本研究應用紮根理論研究法探討聽障者行動電話使用現況及未來之發展。透過問卷 調查、初訪、作業觀察以及後訪進行資料收集，了解（1）聽障者日常生活活動與行動電 話之關連、（2）聽障者行動電話使用的外顯與內隱困境，（3）萃取出聽障者行動電話使 用者需求（社交需求、溝通需求、交通需求、消費需求、娛樂需求、以及安全需求）；（4）
將聽障者行動電話使用者需求轉化為使用者要求：「特定的特徵/功能要求」在於符合並 滿足不同使用者需求以促進日常生活活動之進行；「一般特徵/功能要求」則是提高行動 電話功能及服務之使用性及有效性；「一般要求」為行動電話使用時之基本概念及社會 議題。而在聽障者行動電話使用要求轉化可以了解：聽障者因為生理能力與限制的因素，
所以的確有異於一般人的要求，像是緊急快捷鍵傳遞緊急訊息（所在位置、緊急情況圖 文等）、內建手機架（手語視訊之支撐架）、文字轉語音/語音轉文字系統等以利於聽障 者在行動電話上的使用，並滿足其使用者需求。另外，透過使用者要求與受訪者現有行 動電話進行比較後，發現現有行動電話之特徵、功能、以及服務對於聽障者而言仍顯不 足，包含不適合、不耐用、不完整、不普及、以及不需要，在在的顯示現今行動電話並 沒有滿足聽障者的使用者需求及使用者要求。
本研究之研究目的祇在於探討聽障者行動電話之使用者需求及要求，若能進一步進 行使用者要求之雛型設計及測試將可以使聽障者行動電話使用要求更加具體化(Boehm, 1988; Royce, 1987; Tanimura, Kanazawa, & Sudo, 2009)，且能更進一步作為未來聽障者行 動電話發展、設計之指引。所以，未來研究可以往：（1）建構並詳述聽障者行動電話使 用要求（特徵/功能/服務）之概念設計，（2）設計並展示聽障者行動電話之雛形，該雛 型應包括如何改善現今行動電話設計對聽障者不足之處，（3 進行聽障者行動電話使用 性測試，包含聽障者使用性知覺以及行動電話之特徵、功能、以及服務的確改善原先的 不足之處等等。
另外，本研究以半結構式 IADL 問卷、觀察法以及深度訪談法所提出之聽障者行動
電話需求即是使用者參與設計方法之ㄧ，期望研究結果可以提供未來行動電話設計之參 考，以提高聽障者行動電話之易接近性及使用性。本研究則是應用在聽障者行動電話的 使用需求，未來研究可將研究對象擴展至老人、小孩、或其他身心障礙者，以了解更多 族群在行動電話的使用需求。
參考文獻
Abbott, R. J. (1986). An integrated approach to software development. New York: Wiley.
Adams, S. (1996). The Dilbert principle: a cubicle's-eye view of bosses, meetings, management fads & other workplace afflictions. New York: Harper.
Allinder, J. E. (1994). Sensory loss: deadness and blindness (8th ed.). Philadelphia:
Lippincott.
Armour, P. G. (2000). The five orders of ignorance. Communication of the ACM, 43(10), 17-20.
Bakken, F. (2005). SMS use among deafteens and young adults in Norway. In R. Harper, L. A.
Palen & A. S. Taylor (Eds.), The inside text: Social, cultural and design perspectives on SMS (pp. 161-174). Amsterdam: Springer.
Bauman, Z. (1992 ). Intimations of postmodernity: London: Routledge.
Baumann, K., & Thomas, B. (2001). User interface design for electronic appliances. New York: Taylor & Francis Press.
Benktzon, M. (1993). Designing for our future selves: the Swedish experience. Applied Ergonomics, 24, 19-27.
Black, N. (1994). Why we need qualitative research Editorial Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 48, 425-426.
Boehm, B. W. (1988). A spiral model of software development and enhancement. Computer, 21(5), 61-72.
Bradley-Johnson, S., & Evans, L. D. (1991). Psychoeducational assessment of hearing-impaired students: infancy through high school (Pro- ed.). Texas: Austin.
Brennan, M., Horowitz, A., & Su, Y. P. (2005). Dual sensory loss and its impact on everyday competence. Gerontologist, 45, 337-346.
Byrne, J. G., & Barlow, T. (1993). Structured brainstorming: a method for collecting user requirements. Paper presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seattle, WA.
Cavender, A., Vanam, R., Barney, D. K., Ladner, R. E., & Riskin, E. A. (2008). MobileASL:
Intelligibility of sign language video over mobile phones. Disability and Rehabilitation:
Assistive Technology, 3, 93 - 105.
