第四章 資料分析與討論
第二節 研究貢獻與實務建議
一、研究貢獻
(一)過去關於網路口碑的研究多著重於主動散佈網路口碑,或是網路口碑的影響 效果等方面的研究,例如:主動散佈口碑的動機、網路口碑散佈者的特質、
影響網路口碑成效的中介變數等。然而,本研究鑑於消費者在進行購買決策 前會主動上網搜尋口碑訊息的情況在日常生活中越趨普遍,而在此情況下,
網路口碑對於消費行為可能具更有直接的影響力,因此本研究從口碑接收者 主動蒐集網路口碑的面向來探討網路口碑。
(二)動機(motives)是引發人們採取行為以滿足需求的驅力(Assael,1998),具有 預測及解釋行為的能力,然而過去卻鮮少有研究從動機去探討口碑影響力,
因此,本研究即從探討消費者使用網路產品討論區搜尋口碑訊息的動機著 手,除了解釋消費者使用網路討論區的原因外,並藉此找出能夠解釋網路討論 區對消費行為影響的因素。
(三)在研究結果的部分,本研究找出消費者使用網路產品討論區的主要動機,並證 實有些動機確實能夠解釋網路討論區對消費行為的影響。此結果證明確實能夠 藉由掌握消費者搜尋口碑的動機,來預測口碑搜尋來源對消費行為的影響力。
(四)經過本研究的結果證實,不同涉入程度的產品其網路討論區的使用動機因素大 致相同;但這些動機能夠解釋產品討論區對高涉入程度產品的消費行為的影 響,小於對低涉入程度產品的消費行為的影響。此發現證明了以搜尋口碑的動 機來預測口碑搜尋來源對消費行為的影響力,會受到產品特性的影響,而有不 同的解釋力。
二、實務建議
(一)建立客製化的產品討論區,提高討論區的使用價值
本研究發現之消費者使用網路產品討論區的動機因素,有助於討論區的平台 經營者建立一個更客製化、更有影響力及搜尋價值的環境,因此討論區的平台
需求的相關資訊,可提高該討論區的使用價值,與使用者對於該討論區的信任 感,也因此將有可能提該討論區的影響力。
(二)企業宜善用網路產品討論區,掌握網路口碑對消費者行為的影響
由本研究的結果發現,網路產品討論區中的口碑對消費行為確實有某種程度 的影響力,而對企業來說,這些網路討論區中的網路口碑比傳統面對面的口碑 傳播的內容更清楚且更好掌握。故本研究建議,企業可以考慮利用有系統的監 看一些熱門且具有公信力的網路產品討論區,蒐集使用者使用該討論區的動機 及對公司產品所發表之意見,此將有助於企業其改善產品或服務的品質,並掌 握網路口碑對其產品的消費行為造成的影響,以最快的速度回應。
第三節 研究限制與未來建議
一、研究限制
(一)由於受到研究時間的限制,本研究僅針對各大專院校電子佈告欄(BBS)的產品討 論區的使用者進行便利抽樣,故受訪者多為大專院校的學生,無法涵蓋其他網 路平台的使用族群,即無法滿足外部效度。然而,本研究主要在進行探索性分 析,目的在由本研究的結果中確認變相間的關係,故研究中僅以大專院校學生 為研究樣本仍是可以接受的。
(二)由於本研究主要在探討網路產品討論區的網路口碑,故本研究中在選擇代表高 低涉入程度的產品時,必須受限於各大專院校電子佈告欄上設有討論版的產 品,加上本研究以 CIP 量表量測受訪者對於產品的涉入程度總分,再以「實際 平均分數」做為分界,選擇「實際平均分數」差距最大的兩項產品作為高低涉 入程度的產品代表。因此,本研究中的「數位相機」與「洗髮產品」只能算是 在本研究場域中,涉入程度相對差異較大的兩項產品,並非是絕對的高涉入程 度產品或絕對低涉入程度產品。
(三)在本研究正式問卷的第二部分,也就是「網路討論區造成消費者行為改變」此 部分的問項設計不佳,沒有事先屏除其他可能的干擾因素,而造成有些分析結 果不如預期甚至與先前的研究結果不符。例如:在此部分本研究以詢問「消費 者在網路產品討論區中看到產品的正面及負面評價後搜尋行為的改變」作為衡 量網路討論區對搜尋行為影響效果的依據,然而消費者在面對正面評價時當然 會繼續搜尋產品資訊;但當消費者面對的是負面評價時,卻不代表其一定會改 變搜尋行為,而不再繼續搜尋相關資訊,因此無法用此兩問項共同形成衡量使 用討論區後搜尋行為改變的構面。
二、對未來研究建議
(一) 延伸多個動機構面的問項
本研究以探索性分析的方法探討消費者使用網路產品討論區的動機及其對消
的動機量表加以修改後發放,然而每個動機構面皆只有兩個問項,因此本研究 建議未來若能夠增加每個動機構面的問項,將有助於增加每個動機構面的效度。
(二) 探討影響網路討論區對消費行為影響力的其他因素
Henning –Thurau and Walsh (2004)認為,網路討論區對消費行為的影響力,除 了受使用討論區的動機因素影響外,其他如:不同的產品特性、購買決策程序、
消費者使用網路討論區的經驗,以及消費者對於網路討論區的信任程度等,都 是未來需要進一步投入討論的變數。而在本研究中已分別就不同涉入程度的產 品進行討論,而未來的研究可就其他可能的干擾變數繼續進行研究,以深入了 解網路產品討論區對於消費行為的影響。
(三)擴大研究範圍,將人口統計變數納入討論
由於本研究之研究場域限制在國內大專院校電子佈告欄(BBS)中的產品討論 區,人口統計變數趨於一致,以至於無法區別不同人口統計變數在本研究中的 差異,故建議未來的研究可將研究場域擴大到其他網際網路服務平台中的產品 討論區,如此一來,應該能夠擴大樣本所涵蓋的族群,以檢視不同年齡層、教 育程度等的受訪者在使用網路產品討論區的動機,以及討論區對其消費行為的 影響上是否有差異,同時也能夠針對研究結果做更廣泛的推論
參考文獻
