集》,台北:新學林出版社,2008 年。
二、中文期刊
李佳玟,〈女性犯罪責任的敍事建構-以鄧如雯殺夫案為例〉,《國立台灣大學法 學論叢》,第 34 卷 6 期,頁 1-56(2005)。
李佳玟,〈近年來性侵害犯罪之刑事政策分析-從婦運的角度觀察〉,《中原財經 法學》,第 14 期,頁 43-112(2005)。
林志潔,〈子宮裡的戰爭-母體權與胎兒權之衝突〉,《法令月刊》,第 57 卷 12 期,頁 4-17 (2006)。
林志潔,〈復仇的女王蜂?精神異常的弱女子?-由女性主義法學方法評析最高 法院相關裁判〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,第 126 號,頁 33-49 (2009)。
吳志光,〈性侵害案件受害者創傷反應與司法程序〉,《司法改革雜誌》,頁 41-42 (2001)。
吳景欽,〈性侵害案件中以被害人供述為唯一證據的正當性探討〉,《軍法專刊》,
56 卷 2 期,頁 87-104 (2010)。
法思齊,〈論性侵害犯罪之本質與修正〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,第 145 期,頁 96-112
(2007)。
法思齊,〈美國法與法律制度中對性侵害被害人之偏見與迷思〉,《世新法學》,第 4 期,頁 138-231(2007)。
姚淑文、張錦麗,〈「性侵害案件減少被害人重複陳述方案」推動後的結果與未來
ii
發展方向〉,《律師雜誌》,第 301 號,頁 40-54 (2004)。
許福生,〈性侵害犯罪防治法立法之探討〉,《中央警察大學法學論集》,第 5 號,
頁 55-82 (2000)。
劉邦繡,〈性侵害犯罪案件訴訟上對被告對質詰問權限制之探討〉,《軍法專刊》,
48 卷 8 期,頁 33-40 (2002)。
賴芳玉,〈刑事交互詰問制度實施後對性侵害案件之衝擊〉,《律師雜誌》,第 301 號,2-5 頁 (2004 年)。
羅時強等人,〈測謊鑑定於性侵害案證據採用之研究〉,《亞洲家庭暴力與性侵害 期刊》,5 卷 2 期,頁 181-194 (2009)。
三、英文書籍
Allen, Ronald J., Evidence –Text, Problems, and Cases. Aspen Publishers, 2006.
Bourke, Joanna Rape. Counterpoint, 2007.
Chamallas, Martha Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory. Aspen Publishers, 2003.
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins The Yellow Wall Paper. CreateSpace, 2009.
Gilligan, C. In a Different Voice. Harvard University Press, 1982.
Dworkin, Andrea Men Possessing Women. Plume, 1971.
Dowd, Nancy E. & Jacobs, Michelle S. eds., Feminist Legal Theory. NYU Press, 2003.
Estrich, Susan Real Rape. Harvard University Press, 1988.
Frug, Mary Joe Postmodern Legal Feminism. Routledge, 1991.
Goodrich, Peter & Carlson, David Gray eds., Law and the Postmodern Mind. The University of Michigan Press, 1998.
Garcia, Vanessa & Clifford, Janice E. eds., Female Victims of Crime: Reality Reconsidered. Prentice Hall, 2010.
Johnson, Allan G. The Gender Knot. Temple University Press, 2005.
iii
Mackinnon Catherine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Harvard University Press, 1989.
Searles, Patricia and Berger, Ronald J. ed. Rape and Society. Westview Press, 1995.
Taslitz, Andrew E. Rape and the Culture of the Courtroom. NYU Press, 1999.
Vachss, Alice Sex Crimes. Holt Paperbacks, 1993.
Warshaw, Robin I Never Called It Rape, Harper Paperbacks, 1988.
四、英文期刊
Anderson, Michelle J. From Chastity Requirement to Sexuality License: Sexual Consent and a New Rape Shield Law,70GEO.WASH.L.REV.51 (2002).
Beale, Sarah Sun Prior Similar Acts in Prosecutions for Rape and Child Sex Abuse, 4 CRIM.L.F.(1993).
