銀行產業在一國的經濟活動中，扮演重要的金融中介角色，其存在不僅可以活絡資 金、提高資金融通效率，亦可加速資本累積，從而促進國家經貿發展，更是支持產業發 展之經濟命脈。中國與越南在亞洲經過不斷的改革，逐步從共產主義移步到資本主義，
並在經濟發展上取得了卓越的表現，逐漸成為國際間注意的焦點。然而，中、越兩國的 資本市場發展並不夠成熟，使得國內需要高度仰賴銀行融資貸款來幫助國內經濟發展，
因此銀行產業的經營績效與兩國的經濟發展息息相關；再者，中、越兩國擁有相似的市 場與政治體制，以及幾乎在同時間採取了改革開放，但兩國在經濟發展的過程中仍然有 明顯的差異。因此，支持兩國經濟發展的銀行業是否因此存在著結構性的差異，將成為 本篇文章探討的主要目標。
本文利用資料包絡分析法(DEA)模型來衡量銀行產業之營運績效。不過傳統之 DEA 均假設所有的決策單位均屬於單一系統，而中國與越南因背景和管理等等的不同，兩國 銀行產業應該屬於不同的營運系統。此外，許多研究也均指出，控制不良放款對於個別 銀行與整體的金融環境是非常重要的。然而，不良放款是一種負向產出並不符合 DEA 模型中投入產出變數需半正定的假設。因此，本研究運用了 System-BCC 模型評估銀行 績效，並且加入不良放款作為非意欲產出。其模型之優點不僅能克服中、越兩國銀行產 業屬於不同的營運體系之問題，亦可以滿足產出帄移不變性，可將不良放款帄移符合 DEA 模型之半正定假設。本研究資料來源是透過 BANKSCOPE 資料庫收集中、越兩國 銀行之資料，其中包括了中國大陸 161 家銀行、越南 56 家銀行，自 2006 到 2009 年的 資料，共計 217 家銀行。
對中國與越南銀行產業在 3 年的觀察期間，做經營效率的分析，實證結果經由 Mann-Whitney U 檢定證實，中國銀行與越南銀行的效率邊界有顯著的差異，其表示中 國與越南之銀行產業確實屬於不同的營運體系。由效率值檢定中指出越南銀行的帄均效 率值顯著高於中國銀行，且由 Entropy 指數也發現，越南銀行的多角化程度較中國銀行
35
高，此可能與銀行之經營績效有關。而越南之經濟發展於中國，可能與銀行之功能有關。
此次研究僅針對轉型經濟體中採漸進式改革的國家，未來可以將其範圍跨大為所有 轉型經濟體一併討論，並將其分為整體轉型與漸進式轉型兩種，探討轉型經濟體之銀行 產業是否因改革程度的不同而造成銀行產業有結構性的差異，提供給各國政府與廠商參 考；此外，研究中在越南銀行資料的收集上實屬不易，其原因可能在於越南是屬於開發 中國家，且整個金融產業之發展貣步較晚，使得在報表處理上較不完善，並且在一些關 鍵數據及指標的公開程度並不高，使得無法取得更多越南銀行的樣本。故在未來的研究 中，或許在資料更完備、開放的情形下，能進一步探討有關越南銀行的各項業務。
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附錄一 中國與越南銀行列表
中文 Bank Name 備註
中國農業銀行 Agricultural Bank of China 國有商銀 鞍山市商業銀行 Anshan City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行 中國銀行 Bank of China Limited 國有商銀 重慶銀行 Bank of Chongqing 城市銀行 交通銀行 Bank of Communications Co. Ltd 國有商銀
日照市商業銀行 Bank of Rizhao 城市銀行
長治市商業銀行 Changzhi City Commercial Bank 城市銀行 承德市商業銀行 Chengde City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行
中信銀行 China CITIC Bank Corporation Limited 股份制商業銀行 中國建設銀行 China Construction Bank Corporation 國有商銀 中國光大銀行 China Everbright Bank Co Ltd 股份制商業銀行
招商銀行 China Merchants Bank Co Ltd 股份制商業銀行 民生銀行 China Minsheng Banking Corporation 股份制商業銀行 洛陽商業銀行 Commercial Bank Co Ltd of Luoyang 城市銀行 鄭州市商業銀行 Commercial Bank of Zhengzhou 城市銀行 大同市商業銀行 Datong City Commercial Bank 城市銀行 德陽市商業銀行 Deyang City Commercial Bank 城市銀行 德州市商業銀行 Dezhou City Commercial Bank 城市銀行 東莞市商業銀行 Dongguan City Commercial Bank Co
Ltd 城市銀行
恆豐銀行 Evergrowing Bank Co Ltd 股份制商業銀行
華一銀行 First Sino Bank 股份制商業銀行
41
富滇銀行 Fudian Bank Co Ltd 股份制商業銀行 福建海峽銀行 Fujian Haixia Bank Co Ltd 股份制商業銀行 廣東發展銀行 Guangdong Development Bank 股份制商業銀行 廣州市農村信用合作社 Guangzhou Rural Credit Cooperatives
Union 農村合作銀行
桂林市商業銀行 Guilin City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行
