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第五章 結論
本研究在藝術欣賞二階段模型之架構下，探討美感歷程中認知對於偏好與情 緒之關係。研究結果指出，認知涉入的確為美感偏好提升之要素，可以排除流暢 性理論之解釋，也確認認知成份在歷程中的重要性。然而，美感情緒並未出現隨 時間增加而產生提升的現象，因此無法驗證認知與情緒的交互作用關係。此外，
本研究也指出美感偏好或情緒並非只有隨時間增加而提升的現象，也有下降的現 象，尤其在低認知涉入情況下有可能是適應效果的展現，然而此現象的機制還需 後續研究進一步探討。
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附錄一 實驗一畫作材料明細
畫家 國家 年代 時代或畫派 畫作名稱
1 Raffaello 義大利 1483-1520 文藝復興 St. Michael and the Dragon
2 Leonardo da Vinci 義大利 1452-1519 文藝復興 The Virgin and Child with St Anne 3 Sandro Botticelli 義大利 1445-1510 文藝復興 The Mystical Nativity
4 Pieter Bruegel the younger 凡德蘭 1564-1638 文藝復興 Peasant Wedding Dance 5 Lubin Baugin 法國 1612-1663 巴洛克 le dessert de gaufrettes 6 Simon Vouet 法國 1590-1649 巴洛克 Allegorie des Reichtums 7 Rembrandt 荷蘭 1606-1669 巴洛克 The Feast of Blehazzar
8 Claude Lorrain 法國 1600-1682 巴洛克 Seaport with the embarkation of St.ursula 9 Le Nain brothers 法國 1599-1648 巴洛克 The cart
10 Georges de la Tour 法國 1593-1652 巴洛克/現實主義 The newborn 11 Jan Vermeer 荷蘭 1632-1675 巴洛克 The love letter
12 Jean-Antoine Watteau 法國 1684-1721 洛可可 The Pilgrimage to Cythera 13 Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin 法國 1699-1779 洛可可 The governess
14 François Boucher 法國 1703-1770 洛可可 Chinese Dance
15 Francisco Goya 西班牙 1746-1828 浪漫主義 The Duchess of Alba and Her Duenna 16 Theodore Gericault 法國 1791-1824 浪漫主義 The Epsom Derby
17 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 法國 1780-1867 新古典主義 The Apotheosis of Homer 18 Eugene Delacroix 法國 1798-1863 浪漫主義 La Barque de don Juan 19 Theodore Rousseau 法國 1812-1867 巴比松派 under the birches
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畫家 國家 年代 時代或畫派 畫作名稱
20 Gustave Courbet 法國 1838-1877 現實主義 The Village Maidens
21 Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 法國 1796-1875 巴比松派 Arleux du Nord, the Drocourt Mill 22 Edgar Degas 法國 1834-1917 印象派 Dance Class at the Opera
23 Edouard Manet 法國 1832-1883 印象派 The Monet family in their garden at Argenteuil 24 Ilya Repin 俄國 1844-1930 現實主義 Refusing Confession
25 Pierre Puvis de Chavannes 法國 1824-1898 印象派/象徵主義 The Dream
26 Paul Gauguin 法國 1848-1903 後印象派 Vision after the sermon 27 Vincent van Gogh 荷蘭 1853-1890 後印象派/表現主義 Noon rest
28 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 法國 1864-1901 後印象派 At the Moulin Rouge: The Dance 29 Henri Rousseau 法國 1844-1910 後印象派 tiger in a tropical storm