Cherniavsky, N., Ladner, R., & Riskin, E. (2008). Activity Detection in Conversational Sign Language Video for Mobile Telecommunication. Paper presented at the Eighth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Coble, J. M., Karat, J., & Kahn, M. G. (1997). Maintaining a focus on user requirements throughout the development of clinical workstation software. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Cook, A. M., & Hussey, S. M. (2000). Assistive Technologies: Principles and Practice. St.
Louis USA: Mosby.
Cresswell, J. A. (2002). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage publications.
Crews, J. E., & Campbell, V. A. (2004). Vision impairment and hearing loss among community-dwelling older americans: implications for health and functioning. Am J Public Health, 94, 823-829.
Cunningham, S. J., Bainbridge, D., & Masoodian, M. (2004). How people describe their image information needs: a grounded theory analysis of visual arts queries. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2004 Joint ACM/IEEE Conference on Digital Libraries.
Denzine, N. (1978). The research act: a theoretical introduction to sociological methods (2nd ed.). Chicago: Aldine.
Ehiyazaryan, E. (2006). Game-based learning in design and technology: an evaluation of a multimedia learning environment. Paper presented at the The Design and Technology Association International Research Conference.
Ehiyazaryan, E., Williams, N., & Lewis, T. (2004). Defining user requirements and strategies for a multimedia learning environment aimed at enhancing creativity in a level design and technology teaching and learning. Paper presented at the The Design and Technology Association International Research Conference.
El-Kiki, T., & Lawrence, E. (2008). Mobile User Needs: Efficient Transactions. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology, New Generations, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Esteves, J., Ramos, I., & Carvalho, J. Á. (2002). Use of grounded theory in information systems area : an exploratory analysis. Paper presented at the European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management.
Faulk, S. (1997). Software requirements: a tutouial. In R. Thayer & M. Dorfman (Eds.), Software engineering (2ed ed.): IEEE Computer Society Press.
Flick, U. (2006). An introduction to qualitative research (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
Fougeyrollas, P., Noreau, L., Bergeron, H., Cloutier, R., Dion, S.-A., & St-Michel, G. (1998).
Social consequences of long term impairments and disabilities: conceptual approach and assessment of handicap. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 21, 127-141.
Gillard, P., Astbrink, G., & Bailey, J. (2007). Mobile communication in real time for the first time. User evaluation of non-voice terminal equipment for people with hearing and speech disabilities. In T. Sobh, K. Elleithy, A. Nahmood & M. Karim (Eds.), Innovative Algorithms and Techniques in Automation, Industrial Electronics and
Telecommunications (pp. 347-352). Amsterdam: Springer.
Glaser, B. G. (1992). The basics of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research: New York: Aldine.
Goldschmidt, G. (1995). The designer as a team of one. Design Studies, 16, 189-209.
Grudin, J. (1991). Interactive systems: bridging the gaps between developers and users.
Computer, 24, 59-69.
Hagopian, J., & Maxwell, T. (1996). Explicit and implicit resources: a simplified approach to user requirements. In T. D. Guyenne (Ed.), Space Mission Operations and Ground Data Systems- SpaceOps '96, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium held 16-20 September 1996 in Munich, Germany. (pp. 483-490). Paris: European Space Agency.
Hannukainen, P. (2005). Disabled persons as lead users in mobile user interface design.
Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
Hartley, S., & Muhit, M. (2003). Using qualitative research methods for disability research majority world countries. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal, 14, 103-114.
Hellman, R. (2007). Universal design and mobile devices. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), Universal Acess in Human Computer Interaction. Coping with Diversity (pp. 147-156). Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
Henderson-Summet, V., Grinter, R., Carroll, J., & Starner, T. (2008). Electronic Communication: Themes from a Case Study of the Deaf Community. In C.
Baranauskas, P. Palanque, J. Abascal & S. Barbosa (Eds.), Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2007 (pp. 347-360). Heidelberg: Springer.
Ichiro, N., & Hiroshi, M. (2000). A survey of current usage of telecommunication devices for young persons with hearing impairments in Japan. Technology and Disability, 12, 41-51.
Irie, T., Matsunaga, K., & Nagano, Y. (2005). Universal design activities for mobile phone:
Raku Raku PHONE. Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal, 41, 78-85.
Jiao, J., & Chen, C. H. (2006). Customer requirement management in product development: a review of research issues. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 14(3), 1-25.
John, D. G., & Clayton, L. (1985). Designing for usability: key principles and what designers think. Communications of the ACM, 28, 300-311.