華夏銀行 Hua Xia Bank 股份制商業銀行
徽商銀行 Huishang Bank Co Ltd 股份制商業銀行 湖州市商業銀行 Huzhou City Commercial Bank 城市銀行 中國工商業銀行 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China
(The) - ICBC 國有商銀 興業銀行 Industrial Bank Co Ltd 股份制商業銀行 焦作市商業銀行 Jiaozuo City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行 嘉興市商業銀行 Jiaxing City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行 濟寧市商業銀行 Jining City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行 克拉瑪依市商業銀行 Karamay City Commercial Bank Co
Ltd 城市銀行
崑山市農村商業銀行 Kunshan Rural Commercial Bank 城市銀行 蘭州市股份制商業銀行 Lanzhou City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行 柳州市商業銀行 Liuzhou City Commercial Bank 城市銀行 綿陽市商業銀行 Mianyang City Commercial Bank 城市銀行 寧波餘姚農村合作銀行 Ningbo Yuyao Rural Cooperative Bank 農村合作銀行
齊魯銀行 Qilu Bank co ltd 城市銀行
順德農村商業銀行 Rural Credit Cooperatives Union of
Shunde 農村商業銀行
深圳發展銀行 Shenzhen Development Bank Co., Ltd 股份制商業銀行 孝感市商業銀行 Xiaogan City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行
42
許昌市商業銀行 Xuchang City Commercial Bank Co Ltd 城市銀行 湛江市商業銀行 Zhanjiang City Commercial Bank Co
Ltd 城市銀行
浙江稠州商業銀行 Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank 城市銀行 浙江民泰商業銀行 Zhejiang Mintai Commercial Bank 城市銀行 浙江泰隆商業銀行 Zhejiang Tailong Commercial Bank Co
Ltd 城市銀行
越南亞洲商業股份制銀行 Asia Commercial Joint-stock
Bank-Ngan Hang a Chau 股份制商業銀行 越南投資與發展銀行 Bank for Investment and Development
of Vietnam 國有商銀 東亞銀行 DongA Commercial Joint Stock
Bank-Ngân Hàng Dông A 股份制商業銀行 河內營建商業股份制銀行 Hanoi Building Commercial Joint Stock
Bank - Habubank 股份制商業銀行 世越銀行 Indovina Bank Ltd. 合資銀行 軍隊商業股份銀行 Military Commercial Joint Stock Bank 股份制商業銀行 Petrolimex 汽油股份商貿
銀行
Petrolimex Group Commercial Joint
Stock Bank (The)-PG Bank 股份制商業銀行 胡志明市- 河內商業股份
銀行
Saigon - Hanoi Commercial Joint Stock
Bank 股份制商業銀行
胡志明市工業和貿易銀行 Saigon Bank for Industry and Trade 國有商銀 西貢商業銀行 Saigon Commercial Bank-Saigonbank 股份制商業銀行
越南西貢商信银行
Saigon Thuong Tin Commercial Joint-Stock Bank-
SACOMBANK-Ngan Hang Saigon Thuong Tin
股份制商業銀行
南方商業股份銀行 Southern Commercial Joint Stock Bank 股份制商業銀行 VID 大眾銀行 VID Public Bank 合資銀行 越南進出口商業銀行 Vietnam Export Import Commercial
Joint Stock Bank 股份制商業銀行 越南國際商業股份制銀行 VietNam International Commercial 股份制商業銀行
43
Joint Stock Bank - VIB
VP Bank Vietnam Joint Stock Commercial Bank
for Private Enterprises - VP Bank 股份制商業銀行 越南工業與貿易銀行 Vietnam Joint-Stock Commercial Bank
for Private Enterprises - VP Bank 股份制商業銀行 越南工業與貿易銀行 Vietnam Joint-Stock Commercial Bank