30 Georges Seurat 法國 1859-1891 後印象派 The Circus
31 Edouard Vuillard 法國 1868-1940 那比派 M. and Mme Feydeau on a Sofa 32 Rene Magritte 比利時 1898-1967 超現實主義 the lovers
33 Georgia O'Keeffe 美國 1887-1986 現代 Oriental Poppies 34 Grant Wood 美國 1891-1942 地方主義? American Gothic 35 Edward Hopper 美國 1882-1967 現實主義 New York Movie 36 Henri Matisse 法國 1869-1954 野獸派 Tabac Royal 37 Max Ernst 德國 1891-1976 超現實主義 the eye of silence 38 Alberto Giacometti 瑞士 1901-1966 超現實主義 Annette
39 Salvador Dali 西班牙 1910-1988 超現實主義 Galacidalacidesoxyribonucleicacid 40 Anselm Kiefer 德國 1945- 象徵主義 Man under a Pyramid
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畫家 國家 年代 時代或畫派 畫作名稱
41 劉松年 中國 1155-1218(南宋) 四景山水圖卷
42 趙孟頫 中國 1254-1322(元) 浴馬圖卷
43 任仁發 中國 1254-1327(元) 張果見明皇圖卷
44 劉貫道 中國 1258-1336(元) 消夏圖卷
45 李在 中國 ?-1431(明) 琴高乘鯉圖軸
46 文徽明 中國 1470-1559(明) 千林曳杖圖
47 八大山人 中國 1626-1705(清) 蟬
48 黃慎 中國 1687-1772(清) 樂天煉句圖
49 張大千 中國 1899-1983 遙思黃山故景潑彩山水圖
50 李可染 中國 1907-1989 牧童與牛
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附錄二 實驗一畫作材料圖示與感受度結果
※ A 組 25 張畫作與平均感受度（括號內為標準差）。粗體代表符合篩選標準者，被選入後續實驗。
23 6.4(1.6) 03 6.0(1.4)
31 6.0(2.2) 33 6.0(2.6)16 5.2(2.1)
26 5.6(1.9)
35 7.2(0.9) 09 5.3(2.5)32 6.4(1.4)
05 4.2(2.4)22 5.9(1.5) 07 6.4(1.1)
24 6.6(1.7)
29 6.1(1.5) 19 6.6(1.9)
14 4.9(1.5)25 5.8(1.8)
02 6.5(1.3)
13 6.1(2.0) 38 6.9(1.7)49 5.7(2.5)
47 5.2(2.4)
42 4.8(2.0) 44 5.3(1.6)
41 6.5(1.1)‧ 國
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※ B 組 25 張畫作與平均感受度（括號內為標準差）。粗體代表符合篩選標準者，被選入後續實驗。
04 5.2(1.2) 21 6.3(1.7) 20 5.7(1.9)
39 4.3(1.4)01 5.3(1.6)
36 5.0(2.1)10 6.5(1.9) 11 5.6(1.3)
37 6.0(2.1)
17 6.1(1.3)
40 7.0(1.2)08 5.7(1.9)
18 5.6(1.4)
12 4.9(2.0) 28 3.9(1.9)27 5.5(1.5)
15 6.4(1.9) 06 5.6(1.9) 30 6.1(1.6)
34 6.6(2.0)43 5.2(2.0)
50 4.4(2.4)46 5.5(2.2) 48 4.9(1.9)
45 4.5(1.6)‧ 國
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附錄三 感興趣與興奮之情緒正負向性
過去研究（Ekman, 1999; Bradley, 2001）多半將感興趣與興奮視為一種正向 情緒，但本研究認為這兩種情緒相較於快樂或光明希望等正向情緒有所不同，因 此用實驗三的資料統計感興趣與興奮這兩種情緒發生的同時，以人為單位或以畫 為單位下，正負向性的情況（結果見下表）。其中若正負向性為 4.5-5.5 則記錄為 中性，大於 5.5 記錄為正向，小於 4.5 記錄為負向。
結果指出參與者在中性或負向的情緒狀態下，感興趣或興奮的情緒感受亦可 能出現，而對於中性與負向的畫作亦可能產生感興趣或興奮的感受，因此本研究 在分析時不將感興趣與興奮歸類為正向情緒類別。
短呈現時間 長呈現時間
以人為 單位
正向 中性 負向 正向 中性 負向
感興趣 13 6 6 10 6 8
興奮 14 3 2 15 2 3
以畫為 單位
正向 中性 負向 正向 中性 負向
感興趣 10 6 3 9 6 4
興奮 13 3 3 13 3 2
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附錄四 實驗二時間的單純主要效果之統計數據
