癌症治療所引起的不孕問題通常是不可逆的問題,癌症的照護不僅是從癌症 中復原存活,也要照顧病人心理層面,更要協助病人重返人生軌道,保留病人全部 的人生。
生育是病人的權益,隨著就醫模式慢慢改變,從過去醫師威權到病人為中心,
到現在醫病共享決策(share decision making),是希望醫病間依個別狀況充分溝通、
討論,由病人主動提出想法,了解是否有其他治療方式可以保留生育能力,或是有 哪些生殖保存選擇,治療前有多少時間可以進行生殖保存,生殖保存是否會影響治 療效果等。透過醫病間的溝通與諮詢,醫護人員適當的安排在治療前或治療中,協 助病人進行生殖保存,可降低疾病康復後的遺憾。
研究者認為醫療應提供更全人的關懷、更友善的環境,在生殖保存的議題上,
即便臨床病情有很多限制,也應使病人在充分告知下做決定。治療千變萬化,過去 的文獻已指出標準化流程在臨床執行會面臨多重挑戰,仍期待當病人有需求,盡力 協助;若病況真的不允許,就應充分說明分析。
一、制度建議
期望藉由研究的結果,設計介入方式,開啟更多醫療提供者與癌症病人間對於 生殖保存的對話。本研究建議分為三個層次,個人、組織與環境。
(一)個人部分
加強提升病人的認知,為加強病人對治療引起的不孕與生殖保存的認知,可透 過相關衛教資訊的提供;建立病友交流平台,透過同儕的經驗分享,提升病人的認 知;掌握更多各類病人的案例,讓病人更清楚可能的狀況,並在足夠的認知下替未 來做決定。
另外,在病人治療期間能有個專業人員提醒治療會面臨的狀況,以提高病人認 知,如病人在急診等待住院時,由總醫師提醒後續可能的治療方式與副作用。在治
療開始前護理人員或個管師,也能再確認是否已和主治醫師充分溝通。
(二)組織層級
1. 建立生殖保存照護模式
研究者認為,面對血癌病人生殖保存的問題,應建立生殖保存照護模式。實習 單位隸屬教學醫院,相關科別與醫院提供的診治完善,可參考美國德州專門治療癌 症的醫院安德森癌症中心(MD Anderson Cancer Center)已建立一套完善生育保存 流程11,提供醫療團隊參考。訊息提供者(providers)包括:醫師、藥師、專科護 理師(nurse practitioner)、或是醫師助理(physician assistant),要能告知病人治療 帶來的不孕風險、現行生殖保存方式、有哪些人工生殖專家。而護理人員則是提供 協助的角色,確認不孕風險已被解釋清楚、提供病人生殖保存相關訊息的資源、協 助病人轉介至生殖醫學科。對於有生殖保存需求的病人,轉介至生殖醫學科進一步 諮詢;若不進行生殖保存的病人,提供未來生殖或家庭計畫的相關衛教資料。建立 相關流程,有助於病歷資料的紀錄,可以增加在治療前轉介諮詢甚至進行生殖保存。
2. 加強醫護人員教育訓練
關於生殖保存的跨科更新資訊,透過跨科的合作,人工生殖科定期更新最新訊 息給血液腫瘤科醫護團隊;護理人員也能透過教育訓練或是經驗傳承,讓護理人員 能具備相關知識,甚至能主動提醒病人,將生殖照護視為癌症照護的一環。
3. 專業人員提供諮詢與溝通
彌補病人跨科之間溝通的問題,可透過個管師或領航員(navigator)協助,
溝通之外也能透過個案管理,追蹤病人後續狀態;未來進一步能有跨領域專業的 醫護人員出現,針對癌症病人生殖問題做研究,臨床也能有更多的經驗提供給病 人。
11 參考 MD Anderson Cancer Center. Fertility Preservation to Cancer Treatment. 取自 https://www.mdanderson.org/documents/for-physicians/algorithms/clinical-management/clin-management-fertility-screening-web-algorithm.pdf
(三)社會環境
長期要推廣至其他醫院,大環境的資源也應有相對應的支持。民間團體可扮 演倡議與提供癌友服務的角色,教育一般社會大眾癌症治療與生殖保存的衛教,
可製作相關衛教資料或網站,提供實際做法,告訴病人怎麼和醫療團隊溝通討論 保存生殖能力的做法;對於有經濟考量的民眾,提供人工生殖的相關補助。如美 國非營利組織LIVESTRONG 的生育計畫(LIVESTRONG Fertility Program)12, 該計畫協助在育齡階段罹癌的病人,更加了解癌症帶來的相關不孕風險,以及提 供人工生殖的補助。LIVSTRONG 的網站上也提供許多個案故事,透過病人的案 例給予治療中病人鼓勵與希望。
本研究結果雖並未特別發現病人進行生殖保存面臨的經濟問題,經濟問題卻 是國外研究中阻礙病人生殖保存的重要原因之一。未來越來越多癌症病人有生殖 保存需求時,經濟問題可能就陸續浮現。在英國有些地區的NHS 有補助人工生殖 的費用;加拿大不同省份對於不孕治療的補助不同,有非營利組織針對癌症病人13, 提供生殖保存費用補助。在美國,2017 年許多州通過法案,私人保險應支付癌症 病 人 因 治 療 引 起 不 孕 所 需 的 生 殖 保 存 治 療 相 關 費 用 ; 美 國 有 非 營 利 組 織 LIVESTRONG 提供癌症病人,至配合的人工生殖診所可享費用的折扣或減免。日 本癌症治療學會2017 年發表一針對年輕女性癌症病人生殖保存的研究成果,學者 最後建議,因應越來越多生殖保存的需求,政府應研擬相關針對年輕癌症病人生殖 保存的公共補助方案14。在台灣,目前衛生福利部國民健康署針對「低收入戶及中 低收入戶之體外受精(俗稱試管嬰兒)補助方案」,未來在政策是否將癌症病人納 入,相關補助的適應症、效益為何,應可再做通盤考量,以保障病人未來生育的機 會。
12 參考 LIVESTRONG Fertility Program. 取自 https://www.livestrong.org/what-we-do/program/fertility
13 Fertile Future http://fertilefuture.ca/
14 參考西日本新聞,取自:https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/medical/article/338302/
最後,國家層級的政策或研究單位,透過跨領域合作,如各癌症醫學會、人 工生殖學會、病友團體等等不同利害關係人合作,製作台灣版癌症病人生殖保存 指引,提供更多更專業訊息給醫護人員參考。
二、未來研究建議
未來可針對病人、家屬或主要照顧者、醫護人員等不同利害關係人,進行大 規模的調查,了解整個醫療環境面臨的問題,不同角色的態度;對於有進行生殖 保存的病人,追蹤並了解疾病康復後結婚生子狀況;最後,可研究檢視腫瘤生殖 計畫執行後的成效,是否有提升醫病間對生殖議題的溝通,是否有病人會因治療 造成不孕而放棄治療,長期追蹤病人癒後的心理壓力與生活品質。
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