Burgess, Ann & Holmstrom, Lynda Rape Trauma Syndrome, 131AM.J.PSYCHIATRY
981 (1974).
Berger, Vivian Men’s Trial, Women’s Tribulation: Rape Case in the Courtroom, 77 COLUM.L.REV.1 (1977).
Baker, Katherine K. Once a Rapist? Motivational Evidence and Relevancy in Rape Law,110HARV.L.REV.563 (1997).
Bryden, David P. Rape in the Criminal Justice, 87 JCRLC 1194 (1997).
Balos, Beverly & Fellows, Mary Louise A Matter of Prostitution: Becoming Respectable, 74N.Y.U.L.REV.1220 (1999).
Crenshew, Kimberle Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A BlackFeminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, 1989U.CHI.LEGAL F.139(1989).
Davis,Kathryn M. Rape, Resurrection, and the Quest for Truth: the Law and Science of Rape Trauma Syndrome in Constitutional Balance with the Rights of the Accused,
iv
49 Hastings L. J. 1511 (1998).
Danna, Mary Katherine The New Federal Rule of Evidence 413-415: The Prejudice of Politics or Just Plain Common Sense?41ST.LOUIS L.J.277 (1996).
Deltufo, Kara M. Resisting “Utmost Resistance”:Using Rape Trauma Syndrome to Combat Underlying Rape Myths,22BCTWLJ419 (2002).
Dukarski, Jennifer The Sexual Predator’s Scarlet Letter Under the Federal Rules of Evidence 413, 414, and 415: The Moral Implication of the Stigma Created and Attempt to Balance by Weighing Prejudice, 87U.DET.MERCY L.REV.271 (2010).
Fingar, Karen M. And Justice for All: The Admissibility of Uncharged Sexual Misconduct Evidence Under the Recent Amendment to the Federal Rules of Evidence, S.CAL.REV.L.&WOMEN'S STUD.501 (1996)
Frohmann, Lisa Complaint-filing Interviews and the Constitution of Organizational Structure: Understanding the Limitation of Rape Reform.8HSTWLJ365 (1997).
Fischer, Karla Defining the Boundaries of Admissible Expert Psychological Testimony on Rape Trauma Syndrome, 1989 U. Ill L. Rev. 691 (1989).
Fisher, Pamela J. State v. Alvey: Iowa's Victimization of Defendants Through the Overextension of Iowa's Rape Shield Law, 76 IOWA L. REV. 835 (1991).
Frohmann, Lisa Convictability and Discordant Locales: Reproducing Race, Class, and Gender Ideologies in Prosecutorial Decisionmaking, 31 LSOCR 531 (1997).
Galvin, Harriett R. Shielding Rape Victims in the State and Federal Courts: A Proposal for the Second Decade, 70MINN.L.REV.763 (1986).
Gaines, Kenneth Winchester Rape Trauma Syndrome: Toward Proper Use in the Criminal Trial Context, 20AM.J.TRIAL ADVOC.227 (1997).
Gruber, Aya Pink Elephants in the Rape Trial: The Problem of Tort-Type Defense in the Criminal Law of Rape, 4WMMJWL203(1997).
Garrison, Arthur H. Rape Trauma Syndrome: A Review of a Behavioral Science
v
Theory and its Admissibility in Criminal Trials, 23 AM. J. Trial Advoc. 591 (2000).
Harvard Law Review Association, Race and the Prosecutor’s Charging Decision, 101 HVLR 1520 (1988).
Hutton, Chris Commentary: Prior Bad Acts Evidence in Cases of Sexual Contact with a Child, 34S.D.L.REV.604 (1989).
Imwinkelried, Edward J. Undertaking the Task of Reforming the American Character Evidence Prohibition: The Importance of Getting the Experiment Off on the Right Foot, 22 Fordham Urb. L.J. 285 (1995).
Karp, David J. Symposium on the Admission of Prior Offense Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases: Evidence of Propensity and Probability in Sex Offense Cases and Other Cases, 70 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 15 (1994).