1. Arndt, Johan (1967), Perceived Risk, Sociometric Integration, and Word of Mouth in the Adoption of a New Food Product,” in D. F. Cox, ed., Risk Taking and Information Handling in Consumer Behavior, Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University
2. ____________ (1967),”Role of Product-Related Conversations in the Diffusion of a New Product, ”Journal of Marketing Research, 4, 291-295
3. Bailey, Ainsworth Anthony(2005), “Consumer Awareness and Use of Product Review Websites,” Journal of Interactive Advertising, 6(1), 90-108
the Virtual Community.” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 5(3), 103-138
5. Bansal, Harvir S. and Peter A. Voyer (2000),“Word-of-Mouth Processes within a Services Purchase Decision Context,” Journal of Service Research, 3(2), 166-177 6. Barbara Bickart and Robert M. Schindler(2001).”Internet Forums as Influential
Sources if Consumer Information” Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15(3), 31-40 7. Beatty, S. E., and S. M. Smith (1987), “External Search Effort: An Investigation
Across Several Product Categories” Journal of Consumer Research, 14(1), 83-96 8. Bitner, M. J.(1990),“Evaluation Service Encounters: The Effects of Physical
Surroundings and Employee Responses,” Journal of Marketing, 54,69-82.
9. Bloch, Peter H. and Marsha L. Richins(1983), “A Theoretical Model for The Study of Product Importance Perceptions, Journal of Marketing, 47, 69-81
10.Bone P. F.(1995)”Word-of-Mouth effects on short-term and long-term product judgments.” Journal of Business Research, 32, 213-223
11.Bowen, Lawrence and Steven H. Chaffee(1974), “Product Involvement and Pertinent Advertising Appeals” Journalism Quarterly, 51, 613-621
12.Bristor, J. M.(1990), ”Enhanced Explanations of Word-of Mouth Communications:
The Power of Relationships, Research in Consumer Behavior, 4, 51-83 13.Brown J.J. and Reingen P.H.(1987)”Social Ties and Word-of-Mouth Referral
Behavior.” Journal of Consumer research, 87(14), 350-362
14.Burnkrant, Robert E. and Cousineau, Alain(1975), "Informational and Normative Social Influence on Buyer Behavior." Journal of Consumer Research, 2(3), 206-215
15.Clarke, Keith and Russell W. Belk(1978), “The Effects of Product Involvement and Task Definition on Anticipated Consumer Effort” Advances in Consumer
Research, 5, 313-318
16.Cohen, Joel B. (1983), “Involvement and You: 1000 Great Ideas,” Advances in
Consumer Research, 10(1), 32-39.