Kamphuis, H., Frowein, H., Rikken, E., & Spoor, J. (1999). Mobile videotelephony for deaf people: the effect of video quality on the use of text telephony. Paper presented at the Vehicular Technology Conference, 1999. VTC 1999 - Fall. IEEE VTS 50th, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Karchmer, M. A., Milone, M. N., & Wolk, S. (1979). Educational significance of hearing loss
at three levels of severity. American Annals of the Deaf, 124, 97-109.
Keates, S., & Clarkson, J. (2004). Countering design exclusion: an intrduction to inclusive design. Verlag, London: Springer
Kirk, J., & Miller, M. (1986). Reliability and validity in qualitative research. London: Sage Publication.
Kondraske, G. V., & Shennib, A. (1986). Character pattern recognition for a telecommunication aid for the deaf. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 33, 366-370.
Kujala, S. (2003). User involvement: a review of the benefits and challenges. Behaviour &
Information Technology, 22, 1 - 16.
Kujala, S. (2008). Effective user involvement in product development by improving the analysis of user needs. Behaviour & Information Technology, 27, 457-473.
Kujala, S., Kauppinen, M., Rekola, S., Avouris, N., & Fakotakis, N. (2001). Bridging the gap between user needs and user requirements Advances in Human-Computer Interaction I (pp. 45-50): Typorama Publications.
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9, 179-186.
Leung, L., & Wei, R. (2000). More than just talk on the move: uses and gratifications of the cellular phone. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77, 308-320.
Leysia, P., & Marilyn, S. (2002). Beyond the handset: designing for wireless communications usability. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 9, 125-151.
Lidestam, B., Danielsson, H., & L¨onnborg, T. (2006). Mobile phone video as an aid to speech understanding for persons with hearing impairment. Technology and Disability, 18, 99-105.
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. London: Sage Publication.
Manduchi, R., & Coughlan, J. (2008). Portable and Mobile Systems in Assistive Technology.
In M. Klaus, K. Joachim, Z. Wolfgang & K. Arthur (Eds.), Computers helping people with special needs:11th International Conference, CCHP 2008, Linz, Austria, July 9-11, 2008, Proceedings (pp. 1078-1080). Heidelberg: Springer Berlin.
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and Personality: New York: Harper & Row.
Matthews, T., Carter, S., Pai, C., Fong, J., & Mankoff, J. (2006). Scribe4Me: Evaluating a mobile sound transcription tool for the deaf. In P. Dourish & A. Friday (Eds.), UbiComp 2006: Ubiquitous computing (pp. 159-176). Heidelberg: Springer.
Mousavi, A., Adl, P., Rakowski, R. T., Gunasekaran, A., & Mirnezami, N. (2001). Customer optimization route and evaluation(CORE) for product design. International Journal of Integrated Manufacturing, 14, 236-243.
Muto, T. (1996). A development model for disabled user support functions in the TRON project: the work of the TRON enableware research group. In T. Kitaoka (Ed.), 13th
TRON Project International Symposium / TEPS '96 (pp. 33-36). Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society Press.
Newell, A. F., & Gregor, P. (2002). Design for older and disabled people – where do we go from here? Universal Access in the Information Society, 2, 3-7.
O'Day, B., & Killeen, M. (2002). Research on the lives of persons with disabilities: the emerging importance of qualitative research methodologies. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 13, 9-15.
Ornella, P., & Stéphanie, B. (2006). Universal design for mobile phones: a case study. Paper presented at the CHI '06 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems(work-in-progress), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Pöyry, P., & Repokari, L. (2003). End-user requirements for seamless and transparent middleware. In J. Jacko & C. Stephanidis (Eds.), Human-computer interaction: Theory and practice( Part Ι) (Vol. 1, pp. 381-385). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlabaum Associates.
Pace, S. (2004). A grounded theory of the flow experiences of Web users. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 60, 327-363.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publication.
Plos, O., & Stéphanie, B. (2006). Universal design for mobile phones: a case study. Paper presented at the CHI '06 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems.
Power, D., Power, M. R., & Rehling, B. (2007). German deaf people using text communication: Short message service, TTY,relay service, FAX, and e-mail. American Annals of the Deaf, 152, 291-301.
Power, M. (1997). The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification: Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Power, M. R., & Power, D. (2004). Everyone here speaks TXT: Deaf people using SMS in Australia and the rest of the world. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 9, 333-343.
Power, M. R., Power, D., & Horstmanshof, L. (2007). Deaf people communicating via SMS, TTY, relay service, fax, and computers in Australia. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 12, 80-92.
ReVelle, J. B., Moran, J. W., & Cox, C. A. (1998). The QFD Handbook. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations New Yourk, NY: Free Press.
