第五章、 結論與討論
第二節 研究討論與限制
本研究使用地位特性理論與性別化信仰來解釋。地位特性理論最早 Berger, Cohen 與 Zelditch 在 1966 年提出，為了探討個體如何在情境脈絡中，透過達成任務而 在彼此互動的過程中產生地位差異的組織過程（status organizing process）。Berger 與 Fisek（1974）進一步解釋地位差異的組織過程透過情境脈絡中顯著的特性差 異所構成。地位特性理論與期望地位理論（The Theory of Status Characteristics and Expectation States）是 Berger, Zelditch 與 Cohen（1966）同時提出來的，因此，
地位特性不只有高低之分，還有期望的差異，對於不同地位的人有不同的能力期 現比男生差的結果。Meeker 與 Weitzel-O'Neill（1977）認為性別角色態度實際
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度與團體的問題解決（group problem solving）、衝突（conflict）、支配性的行為（dominating behavior）等男女差異的表現上有關。男女透過互動過程中更加展
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C. Freeman 2004）。社會網絡的分析立基於當個體/行動者被鑲入在社會關係的結 構中，那麼這樣的結構模式必定對個體/行動者產生重要的影響。而從社會網絡
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（Branje, Frijns, Finkenauer, Engels, & Meeus 2007; Hall 2010; Johnson 2004）；而 男生的友誼關係透過共同參與活動的方式，比女生更多與個人友誼圈之外的人做 朋友（Eder & Hallinan 1978; Hussong 2000），具有更高的異質性；女生較多注重 關係性的相互依賴（relationally interdependent），而男生傾向集體性的相互依賴
（collectively interdependent），那麼在性別化/性別差異的網絡結構對性別角色態 度的影響，就必須同時探討男生因集體性相互依賴所形成網絡集中性與階層性的 網絡結構對性別角色態度的影響，以及女生因關係性相互依賴所形成許多密集的
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一些新的分析方式，例如：透過 16 種有向圖中三角結構普查（triad census）的 計算，了解女生網絡中多核心密集小團體結構，或是透過計算網絡中局部集群結 構（local cluster），來了解女生的網絡結構如何對性別角色態度造成影響。此外，在動態網絡的分析中，過去的文獻發現個體非外顯的屬性（Non-visible
individual attributes），例如：態度或是價值觀，在友誼發展初期的相遇過程中並 非是最重要的，因為個體之間需要相識後，才能知道對方在態度或價值觀上是否 是與自己相似的（van Duijn et al., 2003）。因此，個體外顯的屬性可能更多的影 響了選擇效應，而非外顯的屬性則被更多的期望在社會影響的過程中發生。在其 他選擇與影響共變的研究中（例如：Cohen, 1977; Ennett and Bauman, 1994）也證 實了這樣的結果，顯示選擇效應比影響效應更多發現是因為個體外顯的屬性而彼
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中三位好朋友的姓名，因此，outdegree 的最大值為 3，有可能低估了個體在班級 中的朋友數。若個體在班級中有很多好友，但是只限制填三位好友，那麼其他的 友誼網絡連結就無法如實的反應在友誼網絡中。另外，網絡中許多的結構需要三 者共同構成，例如：遞移性效應（transitive triplets effect）、三者循環效應（three-cycle effect）等，當網絡的密度愈高，將愈有可能觀察到這樣的結構出現。
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