17.Cox, D. F.(1967),” Risk Taking and Information Handling in Consumer Behavior,” Boston: Harvard University Press.
18.Crane, F. G. and J. E. Lynch (1988), “Consumer Selection of Physician and Dentist:
an Examination of Choice Criteria and Cue Usage,” Journal of Health Care
Marketing, 8, 16-19.
19.C. Webster and D. S. Sundaram (1998),”Service Consumption Criticality in Failure Recovery”, Journal of Business research, 41, 153-159
20.Day, George S.(1971),“Attitude Change, Media and Word of Mouth,” Journal of
Advertising Research, 11, 31-40.
21.____________(1978), “Are Consumers Satisfied?” in Consumerism: Search for
the Consumer Interest, Eds. D.A. Aaker and G.S. Day, 3rd edition, New York: Free Press, 406-417.
22.Dellarocas, C(2003), “The digitization of word of mouth: Promise and challenges of online feedback mechanisms,” Management Science,49(10), 1407-1424.
23.Dichter E. (1996),”How Word-of-Mouth Advertising Works.” Harvard Business Review, p.147-166
24.Engel, James F., David Kollat, and Roger D. Blackwell(1978), Consumer Behavior, New York: Dryden Press.
25.Feick, Lawrence and Robin A. Higie(1992),“The Effects of Preference
Heterogeneity and Source Characteristics on Ad Processing and Judgments about Endorsers,” Journal of Advertising, 21, 9-24.
26.Flynn, L. R. and R. E. Goldsmith(1993), “Application of the Personal Involvement Inventory in Marketing” Psychology and Marketing, 10, 357-366.
27.Friestad, M. and Wright (1994), “The Persuasion-Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts,” Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 1-31.
28.Gelb, Betsy D. and Suresh Sundaram (2002), “Adapting to Word of Mouse,”
Business Horizons, 45(4), 21-25.
29.Gilly, M. C., J. L. Graham, M. F. Wolfinbarger and L. J. Yale (1998), “A Dyadic Study of Interpersonal Information Search,” Journal of the
Academy of Marketing Science, 25, 83-100.
30.Goldsmith, Ronald E. and David Horowitz(2006), “Measuring Motivations for Online Opinion Seeking” Journal of interactive Advertising, 6(2), 1-16
31.Granitz, Neil A., Ward James, C. (1996). Virtual Community: A Sociocognitive Analysis, Advances in Consumer Research, 23(1), 161-166
32.Greenwald, Anthony G. and Clark Leavitt (1984), “Audience Involvement in Advertising: Four Levels, 11(1), 581-592
33.Hanson, W. A. (2000),Principles of Internet Marketing, Ohio: South-West College Publishing.
34.Hawkins, Del l., Roger J. Best, and Kenneth A. Coney (2004), Consumer
Behavior:Building Marketing Strategy, 9th ed. P.355
35.Henning-Thurau, T. and Walsh G. (2003)”Electronic Word-of-Mouth: Motives for and Consequences of Reading Customer Articulations on the Internet.”
International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8(2), 51-74
36.Hoey, C.(1998),” Maximising the Effectiveness of Web-Based Marketing Communications” Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 16, 1, 31-37
37.Hoffman, Donna L. and Thomas P. Novak(1996), “Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations” Journal
38.Howard, John A. and Jagdish N.Sheth(1969), The Theory of Buyer Behavior, New York: John Wiley.
39.Herr, Paul M., Frank R. Kardes, and John Kim(1991), ”Effects of Word-of-Mouth and Product Attribute Information on Persuasion: An
Accessibility–Diagnosticity Perspective”, Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 4, 454-462
40.Katona, G. and E. Mueller (1954), A Study of Purchasing Decisions, in Consumer
Behavior: The Dynamics of Consumer Reaction. 30-87. ed. L. H. Clark. New York:
New York University Press.
