第六章 結論與建議
第二節 未來研究方向
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加。
關於公共支出成長率,排除掉 1982 年至 1987 年此階段,其餘名目總支出成 長率皆高於實質總支出成長率。無論是政府消耗性支出、移轉性支出或是總支出 的部分,大抵都呈現先增後減的情況,特別是 2002 年至 2007 年階段,這三項實 質支出皆出現負成長的狀態,長期來看,公共總支出成長率不及於經濟成長率;
九個階段中政府規模緊縮最為劇烈期間為 1982 年至 1987 年,1987 年至 1992 年 則是政府規模擴張幅度最明顯的階段。1972-77 年及 1987-92 年的兩個階段,實質 政府總支出的所得彈性係數分別為 1.16 及 1.78,具有彈性,其餘階段呈現缺乏所 得彈性的現象,長期來說,實質政府總支出是缺乏彈性的,消耗性支出與移轉性 支出雖然也缺乏彈性,但消耗性支出縮減的幅度大於移轉性支出,代表兩者雖處 於縮減狀態,移轉性支出縮減幅度較小。從收入面觀之,長期收入缺乏所得彈性,
收入成長遠不及支出成長,造成我國財政赤字嚴重,導致長期收支失衡現象。
第二節、未來研究方向
本文在蒐集建立長期公共支出的數據資料時,發現關於政府支出的資料庫並 不完善。本文採用行政院主計處所出版的國民經濟動向統計季報,而季報以往所 提供政府土地購入淨額一項,因為調查困難度的關係已不再提供,然而購置土地 淨額也是了解政府財政支出的重要項目;此外,主計處未提供公營事業的收入面,
也是影響本文研究時的重要因素,因此建議往後的研究可針對此建立更加完善的 研究資料。
在全球氣候異常越來越頻繁下,氣候變遷襲擊全球,綠色經濟已經是國際趨 勢,12在不破壞環境的狀態下卻又能夠促使經濟成長是政府的一大難題,政府要 如何在環境保護與經濟成長中抉擇?
12 聯合國環境規劃署 (2010) 將綠色經濟定義為「可改善人類福祉與社會公平,並同時顯著地減 少環境風險及生態破壞之經濟。」
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2008 年經歷金融海嘯後,各國政府為了復甦經濟紛紛祭出各種不同的政策,
但令人意外的則屬於推出綠色刺激方案 (green stimulus) ,政府在擴張性支出中 納入相當大比重的綠色支出,藉此打造低碳的經濟環境同時創造就業機會。HSBC (2009) 彙整金融海嘯後部分國家所推動的綠色支出刺激方案,這些資金主要投資 於節約能源設施、水、低碳設備及再生能源。
綠色支出涵蓋範圍廣泛,目前並沒有標準的定義,廣義的認為政府為提供綠 色公共財貨與勞務,以滿足社會需求而支付的“綠色”財政資金即是綠色支出。
Eyraud and Clements (2012) 將綠色投資支出 (green investment) 定義為顯著減 少溫室氣體及空氣汙染排放的投資,其中包含核能投資;WEF (2009) 報告認為 只有投資於清潔能源 (clean energy) 才能被定義為綠色投資,如再生能源及節能 技術。我國政府為因應永續發展的潮流,訂定政府採購法第九十六條「綠色採購 條款」優先採購環境保護產品,鼓勵政府機關實施綠色消費,財政部亦有公布環 境保護支出等相關統計資訊,但對於政府綠色支出等相關統計數據仍不多,然而 綠色經濟已是各個先進國家發展潮流,HSBC (2009) 報告中認為投資綠色支出 仍能帶來豐富的就業市場,綠色支出不僅可以兼顧環保也可以帶動經濟發展。
綠色支出已成為國際趨勢,綠色支出的發展是否會造成其他政府投資的排擠 效果,綠色支出帶來的效益有多大,對經濟成長的影響有多少,是否如我們所期 望的環保與經濟雙贏的結果,實為重要的課題,值得未來好好仔細研究一番。
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