盡情欣賞組 單純曝光組
短時間 長時間 時間的單純主要效果 短時間 長時間 時間的單純主要效果
全部
顯性 5.19(0.19) 5.80(0.26) F(1,22)=9.58, MSE=0.23, p<.01 5.02(0.19) 4.97(0.26) 未顯著
隱性 5.59(0.28) 5.96(0.24) 未顯著 5.08(0.28) 5.23(0.24) 未顯著
國畫
顯性 5.16(0.40) 6.12(0.46) F(1,22)=5.78, MSE=0.96, p<.05 5.08(0.4) 4.42(0.46) 未顯著
隱性 5.46(0.40) 6.47(0.49) F(1,22)=4.94, MSE=1.24, p<.05 5.03(0.40) 4.46(0.49) 未顯著
西畫
顯性 5.31(0.23) 5.71(0.25) 未顯著 5.00(0.23) 5.17(0.25) 未顯著
隱性 5.55(0.34) 5.80(0.24) 未顯著 5.11(0.34) 5.48(0.24) 未顯著
主觀 偏好
顯性 7.12(0.13) 7.03(0.26) 未顯著 7.20(0.13) 6.41(0.26) F(1,22)=6.39, MSE=0.60, p<.05
隱性 7.79(0.28) 6.96(0.34) F(1,22)=5.53, MSE=0.74, p<.05 8.33(0.28) 6.83(0.34) F(1,22)=18.18,MSE=0.74, p<.005
主觀 不偏好
顯性 3.16(0.24) 4.05(0.33) F(1,22)=7.95, MSE=0.60, p<.01 3.19(0.24) 4.13(0.33) F(1,22)=8.95, MSE=0.60, p<.01
隱性 2.92(0.30) 4.18(0.40) F(1,22)=12.80, MSE=0.74, p<.005 2.36(0.30) 4.21(0.40) F(1,22)=27.77, MSE=0.74, p<.005 註：括號內為標準誤。
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註：Short 表示短呈現時間、Long 表示長呈現時間；Change 以「+」表示提升的變化、以「-」表示降低的變化。
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附錄六 實驗三美感情緒量表
＊ 你喜歡這幅畫嗎？
非常不喜歡 非常喜歡
＊ 請評估您觀賞畫作過後所引起內在情緒感受之「正負向程度」。
負向 正向
＊ 請評估您觀賞畫作過後所引起內在情緒感受之「強度」。
無激發 高激發
＊ 請評估您發自內在產生出來的情緒感受，並一一閱讀以下形容詞項目。
若該字詞符合您的情感狀態，請直接畫記其程度，若無請在開頭處畫即可。
非常少或
一點也不 極度
快樂
幸福滿足
溫暖慈愛
祥和平靜
光明希望
舒服閒逸
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非常少或
一點也不 極度
感興趣
興奮
疑惑
驚訝
厭惡
悲傷
害怕
無望無助
孤寂疏離
緊張不安
檢查無遺漏後，請翻到下一頁。
請就定位、臉部放鬆，再開始進行下一幅畫。
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附錄七 實驗三時間的單純主要效果之統計數據
畫作類別：全部
盡情欣賞組 單純曝光組
短時間 長時間 時間的單純主要效果 短時間 長時間 時間的單純主要效果
偏好評量 4.85(0.23) 5.18(0.27) 未顯著 4.74(0.23) 4.84(0.27) 未顯著
正負向性 5.09(0.36) 5.16(0.45) 未顯著 5.09(0.36) 4.97(0.45) 未顯著
激發程度 3.37(0.17) 3.97(0.24) 未顯著 4.00(0.17) 4.43(0.24) 未顯著
總情緒量 1.64(0.23) 1.8(0.25) 未顯著 1.98(0.24) 2.16(0.25) 未顯著
情緒多元性 7.64(0.88) 7.58(0.94) 未顯著 6.55(0.88) 7.53(0.94) F(1,24)=4.98, MSE=1.24, p<.05
正向情緒量 2.31(0.27) 2.39(0.33) 未顯著 2.48(0.27) 2.45(0.33) 未顯著
快樂 2.18(0.30) 2.49(0.34) 未顯著 2.13(0.30) 2.14(0.34) 未顯著
幸福滿足 1.99(0.29) 2.40(0.35) 未顯著 2.02(0.29) 1.84(0.35) 未顯著
溫暖慈愛 1.35(0.28) 1.59 (0.25) 未顯著 1.59 (0.28) 1.58(0.25) 未顯著
祥和平靜 2.76(0.32) 2.63(0.36) 未顯著 3.01(0.32) 2.94(0.36) 未顯著
光明希望 2.58(0.33) 2.19(0.42) 未顯著 2.69(0.33) 2.59(0.42) 未顯著
舒服閒逸 2.99(0.33) 3.05(0.42) 未顯著 3.47(0.33) 3.55(0.42) 未顯著
舒服閒逸 2.99(0.33) 3.05(0.42) 未顯著 3.47(0.33) 3.55(0.42) 未顯著