Rombach, H. D. (1990). Software specification: A framework. SEI Curriculum Module SEI-CM-11-1.2. Carnegie Mellon University: Software Engineering Institute.
Royce, W. W. (1987). Managing the development of large software systems: concepts and techniques. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Software Engineering, Monterey, California, United States.
Smith-Jackson, T., Nussbaum, M., & Mooney, A. (2003). Accessible cell phone design:
development and application of a needs analysis framework. Disability &
Rehabilitation, 25, 549 - 560.
Stephanidis, C., Salvendy, G., Akoumianakis, D., Arnold, A., Bevan, N., Dardailler, D., et al.
(1999). Toward an information society for all: HCI challenges and R&D recommendations. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 11, 1 - 28.
Story, M. F. (1998). Maximising usability: the principles of universal design. . The Assistive Technology Journal, 10, 4-12.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1990 ). Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques: Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing Grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publication.
Sudweeks, F., & Simoff, S. J. (1999). Complementary explorative data analysis: the reconciliation of quantitative and qualitative principles. In S. Jones (Ed.), Doing internet research: Critical issues and methods for examining the net. (pp. 29-56).
London: Sage Publications.
Tóth, B., & Németh, G. (2006). VoxAid 2006: Telephone communication for hearing and/or vocally impaired people. In M. Klaus, K. Joachim, Z. Wolfgang & K. Arthur (Eds.), Computers helping people with special needs:10th international conference, ICCHP 2006, Linz, Austria, July 11-13, 2006, Proceedings (pp. 651-658). Heidelberg: Springer Berlin.
Tanimura, M., Kanazawa, M., & Sudo, T. (2009). Establishing human-centered design process in mobile phone development. Fujitsu Scientific and Technical Journal, 45, 226-231.
Tavakol, M., Torabi, S., & Zeinaloo, A. A. (2006). Making sense of grounded theory approach:
implications for medial education research. Journal of Medical Education, 9, 17-24.
Tihanyi, A. (2007). Mobile multimedia application for deaf users. Paper presented at the 49th International Symposium ELMAR-2007, Zadar, Croatia.
Ulla-Christel, G., Jan, P., & Dick, J. (2004). A comparative study of text telephone and videophone relay services. Technology and Disability, 16, 101-109.
Vincent, J. (2006). Emotional attachment and mobile phones. Knowledge, Technology, &
Policy, 9, 39-44.
Wachtel, P. (1989). The poverty of affluence: A psychological portrait of the American way of life. New York: Free Press.
Wikkiipedia (2009). Predictive text Retrieved May, 28, 2009
Yun-Hee, J. (2004). The application of grounded theory and symbolic interactionism.
Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 18, 249-256.
中華民國消費者文教基金會 (2006). 消費新知. 『傾聽，他們的聲音』聽（語）障消費 者 需 要 專 屬 的 簡 訊 方 案 Retrieved Jul. 12, 2008, from
<http://www.consumers.org.tw/unit412.aspx?id=693>
內政部統計處 (2009). 內政部統計通報: 97 年 6 月底身心障礙者人數統計. Retrieved Jul.
27, 2009: http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/week/list.htm
全國法規資料庫 (2006). 身心障礙及資賦優異學生鑑定標準. Retrieved Dec. 09, 2008:
http://law.moj.gov.tw/Scripts/Query4A.asp?FullDoc=all&Fcode=H0080065
行 政 院 衛 生 署 (2002). 聲 音 機 能 或 語 言 機 能 障 礙 . Retrieved Jun. 28, 2009:
http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/SEARCH_RESULT.aspx
余玉眉, 田聖芳, & 蔣欣欣 (2008). 質性研究--田野研究法於護理學之應用. 台灣省台北 市: 巨流出版社.
附錄 一 使用者招募邀請函
研究邀請函
您好！我是國立交通大學工業工程與管理系博士班學生 邱曉萍，我的研究主題為
「聽障者行動電話使用之困境與需求」，希望能邀請有使用行動電話的聽障朋友分享 您在行動電話使用的經驗以及感想。
訪談過程會進行紀錄，為方便訪談進行也會準備紙筆及電腦等相關設備，訪談時 間約 1.5~2 小時，若於訪談結束後，有不清楚之處需您的再次協助將會邀請您進行第 二次訪談，訪談時間及地點以您為主，如遇臨時狀況可彈性調整。您的權益包括：
1. 您分享的經驗將在保密的原則之下適度呈現，具辨識個人身份的背景資料將 被隱匿。
2. 訪談的逐字稿與資料分析的結果將經您檢核與確認後，才會在論文中呈現。
2. 訪談的逐字稿與資料分析的結果將經您檢核與確認後，才會在論文中呈現。