41.Katz, E. and Paul F. Lazarsfeld(1955), Personal Influence, Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
42.Kotler, P.(1999), Marketing Management:an Asian Perspective, 2nd ed, Singapore:
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
43.Ladefoged Joergensen, J. and Jim Blythe(2003),” A Guide to a More Effective World Wide Web Presence” Journal of Marketing Communications, 9(1), 45-58 44.Lastovicka, John L. (1979),”Questioning The Concept of Involvement Defined
Product Classes” Advanced in Consumer Research, 6(1), 174-179
45.Laurent G. and Kapferer J.N.(1985),”Measuring Consumer Involvement Profiles”
Journal of Marketing Research, 12, 41-53
46._____________and__________(1993),”Further Evideence on the Consumer Involment Profile: Five Antecedents of Involvement” Psychology & Marketing, 10(4), 347-355
47.Leonard-Barton, Dorothy(1985),"Experts as Negative Opinion Leaders in the Diffusion of a Technological Innovation" Journal of consumer Research, 11(4), 914-926
48.Murray, Keith B.(1991)”A test of Services Marketing Theory: Consumer Information Acquisition Activities.” Journal of Marketing, 55(1), 10-25 49.Parker, Pamela(2005),”Reach Ad Skippers’ Via Online Word-of-Mouth”
<http://www.clickz.com/ news/article.php/3551611>
50.Price, Linda L. and Feick, Lawrence F.(1984), “The Role of Interpersonal Sources in External Search: An Informational Perspective.” Advances in Consumer
Research, 11(1), 250-255
51.Pincus, S. and Waters, L. K.(1977), “Informational Social Influence and Product Judgments.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 615-619.
52.Ray, Michael L.(1973), "Marketing Communications and Hierarchy of Effects", In New Models of Mass Communication Research, ed. P. Clarke, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 147-176
53.Roberston, T. S. (1971), Innovative behavior and communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
54.Rogers E. M.(1983), Diffusion of innovation. 3rd ed. New York: Free Press.
P.23-38, 135-55.
55.Roselius, T.(1971), "Consumer rankings of Risk Reduction Methods" Journal of
Marketing, 35, 56-61
56.Schiffman, L. G.and Kanuk, L. L. (1997), Consumer Behavior, 6th ed., Prentice Hall
57.Senecal, Sylvain and Jacques Nantel(2001),”Online Interpersonal Influence: A Framework”Working Paper:RBC Financial Groups Chair E-Commerce, HEC Montreal, University of Montreal.
58.Smith, Donnavieve, Satya Menon, and K.Sivakumar(2003), Trust Me, Would I steer you Wrong? The Influence of Peer Recommendations within Virtual Communities” in Proceedings, Academy of Marketing Science Annual Conference.
59.Smith, Robert E. and William R. Swinyard (1982),“Information Response Models:
An Integrated Approach,” Journal of Marketing, 46(1),81-93
60.Silverman G.(1997),”How to Harness the Awesome Power of Word-of-Mouth”,
Direct Marketing-Internet Marketing, 60(7), 32-37
61.Tanimoto, J., & Fujii, H.(2003), “A study on diffusional characteristics of information on a human network analyzed by a multi-agent simulator,” The Social
Science Journal, 40(3), 479-485
62.Wilkie, W. L.(1990). Consumer behavior. New York Wiley&Sons.
63.Wright, Peter L.(1973) “The Cognitive Process Mediating Acceptance of Advertising,” Journal of Marketing Research, 10(1), 53-62
64.Zaichkowsky Judith L. (1985), “Measuring the involvement Construct” Journal of
Consumer Research, 12, 341-352
附錄一
非常憤怒
何做選擇我總是感到不確定
16.當我在購買洗髮精時我總是無法對我的
附錄二
8.因為我想要尋找與我有相同問題的人,我會感到比
【第三部分】個人基本資料
1.性別
男 女
2.年齡
未滿 20 歲 20-29 歲 30-39 歲 40-49 歲 50 歲以上
3.教育程度
國小以下 國中 高中職 大學/專科 研究所以上
本問卷到此結束,感謝您的填答!
正式問卷 II
9.因為我想要成為討論區的一份子