Kahan, Dan M. Culture, Cognition, and Consent: Who Perceives What and Why in Acquaintance Rape, 158U.PA.L.REV.729(2010).
Klein, Richard An Analysis of Thirty-Five Years of Rape Reform: A Frustrating Search for Fundamental Fairness,41AKRON L.REV.981(2008).
King, R. Wade Federal Rules of Evidence 413 and 414: By Answering the Public’s Call for Increased Protection From Sexual Predators, Did Congress move too far toward Encouraging Conviction Based on Character Rather Than Guilt? 33 TEX. TECH L.REV.1167 (2002).
Letwin, Leon “Unchaste Character,” Ideology, and the California Rape Evidence Laws,54S.CAL.L.REV.35 (1980).
Lowery, Daniel The Sixth Amendment, the Preclusionary Sanction, and Rape Shield Laws: Michigan v. Lucas, 111 S. CT. 1743 (1991), 61U.CIN.L.REV.297 (1992).
LaTesta, Regan Kreitzer Rape Shield Statues and the Admissibility of Evidence Tending to Show A Motive to Fabricate, 46CLEV.ST.L.REV.489(1998).
Mackinnon, Catherine A. Points Against Postmodernism, 75 CHI-KENT L.REV. 687
vi
(2000).
Matzuda, Mari J. When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method, 11WOMEN’S RTS.L.REP.7(1992).
Murthy, Sakthi Rejecting Unreasonable Sexual Expectations: Limits on Using a Rape Victim's Sexual History to Show the Defendant's Mistaken Belief in Consent, 79CALIF. L.REV.541 (1991).
Meilaender, Ellen H. Revisiting Indiana's Rule of Evidence 404(b) and the Lannan Decision in Light of Federal Rules of Evidence 413–15, 75IND.L.J.1103 (2000).
Orenstein, Aviva No Bad Men! : A Feminist Analysis of Character Evidence in Rape Trials,49HASTINGS.L.J.663 (1998).
Pokorak, Jeffrey J. Rape Victims and Prosecutors: The Inevitable Ethical Conflict of De Facto Client/Attorney Relationships, 48STXLR695 (2007).
Price, Jason M. Constitutional Law—Sex, Lies, and Rape Shield Statues: the Constitutionality of Interpreting Rape Shield Statues to Exlude Evidence Relating to the Victim’s Motive to Fabricate, 18W.NEW ENG.L.REV.541(1996).
Robayo, Linda The Glen Ridge Trial: New Jersey's Cue to Amend its Rape Shield Statute,19SETONHALLLEGIS.J.272 (1994).
Rayburn, Corey To Catch A Sex Thief: the Burden of Performance in Rape and Sexual Assault Trials, 15 Colum.J.GENDER &L.437 (2006).
Resenik, Judith On the Bias: Feminist Reconsideration of the Aspirations for Our Judges, 61S.CAL.L.REV.1877(1988).
Stefan, Susan The Protection Racket, Rape Trauma Syndrome, Psychiatric Labeling, and Law, 88 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1271 (1994).
Torrey, Morrison When will We be Believed? Rape Myths and the Idea of a Fair Trial in Rape Prosecution, 24UCDLR1013(1991).
Tilly, Cristina Carmody Feminist Repudiation of the Rape Shield Laws,51DRAKE L.
vii
REV 45(2002).
Wallach, Shawn J. Rape Shield Laws: Protecting the Victim at the Expense of the Defendant’s Constitutional Rights,13N.Y.L.SCH.J.HUM.RTS. 485 (1997).
Wells, Christina E. & Motley, Erin Elliott Reinforcing the Myth of the Crazed Rapist:
A Feminist Critique of the Recent Rape Legislation, 81 B. U. L. Rev. 127 (2001).
五、中文碩士論文
王彥迪,《性侵害犯罪防治法中對於被告對質詰問權限制措施之檢討-兼論減述 要點之規定》,東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2007 年。
吳文正,《以性侵害犯罪防治法為中心探討刑事法學與精神醫學之交會與整合》,
吳文正,《以性侵害犯罪防治法為中心探討刑事法學與精神醫學之交會與整合》,